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Ain't Love Grand!: Earthworms to Elephant Seals
De Marty Crump e Alan Crump
Ações de livro
Comece a ler- Editora:
- University of Chicago Press
- Lançado em:
- Jun 18, 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226094434
- Formato:
- Livro
Descrição
The natural world is filled with diverse—not to mention quirky and odd—animal behaviors. Consider the male praying mantis that continues to mate after being beheaded; the insects, insects, and birds that offer gifts of food in return for sex; the male hip-pocket frog that carries his own tadpoles; the baby spiders that dine on their mother; or the starfish that sheds an arm or two to escape a predator's grasp. In Ain’t Love Grand, Marty Crump—a tropical field biologist well known for her work with the reproductive behavior of amphibians—examines the bizarre conduct of animals as they mate, parent, feed, defend themselves, and communicate. More importantly, Crump points out that diverse and unrelated animals often share seemingly erratic behaviors—evidence, Crump argues, that these natural histories, though outwardly weird, are actually successful ways of living.
Ações de livro
Comece a lerDados do livro
Ain't Love Grand!: Earthworms to Elephant Seals
De Marty Crump e Alan Crump
Descrição
The natural world is filled with diverse—not to mention quirky and odd—animal behaviors. Consider the male praying mantis that continues to mate after being beheaded; the insects, insects, and birds that offer gifts of food in return for sex; the male hip-pocket frog that carries his own tadpoles; the baby spiders that dine on their mother; or the starfish that sheds an arm or two to escape a predator's grasp. In Ain’t Love Grand, Marty Crump—a tropical field biologist well known for her work with the reproductive behavior of amphibians—examines the bizarre conduct of animals as they mate, parent, feed, defend themselves, and communicate. More importantly, Crump points out that diverse and unrelated animals often share seemingly erratic behaviors—evidence, Crump argues, that these natural histories, though outwardly weird, are actually successful ways of living.
- Editora:
- University of Chicago Press
- Lançado em:
- Jun 18, 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226094434
- Formato:
- Livro
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Ain't Love Grand! - Marty Crump
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RAMPANT MACHISMO
When the beachmaster [male elephant seal] is angered by a serious challenge, he thunders across the sand, humping and heaving his huge body with surprising speed and taking no notice whatever of what lies in his way.
DAVID ATTENBOROUGH, The Trials of Life
Loud snorts erupted as I ambled toward the beach on Península Valdés, Argentina. Around the bend lay hundreds of giant brown or gray four-ton sausages parked from one end of the beach to the other. Binoculars revealed the sausages to be southern elephant seals. Some slept, using one another for pillows. Others lazily rolled over from time to time. One balanced on his front flippers, humped his body, and propelled himself forward, like a giant inchworm crossing the sand. A smaller individual lumbered after another, in what appeared to be a sausage race. As I focused on one particularly large, ponderous pile of blubber, he threw back his head, proboscis dangling down in his open mouth, and roared.
Related to walruses and sea lions, elephant seals (sometimes called sea elephants) can reach twenty feet and weigh four tons. Both sexes spend much of the year in the ocean but come ashore to islands or remote continental shores to breed. Their unique body shape is well designed to reduce drag while swimming. Their tough skin, large body size, and the trunk-shaped drooping nose of males (bulls) are reminiscent of elephants.
Elephant seals display a reproductive system described as rampant machismo.
Males increase their reproductive success by preventing other males from mating. Bulls arrive at the rookeries (breeding grounds) before females and struggle to establish dominance. Only the highest-ranking, most dominant males will gain access to females. Bulls roar and rush toward one another. They butt chests. They rip into each other’s tough skin with their teeth, cutting noses and extracting chunks of flesh and blubber. One champion male emerges victorious. Eventually the females (cows) arrive, pregnant from last season’s mating. They seek each other out for safety from the aggressive males, forming a harem, which the head male attempts to monopolize. The second-ranked male tries to keep all other males away from the cows but defers to the harem master. And so it goes for each male, according to his rank. A bull’s social rank is constantly threatened, so he must be vigilant.
Harem size varies. In groups containing fewer than 50 females, usually one alpha bull does all the mating. With a larger harem—of, say, 250 to 300 females—as many as 10 to 15 males can mate simply because one harem master can’t be everywhere at once guarding against intruders. In a large harem, the most dominant bull patrols and rules one area. The second-most dominant male occupies and defends a smaller area, and the third-ranked male an even smaller area. Low-ranking males operate at the harem edges, but even they must defend their few females from intruders.
Only the strongest bulls become harem masters, and only about 10 percent of the males fertilize virtually all the females. The higher a male’s rank, the more likely he can mate without other bulls interfering. Life isn’t easy for harem masters, however. They can’t eat for over a hundred days. If they venture out to sea to eat, other males will certainly take over. Stress is so great that these dominant males frequently die the year following their reign, and they rarely maintain their master status for more than three consecutive years.
Low-ranking males lead a different life. They attempt to mate with cows but are usually attacked by higher-ranking males either before or during copulation. Many try to sneak copulations when the dominant males are fighting, sleeping, or mating. Despite valiant efforts, many males die without ever having mated.
It would seem that cows can’t choose their mates, but they actually have some say—by influencing the outcome of competition between males. A female will sometimes bellow loudly when a low-status bull attempts to copulate with her. Hearing the protests, a dominant bull will chase away the low-ranking male and likely mate with her. By inciting males to compete for her and mating only with the most dominant bulls, a female is more likely to have sons that will inherit macho genes associated with male strength and dominance.
About six days after the females arrive on the rookery, each gives birth to a single pup from last year’s mating. Going without food, the mothers nurse their pups for about twenty-eight days and then return to sea. At this point, their young are weaned.
Although females are receptive to males only during the last few days of nursing their pups, bulls attempt to mate with any and all cows regardless of
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