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    Tree Care Kit
    Tree Care Kit
    Tree Care Kit
    Ebook131 pages1 hour

    Tree Care Kit

    By Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

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    About this ebook

    Learn how to improve urban tree health, position urban trees to better withstand severe weather (hurricane, ice storms, drought), and minimize damage and loss of not only the beloved trees, but also surrounding structures (homes, vehicles, powerlines, etc.) -- Be Tree Wise. Protect Life and Limbs.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherTexas A&M AgriLife Extension Service
    Release dateApr 19, 2012
    ISBN9781476458397
    Tree Care Kit
    Author

    Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

    Texas Extension Disaster Education Network (EDEN) is a collaborative educational network dedicated to educating citizens about disaster mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Texas EDEN is a part of the Texas AgriLife Extension Service and is affiliated with National Extension Disaster Education Network. This site is intended to accommodate Texas AgriLife Extension agents and all Texas citizens by sharing education resources to reduce the impact of natural and man-made disasters for individuals, families and communities. The primary goals of Texas EDEN are to: 1. Provide credible and reliable information relating to disaster preparedness and recovery for individuals, families, and urban and/or rural communities. 2. Reduce the impact associated with disaster by disseminating educational materials related to disaster mitigation, preparedness and recovery. For more information, please contact us.

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      Book preview

      Tree Care Kit - Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

      Tree Care Kit:

      Damage Prevention and Disaster Recovery

      By Ecosystem Science and Management Extension Unit,

      Texas AgriLife Extension Service,

      Texas A&M University System

      Copyright 2012 Texas AgriLife Extension Service

      Smashwords Edition

      Smashwords Edition, License Notes

      Thank you for downloading this free ebook. Although, this is a free ebook, it remains copyrighted property of The Texas AgriLife Extension Service, The Texas A&M University System, and may not be reproduced, copied or distributed for commercial purposes.

      Table of Contents

      Tree Care Kit: Damage Prevention and Disaster Recovery

      Introduction to Tree Care:

      How Trees Grow

      Benefits of Trees

      Owners Rights & Responsibilities

      Tree Identification and Selection:

      Tree Identification

      Environmental Factors to Consider

      Poorly Drained Soils: What Should I Do

      Shade Tolerance of Trees

      Flood Tolerance of Trees

      Drought Tolerant Trees

      Planting and Tree Maintenance:

      Why Hire an Arborist

      Right Tree Right Place

      How To Plant A Tree

      Watering Trees

      Mulching Your Trees

      How To Prune A Tree

      Pruning Young Trees

      Harmful Pruning Practices

      Tree Support Systems

      Post-Planting Tree Care

      Replanting After A Storm

      Tree Damage and Hazard Assessment:

      Predicting Tree Failure

      Tree Wounds

      Prevention Of Tree Failure

      Understanding Lightning And Associated Tree Damage

      How To Recognize And Prevent Tree Hazards

      The Texas Extension Disaster Education Network (EDEN) Website

      Texas EDEN on Twitter

      Texas EDEN on Facebook

      About Texas EDEN

      Tree Care Kit: Damage Prevention and Disaster Recovery

      Texas has experienced increased homeownership in the last decade. Currently, more than 64% of all Texans own a home. This equates to approximately 14.6 million homes (total population = 22.9 million) and yards for which most have at least one tree. In fact, the average tree density within tree covered urban areas is approximately 204 trees per acre of tree cover. Homes in xeric urban environments are not excluded. Homeowners love their trees. Yet these trees are seldom properly maintained, and little thought is given to tree care and maintenance until catastrophic events occur and millions of dollars are loss as a result.

      A large number of environmental stressors affect trees in Texas to some degree. Major weather events, perhaps the greatest stressors, have increased over the last decade due to changing climatic patterns. For example, seven category-three and above hurricanes occurred from 2001 through 2005 while only four category-three hurricanes occurred during the previous decade. Experts predict that this trend will continue for a number of years. It is reasonable then to anticipate frequent, hurricanes and severe storms during the next decade. Drought conditions have also taken their toll over the last seven years and will continue to do so. Ice storms also regularly cause major damage to Texas trees. Air pollution and other environmental factors, although not as perceptible, are significant. For example, Houston, Dallas, and Ft. Worth had 32, 26, and 23 ozone action days in 2006, respectively.

      In order to prepare for these disasters, Texas AgriLife Extension Service needs to take a preemptive stand now and offer proper urban tree care outreach opportunities. Such opportunities will improve urban tree health, position urban trees to better withstand severe weather (hurricane, ice storms, drought), and minimize damage and loss of not only the beloved trees, but also surrounding structures (homes, vehicles, power lines, etc.) Homeowners will also be better informed about the best practices to follow to minimize hazard and loss from damaged trees.

      Funded by a grant awarded through the Renewable Resources Extension Act, the objectives of this kit are:

      1. Improve county Extension agents’, and other tree care specialists’, knowledge about urban tree care, damage prevention, and disaster recovery topics,

      2. Provide this group with a kit containing all necessary information to conduct outreach programs and to evaluate tree damage in their county/area,

      3. Instruct this group how to use the kit to conduct outreach programs and to evaluate tree damage in their county/area,

      4. Reach a larger percentage of agents and other tree care specialists through distance educational efforts than would be possible through a single workshop,

      5. Increase homeowner awareness of preventative maintenance and recovery, and ultimately reduce loss of trees and damage to surrounding structures.

      6. Make these modules available to the Texas AgriLife Extension Service’s Emergency Response initiative.

      If you have questions or would like to receive additional information about this site, please contact Dr. Melanie R. Kirk or Dr. Eric Taylor.

      Introduction to Tree Care

      How Trees Grow

      Mary L. Duryea and Marlene M. Malavasi

      School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

      WHAT IS TREE GROWTH? Trees have six organs: leaves, stems and roots (vegetative structures) and flowers, fruits, and seeds (reproductive structures). Tree growth is the increase in size and numbers of the vegetative structures. Trees use the sun, carbon dioxide, water, and minerals to produce sugars. Sugars are the building blocks of tree growth. As a result, tree growth is as much a response to the environment as it is to the trees genetic make-up.

      WHERE DOES GROWTH OCCUR? Growth occurs in meristems. A meristem is a tissue containing cells that have the capacity to divide to make new cells. In general, during growth cells divide, cells elongate, and cells differentiate into structures such as roots and shoots. Meristems can also produce new meristems called primordia. For example, an apical meristem in a bud produces new meristems called leaf primordial. Each leaf primordium will grow into a new leaf.

      ABOVE GROUND GROWTH

      Shoot Growth. Shoots elongate or grow in height at the tips of the branches. Apical meristems are located in the terminal buds at the tips of the branches. Cells at the apical meristem divide, elongate and differentiate in distinctly visible steps: (1) The bud at the tip of the branch opens, (2) Leaves emerge and enlarge, and (3) The area between the leaves expands (i.e., the stem grows). Lateral (side) buds grow in the same way but often these are dormant and do not grow until they are released after such activities as pruning.

      Leaf Growth. On the surface of the apical meristem in the bud, a new meristem is formed. This new meristem is called a leaf primordium where cells divide and grow into a leaf. Soon after leaves develop, a new bud primordium (meristem) is formed at the base of each leaf stem. Once formed, this auxiliary bud has the capacity to become a branch, but may lie dormant for many years.

      Diameter Growth. Between the wood and bark is a thin layer of dividing meristematic cells called the vascular cambium.

      The cambium divides producing new wood towards the inside and bark on the outside. These new cells increase the diameter of the trunk and branches. The new wood cells, called xylem, carry water and minerals up from the roots to the leaves. The old wood in the middle is the heartwood. Heartwood, while dead, supports the weight of the tree. The inner bark cells, called phloem, carry sugars and other materials to the growth and storage locations of the tree.

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