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    A Simple Guide to Kidney Stones and Kidney Diseases
    A Simple Guide to Kidney Stones and Kidney Diseases
    A Simple Guide to Kidney Stones and Kidney Diseases
    Ebook46 pages26 minutes

    A Simple Guide to Kidney Stones and Kidney Diseases

    By Kenneth Kee

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    About this ebook

    Urinary Stones are small, solid stones which occur when salts or minerals in the urine become solid crystals inside the kidney.

    Urinary Stones are formed usually because of the accumulation of salts and minerals especially calcium in the urine.

    Usually the stones may be so small that they pass out through the urine without the knowledge of the patient.

    Some however become bigger due to accumulation of the salts and minerals and the concentration of the urine.

    The bigger stones may remain in the tubes of the kidney and are called renal stones.

    Some smaller stones may move out of the kidney and passes through the ureters which are the tubes bringing urine from the kidney to your bladder. These are called ureteric stones.

    If a ureteric stone gets stuck in the ureter, this can cause blockage of the urine and severe pain.(ureteric colic)

    Different kinds of Urinary stones form from different salts in the urine.

    1. Calcium stones forms about 80% of the urinary stones.
    50% are made up of calcium oxalate and the rest are calcium phosphate.

    They are spiky or large and smooth

    2. Uric acid stones are caused by accumulation of excess amounts of uric acid which can be due to eating a lot of meat.

    They are smooth, brown and soft

    3. Struvite stones (infection stones) are produced when there is too much ammonia in the urine occurring especially in urinary tract infection.

    The bacteria that cause these urinary infections can generate ammonia.

    They are usually large and have a horn-like shape

    This kind of kidney stone is most often found in women.

    4. Cystine stones occur when there are high levels of cystine in the urine.

    A hereditary disorder called cystinuria is the source of high cystine in the urine.

    They are yellow and crystalline

    Who is at risk of Urinary stones formation?

    Risk factors include:

    1. Men get urinary stone more commonly than women

    2. a previous history of kidney stone - 50% will develop another one within five years.

    3. a family history of kidney stones

    4. Age between 20 and 40

    5. Not drinking enough water

    6. eating a diet high in protein

    7. taking certain medicines such as diuretics (water tablets), antacids and thyroid medications

    8. having only one kidney, or an abnormally shaped kidney

    What causes Urinary Stones?

    Urinary Stones are caused by 4 main factors:

    1. Insufficient water in the urine leading to concentration and stagnation of urine flow:

    a. Insufficient intake of water

    b. Intake of alcohol causing concentration of the blood volume

    2. Excess Urinary Constituents:

    a. Calcium:

    High calcium intake (includes calcium tablets and high calcium milk)

    Primary Hyperparathyroidism leading to high blood calcium

    High Vitamin D intake cause high adsorption of calcium

    Medical conditions such as cancer, some kidney diseases, or sarcoidosis are more likely to develop calcium stones.

    b. Oxalates:

    High oxalate intake (cabbage, spinach, tomatoes, chocolates) in diet leads to high concentration of oxalates in urine

    c. Uric Acid:

    Gout or High Uric Acid can form crystals which may lead to stones

    Treatments such as chemotherapy can also increase the risk of getting uric acid stones.

    d: Cystine:

    Hereditary cystinuria leads to high cystine in the urine and formation of cystine stones

    About one in a hundred urinary stones are due to this illness.

    Cystine stones tend to appear earlier in life between the ages of 10 and 30 years.

    3. Infection of urine:

    Clumps of bacteria can form the nucleus of the stone.

    Bacteria also produce ammonia which can promote formation of stones

    4. Congenital deformity of the kidney and urinary tract:

    These block the passage of concentrated urine and causes formation of stones.

    TABLE OF CONTEN

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateNov 13, 2012
    ISBN9781301298600
    A Simple Guide to Kidney Stones and Kidney Diseases
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      A Simple Guide to Kidney Stones and Kidney Diseases - Kenneth Kee

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      to

      Kidney Stones

      And

      Kidney Diseases

      by

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2012 Smashwords Edition

      Published By Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      to my wife Dorothy

      and my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      and Kelvin

      This book describes the Kidney stones and Kidney Diseases which are seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

      This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Chapter 1

      Kidney Stones

      The pain of a kidney stone stuck in the ureter (the tube from the kidney to the bladder) is so severe that it has been described as second to pregnancy labor pains. The pains are usually down the flanks of the abdomen and accompanied by blood in the urine.

      Drinking lots of water usually clears the stuck kidney stone.

      An X-ray of the abdomen (preferably after passing the feces) will usually show the presence of the stone in 80% of the cases.

      I have at least 1 patient in a year with this condition.

      All that is needed to prevent this pain is by drinking lots of water (2-3 liters) a day.

      What are Urinary Stones?

      Urinary Stones are small, solid stones which occur when salts or minerals in the

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