Endocrine System: A Tutorial Study Guide
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About this ebook
“Endocrine System” is a part of the Principles of Biology course series textbooks. It is a tutorial written in questions and answers format. It is a study guide with in-depth explanations. Each section is a modular unit that is self-contained for easy reading. The principles and concepts are introduced systematically so students can learn and retain the materials intuitively.
Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D.
Dr. Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D., is an author and a university professor with a Ph.D. degree in Physiology and 3 bachelor's degrees in Computer Science, Physics, and Astrophysics.She uses innovative teaching methods to challenge students and engage them to participate in learning. The books she has written are intuitive, easy-to-read and understand because she applies the theories of learning gained from her neurobiological research.The pedagogy uses immediate feedback to provide answers to questions instantly to accelerate the rate of learning and knowledge acquisition. The interactive and self-paced method allows students to explore knowledge modularly and incrementally without a pre-defined path of exploration.The brain-compatible pedagogy was inspired by the results of her brain research, which identified how decisions are affected by emotions using a neurobiological model of emotions she has created.She has teaching experience in physiology, neuroscience, and neuropsychopharmacology.
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Book preview
Endocrine System - Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D.
Preface
Endocrine System
is a part of the college-level Principles of Biology course series textbooks. It is a tutorial written in questions and answers format to describe the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system, hormones, hormonal release, hormonal feedback systems an the evolution of the endocrine system.
It is a study guide with in-depth explanations. Each section is a modular unit that is self-contained for easy reading. The principles and concepts are introduced systematically so students can learn and retain the materials intuitively.
*~*~*~*~*
Textbooks by Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D., in the Principles of Biology course series:
Principles of Biology textbook in one volume:
Principles of Biology: Animal Systems
ISBN 9781301691739
Individual chapters of the Principles of Biology textbook series:
Biological System
ISBN 9781301003891
Scientific Methods
ISBN 9781301898688
Biological Principles
ISBN 9781310803666
Origin of Species
ISBN 9781301352456
Nervous System
ISBN 9781301053025
Neuron
ISBN 9781301119646
Action Potential
ISBN 9781301115372
Synapse
ISBN 9781301374120
Reflex
ISBN 9781301991266
Neurotransmitter
ISBN 9781301268610
Sensory System
ISBN 9781301660070
Motor System
ISBN 9781301500895
Endocrine System
ISBN 9781301642939
Reproductive System
ISBN 9781301424078
Circulatory System
ISBN 9781301262410
Respiratory System
ISBN 9781301805389
Immune System
ISBN 9781301452309
Renal System
ISBN 9781301927111
Digestive System
ISBN 9781301317097
Textbooks by Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D., in the Neuropsychopharmacology course series:
Neuropsychopharmacology textbook in one volume:
Neuropsychopharmacology
ISBN 9781311596178
Individual chapters of Neuropsychopharmacology textbook series:
Neuropsychopharmacology: An Introduction
ISBN 9781301482733
Scientific Methods
ISBN 9781301898688
Mind-Brain Connection
ISBN 9781301903405
Pharmacology: In Introduction
ISBN 9781301843534
Pharmacokinetics
ISBN 9781301010776
Dose-Response Curve
ISBN 9781301541812
Learning Mechanisms
ISBN 9781301729531
Cognitive Learning
ISBN 9781301966455
Experimental Methods in Neuropsychopharmacology
ISBN 9781301966455
Brain Imaging Techniques
ISBN 9781311863638
Nervous System
ISBN 9781301053025
Neuron
ISBN 9781301119646
Action Potential
ISBN 9781301115372
Synapse
ISBN 9781301374120
Reflex
ISBN 9781301991266
Neurotransmitter
ISBN 9781301268610
Neurotransmitter Pathways
ISBN 9781301696666
Cytoplasmic Release of Neurotransmitters
ISBN 9781311978615
Executive Functions
ISBN 9781301125968
ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ISBN 9781301318445
Schizophrenia
ISBN 9781301972692
Affective Disorders: Depression, Mania and Bipolar Disorder
ISBN 9781311988416
Anxiety Disorders
ISBN 9781311060419
*~*~*~*~*
Table of Contents
Cover Page
Preface
Endocrine System
Evolution of Endocrine System
Hormones
First and Second Messengers
Endocrine Glands
Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Anterior Pituitary
Growth Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
Thyroid Glands
Thyroid Hormones
Calcitonin
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Adrenal Glands
Glucocorticoid
Mineralcorticoid
Adrenaline
Pancreatic Hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
Thymus
Thymoxin
Reproductive Hormones
Androgens
Estrogens
Progestogens
About the Author
Other Books Published by the Author
*~*~*~*~*
1.Endocrine System
Objectives
Understand the functions of the endocrine system
Understand the function and regulation of hormone release
Understand the regulation of internal environment
Concepts to Learn
First messengers
Second messengers
Hormonal functions
Regulation of hormonal release
Feedback control of hormones
Control of endocrine glands
Hypothalamic and pituitary control of hormonal release
Anterior pituitary hormones
Posterior pituitary hormones
Control of pineal gland hormone
Control of thyroid hormones
Control of adrenal hormones
Control of pancreatic hormones
Control of reproductive hormones
*~*~*~*~*
1.1.Evolution of Endocrine System
Objectives
Understand how endocrine system is evolved
Understand the difference between autocrine, paracrine and endocrine systems
Understand the difference between endocrine and exocrine systems
Understand the chemical signals used to communicate by hormones
Understand the advantages and disadvantages of using chemical signals for communication
Q&A
What is an autocrine system?
It is the system that a cell releases chemicals to affect itself when binding with its own receptor.
Autocrine (Auto = self; -crine = secreting) system was first evolved to use chemical signals to bind with receptor to produce a cellular response.
What is a paracrine system?
It is the system, which a cell releases chemicals to the neighboring cells to respond to.
Paracrine (para = parallel, next; -crine = secreting) system was evolved next when the organism evolved to be larger multicellular organism. Communication with the neighboring cells becomes more important for multicellular organisms.
Paracrine system relies on diffusion to spread the chemical signal.
What is an endocrine system?
It is the system, which releases chemicals to the inside of the body.
Hormones are usually released in the endocrine system. Endocrine (endo = inside; -crine = secreting) system includes glands that secrete chemicals inside the body.
When an organism evolved even bigger that contain billions of cells, communication via diffusion by the paracrine system is inefficient. Instead, endocrine system is evolved to take advantage of the circulatory system to move the chemical signal (hormone) by a pump.
What is an exocrine system?
It is the system, which releases chemicals to the outside of the body.
Sweat and tears are examples of the exocrine system. Exocrine (exo = outside; -crine = secreting) system includes glands that secrete chemicals to the body surface.
What is the progression in the evolution of endocrine system?
It evolves from