Amazing Properties of Squares & Their Calculations

Amazing Properties of Squares & Their Calculations

Copyright 2014 Kiran Parulekar

Published by Kiran Parulekar at Smashwords

Table of Contents

Preface

Symbols Used In The Book

Ch1. Square of Three Special Type of Numbers

Ch2. Square of Any No. of 9’s Followed By Single Digit

Ch3. Square of Any No. of 3’s Followed By Single Digit

Ch4. Square of Any No. of 6’s Followed By Single Digit

Ch5. Squares of Numbers Ending In 5

Ch6. Squares of Numbers Using (A+B)² Formula

Ch7. Squares of Numbers Using Formula A² = B² + (A+B)*(A-B)

Ch8. Square of Any Two Digit No. Using Vedic Mathematics Method

Ch9. Modifying Square of Any Two Digit No. To Square of Three Digit No.

Ch10. Modifying Square of Any Three Digit No. To Square of Four Digit No.

Ch11.Square of Any Single Digit Repeated Any No. of Times

Ch12.Square of more than one digit no. repeated any number of times

Ch13.Square of A Number Who Is Near To Power of 10 Or Near To Multiple of Power of 10 Or Near To Sub-Multiple of Power of 10

Ch14.Square of A Number Using Vedic ‘Urdhva Tiryak’ Method

Ch15.Square Using Ratio Method

Ch16.Square Using Vinculum

Ch17.Square of Any Two Digit Number Using Casting Out 9’s Method

Ch18.Square of three digit no. using casting out 9’s and casting out 11’s

Ch19. Square of Special Type of Three Digit Numbers

Ch20.Square of special type of four digit numbers

Ch21.Properties of perfect squares

Ch22.Square of N Digit Numbers Having Same Last N Digits For Any N.

Ch23.Squares Having Specific Properties About Their Digits

Ch24.Expressing Number As Difference of Two Positive Squares

Ch25.Expressing Number As Sum of Two Positive Squares

Ch26.Finding Square Root of A Perfect Square.

Preface

A very warm welcome to all the readers! Thank you for your interest in reading Amazing Properties of Squares & Their Calculations. This book contains some exciting yet rarely known facts about squares of natural numbers. Here in this book you will find some special types of numbers and interesting facts about square such special numbers. Moreover, the author has touched upon the general concept of calculating squares.

The Author of the book, Kiran Anil Parulekar has been researching number theory and practical numbers. He is a number wizard and carries a vast experience in Elementary Number Theory and Calculation of Numbers. Amazing Properties of Squares & Their Calculations is the result of Kiran’s personal experience in working with large natural numbers over a period of 25 year. He is a medalist 3 times in I.I.T. Mathematics Olympiad in 1991, 1992 and 1995. IIT Mathematics Olympiad is known for testing pure mathematics skills of the participants. Kiran has also been a top rank holder in I.I.T. M.Sc. mathematics entrance test and M.C.A. entrance test, both held in July 1992. Because of his dedication and continuous research in natural numbers, Kiran is popularly known as "Number Wizard". We have a profound belief that readers would like and appreciate this work of the Number Wizard. We would love to receive candid feedbacks of our readers about this work and help us work on our inadvertent errors.

Following are the salient features of Amazing Properties of Squares & Their Calculations and we encourage readers to carefully read through each chapter of this book and share their valuable comments about the work…

This book contains originality. It means in most chapters things are discussed, which we will not find in any other book on speed arithmetic. Even if particular concept is found in some book or website, author has represented it in a little different way.

Author has given enough examples on each type of square calculation of a number (minimum 3 examples) so that reader will not have any doubt.

Almost all the chapters are having different style from traditional learning mathematics taught in school or college or in books.

Each chapter has been discussed separately without any prior knowledge of previous chapters so that reader can read any chapter independently and can move in any order in reading this book.

After reading this book, people who have hatred feeling for mathematics can develop liking for mathematics not only in calculation of squares but also in other areas like multiplication and division.

Methods used to calculate general and particular squares and properties of squares like those discussed in chapter 21 (which is of two pages only) can be useful for competitive exam also.

Till now methods like casting out 9’s and casting out 11’s were used in checking calculation , but in this book in chapter 17 and 18 these two methods are used to calculate square of two and three digit numbers respectively which is a very new thing.

The book assumes that reader knows tables of 1 to 10 numbers and squares of 1 to 25 numbers which is a very minimal expectation so that not much mathematics background is required to read this book.

Examples are explained step by step and are plenty in number and any student above 7’th standard can understand it. Also topics range from elementary to challenging level.

All the methods to calculate square of a number that are present in other books are discussed here in addition to some new methods. Following are the methods discussed in this book to calculate square of a general number.

In chapter 6, square is found using algebraic identity (a+b)²

In chapter 7, square is found using a² = b² + (a+b)*(a-b)

In chapter 8, Vedic mathematics method is considered to calculate square of two digit no.

In chapter 9 and 10, the method given for two digit numbers is generalized to three and four digit numbers.

In chapter 13, square of a no. near to power of 10 or multiple of power of 10 or sub-multiple of power 10 is considered which is given in Vedic mathematics.

In chapter 14, the most general method, the ‘Urdhva Tiryak’ method is discussed which is given in Vedic mathematics.

In chapter 15, ratio method which is based on ratio of two successive digits is given.

In chapter 16, calculation using vinculum which is not a different method but often used when digits are big.

In chapter 17, square of two digit number is found using casting out 9’s method which was used till now only for checking calculation.

In chapter 18, square of three digit number is found using casting out 9’s and casting out 11’s method which was used till now only for checking calculation.

Hence this book can be considered as bible of calculation of squares as well as on properties of squares.

à The approach used in this book is on calculation of last two digits of square which is different from other approaches which discusses only the last digit of square.

à Theory behind every concept is explained which will help keen mathematics students proud. Superficial readers can only use last result given in theory.

à Calculation like 97² can be done by various methods like

Using (a+b)² formula

Using Vedic mathematics method (100-x)² = 100-2*x | x²

Using method to calculate square of a number near the power of 10

Using Vedic ‘Urdhva Tiryak’ method.

Using ratio method.

Using vinculum method.

Using casting out 9’s.

Hence for any square there are different methods available to do same calculation.

à Square calculations which are discussed in other books have been generalized to create general formula like all squares discussed in chapter 2, 3 and 4.

à Chapter 11 and 12 are fun to read as specific digit or specific number repeated any no. of times can be squared using Arithmetic progression method.

à Stress has been put to combine concept of pure mathematics and practical numbers.

This book can be classified into five major categories namely

Properties of squares

Calculation of square of a general number

Calculation of square of a particular type of number

Representing number as difference/sum of positive integer squares in many ways

Inverse process of square ( i.e. Finding square root )

First, properties of squares: - Chapter no. 21, 22, and 23 belongs to this type. Here either the properties of individual digits of square is considered like 7225 = 85² where all the digits in the square are prime numbers OR property of square as a whole is considered like 9 = 3² has exactly odd ( 3 ) no. of positive divisors namely 1,3 and 9 while a non-square always has even no. of positive divisors. More about this in chapters 21 to 23. In chapter 23 squares are generated having certain properties using programs is an interesting phenomenon.

Second, calculation of square of a general number:- Chapter no. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 are based on this. Here there is no restriction on the particular digit of a number. For example in chapter 6 square of general number like 34 is considered which is 34² = 1156. Also in chapter 7 square of a big number like 197² = 38809 is given.

Third, calculation of square of a particular type of number: - Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 19, and 20 are in this category. Here calculation of square of a number having specific digits is considered. For example in chapter 2, square of a number containing any no. of 9’s followed by single digit is considered and in chapter 11 square of single digit repeated any no. of times is taken into account.

Fourth, representing number as difference/sum of positive integer squares in many ways :- Chapter 24 which contains difference of two positive squares and chapter 25 which contains sum of two positive squares. This is more of a concept from pure mathematics and to represent particular no. as sum of two positive squares is considered by many books as very difficult but here it is explained very easily.

Fifth, Inverse process of square (i.e. finding square root):- Chapter 26 is based on this. Finding square root by method which is different from that given in other books. Here we consider last two digits of a square and predict last two digits of its square root and then actually finds the square root. For example consider square root of 1444. Note that from 1 to 100 numbers, there are only four numbers namely 12, 38, 62 and 88 whose square ends in last two digits as 44. We have used this fact to find answer as 38.

So read this book as a hobby rather than as a textbook. If reader has any questions, he/she can contact author at the following e-mail address: - maths_kiran@yahoo.com

Symbols Used In the Book

Following symbols are used in the book.

For square of 34, symbol 342 is used.

For 2*a*b symbol 2ab or 2*ab or 2*a*b is used.

In chapter 22, 23, 24 and 25, symbol SQR(x) is used for square of x.

Chapter 1

Square of Three Special Type of Numbers

Special type 1

Consider the following square pattern

1) 34² = 1156

2) 334² = 111556

3) 3334² = 11115556

4) 33334² = 1111155556

Now suppose we want to square ((Digit 3 repeated 20 times) followed by digit 4).

i.e. 333333333333333333334² = 111111111111111111111555555555555555555556

The Method is as follows:-

We have to count number of times digit 3 is repeated in the original number. In the above example, digit 3 is repeated exactly 20 times.

In the square digit 1 will be repeated 21 times (simply one more than number of times digit 3 is repeated in the original number) followed by digit 5 repeated 20 times (simply equal to number of times digit 3 is repeated in the original number) followed by digit 6.

Question:-

Can we calculate square of a number consisting of (digit 3 repeated 1000 times followed by digit 4). The answer is yes.

And the answer is ((Digit 1 repeated 1001 times) followed by (digit 5 repeated

1000 times) followed by digit 6)

In general,

============================================================

((Digit 3 repeated n times) followed by digit 4)²

= (Digit 1 repeated (n+1) times) followed by (digit 5 repeated n times) followed by

digit 6.

============================================================

Special type 2

Let us go to another pattern of the same type.

1) 67² = 4489

2) 667² = 444889

3) 6667² = 44448889

4) 66667² = 4444488889

Now suppose we want to square ((digit 6 repeated 20 times) followed by digit 7)

i.e. 666666666666666666667² = 444444444444444444444888888888888888888889

The Method is as follows:-

We have to count number of times digit 6 is repeated in the original number. In the above example, digit 6 is repeated exactly 20 times.

In the square, digit 4 will be repeated 21 times (simply one more than number of times digit 6 is repeated in the original number) followed by digit 8 repeated 20 times (simply equal to number of times digit 6 is repeated in the original number) followed by digit 9.

Question:-

Can we calculate square of a number consisting of ((digit 6 repeated 1000 times) followed by digit 7). The answer is yes.

And the answer is (Digit 4 repeated 1001 times) followed by (digit 8 repeated

1000 times) followed by digit 9.

In general,

============================================================

((digit 6 repeated n times) followed by digit 7)²

= (Digit 4 repeated (n+1) times) followed by (digit 8 repeated n times) followed by

digit 9.

============================================================

Special type 3

We go to third square pattern of the same type

1) 68² = 4624

2) 668² = 446224

3) 6668² = 44462224

4) 66668² = 4444622224

Now suppose we want to square ((digit 6 repeated 20 times) followed by digit 8)

i.e. 666666666666666666668² = 444444444444444444446222222222222222222224

The Method is as follows:-

We have to count number of times digit 6 is repeated in the original number. In the above example, digit 6 is repeated exactly 20 times.

In the square digit 4 will be repeated 20 times (simply equal to number of times digit 6 is repeated in the original number) followed by digit 6 exactly once followed by digit 2 repeated 20 times (Simply equal to number of times digit 6 is repeated in the original number) followed by digit 4.

Question:-

Can we calculate square of a number consisting of ((digit 6 repeated 1000 times) followed by digit 8). The answer is yes.

And the answer is ((Digit 4 repeated 1000 times) followed by digit 6 followed by (digit 2 repeated 1000 times) followed by digit 4.

In general,

============================================================

((Digit 6 repeated n times) followed by digit 8)²

= (Digit 4 repeated n times) followed by digit 6 followed by (digit 2 repeated n times) followed by digit 4.

============================================================

Chapter 2

Square of Any No. of 9’s Followed By Single Digit

Now I am going to give the method of squaring number containing digit 9 repeated any no. of times followed by any single digit from 1 to 9 and the most amazing thing is that we should know the squares of numbers 91 to 99 and nothing more to calculate that.

There is no need to remember this as there are many methods given in Vedic mathematics to find that.

Consider squares of numbers from 91 to 99. (Reader should note that in Vedic mathematics book this method is given.)

Consider (100-x)² = (100-x)*(100-x) = 100*(100-2*x) + x*x. Denote number between 91 to 99 by n. Also let 100 – n = x. Hence 100-x = n and n*n = 100*(n-x) + x*x.

Then, square of n is = (n – x) | x*x where x*x must be 2 digit number. If it is not 2 digit number, then we have to put one zero to the left of x*x and make it a 2 digit number.

Consider number 91. Here n =91 and 100 – 91 = x = 9.

Hence 91² = (91 – 9) | 9*9 = 8281.

Take another example, n = 97. Hence 100 – 97 = x = 3.

Hence 97² = (97 – 3) | 3*3 = 9409. (Note that x*x = 3*3 = 9 is a single digit number, hence we have appended zero to the left.)

Like that, we will obtain squares of 91 to 99 and they are as follows.

1) 91² = (91 – 9) | 9*9 = 8281

2) 92² = (92 – 8) | 8*8 = 8464

3) 93² = (93 – 7) | 7*7 = 8649

4) 94² = (94 – 6) | 6*6 = 8836

5) 95² = (95 – 5) | 5*5 = 9025

6) 96² = (96 – 4) | 4*4 = 9216

7) 97² = (97 – 3) | 3*3 = 9409

8) 98² = (98 – 2) | 2*2 = 9604

9) 99² = (99 – 1) | 1*1 = 9801

Suppose we want to calculate 9999994².

Our base number is 94. (This is obtained by keeping digit 9 exactly once followed by the last digit (i.e. rightmost digit.). We know that 94² is 8836. Now to find square of 9999994 we have to do 2 operations on this square i.e. 8836 simply operation a) and b).

Insert digit 9 exactly 5 times (i.e. one less than digit 9 repeated in the original number) at the extreme left.

Insert digit 0 exactly 5 times (i.e. one less than digit 9 repeated in the original number) between 88 and 36.

After performing these 2 operations we get,

9999994² = 99999880000036

Take number 9999999997. Its square is to be found out. Our base number is 97 and we know that 97² = 9409. Hence to find square of 9999999997, we have to do following two operations.

Insert digit 9 exactly 8 times (i.e. One less than digit 9 repeated in the original number) at the extreme left.

Insert digit 0 exactly 8 times between 94 and 09.

After performing the 2 operations we get,

9999999997² = 99999999940000000009

In general to find square of a number consisting of (digit 9 repeated any no. of times followed by any non-zero digit) is calculated as follows.

See the base number which is two digit number whose leftmost digit is 9 and unit digit is the unit digit in the original number. This must be exactly one amongst 9 numbers from 91 to 99. From square of numbers from 91 to 99 given above, we can calculate square of this base number. Just separate a group of two leftmost digit which we call as X from the group of two rightmost digit which we will call as Y.

Just insert digit 9 exactly as many times as one less than no. of 9’s in the original number to be squared to the left of X and

Insert digit 0 exactly as many times as one less than no. of 9’s in the number to be squared in between X and Y.

With this we will get square of original number.

For example, we want to calculate square of number formed by (digit 9 repeated 15 times followed by digit 3). Steps are as follows:-

Base number is 93 and its square from above is 8649. We will separate two leftmost digits 86 from two rightmost digits 49.

Proceeding further we will do step (a) in our algorithm i.e. we will insert digit 9 exactly 14 times (exactly one less than no. of 9’s in the original number) to the left of 86.

Similarly following the step (b) of our algorithm i.e. we will insert digit 0 exactly 14 times (exactly one less than no. of 9’s in the original number) in between groups 86 and 49 to get number as

(Digit 9 repeated 14 times) followed by two digit number 86 followed by (digit 0 repeated 14 times) followed by two digit number 49. Hence,

9999999999999993² = 99999999999999860000000000000049

We will take one more example to make the algorithm absolutely clear in our mind.

Calculate 99999999996²

Square of two digit base number formed from original number i.e. 96 is 9216.

Just separate numbers 92 (leftmost two digits) and 16 (Rightmost two digits.).

Now we have to insert digit 9 exactly nine times (This is because in the original number digit 9 is repeated ten times ) to the left of 92.

Also we have to insert digit 0 exactly nine times (This is because in the original number digit 9 is repeated ten times) between 92 and 16. Hence we get, 99999999996² = 9999999999200000000016

Chapter 3

Square of Any No. of 3’s Followed By Single Digit

We will continue our study further now to squares of (digit 3 repeated any no. of times followed by single non-zero digit.)

Last time we wrote squares of base two digit numbers from 91 to 99. This time its turn of 31 to 38.

Consider (30+x) ² = (30+x)*(30+x) = 30*(30+2*x) + x*x. If we denote 30+x = n, then n*n = 30*(n+x) + x*x. Using this formula, we can calculate squares from 31 to 38.

31² = (30*(31+1) + 1*1) = 0961

32² = (30*(32+2) + 2*2) = 1024

33² = (30*(33+3) + 3*3) = 1089

34² = (30*(34+4) + 4*4) = 1156

35² = (30*(35+5) + 5*5) = 1225

36² = (30*(36+6) + 6*6) = 1296

37² = (30*(37+7) + 7*7) = 1369

38² = (30*(38+8) + 8*8) = 1444

We will group 8 numbers from 31 to 38 into 3 categories such that any two numbers in the same category differ by multiple of 3.

Category No. 1) Here 31, 34 and 37 are there. (Note that difference between 2 numbers in this category is multiple of 3.)

Category No. 2) Here 32, 35 and 38 are there. (Note that difference between 2 numbers in this category is multiple of 3.)

Category No. 3) Here 33 and 36 are there. (Note that difference between 2 numbers in this category is multiple of 3.)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Number squares which lie in Category No. 1)

Suppose we want to calculate, 333331².

Two digit base number is obtained by keeping digit 3 exactly once followed by unit digit in the original number which is 1.

31² = 0961. Make two groups one obtained by numbers 09 and 61 separately.

Since digit 3 is repeated exactly five times in the original number, while calculating square digit 1 will be repeated exactly 4 times to the left of group 09. Also digit 5 will be repeated exactly 4 times inserted between 09 and 61 to obtain the square as

333331² = 111109555561

Similarly, 33333333331² = 1111111110955555555561

331² = 109561 and so on.

In general,

===============================================================

((Digit 3 repeated n times) followed by digit 1)²

= (Digit 1 repeated (n-1) times) followed by two digits 0 and 9 followed by (digit 5 repeated (n-1) times) followed by two digit number 61

===============================================================

Suppose we want to calculate, 333334²

Two digit base number is obtained by keeping digit 3 only once followed by unit digit in the original number which is 4.

34² = 1156. Make two groups one obtained