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    The Gross-Zagier Formula on Shimura Curves: (AMS-184)
    The Gross-Zagier Formula on Shimura Curves: (AMS-184)
    The Gross-Zagier Formula on Shimura Curves: (AMS-184)
    Ebook349 pages3 hours

    The Gross-Zagier Formula on Shimura Curves: (AMS-184)

    By Xinyi Yuan, Shou-wu Zhang and Zhang Wei

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    This comprehensive account of the Gross-Zagier formula on Shimura curves over totally real fields relates the heights of Heegner points on abelian varieties to the derivatives of L-series. The formula will have new applications for the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture and Diophantine equations.


    The book begins with a conceptual formulation of the Gross-Zagier formula in terms of incoherent quaternion algebras and incoherent automorphic representations with rational coefficients attached naturally to abelian varieties parametrized by Shimura curves. This is followed by a complete proof of its coherent analogue: the Waldspurger formula, which relates the periods of integrals and the special values of L-series by means of Weil representations. The Gross-Zagier formula is then reformulated in terms of incoherent Weil representations and Kudla's generating series. Using Arakelov theory and the modularity of Kudla's generating series, the proof of the Gross-Zagier formula is reduced to local formulas.



    The Gross-Zagier Formula on Shimura Curves will be of great use to students wishing to enter this area and to those already working in it.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherPrinceton University Press
    Release dateNov 11, 2012
    ISBN9781400845644
    The Gross-Zagier Formula on Shimura Curves: (AMS-184)

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      The Gross-Zagier Formula on Shimura Curves - Xinyi Yuan

      Curves

      Chapter One

      Introduction and Statement of Main Results

      In this chapter, we will state the main result (Theorem 1.2) of this book and describe the main idea of our proof. Let us start with the original work of Gross and Zagier.

      1.1 GROSS–ZAGIER FORMULA ON MODULAR CURVES

      1.1.1 The original formula

      Let N be a positive integer and f S2(Γ0(N)) a newform of weight 2. Let K be an imaginary quadratic field and χ a character of Pic(OK). Form the L-series L(f, χ, s) as the Rankin–Selberg convolution of the L-series L(f, s) and the L-series L(χ, s). This L-series L(f, χ, s) has a holomorphic continuation to the whole complex plane and satisfies a functional equation relating s to 2 – s.

      Assume that K has an odd fundamental discriminant D, and satisfies the following Heegner condition:

      every prime factor of N is split in K.

      Then the sign of the functional equation of the L-series L(f, χ, s) is –1 and hence L(f, χ, 1) = 0.

      Let X0(N-points parametrize isogenies E1 → E/N of OK such that OKof OK, let P denote the point on X0(N–1. Then P is defined over the Hilbert class field H in Pic(OK). Form a point in the Jacobian J0(N) of X0(N) using the cusp ∞ by

      Denote by Pχ(f) the f-isotypical component of Pχ in J0(N)(Hunder the action of the Hecke operators. The seminal Gross–Zagier formula proved in [GZ] is as follows:

      THEOREM 1.1 (Gross–Zagier). Denote by h the class number of K, and u half of the number of units of OK. Then

      Here (f, f) is the Peterson inner product of f, and Pχ(f), Pχ(fdenotes the Néron-Tate height over H.

      The construction of Heegner points Pχ(f) involves the idempotent in the Hecke algebra for Γ0(N), thus involves some denominators. For application to the BSD conjecture, one should construct such a point on abelian varieties without denominators. This has been achieved when f which we are going to explain as follows.

      1.1.2 Application to elliptic curves

      Let E with conductor N. By the landmark modularity theorem of Wiles [Wi] completed by Taylor–Wiles [TW], and the generalization of Breuil–Conrad–Diamond–Taylor [BCDT], E is modular in the sense that L(E, s) = L(f, s) for some newform f of weight 2 for Γ0(N-morphism

      which takes the cusp ∞ on X0(N) to the identity 0 on E. Denote

      Then the above formula gives

      The generalization of the Gross–Zagier formula in this book will be written similar to the above form. We will replace X0(N) by a Shimura curve X over a totally real field Fby a pair of parametrizations f1 : X → A and f2 : X → Av for a dual pair of abelian varieties (A, Aν) over F. Then we consider a totally imaginary quadratic extension E of F. Let P X be a fixed point under the Hecke action of E×. For a finite character χ on Gal(Eab/E), define Pχ(fA and Pχ–1(fAv as the twisted integral of f1(P) and f2(PPχ(f1), Pχ–1(fwith the derivative of L(A, χ, s) at s = 1.

      1.2 SHIMURA CURVES AND ABELIAN VARIETIES

      1.2.1 Incoherent quaternion algebras and Shimura curves

      Let F F f be the ring of finite adeles. Let Σ be a finite set of places of Fv Fv is isomorphic to M2(Fv) if v ∉ Σ and to the unique division quaternion algebra over Fv if v the quaternion algebra over with ramification set ) := Σ.

      = B ⊗F for a quaternion algebra B over F unique up to an Fa coherent is not the base change of any quaternion algebra over F. an incoherent quaternion algebra. This terminology is inspired by Kudla’s notion of incoherent collections of quadratic spaces (cf. [Ku2]).

      Now assume that F τ is the Hamiltonian algebra for every archimedean place τ of F.

      For each open compact subgroup U f)×, we have a (compactified) Shimura curve XU over F. For any embedding τ : F , the complex points of XU at τ forms a Riemann surface as follows:

      Here B(τ) is the unique quaternion algebra over F f is identified with Bf-algebra, and B± through an isomorphism BM). The set {cusps} is non-empty if and only if F and Σ = {∞}.

      For any two open compact subgroups U1 ⊂ U, one has a natural surjective morphism

      Let X be the projective limit of the system {XU}U. It is a regular scheme over F, locally noetherian but not of finite type. In terms of the notation above, it has a uniformization

      Here D denotes the closure of F. If F , then D = F×. In general, D is much larger than F×.

      The Shimura curve X is endowed with an action Tx of x × given by "right multiplication by xf." The action Tx is trivial if and only if xf D. Each XU is just the quotient of X by the action of U. In terms of the system {XU}U, the action gives an isomorphism Tx : XxUx–1 → XU for each U.

      of geometrically connected components of XU factors through the norm map q . There is a similar description for X.

      1.2.2 Hodge classes

      The curve XU has a Hodge class LU Pic(XU. It is the line bundle whose global sections are holomorphic modular forms of weight two. The system L = {LU}U is a direct system in the sense that it is compatible under the pull-back via the projection πUl, U2 : XUl → XU2. See §3.1.3 for a precise definition.

      Here are some basic explicit descriptions. If XU is a modular curve, which happens exactly when F and Σ = {∞}, then LU is linearly equivalent to some linear combination of cusps on XU. If F or Σ ≠ {∞}, then XU has no cusps and LU is isomorphic to the canonical bundle of XU over F for sufficiently small U.

      π0(XU, ), denote by LU,α = LU|XU,α the restriction to the connected component XU,α of XU, corresponding to α. It is also viewed as a divisor class on XU via push-forward under XU,α → XUthe normalized Hodge class on XU,α, and by ξU = Σα ξU,α the normalized Hodge class on XU.

      We remark that deg LU,α is independent of α since all geometrically connected components are Galois conjugate to each other. It follows that deg LU,α = deg LU/q(U)|. The degree of LU can be further expressed as the volume of XU.

      For any open compact subgroup U , define

      descends naturally to a measure on XU,τ ) via the complex uniformization for any τ : F . Then Lemma 3.1 asserts that deg LU = vol(XU). In particular, the volume is always a positive rational number.

      For any U1 ⊂ U2, the projection πU1,U2 : XU1 → XU2 has degree

      It follows from the definition. Because of this, we will often use vol(XU) as a normalizing factor.

      1.2.3 Abelian varieties parametrized by Shimura curves

      Let A be a simple abelian variety defined over F. We say that A is parametrized by X if there is a non-constant morphism XU → A over F for some U. By the Eichler–Shimura theory, if A is parametrized by X, then A is of strict GL(2)-type in the sense that

      is a field and Lie(A) is a free module of rank one over M F by the induced action. See §3.2 for more details.

      Define

      (XU, A) denotes the morphisms in Hom F (XU, Ausing ξU as a base point. More precisely, if ξU is represented by a divisor Σi aixi on X, then f HomF (XU, Ais in πA if and only if Σi ai f (xi) = 0 in A.

      Since any morphism XU → A factors through the Jacobian variety JU of XU, we also have

      Here Hom⁰ (JU, A) = HomF (JU, A. The direct limit of Hom (JU, A) defines an integral structure on πA but we will not use this.

      The space πA ×-module structure. It is an automorphic representation of × over × (πA) = M and that πA has a decomposition π = ⊗Mπv over M. Using the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence, one can define L-series

      as an entire function of s . Let

      -adic representations with coefficients in M l, completed at archimedean places using the Γ-function. Then L(s, A, M) converges absolutely in M for Re(s) > 3/2. The Eichler–Shimura theory asserts that, for almost all finite places v of F, the local L-function of A is given by

      Conversely, by the Eichler–Shimura theory and the isogeny theorem of Faltings [Fa1], if A , Lv(s, A, M) is equal to L(s – 1/2, πv) for almost all finite places v, then A is parametrized by the Shimura curve X.

      If A is parametrized by X, then the dual abelian variety Aν is also parametrized by X. Denote by Mν = End⁰(Aν). There is a canonical isomorphism M → Mν sending a homomorphism mν: Aν → Aν to its dual mv : Av → Av.

      ×-invariant pairing

      given by

      (f1, f2) = vol(XU)–1(f1,U ,U), f1,U Hom(JU, A), f2,U Hom(JU, Av)

      ,U : A → JU is the dual of f2,U . It follows that πAv is dual to πA × over M.

      In the case that A is an elliptic curve, we have M and πA is self-dual. For any morphism f πA represented by a direct system {fU}U, we have

      Here deg fU denotes the degree of the finite morphism fU : XU → A.

      1.2.4 Height pairing

      -bilinear non-degenerate pairing

      We refer to §7.1.1 for a quick review.

      Recall that the field M = End⁰(A) acts on Aby definition, and acts on A-linear map

      For any fixed (x, yA⊗M A, the correspondence

      define an element in Hom(M). One has an isomorphism

      x, y M denote the corresponding element in M . Then we have just defined an M-bilinear pairing

      such that

      We call this new pairing an M-linear Néron–Tate height pairing.

      1.3 CM POINTS AND GROSS–ZAGIER FORMULA

      1.3.1 CM points

      Let E/F be a totally imaginary quadratic extension, with a fixed embedding E acts on X ×. Let XE× be the subscheme of X of fixed points of X under E×, the subscheme XE× does not depend on the choice of the embedding E . The scheme XE× is defined over F. The theory of complex multiplication asserts that every point in XE) is defined over Eab and that the Galois action is given by the Hecke action under the reciprocity law.

      Fix a point P XE× (Eab) throughout this book. It induces a point PU XU(Eab) for every U. We can normalize the complex uniformization

      so that the point PU is exactly represented by the double coset of [z0, 1]U. Here zis the unique fixed point of Evia the action induced by the embedding E B(τ). A similar description can be made on X.

      Let A be an abelian variety over F parametrized by X with M = End⁰(A) and let χ : Gal(Eab/E) → L× be a character of finite order, where L is a finite field extension of M. For any f πA, the image f (P) is a well-defined point in A(E. Consider the integration

      /E) of total volume 1. It is essentially a finite sum, and it is easy to see that

      Here Lχ denotes the M-vector space L with the action of Gal(Eab/E) given by the multiplication by the character χ. It is also clear that Pχ(f) ≠ 0 only if the central character ωA of πA is compatible with χ in the sense that

      Let L(s, AEL be the L-series which is obtained by l-adic representation twisted by χ. Define

      Here πA,E denotes the base change of πA to E, and χ is considered as a character of Evia the reciprocity law

      which maps uniformizers to geometric Frobenii. As an identity in L , we have

      As a refinement of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, it is conjectured that the leading term of L(s, AE, χ) is invertible in L and that

      1.3.2 Gross–Zagier formula

      Assume that ωA = 1. Define a linear space over L by

      Then the correspondence f Pχ(f) defines an element

      Thus Pχ(f) ≠ 0 for some f (πA, χ) ≠ 0.

      (πAis equal to

      (1/2, πA, χ) = –1 and thus L(1/2, πA, χ) = 0.

      (πA, χ) if it is one-dimensional. Denote π = πA = πAv by the duality map

      , χ–1) is nonzero, we would like to define a canonical generator denoted by α. Decompose π = ⊗πv and χ = ⊗χv(πv, χv(πv, χv) is defined analogously. Then α will have a decomposition α = ⊗αv for some αv (πv, χvv) to be defined.

      Fix Haar measures dtv such that the product measure over all v for all non-archimedean place v. Then αv is defined formally by

      More precisely, we may take an embedding ι : L . It turns out that, for all places v, the value of αv(f1 ⊗ f2) lies in L, and does not depend on the choice of the embedding ι.

      It is worth mentioning that in the definition of αv, the local equivariant pairing (·, ·) : πA v → M satisfies the compatibility condition that

      Here the global pairing (·, ·) : πA Av → M is the duality map introduced above.

      The following is the main theorem of this book.

      THEOREM 1.2. Assume ωA = 1. For any fπA and fπAv,

      as an identity in L L : A(χ) × Av(χ–1) → L is the L-linear Néron-Tate height pairing induced by the M-linear Néron–Tate height pairing M between A) and A).

      The theorem compares two elements

      of the L-linear space

      The space is at most one-dimensional.

      ) ≠ Σ(A, χ), the linear space is zero and thus both sides of the formula are zero. The theorem is vacuous in this case.

      ) = Σ(APχ(·), PL must be a constant multiple of α. Then the theorem can be viewed as an explicit expression of the multiple in terms of special values and special derivatives of L(1/2, πA, χ) = –1 in this case.

      In the original Gross–Zagier formula, the Heegner condition implies that Σ(f, χ) = {∞}, so that the Heegner points are constructed from the modular curve. Here Σ(f, χ) is similarly defined in terms of

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