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    A level Psychology Revision: Cheeky Revision Shortcuts
    A level Psychology Revision: Cheeky Revision Shortcuts
    A level Psychology Revision: Cheeky Revision Shortcuts
    Ebook106 pages1 hour

    A level Psychology Revision: Cheeky Revision Shortcuts

    By Scool Revision

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    About this ebook

    Turn your hard work into the top A-Level results with the Cheeky Shortcut Guide to the most common topics for A level Psychology revision.

    This workbook features key exam topics for Psychology to help you achieve top marks covering:

    Attachments 
    Psychological Abnormality 
    Psychopathology 
    Biological Rhythms, Sleep and Dreaming 
    Research Methods 
    Social Influence 
    Pro- and Anti-Social Behaviour 
    Human Memory 
    Determinants of Animal Behaviour 
    Essay Writing

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherS-cool Youth Marketing Ltd
    Release dateApr 21, 2015
    ISBN9781513055961
    A level Psychology Revision: Cheeky Revision Shortcuts

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      A level Psychology Revision - Scool Revision

      1

      Attachments

      Development and variety of attachments

      Attachment is the close emotional relationship between two people, which involves a feeling of well-being and a desire to be close. Although attachments occur throughout your life, the attachment made between an infant and caregiver is particularly important.

      Development of attachments

      Infants have an innate ability to seek interactions with other individuals. This is known as sociability and is integral to the phases in the development of attachment (Scaffer, 1996).

      The table below summarises the four stages of this process:

      Cross-cultural variations in attachment

      Different cultures have different social norms and accepted ways of doing things. Cross-culturing variations occur in many aspects of behaviour including child rearing. This difference may result in differences in attachments.

      Infants raised in Japanese homes and in Israeli kibbutzim show high levels of insecure-resistant attachment. These being close environments with the primary caregiver always present and few strangers around could explain this.

      German infants appear to be particularly insecure-avoidant in their attachments, although their parents were attentive to their children and sensitive to their needs. However, the parents considered some of the ‘secure’ behaviour to be too ‘clingy’ and discouraged it.

      These findings suggest that the American criteria used in the ‘Strange Situation’ are not appropriate for other cultures: It would be wrong to suggest that the cultures with high levels of insecure attachments were raising children wrongly.

      Effects of deprivation and privation

      Attachments can be damaged if the relationship between the caregiver and infant is broken.

      The effects of separation

      Separation could be considered the same as short-term deprivation. Robertson and Bowlby (1952) investigated its effects on young children separated from their mothers. They found that the distress felt by the children fell into three categories called the protest-despair-detachment (PDD) model.

      The effects of deprivation

      Short-term effects of deprivation are highlighted above but what are the long-term consequences of a lost attachment?

      Again, Bowlby has been very influential in this area. His maternal deprivation hypothesis states that long-term intellectual, social and emotional damage follows the deprivation of an attachment during a critical period in the child’s development.

      The effects of privation

      Research into privation tends to involve carefully studying individuals who have experienced a privated infancy. These include case studies of tragically neglected children and longitudinal studies of institutionalised children, such as orphans.

      The table below summarises two of the more important case studies:

      Aim…

      To investigate the long-term effects of early institutional care.

      Method…

      Longitudinal study and natural experiment. Children aged younger than 4 months at start. Received good physical care but formation of attachments was discouraged.

      Results…

      Aged 16, relationships between adopted children and parents did not differ much from a control group of non-adopted families but were considerably better bonded than restored children and parents. Unlike non-adopted children, adopted and restored children had similar problems in forming

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