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    Cattle - Types and Breeds - With Information on Shorthorns, the Hereford, the Galloway and Other Breeds
    Cattle - Types and Breeds - With Information on Shorthorns, the Hereford, the Galloway and Other Breeds
    Cattle - Types and Breeds - With Information on Shorthorns, the Hereford, the Galloway and Other Breeds
    Ebook62 pages45 minutes

    Cattle - Types and Breeds - With Information on Shorthorns, the Hereford, the Galloway and Other Breeds

    By James A. S. Watson

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    Contained within this book is a comprehensive treatise on different breeds of cattle, including information on Shorthorns, the Hereford, the Galloway and other breeds. Complete with detailed descriptions, notable information, and helpful diagrams and photographs, this text constitutes a veritable must-have for those with a keen interest in cattle and makes for a worthy addition to collections of farming and cattle-owning literature. The chapters of this book include: 'Cattle - Types and Breeds', 'Beef Type', 'Dairy Type', 'Dual-Purpose Type', 'British Breeds of Cattle', 'Shorthorns', 'Hereford', 'Galloway', 'Red Poll', 'Dual Purpose Breeds', 'Welsh Black', 'Dairy Breeds', 'British Friesian', 'Jersey', 'Kerry and Dexter', and more. We have elected this antique book for modern republication due to the timeless nature of the information contained within it, and we are proud to republish it now complete with a new introduction on cattle farming.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherRead Books Ltd.
    Release dateMay 6, 2015
    ISBN9781473394056
    Cattle - Types and Breeds - With Information on Shorthorns, the Hereford, the Galloway and Other Breeds

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      Book preview

      Cattle - Types and Breeds - With Information on Shorthorns, the Hereford, the Galloway and Other Breeds - James A. S. Watson

      CATTLE—TYPES AND BREEDS

      THE term cattle, originally used to include all classes of live stock, is now generally restricted to oxen, which are included by zoologists in the genus Bos. This genus comprises the wild and domesticated buffaloes of Asia, and some two or three wild African species of buffalo; the American and the European Bison; the Yak of Tibet; three species of Asiatic cattle—the Gaur, Gayal, and Banteng—all of which are found wild, while the last two are also kept under domestication; the domesticated humped cattle (Zebus) of Asia and Africa; and lastly our European domesticated types. The buffaloes do not cross with the others in the list, but these others cross freely, and the hybrids (or at least the female hybrids) are fertile.

      Domesticated cattle are known to have existed in Babylon as early as 5000 B.C. The earliest known domesticated type found in Europe is that known as Bos taurus brachyceros or Bos longifrons, a very small, slightly built ox with short horns, which was very widespread in the earliest Neolithic (polished stone) period. There is no evidence that it was evolved in Europe, and the accepted view is that it was introduced from Asia as an already long-domesticated animal. This type, sometimes known as the Celtic Shorthorn, persisted in Britain till Roman times, but on the Continent it was displaced much earlier by a large, strong-boned, and long-horned animal known as Bos taurus primigenius. This seems to have been produced either by crossing the older form with the native wild species, or perhaps by direct domestication of the latter, the old type being meanwhile discarded. The European wild Ox or Urus (Bos primigenius) was common in Europe during the Roman period, and the last known specimen was killed in Poland in 1627. It was a very large and powerfully built animal with long horns, and probably brown in colour.

      European cattle comprise a great variety of types. Quasi-zoological classifications of these types have been proposed, but none is very satisfactory. As regards the British breeds, they are of very varied and frequently of mixed ancestry. Thus the native cattle before the Roman invasion were small, black or brown in colour, with short horns (Bos brachyceros). The Jersey, Kerry, and Shetland probably show the largest proportion of this blood. Then, according to Professor Wilson, the Romans brought in large white animals whose descendants have been preserved as the wild white cattle of Cadzow, Vaynol, and Chartley, now known as Park Cattle. According to another view these park cattle are the direct descendants of the wild Urus. It is certain that the Anglo-Saxons brought over cattle which were probably red in colour and from which the Sussex and the Devon are presumably descended. Possibly the Norse invasions gave us our polled breeds, though occasional polled animals occurred before that time. Much more recently, in the seventeenth century particularly, there was a large influx of large, short-horned, and broken-coloured cattle from the Netherlands. These have had a large influence on the Shorthorn and Ayrshire, and probably a lesser influence on several other of our breeds.¹ These types of cattle have intermixed to a considerable extent, just as Celt and Saxon, Norman and Dane have intermixed to form our human population.

      For practical purposes we classify cattle according to the object or objects for which they are kept, i.e. for labour, beef, milk, or any two, or all three. In Britain, oxen are scarcely used for work purposes, and therefore our classification is into beef, dual-purpose, and dairy types. As a matter of fact there is a gradation of types from the Jersey, which is of practically no value as a beef animal, to certain strains of Shorthorns, Herefords, and other breeds which have been selected almost entirely on beef points and which produce only enough milk to rear their calves (perhaps 200 to 300 gals.) or sometimes less. Specialisation has been

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