Windmills And Wind Motors - How To Build And Run Them
By F. E. Powell
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Windmills And Wind Motors - How To Build And Run Them - F. E. Powell
WINDMILLS AND WIND MOTORS
HOW TO BUILD AND RUN THEM
CHAPTER I
WINDMILL EVOLUTION
IT is not a little strange that amateur engineers should have so neglected the windmill, either as a subject for model-making and experiment, or even for the more practical purpose of power production. Wind-power is free, and while it is admittedly erratic it must surely appeal to the mechanical mind as a labour saver of some value. The probability is that the lack of simple published designs is the main reason for this state of things, and the aim of this little book is to remedy it.
Few mechanical appliances have a simpler historical record than the windmill. Until comparatively recent years only two main types of mill were commonly in use, known respectively as the Post and the Tower mills. The former, which is the earlier machine, was distinguished by the fact that the whole building, carrying sails, house, cap, and all machinery, was pivoted on a huge timber post, so that the whole structure had to be moved when it was necessary to adjust the mill to face the wind. The Tower mill, called also the Smock
and sometimes the Frock
mill, was an improvement on the other in having the cap only to revolve, carrying with it the sails and (later) the automatic regulating mechanism for bringing the sails round into the wind.
Illustrations of these two types of mills are given in figs. 1 and 2.
As hinted above, the automatic method of controlling the mill so that the sails should face the wind was a fairly recent innovation. It dates back to the middle of the eighteenth century, when Andrew Meikle introduced the now well-known auxiliary regulating wheel, which may be seen in fig. 3.
Another advance in windmill construction was made in 1807, when Sir W. Cubitt introduced an automatic reefing arrangement for the sails. Before that date speed was more or less outside the control of the operator, who could only throw in or out his machinery as the speed ranged too high or too low, or by the application of brakes could keep it partly within bounds.
FIG. 1.—Ancient Post Mill: from an Old Mill at
Bornholm, Denmark.
The later history of the development of windmills must be looked for abroad. The inventor of the American
mill is said to have been John Burnham, whose location is sufficiently indicated in the name by which this type is known. The date was about the middle of the nineteenth century. Everyone knows that the distinction between the older types and the modern transatlantic machines lies in the number and disposition of the sails, which in the latter are numerous and form a comparatively narrow ring of vanes. A modern example of such a mill is illustrated in fig. 4. Since Burnham’s day, inventors have not been asleep, and the multitude of so-called American mills now on the market is evidence of their skill. These machines vary, however, only in details of design, regulation, and control, not in any essential character.
FIG. 2.—Tower Mill: at Hilleröd, Denmark.
The American mill, though not much more efficient than its older competitor, has the advantages of cheapness, a more even turning moment, and easier starting. The defects, especially in the matter of economy, of all types of windmills led to a very remarkable series of experiments which were carried out by the Danish Government from 1891 until the death of the chief investigator. Prof. Poul la Cour, in 1908, brought them to an end. The work done by this enthusiastic engineer included not only the improvement of windmill details, but also a practical inquiry into the possibility of utilising wind-power in the production of electrical energy. Much of the collected data is naturally negative in its results, but students of the subject must always look with warm admiration on the patient work of La Cour and the good sense of the State that assisted him.
FIG. 3.—Tower Mill with Regulating or Wind Wheel.
As far as this book is concerned, the Danish experiments have one special bearing. They proved