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    Rotating Flow
    Rotating Flow
    Rotating Flow
    Ebook699 pages18 hours

    Rotating Flow

    By Peter Childs

    ()

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    About this ebook

    Rotating flow is critically important across a wide range of scientific, engineering and product applications, providing design and modeling capability for diverse products such as jet engines, pumps and vacuum cleaners, as well as geophysical flows.Developed over the course of 20 years’ research into rotating fluids and associated heat transfer at the University of Sussex Thermo-Fluid Mechanics Research Centre (TFMRC), Rotating Flow is an indispensable reference and resource for all those working within the gas turbine and rotating machinery industries.Traditional fluid and flow dynamics titles offer the essential background but generally include very sparse coverage of rotating flows—which is where this book comes in. Beginning with an accessible introduction to rotating flow, recognized expert Peter Childs takes you through fundamental equations, vorticity and vortices, rotating disc flow, flow around rotating cylinders and flow in rotating cavities, with an introduction to atmospheric and oceanic circulations included to help deepen understanding.Whilst competing resources are weighed down with complex mathematics, this book focuses on the essential equations and provides full workings to take readers step-by-step through the theory so they can concentrate on the practical applications.

    • A detailed yet accessible introduction to rotating flows, illustrating the differences between flows where rotation is significant and highlighting the non-intuitive nature of rotating flow fields
    • Written by world-leading authority on rotating flow, Peter Childs, making this a unique and authoritative work
    • Covers the essential theory behind engineering applications such as rotating discs, cylinders, and cavities, with natural phenomena such as atmospheric and oceanic flows used to explain underlying principles
    • Provides a rigorous, fully worked mathematical account of rotating flows whilst also including numerous practical examples in daily life to highlight the relevance and prevalence of different flow types
    • Concise summaries of the results of important research and lists of references included to direct readers to significant further resources
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateOct 29, 2010
    ISBN9780123820990
    Rotating Flow
    Author

    Peter Childs

    Peter Childs, FREng, is the Professorial Lead in Engineering Design and Innovation Design Engineering. He is Professor at Large, Co-Director of the Energy Futures Lab, and was Founding Head of the Dyson School of Design Engineering at Imperial College London. His general interests include creativity, innovation, design, fluid flow and heat transfer, energy and robotics. Prior to his current post at Imperial, he was director of the Rolls-Royce supported University Technology Centre for Aero-Thermal Systems, director of InQbate and professor at the University of Sussex. He has contributed to over 200 refereed journal and conference papers, and several books including the Handbook on Mechanical Design Engineering (Elsevier, 2013, 2019) as well as temperature measurements and rotating flow. He has been principal or co-investigator on contracts totaling over £100 million. He is Editor of the Journal of Power and Energy, Professor of Excellence at MD-H, Berlin, and Chairperson at BladeBUG Ltd and Founder Director and Chairperson at QBot Ltd.

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      Book preview

      Rotating Flow - Peter Childs

      Chapter 1

      Introduction to Rotating Flow

      1.1 Introduction

      Swirling, whirling, rotating flow has proved fascinating and challenging throughout the ages. Whether it be the vortex formed as water exits the bathtub or the eddying motion seen in a cornfield as wind blows across it, the subject provides a talking point and a level of complexity that often defy simple explanation. Rotating flow is critically important across a wide range of scientific, engineering, and product design applications. The subject provides a means of modeling, and as a result, design capability for products such as jet engines, pumps, and vacuum cleaners.

      Even for applications where rotation is not initially evident, the subject is often fundamental to understanding and modeling the details of the flow physics. An example is the very strong wing tip vortices shed from the wings of an aircraft as it flies, as illustrated in Figures 1.1 and 1.2.

      Figure 1.1 Typical wing tip vortices for a passenger aircraft. Photograph courtesy of NASA.

      Figure 1.2 A photograph of the vortex that is shed from one of the wings of an agricultural spraying plane. The wing tip vortex has been made visible by means of coloured smoke rising from the ground. Photograph courtesy of NASA.

      In Figure 1.1 the massive vortices shed by the wings of a Boeing 727 are made visible by smoke emitted by smoke generators attached to the wing tips. This smoke becomes entrained into the vortices as the plane moves. These vortices can take a few minutes to dissipate, and the flow disturbance caused in the wake of a plane is therefore one of the factors that needs to be considered in order to ensure adequate intervals between different aircraft occupying the same airspace. The vortex that is shed from one of the wings of an agricultural spray plane is illustrated in Figure 1.2. Here the flow is made visible by using colored smoke rising from the ground. This kind of vortex flow is similar to the whirling motion seen in the vicinity of an oar for a boat as it is rowed along. For both the wing tip and paddle vortices examples, where the action disturbing the flow is a linear motion, the result is a flow with significant rotation.

      It is the much weaker forces that hold the particles together in a fluid, in comparison to those in a solid, that give rise to their more complex behavior. A fluid does not offer lasting resistance to displacement of one layer of particles over another. If a fluid experiences a shear force, the fluid particles will move in response with a permanent change in their relative position, even when the force is removed. By comparison, a solid—provided the shear force does not exceed elastic limits—will adopt its previous shape when the force is removed. In a fluid, shear forces are possible only when relative movement between layers is taking place, that is, the fluid is flowing. The purpose of this text is to introduce the subject of flow in applications where the flow rotates or swirls and the associated physical phenomena and principles.

      1.2 Geometric Configurations

      There are many subtle interactions between fluids and associated structures and boundaries that produce vorticity and secondary flows. Vorticity involves the rotation of a flow element, representing a chunk of fluid particles, as it moves through a flow field and can be visualized by a physical or virtual cork in a flow. If the cork rotates, then the flow has vorticity, whereas if the cork just translates through the flow field, then the flow does not have vorticity. A secondary flow is a flow pattern superimposed on the primary flow path. For example, when a viscous fluid moves through a bend in a pipe or channel, the differences in pressure and velocity that arise between the central core and the boundary layer flow near the surfaces set in motion a complex secondary flow pattern of spiralling vortices (Figure 1.3). These secondary flows are responsible for additional losses in pressure within a pipeline and increased erosion and scouring of

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