Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water: Computation as Functions of Temperature, Salinity and Pressure
By John Colt
()
About this ebook
- A single source for highly accurate and comprehensive tables for gas solubility in aquatic systems
- Information provided in tables, equations, and computer programmes
- Theory is presented to better understand the equations and calculations
Related to Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water
Related ebooks
Handbook of Thermal Conductivity, Volume 2: Organic Compounds C5 to C7 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsConfined Fluid Phase Behavior and CO2 Sequestration in Shale Reservoirs Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCrude Oil Fouling: Deposit Characterization, Measurements, and Modeling Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsElements of Petroleum Geology Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Handbook of Vapor Pressure: Volume 4: Inorganic Compounds and Elements Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsNatural Gas: Operations and Transport: A Handbook for Students of the Natural Gas Industry Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsHandbook of Thermal Conductivity, Volume 1: Organic Compounds C1 to C4 Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Offshore Gas Hydrates: Origins, Development, and Production Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsHandbook of Thermal Conductivity, Volume 3: Organic Compounds C8 to C28 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFluid Phase Behavior for Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Compositional Grading in Oil and Gas Reservoirs Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsPhase Transitions in Foods Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Porous Silica Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsNuclear Radioactive Materials in the Oil and Gas Industry Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsInterfacial Phenomena Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Optimal Design of Chemical Reactors: A Study in Dynamic Programming Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsPhase Equilibria: Basic Principles, Applications, Experimental Techniques Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsIntercalation Chemistry Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsEssentials of Polymer Flooding Technique Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsTopics in Multiphase Transport Phenomena Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsIsotopic Assessment of Heterogeneous Catalysis Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsDynamic Programming in Chemical Engineering and Process Control by Sanford M Roberts Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsExperimental Methods in Catalytic Research: Preparation and Examination of Practical Catalysts Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGuidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Plant Engineering and Design The Ultimate Step-By-Step Guide Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsMultiphase Flow 1995 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsSolidification and Crystallization Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCarbon Capture and Storage: The Legal Landscape of Climate Change Mitigation Technology Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsIntroduction to Petroleum Biotechnology Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings
Earth Sciences For You
The Disaster Preparedness Handbook: A Guide for Families Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Answers to Questions You've Never Asked: Explaining the 'What If' in Science, Geography and the Absurd Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Zondervan Essential Atlas of the Bible Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5How to Make Hand-Drawn Maps: A Creative Guide with Tips, Tricks, and Projects Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Nuclear War Survival Skills: Lifesaving Nuclear Facts and Self-Help Instructions Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Exploring the Geology of the Carolinas: A Field Guide to Favorite Places from Chimney Rock to Charleston Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Fantasy Map Making: Writer Resources, #2 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Building Natural Ponds: Create a Clean, Algae-free Pond without Pumps, Filters, or Chemicals Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5How to Lie with Maps Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Rockhounding for Beginners: Your Comprehensive Guide to Finding and Collecting Precious Minerals, Gems, Geodes, & More Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCivilized to Death: The Price of Progress Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5SAS Survival Handbook, Third Edition: The Ultimate Guide to Surviving Anywhere Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Phantom Atlas: The Greatest Myths, Lies and Blunders on Maps Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Patterns in Nature: Why the Natural World Looks the Way It Does Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Secret of Water Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Rockhounding & Prospecting: Upper Midwest: How to Find Gold, Copper, Agates, Thomsonite, and Other Favorites Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Witch's Yearbook: Spells, Stones, Tools and Rituals for a Year of Modern Magic Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Cloud Collector's Handbook Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsA Voyage For Madmen Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Foraging for Survival: Edible Wild Plants of North America Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsHerbalism and Alchemy Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGeology: A Fully Illustrated, Authoritative and Easy-to-Use Guide Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Norwegian Wood: Chopping, Stacking, and Drying Wood the Scandinavian Way Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Being Human: Life Lessons from the Frontiers of Science (Transcript) Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5
Related categories
Reviews for Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water
0 ratings0 reviews
Book preview
Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water - John Colt
Table of Contents
Cover image
Front-matter
Copyright
Guide to Gas Solubility Tables and Physical Properties
Table and Page Index
Example Problems Index
Introduction
1. Solubility of Atmospheric Gases in Freshwater
2. Solubility of Atmospheric Gases in Brackish and Marine Waters
3. Supersaturation of Gases
4. Solubility of Noble Gases in the Atmosphere
5. Solubility of Trace Gases in the Atmosphere
6. Solubility of Gases in Brines
7. Physical Properties of Water
References
Appendix A. Computation of Gas Solubility
Appendix B. Computation of Physical Properties of Water
Appendix C. Computer Programs
Appendix D. Supplemental Information
Front-matter
Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water
Dissolved Gas Concentration in Water
Computation as Functions of Temperature, Salinity and Pressure
Second Edition
John Colt Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service Seattle, WA, USA
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Copyright
Elsevier
32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY
225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
First edition by American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland 1984
Second edition 2012
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-12-415916-7
For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com
This book has been manufactured using Print On Demand technology. Each copy is produced to order and is limited to black ink. The online version of this book will show color figures where appropriate.
Guide to Gas Solubility Tables and Physical Properties
Solubility in μmol/kg or nmol/kg
Solubility in mg/L
Solubility in mL/L
Gas Tension (mmHg/(mg/L))
Bunsen Coefficient (L/(L atm))
Bunsen Coefficient (L/(L mmHg))
Bunsen Coefficient (L/(L kPa))
Physical Properties of Water
Table and Page Index
Example Problems Index
Introduction
Gas solubility data are required for a variety of oceanographic, limnological, fisheries engineering, aquacultural, and engineering applications. The maintenance of an adequate concentration of dissolved oxygen is a major problem in the culture of aquatic animals. Low levels of dissolved oxygen can reduce the growth of cultured animals, decrease feed utilization, increase disease problems, and result in massive mortality. In very high intensity culture systems, the buildup of carbon dioxide must be controlled. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations are also a problem in lakes, streams, and marine conditions due to both natural and man-made causes. Under certain conditions, supersaturation of dissolved gases can be lethal to aquatic animals. The effects of gas supersaturation depend on the degree of supersaturation, the gas composition, and the position of the animal in the water column. In the marine environment, information on the supersaturation of inert gases can be used as powerful tracers of physical and biological processes.
Both the measurement and control of dissolved gas concentrations depend on an accurate knowledge of equilibrium concentrations. It is necessary to be able to compute the equilibrium concentration as a function of temperature, salinity, pressure, and gas composition. This book is divided into seven major sections:
1. Solubility of major atmospheric gases in freshwater
2. Solubility of major atmospheric gases in marine waters
3. Computation and reporting of gas supersaturation levels
4. Solubility of noble gases
5. Solubility of trace gases
6. Solubility of gases in brines
7. Physical properties of water.
The most accurate gas solubility relationships are computationally complex. This type of information is needed for some applications. For some engineering applications, however, the accuracy requirements are typically not as restrictive, so simpler solubility relationships can be used.
Solubility data are presented in the text in both equation and tabular form. With this information, the equilibrium concentrations of pure gases, air, or mixtures of gases can be computed. In most cases, interpolation should not be needed. Sample problems are included in each section.
Two additional stand-alone programs are provided to estimate gas solubility as a function of temperature, pressure, salinity, and gas composition. AIRSAT is an executable program for Windows computers that computes the standard air solubility concentration or air solubility of the 11 gases presented in this book. The second program, ARBSAT, computes the solubility of a gas as a function of an arbitrary mole fraction. Both programs can be downloaded from http://www.elsevierdirect.com/companion.jsp?ISBN=9780124159167.
An errata and update file can also be found at this site listed above: if improved solubility information is published, revised tables will be listed. If you have any suggestions, questions, or corrections, I can be reached at one of the following e-mail addresses:
john.colt@noaa.gov
johncolt@halcyon.com
1. Solubility of Atmospheric Gases in Freshwater
Keywords
gas solubility, freshwater, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, standard air solubility, air solubility, Bunsen coefficients, partial pressures
This chapter presents tabular information on the standard air saturation concentration (moist air at 1 atm) for oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide gas in terms of μmol/kg, mg/L, and mL/L; and in terms of Bunsen coefficients L real gas/(L atm); mg real gas/(L mmHg); and mg real gas/(L kPa) for 0–40°C and freshwater conditions. Because the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is changing, solubility information is provided for 2010 (390 μatm) and for 2030 (440 μatm) based on projected atmospheric values. Tabular information is also provided to allow computation of standard air saturation concentrations of carbon dioxide gas directly as a function of atmospheric mole fraction. Conversion factors are presented to convert these concentrations to other commonly used units. Equations and tabular information are provided to compute air saturation concentration for moist air at local barometric pressure for the four atmospheric gases. Because of the importance of dissolved oxygen in biological processes, the air solubility concentration is also presented as a function of elevation for both metric and English elevations. Equations and tabular information are provided to allow conversion of concentrations in mg/L to partial pressures in mmHg. Sample problems are included for representative examples.
Standard Air Solubility Concentration in μmol/kg ( )—Freshwater
) of the major atmospheric gases are presented in terms of μmol/kg for freshwater in the following tables:
The carbon dioxide concentration is based on an assumed mole fraction of 390 μatm for 2010 and 440 μatm for 2030. A separate approach will be presented in the following section to allow computation of the standard air solubility of carbon dioxide gas as a function of mole fraction.
Example 1-1
Convert the standard air solubility concentration of oxygen in μmol/kg for 30.3°C to