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    Environment and Energy: Environmental Aspects of Energy Production and Use with Particular Reference to New Technologies a Report of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
    Environment and Energy: Environmental Aspects of Energy Production and Use with Particular Reference to New Technologies a Report of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
    Environment and Energy: Environmental Aspects of Energy Production and Use with Particular Reference to New Technologies a Report of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
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    Environment and Energy: Environmental Aspects of Energy Production and Use with Particular Reference to New Technologies a Report of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

    By Sam Stuart

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    About this ebook

    Environment and Energy: A Report of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe presents the various sources of energy, their reserves, and their consumption patterns. This book discusses the technological aspect as well as the environmental aspects of energy. Organized into four chapters, this book begins with an overview of the technological and demand trends of energy. This text then examines the main sources of energy creating the least environmental problems, including solar power, hydro power, and natural gas. Other chapters consider the conversion into electricity of fossil fuels, hydro powers, and nuclear. This book discusses as well the various methods under development that relate to energy sources of substantial significance. The final chapter deals with the higher economic efficiency of geothermal power plants than fossil or nuclear fuelled power plants as there is no need for sub-systems. This book is a valuable resource for engineers, scientists, and research workers.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateOct 22, 2013
    ISBN9781483158181
    Environment and Energy: Environmental Aspects of Energy Production and Use with Particular Reference to New Technologies a Report of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
    Author

    Sam Stuart

    Dr. Sam Stuart is a physiotherapist and a research Fellow within the Balance Disorders Laboratory, OHSU. His work focuses on vision, cognition and gait in neurological disorders, examining how technology-based interventions influence these factors. He has published extensively in world leading clinical and engineering journals focusing on a broad range of activities such as real-world data analytics, algorithm development for wearable technology and provided expert opinion on technology for concussion assessment for robust player management. He is currently a guest editor for special issues (sports medicine and transcranial direct current stimulation for motor rehabilitation) within Physiological Measurement and Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, respectively.

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      Book preview

      Environment and Energy - Sam Stuart

      provided.

      Chapter One

      Introduction

      Publisher Summary

      This chapter discusses the existing sources of energy, their reserves, and their present and future consumption patterns. The chapter presents a table that gives the latest measured recoverable energy reserves. From an environmental point of view, the data for the world show that the primary sources of energy creating the least environmental problems, solar power, natural gas, hydropower, either do not appear amongst the measured recoverable reserves or are comparatively small. The consequences of discarding selective resource development as a means of diminishing the environmental dysfunctions resulting from the use of energy at the source have to be fully recognized. Continued reliance on fossil and increased importance of nuclear fuels, combined with energy demand, will increase the output of heat, CO2, and SO2.

      Brief review of existing sources of energy, their reserves and their present and future consumption patterns

      1. In 1975, the world consumed approximately 8,000 million tons of coal equivalent (tee); 33 per cent in the form of hard coal, brown coal and peat, 44 per cent oil, 20 per cent natural gas and 3 per cent nuclear and hydro energy. Other forms of energy were either negligible (geothermal energy, tidal power, solar power) or not commercialized (wood, dung). World consumption is heavily concentrated in the ECE area which accounts for 75 per cent of world energy consumption.

      2. The table (overleaf) gives the latest measured recoverable energy reserves. It is striking to note how incomplete and uncertain is our knowledge of the structure, location and volume of energy reserves. This uncertainty is mainly due to the fact that the exploration effort, its intensity and orientation, depend on the demand expected to materialize in ten or twenty years’ time. The international comparability of data is hampered by differences in projected demand and demand patterns, differences in technical know-how and economic systems, in particular with regard to the allocation of costs. Accordingly, terms such as reserves and resources and definitions of what is economically recoverable, while commonly used, contain an uncertain message. Such reservations emphasize the fact that these data provide only orders of magnitude, whose validity depends on assumptions made in the mid-1970s (or before) and which might be modified in the light of new technological and demand trends. It is thus worthwhile underlining that the figures show the proven measured reserves which are considered recoverable under the economic and technical conditions assumed to prevail in the next two or three decades.

      3. From an environmental point of view, the data for the world show that the primary sources of energy creating the least environmental problems (solar power, natural gas, hydro power) either do not appear amongst the measured recoverable reserves, or are comparatively small. Direct 1/solar power, although a very large source of energy, is not included in the status of reserves because its exploitation cannot yet be assessed. Natural gas and hydro power could count at the world level for approximately 12 per cent only of reserves. 1/ Thus, about 88 per cent of the world reserves considered technically and economically recoverable by the year 2000 are constituted of forms of energy which require more or less extensive treatment to reduce adverse effects on the environment.

      4. The current prospects for an increased use of the comparatively clean conventional sources of energy are not bright. For example, a straightforward continuation of the historical (1965 to 1973) trends would prompt exhaustion of natural gas reserves in 20 years. In addition, hydro-electric energy sources harnessable at currently competitive costs are either extensively exploited or too far from consumption centres; moreover their exploitation, to an extent of 50 per cent, everywhere in the world (a clearly unrealistic assumption) would not cover more than 5 per cent of the projected world energy consumption in the year 2000 (compared with presently 3 per

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