Prospects of Regional Economic Cooperation in South Asia: With Special Studies on indian Industry
()
About this ebook
- Provides a detailed analysis of the prospects and impact of regional economic cooperation in South Asia through alternative approaches
- Draws on the author’s rich experience in the field of economics and trade to assess the prospects and impact of RTA/FTA
- Contributions are presented from highly knowledgeable and rich experienced researchers in the field
Gordhan Saini
Dr Gordhan K. Saini currently is an assistant professor at the School of Management and Labour Studies of Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai. He completed his MBA, PGDRD and PhD degrees, and then pursued a post-doctoral fellowship from Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai. He has over eight years’ experience in development project implementation, management teaching and research and industry including as an academic associate at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad.
Related to Prospects of Regional Economic Cooperation in South Asia
Related ebooks
Regional Cooperation and Integration in Asia and the Pacific: Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic and “Building Back Better” Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsPotential Exports and Nontariff Barriers to Trade: Nepal National Study Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFrom Frontier Policy to Foreign Policy: The Question of India and the Transformation of Geopolitics in Qing China Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsHuman Rights and Transnational Democracy in South Korea Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsBeyond Crisis: The Financial Performance of India's Power Sector Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsSolid Waste Management Sector in Pakistan: A Reform Road Map for Policy Makers Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Complete Guide to Capital Markets for Quantitative Professionals Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5We Are Not Independent Because We Have a Big Brother: Jammu and Kashmir and Role of Pakistan Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsIllegal Transactions in International Trade: Theory and Measurement Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsStatecraft and Foreign Policy: India 1947-2023 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsInternational Economics Policies and Their Theoretical Foundations: A Source Book Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Methodology for Impact Assessment of Free Trade Agreements Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCAREC Integrated Trade Agenda 2030 and Rolling Strategic Action Plan 2018–2020 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsASEAN+3 Bond Market Guide 2016 Thailand Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsSpecial Economic Zones in the Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand Growth Triangle: Opportunities for Collaboration Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsAtlas of Landslides in the Kyrgyz Republic Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsKazakhstan: Accelerating Economic Diversification Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsRegulatory Impact Analysis Report on the Current Customs Regulatory Framework in Bangladesh Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsEmissions Trading Schemes and Their Linking: Challenges and Opportunities in Asia and the Pacific Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsHandbook of Commercial Policy Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsASEAN+3 Bond Market Guide 2018 Myanmar Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsASEAN+3 Bond Market Guide 2016 Japan Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsASEAN+3 Multi-Currency Bond Issuance Framework: Implementation Guidelines for the Philippines Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsAsian Economic Integration Report 2019/2020: Demographic Change, Productivity, and the Role of Technology Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsASEAN+3 Bond Market Guide 2017 Lao People's Democratic Republic Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsReview and Assessment of the Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand Growth Triangle Economic Corridors: Thailand Country Report Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement: A New Paradigm in Asian Regional Cooperation? Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsASEAN+3 Bond Market Guide 2016 Malaysia Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Investment Industry for IT Practitioners: An Introductory Guide Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings
Business For You
Robert's Rules Of Order Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Crucial Conversations Tools for Talking When Stakes Are High, Second Edition Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Becoming Bulletproof: Protect Yourself, Read People, Influence Situations, and Live Fearlessly Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes are High, Third Edition Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Summary of J.L. Collins's The Simple Path to Wealth Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Law of Connection: Lesson 10 from The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Collaborating with the Enemy: How to Work with People You Don’t Agree with or Like or Trust Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5High Conflict: Why We Get Trapped and How We Get Out Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Set for Life: An All-Out Approach to Early Financial Freedom Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Richest Man in Babylon: The most inspiring book on wealth ever written Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Leadership and Self-Deception: Getting out of the Box Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Capitalism and Freedom Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Catalyst: How to Change Anyone's Mind Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Lying Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Emotional Intelligence: Exploring the Most Powerful Intelligence Ever Discovered Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Five Dysfunctions of a Team: A Leadership Fable, 20th Anniversary Edition Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man's Fight for Justice Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Buy, Rehab, Rent, Refinance, Repeat: The BRRRR Rental Property Investment Strategy Made Simple Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Intelligent Investor, Rev. Ed: The Definitive Book on Value Investing Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Just Listen: Discover the Secret to Getting Through to Absolutely Anyone Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Your Next Five Moves: Master the Art of Business Strategy Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Tools Of Titans: The Tactics, Routines, and Habits of Billionaires, Icons, and World-Class Performers Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5How to Get Ideas Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5
Reviews for Prospects of Regional Economic Cooperation in South Asia
0 ratings0 reviews
Book preview
Prospects of Regional Economic Cooperation in South Asia - Gordhan Saini
informative.
Part I
Regional economic cooperation in South Asia
1
Regional trade agreements: trends, taxonomy and motivation
Abstract:
This chapter discusses the proliferation of RTAs, their growth trends, various forms of RTAs, motivation to form them and preconditions/principles for successful regional integration.
Key words
regional trade agreement
South Asia
economic cooperation
Proliferation of regional trade agreements in the world economy
In the last four decades the developing countries have become more visible on the global stage, as their share of world trade increased from around one-fifth in 1960 to one-third in 2004 at a time when global trade as a whole was increasing to unprecedented levels. In every region, exports outpaced the growth of output and increased as a share of GDP (gross domestic product). Various rounds of multilateral trade negotiations combined with structural economic reforms, undertaken throughout the world, ushered in the sustained reduction in border protection that made this growth possible. The World Trade Organization (WTO), formed in 1994, consolidated an evolving system of rules based on non-discrimination among trading partners, a cornerstone of the multilateral system. However, there is another significant trend in the trading system which is rapidly gaining momentum and creating a very different set of rules: the proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) among a group of countries that reduce barriers to trade on a reciprocal and preferential basis for those in the group (World Bank, 2005). According to Crawford and Fiorentino (2005), for some WTO members preferential trade comprised over 90 per cent of their total trade. Schiff and Winters (1998) stated that some 55–60 per cent of world trade now occurs within such trade blocs. This evidence suggests that the unconditional most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment required by Article I of the WTO’s charter applies to less than half, or perhaps even less than 10 per cent, of world trade.
In 1948 when GATT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) became operational there were effectively no RTAs in the world. There were systems of trade preferences, most notably the Commonwealth preferences agreed at the 1932 Ottawa conference, but no formal RTAs. However, in the past there had been extensive regional agreements in Europe, centered on the UK-France Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1870 (Lazer, 1999; Estevadeordal et al., 2002). This treaty extended to each party in the agreement the benefits of any subsequent negotiation with third parties (what today we call MFN), and became the cornerstone of a complex system of interlinked bilateral agreements in Europe, many of which subsequently attempted to be exclusionary of other parties despite the intent of the original treaty. This system grew extensively throughout Europe prior to 1913, but the war effectively ceased its growth. Importantly, the US position during this period was one of hostility to regional agreements, which were seen as a central element of colonial power centered on Europe and from which the United States had been excluded since independence. In 1947 regional agreements were touched on only lightly in the negotiation of the GATT articles. Article XXIV allowed members to participate in regional agreements under the two conditions that broadly all trade between parties would be covered (usually interpreted as covering at least 80 per cent of trade) and that no barriers should be raised against third parties as a regional agreement took effect. Article XXIV was also intended to deal with cases of the dissolution of nation-states (such as the 1905 separation of Sweden and Norway), and to cover new trade agreements between existing states (Whalley, 2008).
However, the situation has changed substantially since 1947 as far as regional agreements are concerned. The so-called champion of multilateralism for the first four decades of GATT went regional with Canada in 1987, and was later trilateralized into NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) in 1991.¹ Since 2000 the United States has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs) with Australia, Chile, Jordon, Oman, Morocco, Singapore, Peru and the six Central American parties to CAFTA (Central America Free Trade Agreement – Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua). The United States is presently negotiating FTAs with a dozen or so further countries, including Korea, Panama, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, the Andean Community (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela), the FTAA (Free Trade Area of the Americas) and the SACU (South African Customs Union) countries (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland).² The European Union (EU), whose formation under the 1957 Treaty of Rome provided one of the major elements of escalation of regionalism in the system, has also seen a sharp rise recently in its regional agreements. In the early 1990s development efforts focused on aid and assistance, primarily to former European colonies, were shifting to providing a trade, investment and legal framework for European companies to do business in these countries (Kaya, 2006). EU agreements cover intellectual property, labor practices, competition policy, investment, culture and the movement of persons to the European Union; and take various names such as cooperation agreements, association agreements and framework agreements. In some cases they are phased agreements, seen as part of possible eventual accession to the European Union, in others they are stand-alone agreements. Some recent examples are the Cotonou Agreement (formerly the Lomé Agreement) with 76 African, Caribbean and Pacific former colonies in 2000, and agreements with Algeria, Chile, Jordon and Lebanon in 2002; Egypt, Korea and Bangladesh in 2001; Syria in 2004; and Iran in 2005.³ All these are in addition to the regional arrangement, which has seen the enlargement of the European Union to 25 member states (Whalley, 2008).
The pace of new regional arrangements in other parts of the world has been equally fast. Singapore has signed many cooperation agreements that go well beyond conventional trade agreements – it currently has 11. Singapore is also involved in negotiations with Bahrain, Canada, Egypt, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Sri Lanka, Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, and in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) negotiations with China, Australia, New Zealand, India, Japan (for extending a previous agreement) and Korea.⁴ Japan has concluded a series of agreements with Singapore, ASEAN and others. Quite rapidly after China’s entry into the WTO, East Asia experienced a massive domino effect with dozens of new RTAs being announced, negotiated and signed (Baldwin, 2006). China has concluded regional agreements and deeper cooperation agreements with Hong Kong, Macau, ASEAN, New Zealand, Australia, Chile, Pakistan and the Gulf Cooperation Council, and is negotiating with India, Singapore, Thailand, APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), East Asia (Japan, Korea), Brazil, Mexico, Peru, SACU, Mercosur (Common Market of the South) and Iceland. Following this trend, after liberalization of the economy in 1991 India also entered into a number of bilateral RTAs with countries such as Afghanistan, Chile, Sri Lanka and Thailand; comprehensive economic cooperation agreements (CECAs) with countries such as Singapore and Korea; and 15 similar agreements are at negotiation