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    Black Liquor Gasification
    Black Liquor Gasification
    Black Liquor Gasification
    Ebook164 pages1 hour

    Black Liquor Gasification

    By Pratima Bajpai

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    About this ebook

    Black Liquor Gasification (BLG) is a first of its kind to guide chemical engineers, students, operators of paper plants, technocrats, and entrepreneurs on practical guidelines and a holistic techno-enviro-economic perspective applicable to their future or existing projects based on the treatment of black liquor for energy production. BLG describes the gasification process as a more efficient alternative to current processes for the conversion of black liquor biomass into energy. BLG operates largely in sync with other methods to improve pulp-making efficiency. This book explains how BLG offers a way to generate electricity and to reclaim pulping chemicals from black liquor, and why BLG would replace the Tomlinson recovery boiler for the recovery of spent chemicals and energy.

    • Describes the utilization of black liquor as a source of energy
    • Provides a detailed account of black liquor gasification processes for the production of energy and chemicals from black liquor
    • Provides guidelines to chemical engineers for the treatment of black liquor
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateMar 6, 2014
    ISBN9780081000151
    Black Liquor Gasification
    Author

    Pratima Bajpai

    Dr. Pratima Bajpai is currently working as a Consultant in the field of Paper and Pulp. She has over 36 years of experience in research at the National Sugar Institute, University of Saskatchewan, the Universitiy of Western Ontario, in Canada, in addition to the Thapar Research and Industrial Development Centre, in India. She also worked as a visiting professor at the University of Waterloo, Canada and as a visiting researcher at Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. She has been named among the World’s Top 2% Scientists by Stanford University in the list published in October 2022. This is the third consecutive year that she has made it into the prestigious list. Dr. Bajpai’s main areas of expertise are industrial biotechnology, pulp and paper, and environmental biotechnology. She has contributed immensely to the field of industrial biotechnology and is a recognized expert in the field. Dr. Bajpai has written several advanced level technical books on environmental and biotechnological aspects of pulp and paper which have been published by leading publishers in the USA and Europe. She has also contributed chapters to a number of books and encyclopedia, obtained 11 patents, written several technical reports, and has implemented several processes in Indian Paper mills. Dr. Bajpai is an active member of the American Society of Microbiologists and is a reviewer of many international research journals.

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      Book preview

      Black Liquor Gasification - Pratima Bajpai

      well-to-wheel

      Chapter 1

      General Background

      The pulp and paper industry has been exploring alternative chemical recovery technologies to replace or augment the conventional Tomlinson boiler system since the 1970s. Among these, black liquor gasification (BLG) has shown some interesting promise. BLG is a process in which a clean synthesis gas is produced from black liquor by converting its biomass content into gaseous energy carrier. The syngas subsequently can be used in boilers or in combined cycle processes (utilizing gas turbines) to generate on-site electricity and/or process steam. The potential advantages of BLG are the greater end use flexibility offered by a gaseous fuel, reduced air pollutant content, and higher electricity-to-heat ratios in combined cycle systems than standard recovery boiler steam turbine systems. The general background of the pulp and paper industry, the pulp and paper making process, kraft pulping process, recovery cycle, and modern kraft mills are presented in this chapter.

      Keywords

      Black liquor gasification; pulp and paper industry; pulp and paper making process; kraft pulping process; recovery cycle; modern kraft mills

      Outline

      1.1 The Pulp and Paper Industry

      1.2 Pulp Making Process8

      1.3 Recovery Cycle

      1.4 Modern Kraft Mills

      References

      In the pulp and paper industry, large quantities of forest biomass are being used. The by-products or residues which result include black liquor, bark, and forest logging residues. These can be used for energy purpose to produce electricity, heat, and biofuels. The kraft pulping process accounts for almost 60% of all pulp production (Joelsson and Gustavsson, 2008; Holmberg and Gustavsson, 2007). Wood chips are cooked at high temperature and pressure using white liquor to dissolve lignin. The spent cooking liquor, called black liquor, contains inorganic cooking chemicals and combustible material. An integral part of kraft process is to recover cooking chemicals and energy from black liquor in the recovery boilers known as the recovery cycle. Chemical pulp mills around the world have been relying on Tomlinson recovery furnaces to process spent pulping liquors and produce by-product steam for process use and electrical cogeneration. In general, the technology has served the industry well. Although evolutionary developments have kept Tomlinson-anchored chemical recovery islands or loops performing more or less satisfactorily since the 1930s, problems inherent with an outdated, aging technology continue to nag mills and drag down overall pulp mill process efficiency. Table 1.1 shows the shortcomings of the recovery boiler.

      Table 1.1

      Shortcomings of the Recovery Boiler

      Relatively low energy efficiency

      Relatively poor environmental performance

      Challenging boiler control

      Difficult to control mill sulfur balance

      Risk for explosion

      Among recovery boiler problems that seem to never go away is related to production bottlenecks in the pulp mill. Many mills today operate at or near existing chemical recovery capacity, and over the years a growing number have become recovery boiler limited to the tune of 100–500 tpd of black liquor solids (BLS). Because the addition of recovery furnace capacity at these smaller incremental levels is not practical, such mills are faced with continuing pressure to operate below maximum efficiency, curtailing production, or investing many millions of dollars to install a new boiler. Many recovery furnaces around the world are nearing or have surpassed their functional lifespans and not only are becoming progressively inefficient in their old age but also represent a potential explosion danger due to increasing metal fatigue, corrosion, stress cracking, etc. Clearly, mills face some critical capital spending decisions in the future. In 1999, Jaako Pöyry conducted a study to assess current and future capacity requirements and number of recovery boilers, which require upgradation or replacement in near future. According to the study, many recovery boilers around the world, especially in United States, are near to complete their functional lifespans. Majority of these recovery boilers were built in the late 1960s through the 1970s (Patrick, 2003).

      Black liquor from kraft process represents a potential energy source of 250–500 MW per mill. According to Food and Agriculture Organization in United Nations, the pulp and paper industry around the world currently processes more than 215 million tons of BLS per year, with a total energy content of about 2 EJ (lower heating value (LHV), 12.3 MJ/kg as BLS), which represents about 0.4% of the world marketed energy consumption, i.e., approximately 510 EJ in 2008 (U.S. EIA, 2009). This large amount of energy makes black liquor a very significant biomass fuel (Naqvi et al., 2010). In fact, black liquor has been the main biomass resource as bioenergy in some countries with large pulp and paper industry. Today, this large amount of energy is used to meet process energy demands of the pulp mills and still a part of total electricity demand is fulfilled by importing electricity. If black liquor is gasified instead of combustion in the recovery boiler, a pulp mill can shift from electricity importer to electricity exporter using BLGCC (black liquor gasification combined cycle) technology. The organic constituents of the black liquor also offer synthesis gas for biofuel production such as hydrogen, methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), and methane.

      The industry has been exploring alternative chemical recovery technologies to replace or augment the conventional Tomlinson boiler system since the 1970s. Among these, black liquor gasification (BLG) has shown some interesting promise. This technology has gone through a stepwise development since its early predecessor was developed in the 1960s. It is one of the high-prioritized R&D areas and is considered as an alternative technology to replace conventional recovery cycle with the recovery boiler. This topic has been popular in several conferences on biorefining, engineering, pulping, and environmental matters (Andersson and Harvey, 2004; Ådahl et al., 2004; Bajpai, 2008, 2012; Berglin et al., 1999, 2002, 2003; Dahlquist, 2003; Dahlquist and Jacobs, 1994; Dahlquist and Jones, 2005; Dahlquist et al., 2009; Ekbom et al., 2003; Harvey and Facchini, 2004; Möllersten et al., 2003a,b, 2004; Maunsbach et al., 2001; Yan and Eidensten, 2000; Yan et al., 1995; Jonsson and Yan, 2005; Eriksson and Harvey, 2004; Näsholm and Westermark, 1997; Waldner and Vogel, 2005; Sricharoenchaikul, 2009). Table 1.2 shows advantages of BLG

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