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The Circle of Fifths
Ações de livro
Comece a ler- Editora:
- Philip Jackson
- Lançado em:
- Mar 14, 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781524252205
- Formato:
- Livro
Descrição
“The Circle of Fifths - visual tools for musicians” presents a new way for all players to learn their music theory in a fresh manner that has previously been neglected by so many teachers. It will be of value to practical musicians at all levels and particularly useful to improvisers and jazz players at the beginning and early stages of improvisation. Think of all those occasions when you tried to recall some aspect of musical theory on the fly to use it without interrupting your flow. You will find it so much easier when using these proven techniques.
Philip Jackson is a composer and arranger as well as a clarinet player. He brings his engineering background into use as he re-examines the traditional approach to some of the concepts used in music theory. Why have so many teachers neglected the visual aspect of memory? It is too obvious just to say that music involves hearing, indeed active listening, because so many beginners have real problems to hear exactly which chord is being played. Philip believes that good teaching practice must involve as much variety as is useful and that includes not neglecting the visual part of memory.
The amazingly versatile circle of fifths is presented in this book in ways which will help you learn your music theory, to discover and recall a cadence, turnaround or other chord progression, (ii – V -I, iii – vi – ii – V – I or just IV – V - I) you need or that elusive diminished seventh chord. It is not limited to guitar players or pianists. Any and all practising musicians – players of any instrument, improvising soloists as well as composers, and arrangers - will find real benefit from using their visual memory.
This book, “The Circle of Fifths – visual tools for musicians”, will teach you to draw the circle and with little effort you will soon learn to visualize its layout. Once this is mastered, you will learn to appreciate all its possibilities covering the entire range of music theory and this will help you to guarantee good results in, for example, chosing substitute dominants. You will 'see' the whole tone scales. And the relationship between quartal harmony and the pentatonic modes will be revealed to you. You will be able to visualize and select the best inside pentatonic scales appropriate to your scale or mode.
When you are playing in a group with your friends, you will be able to visualize rapidly what keys they need to play in to take into account the different instruments in concert pitch like the guitar or trombone; in Bb like the trumpet, tenor sax and clarinet; in Eb like the alto saxophone. And if your singer needs you all to go down a tone, the circle will help you quickly decide on the new keys.
More than sixty new and original drawings have been especially created for “The Circle of Fifths – visual tools for musicians” to provide powerful new insights which will make it easier for you to understand the logic behind the order of sharps and flats; the relationship between relative major and minor scales; to pick any interval you need and to be certain to achieve the results you seek. You will no longer be left wondering from which scale a chord comes or which scale to use when you want to improvise over any given chord. Find the relative minor? Avoid the tritone? No problem!
Ações de livro
Comece a lerDados do livro
The Circle of Fifths
Descrição
“The Circle of Fifths - visual tools for musicians” presents a new way for all players to learn their music theory in a fresh manner that has previously been neglected by so many teachers. It will be of value to practical musicians at all levels and particularly useful to improvisers and jazz players at the beginning and early stages of improvisation. Think of all those occasions when you tried to recall some aspect of musical theory on the fly to use it without interrupting your flow. You will find it so much easier when using these proven techniques.
Philip Jackson is a composer and arranger as well as a clarinet player. He brings his engineering background into use as he re-examines the traditional approach to some of the concepts used in music theory. Why have so many teachers neglected the visual aspect of memory? It is too obvious just to say that music involves hearing, indeed active listening, because so many beginners have real problems to hear exactly which chord is being played. Philip believes that good teaching practice must involve as much variety as is useful and that includes not neglecting the visual part of memory.
The amazingly versatile circle of fifths is presented in this book in ways which will help you learn your music theory, to discover and recall a cadence, turnaround or other chord progression, (ii – V -I, iii – vi – ii – V – I or just IV – V - I) you need or that elusive diminished seventh chord. It is not limited to guitar players or pianists. Any and all practising musicians – players of any instrument, improvising soloists as well as composers, and arrangers - will find real benefit from using their visual memory.
This book, “The Circle of Fifths – visual tools for musicians”, will teach you to draw the circle and with little effort you will soon learn to visualize its layout. Once this is mastered, you will learn to appreciate all its possibilities covering the entire range of music theory and this will help you to guarantee good results in, for example, chosing substitute dominants. You will 'see' the whole tone scales. And the relationship between quartal harmony and the pentatonic modes will be revealed to you. You will be able to visualize and select the best inside pentatonic scales appropriate to your scale or mode.
When you are playing in a group with your friends, you will be able to visualize rapidly what keys they need to play in to take into account the different instruments in concert pitch like the guitar or trombone; in Bb like the trumpet, tenor sax and clarinet; in Eb like the alto saxophone. And if your singer needs you all to go down a tone, the circle will help you quickly decide on the new keys.
More than sixty new and original drawings have been especially created for “The Circle of Fifths – visual tools for musicians” to provide powerful new insights which will make it easier for you to understand the logic behind the order of sharps and flats; the relationship between relative major and minor scales; to pick any interval you need and to be certain to achieve the results you seek. You will no longer be left wondering from which scale a chord comes or which scale to use when you want to improvise over any given chord. Find the relative minor? Avoid the tritone? No problem!
- Editora:
- Philip Jackson
- Lançado em:
- Mar 14, 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781524252205
- Formato:
- Livro
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Amostra do livro
The Circle of Fifths - Philip Jackson
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1 - Introduction
Our intention is to make this book a practical kit of tools for visualizing those aspects of music where the brain (of some of us) can get easily left behind and overwhelmed by the task at hand. It is expected that these tools will be of especial interest to musicians involved in improvisational musical genres, jazz, jazz-folk fusions.
To make the best use of this book, the reader should have an understanding of scales, chords and intervals but in most cases a small recap of such material is provided where thought relevant.
We will not hesitate to simplify and this will the most often be evidenced by the re-spelling of note names : C# will become Db, Bbb will become A, F## will become G. These are but a few examples of simplification which might shock theorists but eases the job of the practising musician. Key and scale may well be used interchangeably – more practical.
Conventions regarding chords
Triads with perfect fifths
The perfect major triad will be represented simply by the letter name of the root note. C major triad will be simply written as C
Minor triads will be represented like this : Cm
Triads with altered fifths
Augmented triads will be represented as : Caug
Diminished triads will be represented as : Cdim
Seventh chords with perfect fifths
Major seventh chords will be represented like this : Cmaj7
Dominant seventh chords will be shown as : C7
Minor seventh chords : Cm7
The minor triad with major seventh : Cm.maj7
Seventh chords with altered fifths
the augmented triad with major seventh : Caug.maj7, Cmaj7#5 , Caug9
the augmented triad with minor seventh (altered chords) : C7#5
the half-diminished seventh : CØ or as Cm7b5
the diminished seventh : Cdim7
Conventions regarding scales
We shall use the major scale as the point of reference for all scales and modes and for harmonic analysis, the degrees of the major scale will be represented by Roman Numerals using upper case to represent notes having a diatonic major third and lower case for notes having a diatonic minor third.
Using C Major as an example of the harmonization of the major scale, we have :
This concurs with the accepted harmonization of major scales.
Melodic analysis – some remarks
When deriving a chord or another scale, we shall respect the convention of using as the point of departure the major scale commencing with the same tonic note name. In this case, we shall use arabic numerals. Some examples are listed below :
C major triad consisting of notes C - E - G will have a melodic analysis based on the C Major scale :
1 3 5
C minor triad consisting of notes C - Eb - G will have a melodic analysis based on the C Major scale :
1 b3 5
C dominant seventh chord consisting of notes C - E - G - Bb will have a melodic analysis based on the C Major scale :
1 3 5 b7
C major pentatonic scale consisting of notes C D E G A will have a melodic analysis based on the C Major scale :
1 2 3 5 6
About the circle
The circle of fifths is also known as the cycle of fifths or the circle / cycle of fourths. The interval of a fourth is, of course, the inversion of the fifth. The circle can be found drawn with flats on the left-hand side and sharps on the right or the other way round.
In earlier periods when much of musical harmony was triad based, the cycle of fifths was perhaps a more appropriate name in the sense that it referred to a progression or motion to and from the primary triads constructed on the first, fourth and fifth degrees of a major scale. This motion acted as a cadential element serving to establish the tonal context or color of the music. The fourth degree is a fifth below the tonic and the fifth degree is a fifth above the tonic. So, these degrees can be viewed as bracketing the tonic in a cycle of fifths and indeed, on our circle of fifths they are either side of the tonic.
For this book, I have adopted the convention of naming it the 'circle of fifths' and drawing it with sharps increasing in the clockwise sense. Fear not ! Once you have worked with the circle for a little time, you will not have any difficulty drawing it the other way round or even visualizing it either way in your mind's eye.
So we will consistently show the circle as you see it below, in Figure 1.1, with a series of ascending fifths (or descending fourths) in the clockwise sense and descending fifths (or ascending fourths) in the anti-clockwise sense. We will also consistently place C at the 12 o'clock position, whether it is the tonic of the scale or not.
In earlier times, the succession of twelve perfect fifths did not cause the circle to close on itself. There was a small excess of approximately a quarter of a semitone and this was known as the Pythagorean comma. The 'circle' was more precisely a first turn of a helix. The adverse effect of transposing a piece of music into remote keys could be clearly heard.
Over the centuries, many ways were tried to eliminate this problem and these culminated in our equal tempered system where the octave is maintained as a doubling of the sound's frequency between notes of the same name and the 'frequency space' between these two notes is split into twelve equal intervals. The size of each semitone is thus equal and defined by the factor 2¹/¹².
The result is that the Pythagorean comma has been eliminated, the circle has been flattened and is no longer a first turn of a helix but the price to be paid is that each
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