Osborne Reynolds and His Work in Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics
By A. H. Gibson
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Osborne Reynolds and His Work in Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics - A. H. Gibson
OSBORNE REYNOLDS, 1842–1912
EARLY DAYS
Osborne Reynolds, F.R.S., M.A., LL.D., M.Inst.C.E., was born at Belfast on August 23, 1842. He came of a clerical family. His great-grandfather and grandfather were rectors of Debach-with-Boulge, Suffolk, while his father, the Rev. Osborne Reynolds, who was thirteenth Wrangler* in 1837, was subsequently a Fellow of Queens’ College, Cambridge; Principal of the Belfast Collegiate School; Headmaster of Dedham Grammar School, Essex; and finally, in his turn, also rector of Debach.
Reynolds’ early education was carried out mainly by his father at Dedham. He showed an early aptitude and liking for the study of mechanics, and, at the age of nineteen, entered the workshop of Mr Edward Hayes, mechanical engineer, of Stony Stratford, where he remained for a year obtaining practical workshop experience. During this period, to use his own words, ‘his attention was drawn to various mechanical phenomena for the explanation of which he discovered that a knowledge of mathematics was essential’. He therefore decided to go to Cambridge to take a University course, before going into the office of a civil engineer. This decision was apparently taken rather suddenly, for his previous education had not included a study of Greek, which was essential for entry to the University. However, by intensive study for a few weeks he succeeded in attaining the standard of the ‘Previous Examination’.
His career at Cambridge was highly successful. In 1867 he graduated as seventh Wrangler and was immediately afterwards elected to a Fellowship of Queens’ College. He then entered the office of Mr John Lawson, civil engineer, of London.
In 1868 he applied for and was elected to the newly instituted Chair of Engineering in the Owens College—later to become the Victoria University of Manchester. In his application for this chair Reynolds stated, ‘From my earliest recollection I have had an irresistible liking for mechanics and the physical laws on which mechanics as a science are based. In my boyhood I had the advantage of the constant guidance of my father, also a lover of mechanics and a man of no mean attainment in mathematics and their application to physics’.
Although a Regius Chair of Engineering had been founded at Glasgow in 1840, this professorship was the second of its kind in any English University, Fleeming Jenkins having been appointed to the chair of Civil Engineering at University College, London, in 1865.
Reynolds was one of the most original and independent of men and had strong views as to the character of the training to be given to engineering students. He organised a systematic course of lectures extending over three years and embracing all the fundamentals of civil and mechanical engineering. In his view all engineering was one so far as the student is concerned, and the same fundamental training was required no matter what type of specialisation was to be pursued afterwards in practice.
Measured by any standard the course was not an easy one and the lectures were not always easy to follow. As a lecturer he had very definite ways of his own. A lecture which began with a discussion of the thermodynamics of a steam engine, might easily end up with an investigation of the energy transmitted by a hammer, having in the meantime touched lightly on the dilatancy of sand. An occasional reference to the text-books of Rankine, whom he held in the highest regard, gave the earnest student a clue as to where he might profitably read and learn. To the right type of student the lectures were stimulating if at times somewhat bewildering. Struck by a new idea in the middle of a lecture, he