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    Web 2.0 / Social Media / Social Networks
    Web 2.0 / Social Media / Social Networks
    Web 2.0 / Social Media / Social Networks
    Ebook246 pages1 hour

    Web 2.0 / Social Media / Social Networks

    By Nicolae Sfetcu

    ()

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    About this ebook

    Web 2.0 is the evolution of the Web towards greater simplicity (requiring no technical knowledge or computer for users) and interactivity (allowing everyone, individually or collectively, to contribute, share and collaborate in various forms).
    The term "social media" is increasingly used and tends to replace the term Web 2.0 and covers the various activities that integrate technology, social interaction, and content creation. Social media uses collective intelligence in a spirit of online collaboration. Social media uses a lot of techniques, such as RSS feeds and other web syndication feeds, blogs, wikis, photo sharing (Flickr), video sharing (YouTube), podcasts, social networks (Facebook ), collaborative bookmarking, mashups, virtual worlds or microblogs (Twitter).
    A social network is a set of brands, such as individuals or organizations, interconnected by links created during social interactions. It is represented by a structure or a dynamic form of a social group. The analysis of social networks is based on network theory, the use of graphs, and sociological analysis. It is the field that studies social networks.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherNicolae Sfetcu
    Release dateMar 11, 2017
    ISBN9781370545551
    Web 2.0 / Social Media / Social Networks
    Author

    Nicolae Sfetcu

    Owner and manager with MultiMedia SRL and MultiMedia Publishing House. Project Coordinator for European Teleworking Development Romania (ETD) Member of Rotary Club Bucuresti Atheneum Cofounder and ex-president of the Mehedinti Branch of Romanian Association for Electronic Industry and Software Initiator, cofounder and president of Romanian Association for Telework and Teleactivities Member of Internet Society Initiator, cofounder and ex-president of Romanian Teleworking Society Cofounder and ex-president of the Mehedinti Branch of the General Association of Engineers in Romania Physicist engineer - Bachelor of Science (Physics, Major Nuclear Physics). Master of Philosophy.

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      Book preview

      Web 2.0 / Social Media / Social Networks - Nicolae Sfetcu

      Web 2.0 / Social media / Social networks

      Nicolae Sfetcu

      Published by: MultiMedia Publishing

      Copyright 2018 Nicolae Sfetcu

      Published by MultiMedia Publishing, https://www.telework.ro/en/publishing/

      ISBN: 978-606-9041-21-5, DOI: 10.58679/MM52438

      The guide includes some texts from Telework (translation: Nicolae Sfetcu), and texts from Web 2.0: Where does Europe stand? (© European Communities, 2009) and Social marketing guide for public health programme managers and practitioners (© European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2014) and Social Networks Overview - Current Trends and Research Challenges (© European Union, 2010)

      Book text available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License

      DISCLAIMER:

      The author and publisher are providing this book and its contents on an as is basis and make no representations or warranties of any kind with respect to this book or its contents. The author and publisher disclaim all such representations and warranties for a particular purpose. In addition, the author and publisher do not represent or warrant that the information accessible via this book is accurate, complete or current.

      Except as specifically stated in this book, neither the author or publisher, nor any authors, contributors, or other representatives will be liable for damages arising out of or in connection with the use of this book. This is a comprehensive limitation of liability that applies to all damages of any kind, including (without limitation) compensatory; direct, indirect or consequential damages, including for third parties.

      You understand that this book is not intended as a substitute for consultation with a licensed, educational, legal or finance professional. Before you use it in any way, you will consult a licensed professional to ensure that you are doing what’s best for your situation.

      This book provides content related to educational topics. As such, use of this book implies your acceptance of this disclaimer.

      Web 2.0

      Web 2.0 is the evolution of the Web towards greater simplicity (requiring no technical knowledge or computer for users) and interactivity (allowing everyone, individually or collectively, to contribute, share and collaborate in various forms). The term Web 2.0 means all technical, features and uses of the World Wide Web that follow the original form of the web, especially interfaces that allow users with little technical knowledge to adopt new functionality of the web. Thus, users contribute to the exchange of information and can interact (share, exchange, etc.) simply, with both the content and structure of the pages, but also between them, creating this waz the social web. The user is using the tools at its disposal, as an active person on the canvas.

      The term Web 2.0 used by Dale Dougherty in 2003, broadcast by Tim O’Reilly in 2004 and consolidated in 2005 with the position paper What Is Web 2.0, was imposed from 2007.

      The term 2.0 is now used as a generic term to apply the concept of Web 2.0 to other application domains.

      Web 2.0 facilitates interaction between users, crowdsourcing and the creation of rudimentary social networks, which may serve content and exploiting network effects, with or without actual visual and interactive rendering of Web pages. In this sense, Web 2.0 sites act more as points of presence, or web portals, focusing on the user rather than on traditional websites. The evolution of the media allowing to consult the websites, their different formats, refocuses in 2008 on the content rather than on the aspect approach.

      The new Web 2.0 templates  try to make a graph care, effects, while remaining compatible with the variety of media. In Web 2.0 the Internet becomes an actor in feeding the sites content, such as blogs or wikis collaboratively, with even very rigorous citizen science devices.

      There are a number of elements and characteristics which appear to be common across the various observable versions of Web 2.0. Drawing on Pascu (2008) and Osimo (2008), we see Web 2.0 as composed of a set of innovative (1) applications, (2) technologies, and (3) user roles.

      Table 2-1 Towards an operational definition of Web 2.0

      Applications: Blog, Wiki, Tagging, Multimedia sharing, Social Networks, Social gaming, etc.

      Technologies: Syndication, Web Feed, RSS, Atom, Microformats, Folksonomy, Tag, Tag cloud, Ajax, XML, CSS, Mashup, Wiki engine, Permalinks, Linkback, RIA, etc.

      Users' roles: User as a producer, Collective intelligence, Peer review, Perpetual beta

      Source: Adapted from Osimo (2008) and Pascu (2008), in turn adapted from O' Reilly and Forrester research

      2.0 websites allow users to do more than withdraw the information. By increasing what was already possible with Web 1.0, they provide users with new interfaces and new software. Users can now provide information to Web 2.0 sites and have control over some of them.

      To start with, new applications are developing that allow, for example, easy publishing, information sharing, networking and collaboration. These applications are branded under the name of (often new) companies and are commonly identified in the media with Web 2.0: Flickr, MySpace, Facebook, etc. Regarding technology, the building blocks of Web 2.0 are those innovations introduced over recent years to increase the usability and interoperability of web applications. These technologies will be further described in Section 2.3.

      However, the users' roles or characteristics of use of Web 2.0 are what really distinguish Web 2.0 from Web 1.0. The most salient new roles occur when users double as producers, provide peer reviews, test applications (perpetual beta), and provide collective (intelligent) input.

      Web 2.0 technologies

      The infrastructure of the Web 2.0 is complex and changing in nature, but it always includes:

      server software,

      content syndication,

      messaging protocols,

      navigation standards

      various client applications (plug-ins, or grafts, non-standards are generally avoided).

      These complementary approaches provide Web 2.0 storage capacities, creation and dissemination, as well as much higher than what was previously expected websites serendipity.

      A site could be considered as part of a Web 2.0 approach if uses in a special way the following techniques:

      CSS, XHTML markup semantically valid and microformats;

      technology-rich applications such as Ajax;

      RSS / Atom syndication and aggregation of content;

      categorization labeling;

      appropriate use of the URL;

      REST or XML web services.

      Web 2.0 is defined by its content, the shift to Web 2.0 therefore has nothing to do with the evolution of communication standards such as the transition to IPv6.

      Rich Internet Application

      Since the turn of the century, the rich Internet application techniques such as AJAX have improved the user experience of applications using a web browser. A web application using AJAX can exchange information between the client and the server to update the contents of a web page without refreshing the entire page using the browser. The "Geospatial Web" is one of the emerging forms of geographic recomposition of the entries of knowledge through ICTs, democratization of GPS and sometimes crowdsourcing applied to the citizen mapping, who gave OpenStreetMap for ex., and in other scales the NASA World Wind, and Google Earth, and Microsoft Live Local in 3D with environmental, social and economic still poorly understood impacts.

      RSS

      The first important move towards Web 2.0 was content syndication, using standardized protocols that allow users to make use of data from one site in another context, from another website to a browser plugin , or even a separate desktop application. These protocols include RSS, RDF (as in RSS 1.1) and Atom. All are based on XML. Specialized protocols such as FOAF and XFN (both for social networking) extend the functionality of the site and allow users to interact in a decentralized manner.

      This bottom-up trend that many of these protocols become de facto standards rather than standards.

      Labelling

      Tags or labels or keywords improve semantic search, more heuristic and therefore presented in the form of a tag cloud.

      These labels are small text expressions that describe a concept, are attached to a concept and used for searching content (typical examples: a forum, a blog, a blog directory) and, more importantly, interconnect things together. A bit like a neural network: the more a label is used, the more the concept attached to the label is present and it takes more weight. More labels are present and more the attached concepts are interconnected.

      The markers can include meta-elements (ie metadata).

      Social tagging, folksonomy

      The label provides a hierarchical prior sorting of sought items. The order of items is either the number of references or a satisfaction rating given by readers. In the latter case, the weighting scheme is defined by a human factor (the social side) which highlights some interesting data or articles in the mass of information. This is typically the case of social bookmarking.

      Web protocols

      Web communication protocols are a key component of the Web 2.0 infrastructure. Two main approaches are:

      REST (REpresentational State Transfer) indicates a way to exchange and manipulate data by simply using the HTTP GET, POST, PUT and DELETE verbs.

      SOAP, which involves posting to a server XML queries with a set of instructions to be executed.

      In both cases, access to the services are defined by an application programming interface (API). Often, the interface is specific to the server. However, standardized interfaces to web programming (for example, to

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