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    F# for Machine Learning Essentials
    F# for Machine Learning Essentials
    F# for Machine Learning Essentials
    Ebook353 pages1 hour

    F# for Machine Learning Essentials

    By Sudipta Mukherjee

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    About this ebook

    Get up and running with machine learning with F# in a fun and functional way

    About This Book

    - Design algorithms in F# to tackle complex computing problems
    - Be a proficient F# data scientist using this simple-to-follow guide
    - Solve real-world, data-related problems with robust statistical models, built for a range of datasets

    Who This Book Is For

    If you are a C# or an F# developer who now wants to explore the area of machine learning, then this book is for you. Familiarity with theoretical concepts and notation of mathematics and statistics would be an added advantage.

    What You Will Learn

    - Use F# to find patterns through raw data
    - Build a set of classification systems using Accord.NET, Weka, and F#
    - Run machine learning jobs on the Cloud with MBrace
    - Perform mathematical operations on matrices and vectors using Math.NET
    - Use a recommender system for your own problem domain
    - Identify tourist spots across the globe using inputs from the user with decision tree algorithms

    In Detail

    The F# functional programming language enables developers to write simple code to solve complex problems. With F#, developers create consistent and predictable programs that are easier to test and reuse, simpler to parallelize, and are less prone to bugs.
    If you want to learn how to use F# to build machine learning systems, then this is the book you want.
    Starting with an introduction to the several categories on machine learning, you will quickly learn to implement time-tested, supervised learning algorithms. You will gradually move on to solving problems on predicting housing pricing using Regression Analysis. You will then learn to use Accord.NET to implement SVM techniques and clustering. You will also learn to build a recommender system for your e-commerce site from scratch. Finally, you will dive into advanced topics such as implementing neural network algorithms while performing sentiment analysis on your data.

    Style and approach

    This book is a fast-paced tutorial guide that uses hands-on examples to explain real-world applications of machine learning. Using practical examples, the book will explore several machine learning techniques and also describe how you can use F# to build machine learning systems.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherPackt Publishing
    Release dateFeb 25, 2016
    ISBN9781783989355
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      Book preview

      F# for Machine Learning Essentials - Sudipta Mukherjee

      Table of Contents

      F# for Machine Learning Essentials

      Credits

      Foreword

      About the Author

      Acknowledgments

      About the Reviewers

      www.PacktPub.com

      eBooks, discount offers, and more

      Why subscribe?

      Preface

      What this book covers

      What you need for this book

      Who this book is for

      Conventions

      Reader feedback

      Customer support

      Downloading the example code

      Downloading the color images of this book

      Errata

      Piracy

      Questions

      1. Introduction to Machine Learning

      Objective

      Getting in touch

      Different areas where machine learning is being used

      Why use F#?

      Supervised machine learning

      Training and test dataset/corpus

      Some motivating real life examples of supervised learning

      Nearest Neighbour algorithm (a.k.a k-NN algorithm)

      Distance metrics

      Decision tree algorithms

      Linear regression

      Logistic regression

      Recommender systems

      Unsupervised learning

      Machine learning frameworks

      Machine learning for fun and profit

      Recognizing handwritten digits – your Hello World ML program

      How does this work?

      Summary

      2. Linear Regression

      Objective

      Different types of linear regression algorithms

      APIs used

      Math.NET Numerics for F# 3.7.0

      Getting Math.NET

      Experimenting with Math.NET

      The basics of matrices and vectors (a short and sweet refresher)

      Creating a vector

      Creating a matrix

      Finding the transpose of a matrix

      Finding the inverse of a matrix

      Trace of a matrix

      QR decomposition of a matrix

      SVD of a matrix

      Linear regression method of least square

      Finding linear regression coefficients using F#

      Finding the linear regression coefficients using Math.NET

      Putting it together with Math.NET and FsPlot

      Multiple linear regression

      Multiple linear regression and variations using Math.NET

      Weighted linear regression

      Plotting the result of multiple linear regression

      Ridge regression

      Multivariate multiple linear regression

      Feature scaling

      Summary

      3. Classification Techniques

      Objective

      Different classification algorithms you will learn

      Some interesting things you can do

      Binary classification using k-NN

      How does it work?

      Finding cancerous cells using k-NN: a case study

      Understanding logistic regression

      The sigmoid function chart

      Binary classification using logistic regression (using Accord.NET)

      Multiclass classification using logistic regression

      How does it work?

      Multiclass classification using decision trees

      Obtaining and using WekaSharp

      How does it work?

      Predicting a traffic jam using a decision tree: a case study

      Challenge yourself!

      Summary

      4. Information Retrieval

      Objective

      Different IR algorithms you will learn

      What interesting things can you do?

      Information retrieval using tf-idf

      Measures of similarity

      Generating a PDF from a histogram

      Minkowski family

      L1 family

      Intersection family

      Inner Product family

      Fidelity family or squared-chord family

      Squared L2 family

      Shannon's Entropy family

      Combinations

      Set-based similarity measures

      Similarity of asymmetric binary attributes

      Some example usages of distance metrics

      Finding similar cookies using asymmetric binary similarity measures

      Grouping/clustering color images based on Canberra distance

      Summary

      5. Collaborative Filtering

      Objective

      Different classification algorithms you will learn

      Vocabulary of collaborative filtering

      Baseline predictors

      Basis of User-User collaborative filtering

      Implementing basic user-user collaborative filtering using F#

      Code walkthrough

      Variations of gap calculations and similarity measures

      Item-item collaborative filtering

      Top-N recommendations

      Evaluating recommendations

      Prediction accuracy

      Confusion matrix (decision support)

      Ranking accuracy metrics

      Prediction-rating correlation

      Working with real movie review data (Movie Lens)

      Summary

      6. Sentiment Analysis

      Objective

      What you will learn

      A baseline algorithm for SA using SentiWordNet lexicons

      Handling negations

      Identifying praise or criticism with sentiment orientation

      Pointwise Mutual Information

      Using SO-PMI to find sentiment analysis

      Summary

      7. Anomaly Detection

      Objective

      Different classification algorithms

      Some cool things you will do

      The different types of anomalies

      Detecting point anomalies using IQR (Interquartile Range)

      Detecting point anomalies using Grubb's test

      Grubb's test for multivariate data using Mahalanobis distance

      Code walkthrough

      Chi-squared statistic to determine anomalies

      Detecting anomalies using density estimation

      Strategy to convert a collective anomaly to a point anomaly problem

      Dealing with categorical data in collective anomalies

      Summary

      Index

      F# for Machine Learning Essentials

      F# for Machine Learning Essentials

      Copyright © 2016 Packt Publishing

      All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

      Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

      Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

      First published: February 2016

      Production reference: 1190216

      Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

      Livery Place

      35 Livery Street

      Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

      ISBN 978-1-78398-934-8

      www.packtpub.com

      Credits

      Author

      Sudipta Mukherjee

      Reviewers

      Alena Hall

      David Stephens

      Commissioning Editor

      Ashwin Nair

      Acquisition Editors

      Harsha Bharwani

      Larissa Pinto

      Content Development Editor

      Athira Laji

      Technical Editor

      Ryan Kochery

      Copy Editor

      Alpha Singh

      Project Coordinator

      Bijal Patel

      Proofreader

      Safis Editing

      Indexer

      Rekha Nair

      Graphics

      Abhinash Sahu

      Production Coordinator

      Aparna Bhagat

      Cover Work

      Aparna Bhagat

      Foreword

      Machine Learning (ML) is one of the most impactful technologies of the last 10 years, fueled by the exponential growth of electronic data about people and their interaction with the world and each other, as well as the availability of massive computing power to extract patterns from data. Applications of ML are already affecting all of us in everyday life, whether it's face recognition in modern cameras, personalized web or product searches, or even the detection of road sign patterns in modern cars. Machine learning is a set of algorithms that learn prediction programs from past data in order to use them for future predictions—whether the prediction programs are represented as decision trees, as neural networks, or via nearest-neighbor functions.

      Another influential development in computer science is the invention of F#. Less than 10 years ago, functional programming was a more of an academic endeavor than a style of programming and software development used in production systems. The development of F# since 2005 changed this forever. With F#, programmers are not only able to benefit from type inference and easy parallelization of workflows, but they also get the runtime performance that they are used to from programming in other .NET languages, such as C#. I personally witnessed this transformation at Microsoft Research and saw how data-intensive applications could be written much more safely in less than 100 lines of F# code compared to thousands of lines of C# code.

      A critically important ingredient of ML is data; it's the lifeblood of any ML algorithm. Parsing, cleaning, and visualizing data is the basis of any successful ML application and constitutes the majority of the time that practitioners spend in making machine learning systems work. F# proves to be the perfect bridge between data processing and analysis, with ML on one hand and the ability to invent new ML algorithms on the other hand.

      In this book, Sudipta Mukherjee introduces the reader to the basics of machine learning, ranging from supervised methods, such as classification learning and regression, to unsupervised methods, such as K-means clustering. Sudipta focuses on the applied aspects of machine learning and develops all algorithms in F#, both natively as well as by integrating with .NET libraries such as WekaSharp, Accord.Net and Math.Net. He covers a wide range of algorithms for classification and regression learning and also explores more novel ML concepts, such as anomaly detection. The book is enriched with directly applicable source code examples, and the reader will enjoy learning about modern machine learning algorithms through the numerous examples provided.

      Dr. Ralf Herbrich

      Director of Machine Learning Science at Amazon

      About the Author

      Sudipta Mukherjee was born in Kolkata and migrated to Bangalore. He is an electronics engineer by education and a computer engineer/scientist by profession and passion. He graduated in 2004 with a degree in electronics and communication engineering.

      He has a keen interest in data structure, algorithms, text processing, natural language processing tools development, programming languages, and machine learning at large. His first book on Data Structure using C has been received quite well. Parts of the book can be read on Google Books at http://goo.gl/pttSh. The book was also translated into simplified Chinese, available from Amazon.cn at http://goo.gl/lc536. This is Sudipta's second book with Packt Publishing. His first book, .NET 4.0 Generics (http://goo.gl/MN18ce), was also received very well. During the last few years, he has been hooked to the functional programming style. His book on functional programming, Thinking in LINQ (http://goo.gl/hm0lNF), was released last year. Last year, he also gave a talk at @FuConf based on his LINQ book (https://goo.gl/umdxIX). He lives in Bangalore with his wife and son.

      Sudipta can be reached via e-mail at <sudipto80@yahoo.com> and via Twitter at @samthecoder.

      Acknowledgments

      First, I want to thank Dr. Don Syme (@dsyme) and everyone in the product team who brought F# to the world and made a fantastic integration with Visual Studio. I also want to thank Professor Andrew Ng (@AndrewYNg). I first learned about machine learning from his MOOC on machine learning at Coursera (https://www.coursera.org/learn/machine-learning).

      This book couldn't have seen the light of day without a few people: my acquisition editor, Ms. Harsha Bharwani, who persuaded me to work on this book; and my development editor, Ms. Athira Laji, who tolerated many delays in the delivery schedule but kept the bar high and got me going. She is one of the most compassionate development editors I have ever worked with. Thank you mam! I have been fortunate to have a couple of very educated reviewers on board: Mr. David Stephens (the PM of the F# programming language) (@NumberByColors) and Ms. Alena Dzenisenka (@lenadroid). The book uses several open source frameworks and F#. So, thanks to all the people who have contributed to these projects. I also want to say a huge thank you to Dr. Ralf Herbrich (@rherbrich), the director of machine learning science at Amazon, Berlin, for kindly writing a foreword for the book.

      Last but not least, I must say that I am very fortunate to have a very loving family, who always stood by me whenever I needed support. My wife, Mou, made sure that I had enough time to write the chapters. We couldn't go out on weekends. I promise to make up for all the missed family time. Thank you sweetheart! My

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