Understanding Your Right to Due Process
By Marty Gitlin
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Understanding Your Right to Due Process - Marty Gitlin
Published in 2014 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010
Copyright © 2014 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
First Edition
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gitlin, Marty.
Understanding your right to due process/Marty Gitlin.
p. cm.—(Personal freedom & civic duty)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4488-9462-8 (library binding)
1. Due process of law—United States. I. Title.
KF4765.G58 2014
347.73'05—dc23
2012040222
Manufactured in the United States of America
CPSIA Compliance Information: Batch #S13YA: For further information, contact Rosen Publishing, New York, New York, at 1-800-237-9932.
CONTENTS
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
Defining Due Process
CHAPTER 2
From the Magna Carta to Reconstruction
CHAPTER 3
The Process Due to You: Procedural Due Process
CHAPTER 4
The Meaning of Liberty: Substantive Due Process
CHAPTER 5
Due Process Today and Tomorrow
The Bill of Rights
Glossary
For More Information
For Further Reading
Bibliography
Index
INTRODUCTION
It was the summer of 1787. Delegates from all thirteen states had gathered in Philadelphia. Their task was to draft a constitution for the new nation.
Troubling memories drove some of the delegates. They recalled the days before victory in the Revolutionary War brought independence to the colonies. They remembered when British police burst into homes and searched for evidence of illegal activities. Such practices had provided motivation for the colonists to break away from England.
The delegates to the Constitutional Convention had a tall task ahead of them. They were empowered to create a new constitution for the United States of America.
Many delegates sought to create laws that limited government control of individuals. They suggested including a bill of rights, but the idea was rejected after just a short debate. Their fellow lawmakers hoped only to create a framework for an effective federal government.
A battle ensued. Some delegates threatened to vote against the new constitution if a bill of rights was not included. They argued that the draft specified only what the government could do—not what it could not do.
The process was at a standstill. The delegates on both sides of the argument took their cases to their individual states. Those who yearned to adopt a federal bill of rights refused to vote in favor of the Constitution without one. Ultimately, their wishes were granted. But it took a selfless act by Virginia delegate James Madison to end the debate. His desire for unity motivated him to switch sides and embrace the need for a bill of rights in the Constitution.
In the end, the wishes of the American people affected the decision. They yearned to be protected against random government actions. The framers of the U.S. Constitution followed the strong words of Thomas Jefferson: A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth ... and what no just government should refuse.
The result was ten amendments known as the Bill of Rights. Five of the amendments pertained to due process. That is, they provided safeguards for equal and fair treatment under the law. In particular, they provided protection to individuals and groups investigated for or accused of crimes.
The delegates to the Constitutional Convention squabbled over adding a bill of rights to the Constitution. Many of the amendments they eventually added focused on due process rights.
Many people know that the First Amendment guarantees five freedoms: freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and the right to petition the government. But could Americans truly enjoy such freedoms without the Fourth Amendment, which protects them from unreasonable searches and seizures? Would those freedoms be ensured without the Sixth Amendment, which promises judgment by an impartial jury?
Today, due process is a right offered every American regardless of race, gender, or religion. But it took time to offer this right to all citizens. As the nation and its people evolved to embrace true equality, so did the idea of due process. It took the Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, to ensure that blacks received the same privileges as whites. It was not until one hundred years later (with the passage of the Indian Civil Rights Acts of 1968) that Native Americans were given such guarantees in all courts in the land.
Establishing true equality in terms of civil rights and civil liberties remains an ongoing process. Some believe unfairness still exists in