Writing Academic Papers: A Resource Manual for Beginners in Higher-Learning Institutions and Colleges
By Elia Shabani Mligo and Trygve Wyller
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About this ebook
Elia Shabani Mligo
Elia Shabani Mligo (PhD, University of Oslo, Norway) is Senior Lecturer in Research, Philosophy, and Religious Studies at Tumaini University Makumira, Mbeya Center in Tanzania. He is the author of many books and articles on contextual theology and research. Some of his books include Jesus and the Stigmatized (2011), Writing Academic Papers (2012), Doing Effective Fieldwork (2013), Elements of African Traditional Religion (2013), Symbolic Interactionism in the Gospel According to John (2014), and He Descended into Hell (2015).
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Writing Academic Papers - Elia Shabani Mligo
Writing Academic Papers
A Resource Manual for Beginners in Higher-Learning Institutions and Colleges
Elia Shabani Mligo
With a foreword by Trygve Wyller
6730.jpgWriting Academic Papers
A Resource Manual for Beginners in Higher-Learning Institutions and Colleges
Copyright © 2012 Elia Shabani Mligo. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical publications or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: Permissions, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 199 W. 8th Ave., Suite 3, Eugene, OR 97401.
Resource Publications
An Imprint of Wipf and Stock Publishers
199 W. 8th Ave., Suite 3
Eugene, OR 97401
www.wipfandstock.com
ISBN 13: 978-1-62032-396-0
EISBN 13: 978-1-63087-024-9
Manufactured in the U.S.A.
All scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV®. Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide.
Table of Contents
Title Page
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Writing for High School and for University
Chapter 3: Writing Academic Paper Assignments
Chapter 4: Book Reports and Book Reviews as Academic Papers
Chapter 5: Basic Guidelines for Writing Effective Academic Papers
Chapter 6: Plagiarism: A Serious Offense in Academic Writing
Chapter 7: Conclusion
Bibliography
To my deseased parents Tuladzuma Ngella and Shabani Mligo for their lovely care of me during my childhood I did not see them when they toiled day and night in order to bring me up.Rest in peace!
Foreword
Every student entering the field of academic writing soon discovers this to be a strange and mysterious world. Social anthropologists would, with good reasons, call this a subculture or a tribal culture. There are rules of behavior in this subculture, rules that all inhabitants take as given, or as tacit knowledge. You just know to behave, and especially how to not behave. All kinds of students, coming from all kinds of experiences and backgrounds, have trouble: how to deal with this tribe, how to learn this language, which is never taught, but always presupposed.
Elia Shabani Mligo from Southern Tanzania is one of those scholars, who want to try to teach us: What does it require to write an academic piece of paper? The book is like a manual to academic writing. Mligo presents the most important kinds of writing from reports via term paper towards theses and the famous dissertations. He teaches us how to write notes, how to avoid plagiarism and how to give credit to other colleagues and scholars, just to mention a few of the many issues dealt with. The book provides both students and scholars a good overview of what is needed, if you want to become members of the academic tribe. In this way I can only recommend Mligo’s manual. It is concrete and well written.
Basically academic work is about giving space to creativity. The academic is more related to artists than to the bureaucrat. Still, the strange thing about the academic presentation is that it is a kind of disciplined artistry. The good researcher is the creative researcher, discovering something or applauding something, which we others did not think about or not even dream about.
So, the main point in academia is having a good idea and taking care of it. But the peculiar thing is that this original idea has to be presented so that others can accept it and understand it. This is what beginning students need to learn from point zero. The importance of Mligo’s book is that it provides every beginner, and every established scholar, a good overview of what is needed.
One does not expect the term paper or the thesis to reflect the kind of originality, which one, expects from the established scholar. But the formation of a scholar also implies the knowledge of how one argues and defends the good idea. No one expects that the beginner or the master student shall be a small copy of the talented researcher, living on the knowledge front where old knowledge fades away and new knowledge gets its deserved place. But in order to come there and be part of the real community of scholars, one has to learn the language of the tribe you want so much to be part of.
The requirements to students from the academic schools and institutions vary from context to context. Therefore, it might be something in Mligos book, which is not so relevant to all groups of students. Still, I think, the overview provided by Mligo is helpful even if the information might not be top relevant in the current state. Every student needs to know the general requirements for formal academic competence. In a world where the importance of context and the local is increasing, the basic formal academic requirement is still fairly global. This is an advantage for communication. A text from India, one from Tanzania, and one from Norway all should be written in a more or less parallel way. This opens for a global academic language, an important quality in a virtual world of new languages and shifting agendas.
Trygve Wyller
Professor
Faculty of Theology, University of Oslo
Oslo, May 2012
Acknowledgments
The motivation for writing this book emanates from my teaching and discussions with students and staff at Kidugala Theological College in Njombe Tanzania. I am grateful to all students at the College with whom I enjoyed teaching courses on Introduction to Research Methods
and Introduction to Writing Research Reports.
The discussions we had on the way to write effective term paper reports and the various issues students raised on this subject were very much insightful in the writing of this book.
I appreciate the concern of my colleagues and friends at Kidugala Theological College, Amani University Project (Njombe), and Prof. Halvor Moxnes from the University of Oslo in Norway, who were involved in the various stages of developing this book. They challenged me in the way I made my presentation, the way I revised the material, and the way I made it more precise. I honor their contributions towards the present form of this book.
The work of my editors at Wipf and Stock Publishers is not in vein. I would like to thank them for their keen and meticulous editorial work to bring this book into a form that is worthy reading. This book could hardly come into press for printing without their confirmation. I am also grateful to Mr. Tito Chambilo, a linguistics teacher at Kidugla Lutheran Seminary, Njombe who read and corrected my English expressions.
Moreover, I am grateful to all readers of this book that will find it worthy paying attention. I earnestly look forward to receiving your precious comments and suggestions to be included in the second edition.
1
Introduction
Students in universities, colleges, and other higher-learning institutions are frequently faced by a number of writing obligations. They have to write examinations, term papers, book reviews, book summaries or reports, and even react to what other students or scholars have presented. The further the student progresses in the program, the more writing demands befall upon him/her. Students will be required