2009 Home Builders' Jobsite Codes
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2009 Home Builders' Jobsite Codes - Steve Van Note
counsel.
Introduction
Home Builders’ Jobsite Codes is a field guide for builders, trade contractors, design professionals, inspectors, and others involved in the design and construction of residential buildings. It is based on the 2009 edition of the International Residential Code® (IRC), a comprehensive, stand-alone code that establishes minimum regulations for the construction of one- and two-family dwellings and townhomes, including provisions for
structural design
fire and life safety
energy conservation
mechanical systems
fuel-gas systems
plumbing
electrical systems
The IRC’s purpose is to safeguard public safety, health, and general welfare from fire and other potential hazards attributed to the built environment, while still providing for affordable homes. The code provides for strong, stable, and sanitary homes that conserve energy and yet offer adequate lighting and ventilation.
The IRC is published by the International Code Council® (ICC), maintained and updated through an open code development process, and is available internationally for adoption by the governing authority.
Home Builders’ Jobsite Codes focuses on the prescriptive provisions of the IRC—recipes,
if you will, for meeting code requirements without the need for an engineered design. These provisions address all aspects of conventional construction of dwellings and their accessory buildings. Illustrations and tables assist the reader in understanding the code requirements and address frequently asked questions. Certain industry terms appear in italics the first time they are used in the text. Definitions of these terms are provided in the glossary at the back of the book.
Although this guide is organized into chapters similar to the IRC, there are some important exceptions. For example, for ease of use, IRC Building Planning
requirements, detailed in chapter 3 of the code itself, are divided into three separate chapters in this guide—1) Structural Design Criteria, 2) Fire Protection, and 3) Safe and Healthy Living Environments. These important issues are explored in more detail in other chapters of Home Builders’ Jobsite Codes as well.
Home Builders’ Jobsite Codes is not an official code, and has not been adopted as such in any jurisdiction. The publication intends to serve as a guide only. It does not include all applicable requirements of the IRC. For example, certain performance criteria related to engineered design are outside the limited scope of this publication. Builders should consult the IRC, local amendments, and local building departments for more detailed requirements and for criteria related to other methods of construction. Discussion of structural requirements in Home Builders’ Jobsite Codes focuses primarily on the prescriptive provisions for regions with lower seismic design, and for wind speed conditions of no more than 100 mph.
Builders should obtain specific information on design criteria for wind, snow, seismic (earthquake) events, flood, soil, or other atmospheric and geological conditions, as well as any amendments to the code, from their local building departments. Since code requirements for energy conservation, decay resistance, and termite control requirements may also vary by geographic region, builders should obtain that information from local building code departments.
For more information on the 2009 International Residential Code, go to the ICC Web site, www.iccsafe.org, or call 1-888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233).
1
Structural Design Criteria
The International Residential Code (IRC) establishes minimum structural design criteria necessary to accommodate normal loads placed on a building and, depending on a home’s location, resist the forces of natural hazards such as snow, wind, earthquake, and flood. In most cases, the tried-and-true construction practices offered in the IRC incorporate these criteria and make an engineered design or complex calculations unnecessary. For example, the code provides span tables for conventional wood framing elements such as joists, girders, headers, and rafters.
Construction must safely support all loads:
live loads
dead loads
roof loads
Note:The roof is designed for the roof live load (not more than 20 psf) or the snow load, whichever is greater.
snow, wind, seismic, and flood loads, which vary by geographic region
To correctly apply the values of the tables and the prescriptive methods of construction, builders must know the structural design criteria in the planning chapter of the code. Determining the appropriate live loads is fairly straightforward. However, seismic, wind, snow, soil, or flood area values differ by geographic location. In addition, frost depth, weathering severity, ice barrier underlayment requirements, and history of termite damage vary by climate and geography. Therefore, builders often must obtain information through the maps found in the IRC or through their local building departments.
Moreover, an engineered design still may be necessary for some structural elements. For example, the sizing of wide-flange steel beams commonly used in dwelling construction is outside the scope of the IRC. Instead, accepted engineering practices will determine sizes.
Live Loads
Minimum required live loads for floors are based on the use of the space. Guards and handrails also must be secured to safely resist forces against them (table 1.1).
Table 1.1 Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads
Deflection
Allowable deflection is a measurement of bending under code-prescribed loads to ensure adequate stiffness of structural framing members such as studs, joists, beams, and rafters (table 1.2). Although the prescriptive tables account for deflection in their values, builders must be familiar with deflection limits in order to choose the appropriate table for sizing a framing member. Allowable deflection is measured by dividing the span or length (L) of the member by a prescribed factor, such as 360 for floor joists (L/360). To determine allowable deflection for a certain span, convert feet to inches and divide the result by 360. The following example is for a floor joist with a 16 ft. span:
Table 1.2 Allowable Deflection of Structural Members
Note: Wall deflection and wind load deflections are not shown.
L = 16 ft. × 12 in. = 192 in.
Allowable deflection = 192 in. / 360 = 0.53 in. allowable deflection for this floor joist is approximately ½ in.
Note: A 16 ft. span rafter with a slope and no ceiling attached has an allowable deflection of L/180, which is twice the deflection allowed for floor joists.
Calculating Dead Loads
The prescriptive tables of the IRC detailing continuous footing sizes for conventional frame construction assume average weights of construction materials. Therefore, additional calculations typically are not required. The material and component weights (tables 1.3 and 1.4) may help builders correctly size a post, pad footing, or another element not covered in the IRC tables.
Wind
Prescriptive design under the IRC is limited generally to those geographical regions with wind speeds less than 110 mph as defined in the IRC wind maps. The code is more restrictive in hurricane-prone regions, where the prescriptive methods are limited to wind speeds less than 100 mph. Where the basic wind speeds equal or exceed these limits, the code references several alternate methods for design including the ICC Standard for Residential Construction in High Wind Regions (ICC-600) and an engineered design.
Table 1.3 Building Material Weights
Wind Exposure Category
In addition to the basic wind speeds for a geographic area, ground surface irregularities affect the wind’s impact on a building. The IRC classifies wind exposure into three categories:
Exposure B—some wind protection with trees and buildings characteristic of urban and suburban settings
Exposure C—open terrain with scattered obstructions and shorelines in hurricane-prone regions
Exposure D—adjacent to large bodies of water, such as the Great Lakes, or in western coastal areas
Table 1.4 Average Weights of Building Components
Exposure categories are important design criteria for engineering purposes. For many of the prescriptive methods of wood frame construction in the IRC, wind exposure category is not a factor. However, wind exposure category must be considered when applying the provisions for wall sheathing, wood wall bracing, and exterior wall and roof coverings. The following components must be listed and installed to resist wind loads based on the wind speed and exposure category:
siding
roof covering
windows
skylights
exterior doors
overhead doors
Hurricanes
Hurricane-prone regions are the coastal areas of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico where the basic wind speed is greater than 90 mph. In hurricane-prone regions, when basic wind speeds are 100 mph or greater, the code requires an engineered design or a design that complies with other referenced standards. Additional protection is required for windows if they are in windborne debris regions—those hurricane areas within one mile of the coast where the wind speed is 110 mph or greater or hurricane areas with wind speeds 120 mph or