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    Asia and the Pacific Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2020: Maternal and Child Diets at the Heart of Improving Nutrition
    Asia and the Pacific Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2020: Maternal and Child Diets at the Heart of Improving Nutrition
    Asia and the Pacific Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2020: Maternal and Child Diets at the Heart of Improving Nutrition
    Ebook220 pages1 hour

    Asia and the Pacific Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2020: Maternal and Child Diets at the Heart of Improving Nutrition

    By Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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    The 2020 report on the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the Asia and Pacific region, provides an update on progress towards the 2030 targets (SDGs and WHA) at the regional and country level. Selected indicators look at undernourishment, food insecurity, childhood stunting, wasting and overweight, adult overweight, child minimum acceptable diet, exclusive and continued breastfeeding, and anaemia in women and children. While the region continues to work towards ending all forms of malnutrition and achieving Zero Hunger, progress on food security and nutrition has slowed, and the Asia and Pacific region is not on track to achieving 2030 targets. About 350.6 million people in the Asia and Pacific region are estimated to have been undernourished in 2019, about 51 percent of the global total. An estimated 74.5 million children under five years of age were stunted and a total of 31.5 million were wasted in the Asia and Pacific region. The majority of these children in the region live in Southern Asia with 55.9 million stunted and 25.2 million wasted children.

    Estimates predict a 14.3 percent increase in the prevalence of moderate or severe wasting among children under 5 years of age, equal to an additional 6.7 million children, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With basic food prices and disposable incomes influencing household decisions on food and dietary intake, they are critical to improve food security and nutrition in the region. However, in the Asia and Pacific region, 1.9 billion people are unable to afford a healthy diet, driven by high prices of fruits, vegetables and dairy products, making it impossible for the poor to achieve healthy diets.

    In Part 2, the 2020 report promotes a systems approach to healthy maternal and child diets, involving and coordinating institutions and actors in the Food, Water and Sanitation, Health, Social Protection and Education systems, to collectively create the enabling environment for healthy diets. Integration of healthy diets and nutrition-focused Social Behavior Change Communication (SBCC) mainstreamed throughout these systems will lead to greater uptake and sustainability of healthy behaviours and caregiver’s knowledge.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Release dateMar 10, 2021
    ISBN9789251338926
    Asia and the Pacific Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2020: Maternal and Child Diets at the Heart of Improving Nutrition
    Author

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

    An intergovernmental organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has 194 Member Nations, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union. Its employees come from various cultural backgrounds and are experts in the multiple fields of activity FAO engages in. FAO’s staff capacity allows it to support improved governance inter alia, generate, develop and adapt existing tools and guidelines and provide targeted governance support as a resource to country and regional level FAO offices. Headquartered in Rome, Italy, FAO is present in over 130 countries.Founded in 1945, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO provides a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. The Organization publishes authoritative publications on agriculture, fisheries, forestry and nutrition.

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      Asia and the Pacific Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2020 - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

      Required citation:

      FAO, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2021. Asia and the Pacific Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2020: Maternal and child diets at the heart of improving nutrition. Bangkok, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb2895en

      The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), World Food Programme (WFP), World Health Organization (WHO) or United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO, WFP, WHO or UNICEF in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

      The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO, WFP, WHO or UNICEF.

      ISBN 978-92-5-133853-7 (FAO)

      E-ISBN 978-92-5-133892-6 (EPUB)

      © FAO, 2021

      Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode).

      Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO, WFP, WHO or UNICEF logo is not permitted.

      If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the authoritative edition.

      Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).

      Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.

      Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: copyright@fao.org.

      COVER PHOTOGRAPH ©WFP/mehedi rahmar

      BANGLADESH. Social protection systems and transfers can promote the affordability of healthy diets for the poor and most vulnerable. Complementary health and nutrition education and other services is an example of using a systems approach to promoting healthy materna and child diets.

      CONTENTS

      FOREWORD

      ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

      ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

      KEY MESSAGES

      INTRODUCTION

      PART 1

      MONITORING PROGRESS TOWARDS SDG 2 AND HEALTHY DIETS IN THE ASIA–PACIFIC REGION

      1.1 Introduction

      1.2 Undernourishment

      1.3 Food insecurity

      1.4 Children under five years of age not growing well

      1.5 Stunting among children under five years of age

      1.6 Wasting among children under five years of age

      1.7 Low birth weight

      1.8 Overweight among children under five years of age

      1.9 Adult overweight and obesity

      1.10 Diets of children 6–23 months of age – minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), minimum acceptable diet (MAD)

      1.11 Exclusive breastfeeding for infants up to six months of age

      1.12 Continued breastfeeding at one year of age

      1.13 Anaemia in women of reproductive age (WRA) and children under five years of age

      1.14 Conclusions

      PART 2

      A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO MATERNAL AND YOUNG CHILD DIETS IN THE ASIA–PACIFIC REGION

      2.1 Why focus on maternal and child diets and why use a systems approach? how to improve diets through multiple systems?

      Why use a systems approach?

      2.2 Overarching behaviours, practices and cultural drivers

      2.3 Food system

      Food production for healthy diets

      Food supply chains and markets

      Food Fortification

      The cost and affordability of diets

      Differences in cost and affordability within countries

      Affordability of diets and childhood stunting

      2.4 Water, sanitation and hygiene system

      Water, sanitation and hygiene system for healthy maternal and young child diets

      2.5 Health system

      The role of the health system in protecting, promoting and supporting maternal and young child diets

      Status of health system-related policies, strategies and plans

      Delivery of nutrition counselling and education services to improve maternal and young child diets

      Delivery of micronutrient interventions to address nutrient gaps in maternal and young child diets

      2.6 Social protection system

      Social protection systems supporting healthy maternal and child diets

      2.7 Education system

      Education systems for healthy maternal and child diets

      2.8 Conclusions

      NOTES

      TABLES, FIGURES, BOXES AND CASE STUDIES

      TABLES

      1 More than 3 billion people in the world cannot afford a healthy diet, with about 1.9 billion of those concentrated in Asia and Pacific

      2 Vita min A supplementation for children 6-59 months of age, full coverage (%) (2017)

      3 Population coverage of iron supplementation interventions in children 6-59 months of age, various years, Southern Asia

      4 Population coverage of any iron supplements and at least 90 days of iron supplements during pregnancy (percent)

      FIGURES

      1 Number of undernourished people in Asia and the Pacific with and without China data revision

      2 Nu mber of undernourished in Asia and the Pacific, by subregion, 2000-2019

      3 Prevalence of undernourishment in Asia and the Pacific, by country and subregion, 2017-2019

      4 Trends in the prevalence of undernourishment in Asia and the Pacific, by subregion, 2001-2019

      5 Prevalence of food insecurity in Asia and the Pacific, by subregion, 2014-2019

      6 Trend of severe food insecurity in Asia and the Pacific, by subregion, 2014-2019

      7 Prevalence of severe and moderate or severe food insecurity in Asia and the Pacific, by subregions and gender, average for 2017-2019

      8 Percentage of children under five years of age not growing well in Asia and the Pacific (Stunted, Wasted or Overweight)

      9 Prevalence of stunting in children under five years of age in Asia and the Pacific, by country, latest available data

      10 Trend of number of stunted children under five years of age in Asia and the Pacific, by subregion, 2000-2019

      11 Prevalence of stunting in children under five years of age, by wealth index quintile

      12 Percentage of children under five years of age suffering from wasting in Asia and the Pacific, by country, latest available data

      13 Prevalence of wasting in children under five years of age, by wealth index quintile

      14 Prevalence of low birth weight in countries and subregions in Asia and the Pacific, by country, 2015

      15 Prevalence of overweight among children under five years of age in Asia and the Pacific, by country, latest available data

      16 Trend in prevalence of overweight in children under five years of age in Asia and the Pacific since 1990

      17 Overweight in children under five years of age by wealth quintile in selected countries in Asia and the Pacific, latest available data

      18 Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults in Asia and the Pacific, 2000 and 2016

      19 Percent of children aged 6-23 months of age achieving Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD), Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF), Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) in Asia and the Pacific, by country, latest available data

      20 Prevalence of Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) in children 6-23 months of age in Asia and the Pacific, by location (rural/urban)

      21 Prevalence of Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF) in children 6-23 months of age in Asia and the Pacific, by location (rural/urban)

      22 Prevalence of Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) in children 6-23 months of age in Asia and the Pacific, by household wealth-index quintile

      23 Percentage of children 6-23 months of age who consumed egg or flesh food in Asia and the Pacific

      24 Percentage of Children 6-23 months of age that consumed zero fruits and vegetables in Asia and the Pacific

      25 Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in infants younger than six months of age in Asia and the Pacific, by country and subregion, latest available data

      26 Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Asia and the Pacific, by wealth index quintile

      27 Continued breastfeeding at one year of age in Asia and the Pacific, by country and subregion

      28 Continued breastfeeding of children at one year of age in Asia and the Pacific region, by wealth index quintile

      29 Trend in prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age in Asia and the Pacific, by country, 2000 and 2016

      30 Trend in prevalence of anaemia in children under five years of age in Asia and the Pacific, 2000 and 2016

      31 Anaemia trends across age groups in children under five years of age in India and Nepal

      32 Levels of malnutrition in Asia and the Pacific, latest available data (percent)

      33 Conceptual framework for the determinants of maternal and child nutrition

      34 A systems approach to maternal and child diets

      35 Cost of three types of diets in USD per person per day across 25 countries in Asia and the Pacific, 2017

      36 Cost of a healthy diet per person per day, by food group and region, 2017

      37 Micronutrient and energy requirements for different household members and life stages

      38 The additional cost of a nutrient adequate diet compared to the cost of an energy sufficient diet for different target groups in a household (Baucau, Timor-Leste)

      39 Unaffordability of a nutrient adequate diet for households across selected countries in the region

      40 Unaffordability of healthy diets and child stunting among countries in Asia and the Pacific

      41

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