அஹமத் ரஜா கான் ரலியல்லாஹு அன்ஹு - வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு

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10
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14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW Muk;gk; bra;aKoahJ. mjdhy;jhd; mfuthpirapy; mypg; f;F Kd;dhy; yhk; tUfpwJ. ,ij Th;ikahf ftdpj;j Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp eP|]fs; brhy;tJ nghy; ,Ue;jhy; Vd; ntW vGj;Jfs; te;J mypg; Kd; nruf;TlhJ. yhk; kl;Lk; nrUtjw;F fhuzk; vd;d> vd;W tpdtpdhh;fs;. ,ijf; nfl;l Q$;uj; my;yhkh u!h fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp bka;rpyph]j;J re;njh#j;jpd; cr]rj;jpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fisf; fl;og]gpoj;Jf; bfhz;L my;yhQ;tplk; mth]fSf;fhf Jth bra;jhh]fs;. gpd; tpilia gpd;tUkhW Twpdhh]. ghh]g]gjw;F ,uz:L vGj;Jf;fSk; xnu khjphpahfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. ,uz:Lnk btw;W (Empty) MFk;. ,uz:Lnk nrh]e;J vGjpdhy; Tl ghh]g]gjw;F xnu khjphpahfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. mjDila juj;jpy; (Quality) tUk; bghGJ yhk; vd;gJ mypg] f;F ,jakhft[k;/ mypg] vd;gJ yhk; f;F ,jakhft[k; khWk;. ,e;j jUzj;jpy; cz;ikapy; ele;jJ vd;dbtd;why; Q$;uj; my;yhkh u$h fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F mwptpd; thriya[k;/ Md;kPf cs;Szh]t[fisa[k; jpwe;J itj;jhh]fs;.
,khk;; mQkj; u$h u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% mth;fspd; Muk;gepiyf; fy;tp

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fspd;(gp!;kpy;yh fhdp) Muk;gepiyf; fy;tpapy; ele;j Ritahd rk;gtk; ,J. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; khpahijf;Fhpa Mrphpah] j!;kpahit brhy;ypf; bfhLj;jhh]. gpwF mypg]/ ng/ nj vdr] brhy;yr; brhy;y Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; jpUk;gr; brhd;dhh;fs;. yhk;mypg; vd;W te;jJk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp bksdkhfp tpl]lhh]fs;. Mrphpah] jpUk;gj; jpUk;g brhy;ypa[k; mikjpahfnt ,Ue;jhh;fs;. Q$;uj; my;yhkh u$h fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis nehf;fp kfnd cd; Mrphpah] brhy;tij ftdpj;J jpUk;gr; brhy; vdf; Twpdhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; bksdj;ij mwpe;Jf; bfhz;lhh] my;yhkh u$h fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mJahbjdpy; Kjy; ghlk; fw;gpf;fg]gLtJ XbuGj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp/ Mdhy; yhk;mypg; <buGj;J nghy ,Ug;gJ gw;wp MFk;. Q$;uj; my;yhkh u!h fhd; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp bjhpe;jpUe;jhh]fs;/ ,e;j jaf;fj;ij (tpdhit) bjspt[gLj;JtJ fodkhdbjd;W/ ,Ug]gpDk; Twyhdhh]fs;. kfnd! eP|]fs; epidg]gJ cz;ikahd Tw;Wjhd; ,Ug]gpDk; Kd;djhf eP|]fs; Xjpa mypg] cz;ikapy; xU Qk;rh MFk;. ,g;bghGJ eP|]fs; XJtnj mypg]. mypg] vg;bghGJnk xU rhfpd; MFk;/ Mdhy; mfuthpirg;go (Alphabetical order) xUth] rhfpid 12
rpWtajpy; jf;th (gagf;jp)

jd; kPJ nehd;g[ flikapy;yhj tajpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp nehd;g[ nehw;f Mirg]gl]L] nehd;g[ itj;jhh]fs;. me;j uk;$hd; khjk; kpFe;j btapy; fhykha; ,Ue;jJ. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSila je;ij kt;yhd efp mypfhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp btapypd; c#;zj;ij czh]e;jth]fsha; rpwpJ 13
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% czt[ tiffis vLj;Jf; bfhz;L/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis miHj;Jf;bfhz;L xU miwf;Fs; brd;W fjit jhHpl]lhh;fs;. jd; kfid rhg]gplt[k; vd;W Twp/,|;F ahUk; c|;fis ghh]f;fkhl]lhh;fs;/ nkYk; FHe;ijfs; ,g]goj;jhd; nehd;ig itg]ghh]fs; vd;whh]. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ahUila fl;lisf;fhf ehd; nehd;g[ itj;jpUf;fpd;nwndh mtd; vd;idg] ghh]j;jtdhf cs;shd; vd;whh]. ,jid nfl;lJk; mtUila je;ijapd; fz;fspy; fz;zPh] te;Jtpl;lJ. Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp 6 tajpy; jd;Dila Kjy; khh]f;f brhw;bghHpit ugpa[y;mt;ty; khjj;jpy;/ egp !y;yy;yhQ%miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; gpwg]igg] gw]wp bjhl|]fpdhh]fs]. Rkhh] 2 kzpneuk; egpfspd; bksY}J jiyg]gpy; brhw;bghHpit nfl;L kf;fs; bka;kwe;jdh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp brhw;bghHpt[ epfH;j;jpa tpjk; midj;J kf;fisa[k; cykhf;fisa[k; btFthf fth]e;jJ.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; mog]gilf;fy;tpia jk; je;ijaplj;Jk; jdJ eLepiyf;fy;tpia $dhg] kph]rh Fyhk; fhjph] ngf; mth]fsplj;jpy; fw;whh]. ,thplk; jhd; kPrhd; Kd;#mg] vd;w g[j;jfj;ija[k; gapd;whh;. Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp ntW gyhplj;jpYk; fy;tp Zhdj;ij gapd;whh]/ mtw;wpy; rpy Kf;fpakhdth]fs; 1. Q$;uj; kt;yhdh mg]Jy;myp uhk;g{hp uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp 2. n#f;nf fgPh]/ Q$;uj; my;yhkh iraj; #h mg[y; Qrd; mQkj; E}hp uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp 3. 4. 5. 6. n#f;nf jhhpf;fh/ Q$;uj; my;yhkh iraj; #h Mny uNy; kQ;uutp u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% n#f; mQkj; gpd; i$dp jQ;yhd; kf;fP u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% n#f; mg]Jh] uQ]khd; kf]fP u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% n#f; Q%ird; gpd; rhypQh kf]fP u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%
fy;tpg; gapw;rp
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; jpUf;Fuhidj; jd;Dila 4 tajpy; Xjp Koj;jhh]. my;yhQ%t[ila mUk;bgUk; Zhd Mw]wyhy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila ,!;yhkpag] gog]ig 13 tUl|]fs;/10 khj|]fs;/ 5 ehl]fspy; Koj;jhh]fs;. mg]bghGJ tUlk; Qp$;hp 1286 MFk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; taJk; 13 tUlk;/ 10 khjk;/ 5 ehl]fs; MFk;. my; $h rJ}h] u!;tpah vd;Dk; E}ypy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp TWfpwhh]fs;/ me;j tajpy; bjhGif vd; kPJ fl]lhakhf ,Ue;jJ/ ehDk; #hpmj; rl]lk; ngqtjpy; kpf Mh]tkhf ,Ue;njd;. 14
Myh Q$;uj; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%tpd; Kjy; gj;th ( khh]f]fj; jPh]g]g[)

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; jd;Dila khh]f;f gog]ig Koj;J mjpy; njh;r;rpg] bgw;w ty;Yeh] vd;W rhd;wpjH;fs; bgWk; rkaj;jpy;/ Q$;uj; mth]fsplj;jpy; xU tpdh nfl]fg]gl]lJ/ jha;g]ghyhdJ FHe;ijapDila tapw;iw brd;wile;jhy;/ mf;FHe;ij mg]bgz:zhy; tsh]f;fg]gl]l FHe;ij MFkh> Mfhjh> Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;/ 15
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% bjspthd Kiwapy; jd;Dila 13 tajpy; mHfhf gjpy; brhd;dhh;;fs;. jha;g]ghyhdJ FHe;ijapDila \f;fpd; tHpahfnth my;yJ thapd; tHpahfnth FHe;ijapDila tapw;iw brd;wile;jhy;/ mf;FHe;ijahdJ mg]bgz:zhy; tsh;f;fg]gl]l FHe;ij nghd;wnjahFk;. nkYk; mf;FHe;ijf;F/ mg]bgz:iz kzKog]gJ vd;gJ Quhk; MFk;. Mjhuk; : my; ky;g{!;/ghfk; 1/gf;fk; 12 Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSila bjspthd Zhdkpf;f gjpy;fshy; kfpH;t[w;w mtuJ je;ij/ gj;th tH|]Fk; bghWg]ig jd;Dila kfdplj;jpy; xg]gilj;jhh;. jpdKk; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd gj;thf;fis fz:zpaj;JlDk;/ khh;f;fg] bghWg;g[zh;t[lDk; tH|]fpdhh]fs;. Q$;uj;jplk; gjpiy bgWtjw;F mugp/ cUJ/ Qpe;jp/ ghurPfk;/ M|]fpyk; kw;Wk; gy bkhHpfspy; nfs;tpfs; te;J bfhz;oUf;Fk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth;fSila gj;thf;fisg] gw;wp g[u@g!h; Dr.J.M.S. gy;$d;/ ,!;yhkpaj;Jiw Muha;r;rp/ yPld; gy;fiyf;fHfk;(Qhyhe;J) TWifapy;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp xU kpfg]bghpa khbgUk; mwpt[f;fsZ;rpak;/ mth]fSila gjpy;fs; mwptpay; kw;Wk; Md;kPf fz:nzhl]lj;Jld; xj;Jg]nghFk;. gjpy;fSf;fhd Mjhu|;fs; jUk; tpjKk;/ mthpd; tpthjKk; gpuk;kpf;fjf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW ,e;j fz;zpakpf;f jk;gjpapdUf;F 2 kfd;fs;/ 5 kfs;fis bfhLj;jhd;. 2 kfd;fSk; nghw;wj;jf;f khh]f;f Zhdj;ija[k;/ rpwe;j mt;ypah my;yhQ; vd;w me;j!;ija[k; bgw;wdh]. \j;j kfdhh] Q%$;$Jy; ,!;yhk;/ Q$;uj; my;yhkh kt;yhdh KQk;kj; Qhkpj; u$h fhd; E}hp gufhjp u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% jk; je;ijiag] nghd;W fy;tp/ Zhdf;flypy; njh]r]rpg] bgw;wth]. mz:zhh] mth]fs; Qp$;hp 1362 tUlk; 17 $khjpa[y; mt;ty; md;W bjhGJ bfhz:oUf;Fk; nghJ cyf thH;f;ifapypUe;J kiwe;jhh;. ,th;fspd; g[dpjkpF k$hh] #hP@g] gnuy;tpapy; (c.gp) cs;sJ. ,isa kfdhh] fhyj;jpd; bfsJ/ Q%$%h] K@g]jpna M$(z)k; Qpe;j; vd;w m#; #h ,khk; K!;jgh u$h fhd; E}hp gufhjp u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fs; jk;Kila mz:zzpd; tHpfhl]Ljypy; fy;tp Zhdf;flypy; njh]r]rpg] bgw;whh]. Q%$%h] K@g]jpna Mrk; Qpe;j; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F 10 ,yl;rk; KhpJfs; cyfstpy; cs;sdh]. Q$;uj; mth]fs; 15k; E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj; (,!;yhj;jpw;F cap+l]Lgth]) vd;Wk; miHf;fg]gLfpwhh]. mz:zhh] mth]fs; 14 bkhQuk;/ 1402 Qp$;hpapy; cyf thH;f;ifapypUe;J kiwe;jhh;fs;. ,th]fspd; g[dpjkpF k$hh] #hPg] gnuy;tpapy; (c.gp) cs;sJ.
Myh Q$;uj; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% xU Zhdf;fly;

irajP Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fs; jk; je;ijaplj;jpy; fw;w fy;tpapd; tptuk; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. jpUf;Fh]Md; jg]!Ph] QjP!;fspd; jg]!Ph] QjP!pd; bfhs;iffs;(cNny QjPj;) ,!;yhkpar; rl]l|]fs; (4 kj;Qg[fs;) rl]l jj;Jt bfhs;iffs;(cNny @gpf;Q;) 17 miyQp
Myh Q$;uj; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%tpd; ,y;thH;f;ifa[k;.FHe;ijfSk;

irajP Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila 18 tajpy;/ Qp$;hp 1291 (1874)k; Mz:L fz:zpakpf;f ira;apjh ,h]#hj; ngfk; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Qh mth]fis kzk; Koj;jhh]. my;yhQ%jMyh 16
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. bkhHpfspd; ,yf;fpak; jpUf;Fh;Md; tpsf;f ciu <khDila bfhs;iffs; tpthjf; bfhs;iffs; mugpr; brhw;bwhlh] ,yf;fzk; mzpapyf;fzf; bfhs;iffs; cUtf mzpiaf; bfhz:L bkhHp mikj;jy; mwptpay; rk;ge;jkhd mzpapyf;fzk; epajp Kiw (m) jUf;f Kiw tpthj|]fs; murpay; bfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; mjd; jj;Jtk; mzpapyf;f jpl]lk; ,aw;gpay;(bgsjPfk;) fzpjk; ,aw;gpay; fzpjk;(Physical Engineering) Mjhuk; : my; $hrJy; Kja;adh gf;fk; 22
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW fy;tpapd; tptuk;/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. vz: fzpjk; (Arithmetic) Fwp fzf;fpay; (Algebra) nkYk; fzpjj;jpd; 12 fpis gphpt[fs; etPd thdtpay; (Astronomy) kug[tpay; (Science of Inheritance) ahg]gpyf;fz mwptpay; (Prosody) thd rh!;jpuk; ( Astrology) tuyhW mwptpay; (Science of History) Qpe;jp ciueil ghurPf ciueil ghurPf bkhHp vGJjy; MHkhd mugp bkhHp Zhdk;
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ gpw cykhf;fsplk; fw;w fy;tpapd; tptuk;. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. jpUf;Fh]Md; kddk; bra;jy; rhpahd Xira[ld; jpUf;Fh;Md; XJjy; cz;ikiaa[k; guk;bghUisa[k; fhqk; fy;tp kiwthdtw;iw mwpa[k; fy;tp ,!:yhkpa ePjp bewp QjPJ mwptpg]ghsh]fspd; bgaiu mwpjy; egp KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ%miyQp t!y;ykpd; thH;f;if tuyhW. 8. ,!:yhkpa tuyhW 9. mugp ,yf;fz ,yf;fpak; 10. ,yf;fpak; - Xh] tp#aj;ij gw;wpa KGikahd tptuk; mwpjy;. irajP Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; ve;j xU Mrpupahpd; cjtp ,y;yhky; jhdhfnt mwpe;J bfhz:l 18
nkYk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp gy Jiwfspy; bkhj;jk; 54 tifahd Zhd|]fisg] bgw;wpUe;jhh]fs;. xU Kiw Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplj;jpy; fodkhd fzpj njw;w|]fis (Theorems) vg]go Rygkhf ifahSfpwPh]fs;> vd;W tpdh nfl]ljw]F/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp vdf;F ve;j MrphpaUk; ,e;jj; Jiwfspy; fpilahJ ,Ug]gpDk; eP|]fs; vd;d vd;dplk; fhz:fpd;wPh;fnsh/ mJ vy;yhk; ehd;F Rth]fshd vd;Dila miwapy; fpilf;fg] bgw;nwd;. ,J uNy; !y;yy; yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; fpUig MFk;.vd;whh]. Mjhuk; : my; kPrhd;/gf;fk; 342 xU Kiw kt;ytp mg]Jy; Qf; ifuhghjp/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplj;jpy; eP|]fs; ve;jj; Jiwapy; (Specialised) rpwe;jth;fs;> vd;W tpdtpdhh]. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ehd; gj;th (khh]f;fj; jPh]g]g[) tH|]FtjpYk;/ g[j;jf|]fs; vGJtjpYk; vd;Dila ntiy brd;Wf; bfhz:oUf;fpd;wJ. ,Ug]gpDk;/ 19
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% ve;j neuj;jpy; ve;jj; Jiwapy; mtrpak; njitg]gLnkh/ me;jj; Jiwapy; mf;fznk rpwe;J tps|]Fntd;. nkYk; tQhgpfspd; ( jg]yPf; $khj;/ mQ;ny QjP!;/ fhjpahdp/ nkYk; gy tQhgpfs;) thjj]jpw;Fk; gjpy; bfhLf;f jahuhf ,Ug]ngd;. vd;whh]fs;.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW rk;ge;jkhd gpur;rpidfis jPh]f;f ty;yth] vd]gJ jPh]f;fkhd fUj;J. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; gj;thf;fspd; bjhFg]g[ gj;thna u$;tpah vd;W miHf;fg]gLfpwJ. 12 ghf (Volumes) g[j;jf|]fspd; ,e;j gj;thna u$;tpah Vwf;Fiwa 12000 gf;f|]fisf; bfhz;lJ. ,d;Wk; cyfstpy; gj;thf;fis tH|;Fgth]fs; gj;thna u$;tpahitna Mjhukhff; bfhs;fpd;wdh;.
QjP!;fspd; Zhdk;
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; QjP!;fspd; bfhs;iffis mwpe;jpUe;jhh]. Vwf;Fiwa xt;bthU QjP!; mwptpg]ghshpd; KGikahd tuyhw;iwa[k; mwpe;jpUe;jhh]fs;. xU QjPi! mwptpf;Fk; nghJ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;/ me;j QjP!pd; tif/ me;j QjP!pd; ed;ikfs;/ me;j QjP!pd; KGikahd fhuz fhhpak; Mfpa vy;yhtw;iwa[k; TWthh]fs;. epiwa rpW rpW g[j;jf|]fis QjP!pd; tiffisf; bfhz:L jdpahf gphpj;J vGjpa[s;shh;fs;. mtw;wpy; xd;Wjhd; Qh$pRy; $iud; md; $k;kh igd!;vd;w g[j;jfk; MFk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis QjP!;fspd; Muha;r;rpahsh] vd;W Twpdhy; kpifahJ. xU bghpath] TWfpwhh] Muha;r;rp jd;ika[k; ftpij eaKk; xUthpy; ,uz:lw ,iztJ ,ayhj fhhpak;. Mdhy; ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kl]Lk; ,jw;F tpjptpyf;F/ Vbddpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp xU rpwe;j ftpZh] Mthh].
mwptpay; Zhdk;
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; jd;Dila gt[n$ KgPd; jh] Qh]fnj $kPd; vd;w E}ypy; jpUf;Fh]Md; trd|]fis Mjhukhff; bfhz:L g{kp Rw;Wtjpy;iy khwhf g{kp epiyahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;Wk; nkYk; kw;w nfhs;fs; midj;Jk; g{kpia ikakhff; bfhz:L Rw;Wfpd;wJ vd Mjhug]g{h]tkhf tpsf;Ffpwhh]fs;. Mdhy; etPdfhy thdtpay; g{kp jd;idj;jhnd Rw;wpf;bfhz:Lk;/ kw;wf; nfhs;fSk; Nhpaid ikakhff; bfhz:L Rw;Wfpd;wJ vd TWfpd;wJ. ,e;j jtwhd tpsf;fj;jpw;F/ jtW vd;Wk; jd;Dila E}ypy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp Mjhug]g{h]tkhf tpsf;Ffpwhh;fs;. rpy ,l|]fspy; fypyPnah kw;Wk; rh] Irf; epa{l;ldpd; rpy jtwhd njw;w|]fSf;F (Theorems) Mjhuk; jUfpwhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fSila thdtpay; g[j;jfj;ij ek;kpy; ed;F mwptpay; gapd;;wth]fs; M|]fpy bkhHpahf;fk; bra;J nkw;fj;jpa Muha;r;rpahsUf;F bfhLj;jhy; etPd cyf thdtpaypy; khw;wk; tu tha;g;g[z:L!
gj;th (khh]f;fj; jPh]g]g[) tH|]Ftjpy; Zhdk;

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp jd;Dila Md;kPf Zhdj;jhYk;/ fy;tp mwpthYk; my;yhQ;tpd; nguUisf; bfhz:L epahakhd khh]f;fj;jPh]g]g[fs; tH|]fpdhh]fs;. #hpmj;nj K!;jgh !y;yy; yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; (,!;yhkpar; rl]lk;) ngqtjpy; Q$;uj; mth]fs; kpfj; jPtpukhf ,Ug]ghh]. Mk; #hpmj; go elf;fpwth]fs;jhd; #hpmj; 20
thdtpay; kw;Wk; Xjpg]ghh]j;jy; Zhdk;

kt;yhdh Fyhk; Q%ird; rhQpg] Xjpg]ghh]j;jy; fiyapy; bgah; bgw;wth]. xU ehs; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis re;jpf;f nehpl]lhh]/ mg;bghGJ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp 21
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% kt;yhdh Fyhk; Q%irdplk; kiHapd; epytuk; vd;d> vdf; nfl;lhh]fs;. kt;yhdh Fyhk; Q%ird; el;rj;jpu rk;ge;jkhd ml;ltizia vLj;J fzf;F nghl]L ,e;j khjj;jpy; kiH ,y;iy vd;Wk; mLj;j khjj;jpy; jhd; kiH bga;a[k; vd;W brhy;yptpl;L el;rj;jpu ml;ltizia Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplj;jpy; bfhLj;jhh;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp xU Kiw ghh]j;Jtpl;L/ my;yhQ; epidj;jhy; ,g]nghnj kiH bga;a[k; vd;whh]. kt;yhdh Fyhk; Q%ird;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpia nehf;fp eP|]fs; el;rj;jpu ml;ltiziag] ghh]f;ftpy;iyah> vd;whh]. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ehd; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; ftdpj;J bfhz;oUf;fpd;nwd; vd;whh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp fofhuj;ij ghh]j;jthnw kzp vd;d> vdf; nfl]lhh]. mjw;F kt;yhdh Fyhk; Q%ird; 12 Mtjw;F \d;W fhy; g|]Ffs; kPjp ,Uf;fpd;wJ (11.15) vd;whh]. ,ijf; nfl]lt[ld;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila jhj;jhtpd; fofhuj;ij beU|]fp jd; tpuy;fshy; bghpa Ks;is Rw;wp neuj;ij 12 kzp Mf;fpdhh;/ fofhu kzp xypj;jJ. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kt;yhdh Fyhk; Q%irid nehf;fp kzp 12 vdf; fhl]Lfpd;wnj vd;whh]. mjw;F kt;yhdh Fyhk; Q%ird; fofhu Kl;fs; ,lk; bgaUtjw;F fhuzk; eP|]fs; jhnd! vd;whh]. ,ijf; nfl]lJk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp my;yhQ;tpw;nf midj;J mjpfhuKk; mtd; epidj;jhy;
fzpj Zhdk;
rh] $paht[j;jPd; vd;w gpugykhd fzpj nkij jd;Dila Muha;r;rpapd; fhuzkhft[k;/ me;j Muha;r;rpapy; tUk; fzpj FHg]g|]fis bjspe;J bfhs;tjw;fhft[k; b$h]kdpapy; cs;s bgh]ypd; efUf;F bry;y jpl]lkpl]lhh;. rpy kt;yhdhf;fspd; bjhlh]ghy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; fzpj Zhdk; brhy;yf;nfl]L kdkpy;yhky;/ ,th] vg;go vd;Dila fzpj re;njf|]fis jPh]j;J itg]ghh]> mwpit tsh]j;Jf;bfhs;tjw;fhf jd;Dila gnuy;tp efiuf; Tl jhz:lhjtuhy; vg]go Koa[k;> vd;w vz:z|]fSld; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis re;jpj;jhh]. rh] $paht[j;jPd; jd;Dila Muha;r;rpapd; fzpj re;njf|]fis Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk; bfhLj;Jtpl]L Koe;jhy; ,e;j re;njf|]fis jPh]j;J ita[|]fs;/ ehd; bgh]ypd; efUf;F brd;W tUfpnwd;. vd;whh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila vGj;J ntiyfspy; Kk;Kukhf ,Ue;jthnu/ rh] $paht[j;jPDila ngr;ira[k; nfl]L bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. rw;W neuj;jpy; rh] $paht[j;jPd; ngr;ir Koj;Jf;bfhz:L tUfpnwd; vd;W brhy;yptpl]L fpsk;g jahuhdhh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ rh] $paht[j;jPid miHj;J xU fhfpj;ij ePl]Odhh]fs;. vd;d Mr]rhpak; me;j fhfpjj;jpy; mtUila fzpj re;njfj;jpw;fhd tpil ,Ue;jJ. ,ijf; fz:lJk; rh] $paht[j;jPd; Twyhdhh]/ ,d;W ehd; ek;g[fpnwd;/ c|]fsplk; Vnjh xU tpag]g{l]Lk; Zhdk; cs;sJ vd;whh;. nkYk; Kiwahf fy;tpr;rhiy brd;W fzpjk; gapyhj Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ Vw;fdnt ,e;j Muha;r;rpia bra;jJ nghy; kpf vspikahf tpilia je;jhh]fs;. ,J fzpjj;Jiwapny ,Uf;Fk; vd;dhy; KGKaw;rpia bra;j nghjpYk; Koahky; nghdJ MFk; vd;W Mr]rhpag]gl]lhh]. 23
el;rj;jpu|]fspd; epiyfisa[k; khw;Wthd; mtdJ tpUg]gg]go.. vd;W thf;fpaj;ij brhy;yp Kog]gjw;Fs; kiH
ntfkhf bfhl]lj; Jt|]fpaJ! Rg]Qhdy;yh!!!
22
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW iedplhy; vd;w Chpy; ,Ue;jhs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kd;ddplk; J}Jtid mDg]gpdhh]/ mj;J}Jtpy; kd;ddpd; kidtp uhk;g{hpy; ,wg]ghs; vdt[k;/ bkhQuk; khjk; epfGk; vdt[k; TwpapUe;jhh;fs;. mjdhy; kd;dh] jdJ kidtpia uhk;g{hpy; j|]f tplhkYk;/ uhk;g{hpd; vy;iyf;F mg]ghy; j|]f itj;Jk; te;jhd;. xUehs; jpObud;W fhd;g{h] #QPj; fd;Z; gs;spthry; gpur;rpidapd; fhuzkhf uhk;g{hpy; fyfk; btoj;jJ. uhk;g{hpd; fth]dh] ,e;jg] gpur;rpidia jPh]g]gjw;fhf kD xd;iw kd;dUf;F mDg]gpdhd;. mjpy; nehpy; kd;diu ghh]j;J ngr ntz:oa cldo mtrpak; ,Ug]gjhy;/ kd;diu uhk;g{Uf;F tUkhW miHg]g[ tpLj;jpUe;jhd;. vnjr;irahf kd;dhpd; kidtpa[k; gazj;jpw;F jahuhfp ,UtUk; uhk;g{h] te;J nrh]e;jdh]. uhk;g{h] te;J nrh]e;j rpy kzpj;Jspfspy; jpObud;W kd;ddpd; kidtp ,we;jhs;. me;j ehs; bkhQuk; khjkhf ,Ue;jJ. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; fzpg]ig ,r;rk;gtk; cz:ikg;gLj;jpaJ!
,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%tpd; ,y;nk $h@gh]

,y;nk $h@gh] vd;gJ mwpthdJ gpd;dh] elf;f ,Ug]gij Kd;ng mwpa[k; xU fiyahFk;. ,J bghJthf my;yhQ;tpd; ,iwnerh]fSf;F fpilf;fg]bgWk; my;yhQ;tpd; nguUshFk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplj;jpy; xU Kiw fpahkj; ehspd; mwpFwpfSk;/ ,khk; kQjp miyQp!yhk; mth]fspd; tUifa[k; vjph]fhyj;jpy; vg]nghJ epfGk;> vdf;nfl]fg]gl]lJ. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp my;yhQ;t[k; mtdJ uNYk; (!y;yy;yhQ%miyQpt!y;yk;) kpf ed;whf mwpthh]fs; vd;whh]. gpwF jpUf;Fh]Md; trd|]fisa[k;/ QjP!;fisa[k; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf thpirahf fpahkj; ehs; gw;wp Twpf;bfhz:nl te;jhh]fs;. gpwF Twyhdhh]fs; xU tpjkhd mwpitf;bfhz:L/ ehd; epidf;fpnwd; Qp$;hp 1837 y; cyfpd; ve;j xU ,lj;jpYk; ,!;yhkpa Ml]rp ,Uf;fhJ/ me;j jUzj;jpy; Qp$;hp 1900 y; ,khk; kQjp miyQp!yhk; njhd;Wthh]fs; rhj;jpak; ,Uf;fpwJ ,ijf; nfl]l rpy ngh] Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis nehf;fp/ eP|]fs; ,y;nk $h@gh] mwpitf; bfhz:L mwpe;jPh]fsh> vdf; nfl]ldh]. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp rphpj;jthnu khk;gH|]fis rhg]gpL|]fs;/ ku|]fis vz:zhjPh]fs; vd;whh]. xU Kiw uhk;g{h] kd;dhpd; kidtp kpft[k; neha;tha;g]gl]oUe;jhs;/ kd;dh] mtis kpft[k; nerpj;jhd;;. ,!;yhj;ij Kiwahf ngqtjpy; kd;dd; mf;fiwapy;yhjtd;. rpghhpRfspd; \ykhf Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F bra;jpia mDg]gpdhd;/ mjpy; jd;Dila kidtp vg]bghGJ> v|;nf ,wg]ghs;> vdf; nfl]oUe;jhd;. mr;rkak; mts; kidtp 24
jpUf;Fh]Md; bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[ kw;Wk; tpsf;ft[iu Zhdk;

cUJbkhHpapy; gy ngh] jpUf;Fh]Md; bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[ bra;Js;sdh]. Mdhy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; jpUf;Fh]Md; bkhHpg]bgah]g]ghd fd;$%y; <khd; kw;w bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[fSld; xg]gpLk; nghJ jd;dpfuw;w Xh] jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf cUJbkhHpapy; tps|]FfpwJ. ,J midj;J cyf kf;fshYk; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg]gLfpwJ. fhuzk; vd;dbtdpy;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jpUf;Fh]Md; bkhHpg]bgah]g]gpy; gad;gLj;jpa xt;bthU thh]j;ijfSk; my;yhQ; kw;Wk; uNy;; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fspd; cah]e;j jd;ikfSf;F Vw;w fUj;ij btspg]gLj]Jk; juk; kpf;f brhw;fshf ,Ug]gnj MFk;. 25
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; jpUf;Fh]Md; bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[ btWk; vGj;J ntiyahf kl]Lk; ,y;yhky;/ jpUf;Fh]Mdpd; rpwe;j tpsf;fkhft[k; mike;jJ. ,jidg] gw;wp Q$;uj; ira;ajpdh KQj;jpn! M$k; Qpe;j; u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% TWifapy; ,J jpUf;Fh]Mdpd; bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[ kl]Lk; my;y/ ,Jjhd; jpUf;Fh]Md; vd;fpwhh]. ehk; xU khjphpf;fhf/ jpUf;Fh]Md; trdkhd Nuh 93/ Maj; 7 y; my;yhQ;/ egpfs; ehafk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yik ghh]j;Jf; TWtjhf tUk; thf;fpaj;ij bkhHpg]bgah]g]gpy; kw;wth]fs; bra;j tpjj;ija[k;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; bkhHpg]bgah]g]iga[k; xg]gpl]L ghh]g]nghk;. 1) kw;Wk; eP|]fs; tHp jtwpath]fshf fz:lhd; kw;Wk; mtd; c|]fSf;F tHpfhl]odhd; - mg[y;fyhk; Mrhj; 2) kw;Wk; eP|]fs; ,Ul]oy; ,Ug]gjhf fz:lhd; mjdhy; mtd; c|]fSf;F ghijiaf; fhl]odhd; - KQk;kj; myp yhThp fhjphp 3) kw;Wk; eP|]fs; ,!;yhkpar; rl]lk; bjhpahjth]fshf mtd; fz:lhd;/ mjdhy; c|]fSf;F ,!;yhkpar; rl]lk; brhy;ypf;bfhLj;J tHp fhz:gpj;jhd; - m#;ug] myp jhdtp 4) tHp jtwpath]fshf elj;jpdhd; fhztpy;iy kw;Wk; tHp 5)
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW kw;Wk; eP|]fs; mwpahjth]fshf ,Ug]gij mtd; ghh]j;jhd;/ mjdhy; c|]fSf;F neuhd ghijiaf; fhz;gpj;jhd; -gj;Qh KQk;kj; $ye;jhp
6) kw;Wk; mtd;/ c|]fis jphpe;J miye;J bfhz:oUg]gjhf fz:lhd; kw;Wk; mtd; c|]fSf;F tHp fhl]odhd; - a{Rg] myp Nuh 93/ Maj; 7 y; tUk; Maj;jpw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; xg]gw;w/ <L ,izaw;w mw;g[jkhd bkhHpahf;fk; ,g]nghJ ghh]g]nghk;/ kw;Wk; mtd; c|]fis mtdJ md;gpdpy; \H;fpapUg]gjhff; fz:lhd;/ mjdhyna mtdplj]jpw;nf brd;wila[k; tHpiaf; bfhLj;jhd; - irajP Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
cykhf;fspd; bjspt[iu
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; ,iwtdJ md;gpdpy; vg]bghGJnk \H;fpapUg]gjhy;/ yh ,yhQh ,y;yy; yh Q% vd;w Vfj;Jtj;jpy; xd;whfp/ mtdplj;jpw;nf brd;wila[k; tHpiaf; bfhLj;jhd;. khjphp 2: Nuh @gj; Maj; 1y; tUk; trdj;jpw;F bkhHpahf;fk; : 1. ckJ ght|;fspy; Ke;jpatw;iwa[k;/ gpe;jpatw;iwa[k; kd;dpg]gjw;fhf ,e;j btw;wpiaf; bfhLj;njhk;. - m#;ug] myp jhdtp/ - nf. V. ep$hKj;jPd; kd;gaP - Mh].nf. mg]Jy; fhjph] ghftp - mg]Jy; tQhg] M.A. 27
- Mh]bgh]hp 26
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW itj;j KG ek;gpf;ifahy; (<khdhy;) eh|;fs; neh]tHpahd rj;jpaj;ij (cz:ikia) fz:Lf;bfhz:nlhk;. Mdhy;/ ,iwth! (my;yhQ;) eh|;fs; elg]gjw;F rf;jpaw;wth]fshf ,Uf;fpnwhk;. mjdhy; eP v|;fis rj;jpag]ghijapy; elj;Jthahf! vd;W TWfpnwhk;. ghU|]fs;! Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; xg]gw;w/ <L ,izaw;w cz:ikahd bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[! nkYk; g[dpj egp !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; khpahijf;F Fiwt[ Vw;glhkYk;/ fz:zpaj;JlDk;/ kpff; ftdKld; mHfhd brhw;fis gad;gLj;JtJ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; jdpr;rpwg]ghFk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;/ jd;Dila mjpfg]goahd neuj;ij rl]lk; rk;ge;jkhd g[j;jf|]fis vGJtjpYk;/ gj;th tH|]FtjpYk; brytHpj;jhh]. mjdhy; KGj; jpUf;Fh]Mdpw;Fk; tpsf;ft[iu vGj neukpy;yhky; nghdJ. ,Ug]gpDk; rpy ed;F fy;tpf; fw;w nkijfspd; fUj;jhtJ/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; midj;J g[j;jf|]fisa[k; xd;W jpul]odhy; KGj; jpUf;Fh]Mdpd; tpsf;ft[iu fpilf;f mjpf tha]g]g[fs; ,Ug]gjhff; TWfpd;wdh]. gp!;kpy]yhQph]uQ;khdph]uQPk; vd;gjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; ePz:l brhw;bghHpt[ g[j;jf totpy; cs;sJ. vspa eilapy; cs;s ,e;j E}y; my; kPyhJd; egptpa;ah vd;w jiyg]gpy; ; cs;sJ. xU Kiw/ Q$;uj; kt;yhd #h mg]Jy; fhjph] rhQpg] u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;QPtpd; re;jdf;Fl (c+!;) itgtj;jpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp Nuh tj;JQh gw;wp fhiy 9 kzpapypUe;J gpw;gfy; 3 kzp tiu bjhlh]e;J 6 kzp neuk; Nuh tj;JQhit kl]Lk; tpsf;fpdhh]. jd;Dila tpsf;ft[iuia Koj;Jf;bfhz:L brhd;dhh;fs; 29
2. ckJ Kd;ndhh]fs; kw;Wk; gpd;ndhh]fspd; (ck;kj;Jfspd;) ght|;fis kd;dpg]gjw;fhf ,e;j btw;wpia bfhLj;njhk;.
irajP Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
cykhf;fspd; bjspt[iu:
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; ght|;fis tpl]L J}a;ikahdth]/ mth] ghtk; bra;jth] vd;W Twpdhy; ekJ <khd; gwp ngha;tpLk;. epr]rakhf Kd;ndhh]fspd; ght|;fisa[k; gpd;dhy; tuf;Toa ck;kj;Jfspd; ght|;fisa[k; kd;dpf;Fk; bghUl]Lk;/ ,!;yhj;ij ghpg{uzk; bra;tjw;Fk; ,e;j btw;wpia my;yhQ; mspj;jhd;. ( KGikahf ,!;yhj;ij Vw;Wf; bfhz:lth]fs;ght|;fis tpl]L J}a;ikg]gLj;jg] gLfpwhh]fs;.) khjphp 3 : Nuh @ghj;jpQh Maj; 5y; tUk; trdj;jpw;F bkhHpahf;fk; : 1. v|;fSf;F neuhd ghijia fhl]Lthahf! - m#;ug] myp jhdtp kw;Wk; xl]L bkhj;j tQhgpfs;
2. v|;fis neuhd ghijapy; elj;Jthahf!

irajP Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
cykhf;fspd; bjspt[iu :
neuhd ghijia fhl]Lthahf! vdpy;/ eh|;fs; ,Jtiu rj;jpakhd ghijia fz:ljpy;iy mjdhy; ,iwth! v|;fSf;F fhl]Lthahf! eh|;fs; ghh]j;Jf; bfhs;fpnwhk;. rj;jpag]ghijapy; elg]gjw;F kdkpy;iy vd;Wk; Twyhk;. khwhf/ neuhd ghijapy; elj;Jthahf! vd;gjw;F uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk;/ my;yhQ;tpd; gphpakhd egpahf te;jjd; bghUl]Lk;/ eh|;fs; mth] kPJ 28
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% ehd; 80% tpsf;ft[iuiajhd; ,e;j Nuhtpw;F vGjpa[s;nsd; vd;whh]. mg]goahdhy; KGj; jpUf;Fh]Mdpw;Fk; tpsf;ft[iu vGJtjw;F neuk; vg]go fpilf;Fk;> vd;W ehk; nahrpj;Jg] ghh]f;f ntz:Lk;.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW mth]fSila fhjiy bjhptpg]gjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; ftpijfisna beZ;rk; cUf/ fz:fspy; Mde;jf; fz:zPh] bgUf/ ey;y uhf|]fnshL gof;fpd;wdh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; ftpijfspy; xd;whd/ cd; fp kQf; nd jpy; fp Fd;r;nr fpyh jpah iQ. $p!; uhQ; ry; jpna iQ Tr;nr g!h jpah iQ. (uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yKila eWkzk; kdjpDila \iy KLf;bfy;yhk; gutpaJ. ve;j gf;fk; brd;whh]fnsh/ me;j \iyfbsy;yhk; mtUila trk; Mapd.) vd;w Kjy; moahf bjhl|]Fk; ftpijia Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;/ mf;fhyj;jpy; ftpij ,aw;Wtjpy; rpwe;J tps|]fpa $dhg] jhf; bjQ;ytpaplk; bfhLj;jDg]gp jpUj;jk; VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy; rhpr; bra;a brhd;dhh]fs;. ,ijf; nfl]l jhf; bjQ;ytp te;jth]fis nehf;fp eP|]fs; bfhz:L te;jpUg]gJ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; Myh (cah]e;j) ftpij. ,jpy; jpUj;jk; vdr; brhy;tjw;Fk;/ ,Ug]gjw;Fk; tha;g]gpy;iy. Mdhy; ,e;jf; ftpijj; bjhlh] Kw;Wg]bgwhky; cs;sJ. ,jpy; ehd;/ filrp moia vd;Dila gf;fj;jpypUe;J vGj Mirg]gLfpnwd;. jat[r; bra;J Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk; ntz:of; bfhs;S|]fs;/ ,ij khw;wk; bra;a ntz:lhbkd;W vdf; Twp filrp thpia ,t;thW vGjpdhh]fs;. Ky;nf Rfd; fp #hQp Jk; F u$h(z) K!y;yk; $p!; !pk;j; Mfna nQh/ rpf;nf gpl]lh jpna iQ (mstpy;yh bgU epk;kjpia mspf;Fk; ikahdJ (ngdh ik) c|]fSilanj u$h. ey;thH;j;Jf;fs; c|]fSf;F/ eP|]fs; jpUk;gpa jpirbay;yhk; uNy; !y;yy;yhQP miyQp 31
ftpij Zhdk;
,khk; mQkj; u$h(z) fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth;fs; jk;Kila mjpfg]goahd neuj;ij ftpij ,aw;Wtjpy; brytHpg]ghh]fs;. ,tUila ftpijfs; midj;Jk; g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fisg] gw;wpa g[fH; ghkhiyfshFk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; ftpijfspypUe;J mtUila Md;kh kw;Wk; beZ;rk; egpfs; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; fhjy; flypy; \H;fpapUg]gij fz:Lf; bfhs;syhk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; ftpijfs; #hpmj; rl]l tuk;gpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;. xt;bthU ftpij thpfSk; ,y;Qhk; vd;w Kj;Jf;fshy; my|]fhpf;fg]gl]oUf;Fk;. ,y;Qhk; vd;gJ mt;ypah my;yhf;fspd; kdjpy; my;yhQ;thy; kfpHg]gl]L mUsg]bgw;w Xh] cd;djkhd czh]t[ MFk;. ,J mk;gpah miyQp!yhk;fSf;F fpilf;fg]bgw;w tQPiag] nghd;W/ mt[ypahf;fs; ,y;Qhk; fpilf;fg] bgWthh]fs;. ftpij vd;gJ bgUk;ghYk; fw;gidahfnt mika[k;. Mdhy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; xt;bthU ftpij thpfSk; jpUf;Fh]Md; kw;Wk; QjP!;fspd; tpsf;ft[iuia gpujpgypg]gjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila ftpijfis mugp/ cUJ/ ghurPf bkhHpfspy; ,aw;wpdhh]fs;. ,J vy;yhk; xd;whf bjhFf;fg]gl]L Qjhapnf gf;#p#; (ght|]fs; kd;dpf;fg]gLk; g{|]fhtdk;) vd;w g[j;jf totpy; cs[;sJ. cyf mstpy; cs;s kf;fs; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; 30
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% t!y;ykth]fSila epidit/ Kj;jpiu gjpj;J tpl;Oh]fs;.) Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jhd; g[fHg]gLtij tpUk;ghj nghjpYk; jhf; bjQ;ytpapd; ntz:L nfhSf;fpz|;f mij khw;wk; bra;ahky; tpl]Ltpl]lhh]fs;. Mdhy; fy;tp mwpt[ ,y;yhj ngijfs; kw;Wk; tQhgpfs; gyh] jk;ik jhnk g[fH;e;Jf; bfhs;syhnkh> vd;W cz:ikr] rk;gtk; bjhpahky; csWfpd;wdh]. my;yhQ; vy;yhk; mwpe;jtdhf ,Uf;fpd;whd;.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW tUiff;fhf vd;whh]fs;. ehd; ePz:l fhykhf fhj;jpUf;fpd;nwd;
igmj; kw;Wk; fpyh@gj; bgWjy;

Qp$;hp 1294 y; jd;Dila 19 tajpy; ra;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;/ ,khKy; m!;gpah ira;ajpdh #h Mny uNy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fsplk; igmj; vDk; Zhdj;jPl]ir bgw;W mthpd; rPluhdhh]. igmj; bgw;w me;j Md;kPf epfH;r;rpia tptukhff; fhz:nghk;. xUKiw Q$;uj; kt;yhdh mg]Jy; fhjph] gjha[dp u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% gnuy;tp #hP@g]gpw;F tUifg] g[hpe;J Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F kQ;uuh #hP@g]gpw;F tUkhW miHg]g[ tpLj;jhh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSk; miHg]gpid Vw;Wf;bfhz:L kQ;uuh #hP@g]gpw;F ,UtUkhf nrh]e;Jr; brd;wdh]. kQ;uuh #hP@g]gpd; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpw;F te;jile;jt[ld; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp; miyQp ehd; vd;Dila Kh]#jpd; (Md;kPff; FUtpd;) thridia Efh]fpd;nwd; vd;W Twyhdhh]fs;. ,UtUkhf nrh]e;J fhd;fhna gufhjp EiHe;jJk;/ ira;ajpdh #h Mny uNy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% - Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fisf; fz:lJk; thU|]fs;/ c|]fspd; 32
ira;ajpdh #h Mny uNy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% cldoahf Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fSf;F igmj; bfhLj;J/ midj;J N@gp rpy;rpyhf;fspd; fpyh@gj;ija[k;/ ,$h!j;ija[k; (mDkjp) bfhLj;J Mrph]tjpj;jhh]fs;. mr;rkak; Q$;uj; ira;ajpdh mg[y; Q%ird; E}hp gufhjp u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% (Q$;uj; kt;yhdh K!;jgh u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%tpd; FUththh]) me;j Md;kPfj;jPl]ir ghpkhWk; neuj;jpy; cldpUe;jhh]. ,th] kpfr; rpwe;j mt;ypah my;yhQ; Mthh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; rpwg]ig czh]e;jtUk; Mthh]. Q$;uj; mg[y; Q%ird; E}hp gufhjp u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%/ ira;ajpdh #h Mny uNy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%it ghh]j;J nfl]fyhdhh]fs;/ Q%$%h] (jiytnu)/ ,e;ehs;tiu kQ;uuh #hP@g]gpd; tHf;fkhdJ ahuhtJ Md;kPfj;jPl]ir bgwte;jhy;/ mtiu Khpjhf;Fnthk;/ mthplk; fpyh@gj; bgw kdjpy; vz:zk; ,Ue;jhy;/ ehk; mtiu ,iwtHpapy; e@g]!pw;F vjpuhf nghuhl brhy;nthk;. nkYk; mtuJ gapw;rpf;fhf fha;e;J nghd buhl]oj;Jz:Lfisa[k; rhg]gplf; bfhLg]nghk;. ,jw;Fg] gpwF/ me;j egh] rhpahf ,Uf;fpwhh] vdj; bjhpe;j gpwnf xd;W my;yJ ,uz:L rpy;rpyhf;fspd; fpyh@gj;ija[k;/ ,$h!j;ija[k;(mDkjp) bfhLg]nghk;. Mdhy; ,d;W ,e;j thypgiu midj;J rpy;rpyhf;fspd; fpyh@gj;ija[k;/ ,$h!j;ija[k;(mDkjp) bfhLj;J Mrph]tjpj;jPh]fs; nkYk; eP|]fs; vGjpa g[j;jf|]fis fhl]o/ mijbay;yhk; rhp ghh]f;ft[k; TwpdPh]fs;. Vd; ,bjy;yhk;>>> vd;W Mr;rhpaj;Jld; tpdtpdhh;fs;. mikjpahf nfl]Lf;bfhz:oUe;j ira;ajpdh #h Mny uNy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% X! kf;fns! c|;fSf;F mQkj; u$h gw;wp bjhpahJ. ,|]F tuf;Toa 33
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% kw;wth]fs; fpyh@gj;Jk;/ ,$h!j;J[k; bgWtjw;F Kd; j|;fis mth]fs; gf;Ftg]gLj;jpf; bfhs;s ntz:Lk;. Mdhy; mQkj; u$h fhd;/ vy;yhk; ty;y my;yhQ;thy; jahh]gLj;jg]gl]nl ,|]F te;jhh]fs;. ,g]bghGJ mtUf;F njitahdJ vy;yhk; vd;Dila bjhlh]g[ kl]Lk;jhd; mjdhy;jhd; mQkj; u$h fhid vd;Dila KhPjhf;fpndd; ( rPluhf;fpndd;) vd;whh]. nkYk; vd; kdk; vg;bghGJk; my;yhQ;tpDila gaj;jpdhy; mGJ bfhz:oUe;jJ vy;yhk; fpahkj; ehspy; mtd; nfl]Fk; tpdhthd/ cyfj;jpypUe;J vdf;fhf vd;d bfhz:L te;jpUf;fpwha;> vd;gjw;F ,Jtiu vdf;F tpil bjhpahky; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;/ ,d;W me;jf; ftiy jPh]e;jJ. fpahkj; ehsd;W my;yhQ; vd;dplk;/ X! Mny uNy;! vdf;fhf vd;d bfhz:L te;jpUf;fpwha;> vdf; nfl]ghd; vdpy;/ cldoahf vd;Dila ug]gpw;F(,iwtDf;F) ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%it ghprhf mspg]ngd; vd;whh]. ,e;j nkd;ikkpf;f rk;gtk; irajP Myh Q$;uj;/ m$PKy; guf;fj;/ gh$pny gnuy;tp/ ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%tpd; cah]e;j juj;ij Rl]of; fhl]Ltjw;F rpwe;j rhd;whFk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila FUtpd; kPJk; mtuJ FLk;gj;jpd; kPJk; msg]gwpah khpahijiaa[k;/ md;iga[k; itj;jpUe;jhh]fs;. jd;Dila FUtpd; (Kh]#jpd;) bjhlh]g[ itj;jpUg]gth]fisa[k; kpf;f khpahijia Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mspj;J te;jhh]fs;. kQ;uuh #hP@g]gpw;F brd;W Kh]#jpd; Mrpfis bgwr; bry;Yk; nghJ/ jd;Dila fhyzpfis ,uapy; epiyaj;jpnyna itj;Jtpl]L btWk; fhy;fSld; ele;J brd;W jd;Dila FUtpw;F (Kh]#jpw;F) khpahijia brYj;Jthh]fs;. ahuhtJ jd;Dila FUtplkpUe;J VjhtJ jfty;fisnah/ my;yJ ghh]ry;fisnah bfhz:L te;jhy; 34
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW mth]fisa[k; kpf;f khpahija[lDk;/ fz:zpaj;JlDk; elj;Jthh]fs;. te;jth]fis rhg]gplhky; bry;y mDkjp mspf;fkhl]lhh]fs;/ jhnd tPl]ow;Fs; brd;W te;jth]fSf;fhd czitj; jk; jiyapy; itj;Jf; bfhz:L te;J kpf;f khpahija[ld; cgrhpg]ghh]fs;. te;jth]fis kpf fz:zpakhd brhw;fshy; kl]Lnk ngRthh]fs;. ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; bgw;w fpyh@gj; kw;Wk; ,$h!j;jpdhy; yl]rf;fzf;fhndhh]fs; Q$;uj; mth]fspd; Khpjhdhh]fs;. ,d;wst[k; nfhof;fzf;fhdth]fis Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp tHp elj;Jfpwhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fs; ,e;njh-ghf; Jizf;fz:lj;jpy; 30 fyp@ghf;fisa[k;/ cyfpd; kw;w gFjpfspy;; 35 fyp@ghf;fisa[k; (gpujpepjpfs;) nrh]j;J bkhj;jk; 65 fyp@ghf;fis cUthf;fpdhh]fs;.
Kjy; g[dpj Q$; gazk;

uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yKila ut;yh (k$hh]) #hP@g]ig fhqtjw;F mth]fspd; nerh]fs; Jog]gij ahuhYk; vGjt[k;/ brhy;yt[k; KoahJ. M#pnf uNy; (uNYy;yhtpd; fhjyd;) ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%tpd; fz:fs; kjPdh ja;apghtpd; jh]ghiu fhqk; ghf;fpak; mthpd; Kjy; Q$;$py; #t;thy; 26/ Qp$;hp 1295 (1876) y; jd;Dila 20 tJ tajpy; fpilj;jJ. fl]lhakhd Q$; flikfis Koj;jthW/ xU ehs; kf;(@)hpg] bjhGifia kfhnk-,g]uhQPk; miyQp!yhk; ,lj;jpy; bjhGJ bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. bjhGJ Koj;jt[ld; mtiu nehf;fp/ kf;fj;J Kfuk;khit rhh]e;j #h@gp kj;Qgpd; Q$;uj; my;yhkh Q%ird; gpd; rhypQh u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% beU|]fpdhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; fuj;ij gw;wpathW jd;Dila tPl;ow;F miHj;Jr; brd;whh]. me;j khbghpa ,khk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp 35
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% miyQp mth]fspd; bew;wpapy; ifia itj;jthW Twpdhh]fs; epr;rakhf/ c|]fSila bew;wpapy; my;yhQ;tpDila E}h] ,Ug]gij ghh]f;fpd;nwd; vd;whh]. nkYk; rpwpJk; jaf;fkpy;yhky; MW QjP!;fis bjhFj;jth] vd rhd;wpjy; tH|]fp Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fSf;F $paht[j;jPd; (jPdpd; gpufhrkhd xspna!) vd;W gl]lKk; bfhLj;jhh]fs;. kjPdj;J cykhf;fshd/ Qdgp kj;Qig rhh]e;j Kg]jp ira;ajpdh my;yhkh mg]Jh] uQ;khd; rpuh$; kw;Wk; Kg]jp i#f; iraj; mQkj; jQyhd; #hgp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh mth]fshYk; MW QjP!;fspd; bjhFg]ghsh] vd rpwg]gpf;fg]gl]lhh]fs;. tuyhw;W rpwg]g[kpf;f ,e;j g[dpj Q$; gazj;jpy; ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; kf;fh-kjPB ja;apghitr; rhh]e;j cykh bgUkf;fsplk; jg]yPf; $khj;ij rhh]e;j njt;ge;j; cykhf;fspd; jtwhd bfhs;iffs;/ ek;gpf;iffis gw;wp Fw;wk; rhl]odhh]. mjw;F Mjhukhf jd;Dila g[j;jf|]fshd my;$hK Rd;dh yp mQyp gpj;dh kw;Wk; my; KjhkJy; K!;jdhj; vd;gjpy; mth]fs; brhy;ypaij/ vGjpaij gl]oaypl;L mjw;F tpiliaa[k; Twp rkh]g]gpj;jhh]fs;. ,ijf; ftdkhf fz:qw;w kf;fh Kfuk;kh kw;Wk; kjPB Kdt;tuhit rhh]e;j cykhf;fs;/ xU Kf;fpakhd gpugykhd g[j;jfkhd Qp!;!hKy; Quikd; vd;gjpy; gj;thf;fis vGjpdhh]fs;. mjpy; my;yhQ; kw;Wk; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fis juf;Fiwthft[k;/ nfypahft[k; ngrpath]fs;/ vGjpath]fis fLikahf fz;oj;jhh]fs;. mjd; tptukhdJ/ Kjy; @gj;th ( khh]f;fj; jPh]g]g[ ) my; KjhkJy; K!;jdhj; g[j;jfj;jpy; ,lk; bgw;w jtwhd bfhs;iffspd; jtwhd jiyth;fs;/ kpff; bfl]l 36
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW rhj;jhd;fis fhl]oYk; kpf nkhrkhdth]fs;. ,th]fSila bfl;lr] bray;fshy; juk; bfl]l nkhrkhd ek;gpf;if Jnuhfpfshf khwpa[s;sdh]. fath]fis cyfpw;F btspf;fhl]oa ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fis my;yhQ;tpd; btFkjpfs; fpl]ll]Lk;/ my;yhQ; ,th]fspd; mhpa ntiyfis bghUe;jp bfhs;sl]Lk; nkYk; kf;fspd; kdjpy; Xh] cah]e;j ,lj;ij bfhLf;fl]Lk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; eht[k; mtuJ vGj;Jf;fSk; fl]lisfis bfhLf;fpd;wd. Vbddpy; ,iwtd; tpUk;g[fpwtw;iw KGtJkhf bgwf;Toatuhf ,Uf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifahsuhf jpfH;fpwhh]fs;.: gj;th tH|]fpath] KQk;kj; raPj; gpd; ghg]!Py;
u$pay;yhQ%jMyhmd;Q%/ #hgp kj;Qgpd; K@g]jp kf;fh

,uz:lhk; @gj;th ( khh]f;fj; jPh]g]g[ ) X! gog]gth]fns! my; KjhkJy; K!;jdhj; vd;Dk; g[j;jfk; c|]fs; iffspy; ,Ug]gJ mtrpak; vd epidf;fpnwd;. ,e;jg] g[j;jfk; c|]fSf;F kpfr; rpwe;j Mjhuk; MFk;. mjpYk; Fwpg]ghf tQhgprf; bfhs;iffSf;F ,J Xh] rpwe;j kWg]ghFk;. tQhgpfs; ahh] vd;why;> egpj;Jtj;ij chpik bfhz;lhoa Fyhk; mQkj; fhjpahdp kw;Wk; khh]fj;jpypUe;J btspnawp tpl]L/ g[dpj egpfspd; fz:zpaj;ija[k;/ khpahijiaa[k; nftyg]gLj;Jk; fhrpk; ehndhj;tp/ u#Pj; mQkj; f|;nfhQp/ fyPy; mQkj; mk;ngl]tp/; m#;ug] myp jhdtp kw;Wk; ,th]fis gpd;gw;Wgth]fs;. epr;rakhf ,th]fs; g{kpapy; FHg]gk; tpistpg]gth]fs;/ ,th]fspd; ghija[k; mt;thwhdnj MFk;. ,th]fs; (tQhgpfs;) v|;nf muh$fk; bra;fpwhh]fs; 37
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% vd;W vLj;Jf;fhl]oa ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fSf;F my;yhQ; Rgr;bra;jp tH|]fl]Lk;. my;yhQ;tpd; fUiza[k;/ fpUiga[k; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; kPJk;/ mtuJ FLk;gj;jhh] kPJk;/ FHe;ijfs; kPJk; bghHpe;J fpahkj; ehs; tiu cz:ik ngRgth]fshfnt ,Uf;fl]Lk;. MkPd;. gj;th tH|]fpath] KQk;kj; gpd; mg]J!;!yhk;
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW Jy;Qh$; 25 k; ehs; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kPz:Lk; xU Kiw kf;fj;J bghpa cykhf;fshd i#f; rhypQh fkhy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%/ my;yhkh iraj; ,!;khapy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% kw;Wk; gy N@gp cykhf;fis re;jpf;Fk; tha;g]ig bgw;whh]fs;. mth]fs; midtUk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQpapd; kPJ khpahijiaa[k;/ md;iga[k; bghHpe;jhh]fs;. mr;rkaj;jpy; my;yhkh i#f; rhypQh fkhy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk; kf;fj;J tQhgp Mypk;fs; nfl]Fk; kiwthd Zhd|]fis (,y;nk ifg]) gw;wpa 5 nfs;tpfis vLj;J itj;jhh]fs;. nkYk; 2 ehl]fspy; mf;nfs;tpfSf;F gjpy; mspf;FkhW ntz:of;bfhz:lhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; mjw;fLj;j ehs; fLk; fha;r]ryhy; mtjpg]gl]lhh]fs;. ,Ue;j nghjpYk; kiwthd Zhd|]fisg] gw;wpa nfs;tpfSf;F gjpiy mspf;Fk; bghWg]ig czh]e;jth]fsha;/ jd;Dila ngdhtpid vLj;J mugp bkhHpapy; 400 gf;f|]fis 8 kzp neuj;jpy; vGjp Koj;jhh]fs;. jd;Dila g[j;jfj;jpw;F my; jt;yJy; kf;fpa;ah gpy; khjj;jpy; ifgpa;ah vdg] bgahpl]lhh]fs;. fy;tp Zhdj;jpy; rpwe;J tps|]fpa kf;fh efuj;J cykh bgUkf;fs;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; bjspthd gjpy;fisa[k;/ rhpahd neuj;jpy; brhy;ypathW bra;jija[k; ghh]j;J Mr;rhpaj;Jld; tpspe;J epd;whh]fs;. gpd;dhspy; xUth] fz:Lg]gpoj;jhh]/ Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; g[j;jfkhd my; jt;yJy; kf;fpa;ah gpy; khjj;jpy; ifgpa;ah y; cs;s bkhj;j jiyg]g[fspy; cs;s vGj;Jf;fspd; Tl]Lj;bjhifahdJ 1323 MFk;. ,J Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fs; jkJ ,uz:lhtJ g[dpj Q$; bra;j mnj Qp$;hp 1323tJ Mz:il Fwpg]gJ Mr]rhpak; MFk;! 39
jhfp!;jhdp u$pay;yhQ%jMyhmd;Q%/ K@g]jp kjPdj;Jy; Kdt;tuh
\d;whk; @gj;th ( khh]f;fj; jPh]g]g[ ) mstw;w mUshsd;/ ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fis vg]bghGJk; kfpH;r;rpahft[k;/ ghJfhg]ghft[k; itf;fl]Lk;. khh]f;fj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fg]gl]l rhj;jhd;fshd kph]rh Fyhk; mQkj; fhjpahdp/ u#Pj; mQkj; f|]nfhQp/ fyPy; mk;ngl]tp kw;Wk; m#;ug] myp jhdtp Mfpnahh] g[dpj egpfshh] uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yik juf;Fiwthft[k;/ gHpj;Jk;/ ngrpa[k;/ vGjpa[k; tUfpd;wdh]. ,th]fs; fh@gph]fs; vdf; TWtjpy; ve;j tpj re;njfKk; ,y;iy. ,e;jr; rhj;jhd;fis fh@gph]fs; vdf; TWtjpypUe;J jLf;Fk; mjpfhuKilath]fSk; fh@gph]fns!, ,th]fSf;F kuzj;jz:lid bfhLf;fg]gl ntz:Lk;. gj;th tH|]fpath] my;yhQ;tpd; moik KQk;kj;
gpd; Qk;jhd; kQrhp u$pay;yhQ%jMyhmd;Q%/ k!;$pnj egtpa;apd; CHpad;
,uz:lhk; g[dpj Q$; gazk;

,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% jk;Kila ,uz:lhtJ g[dpj Q$; gazj;ij Qp$;hp 1323 (1905)y; jd;Dila 49tJ tajpy; epiwntw;wpdhh]fs;. 38
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; kjpB ja;apghit tpl]L fpsk;g[k; neuj;jpy; kPz:Lk; xUKiw uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yik fhz tpUk;gpdhh]fs;. Mdhy; Koatpy;iy/ mjdhy; fz: fy|;fpath]fshf jd;Dila ftpijapd; filrp thpfis c|]fspd; eha;fs; Mapuk; jphpe;J bfhz:oUf;fpwJ mJg]nghy; vd vGjpf;bfhz:oUf;Fk; nghJ g[dpj egpfshh] uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; k$h(z)h] #hP@g]g[f;F gpd; gf;fkhf epd;W bfhz:L fhl]rpaspj;jhh]fs;. ,jidf; fz:l Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ml Va; u!h/ cd;Dila kdJ gw;wpa tpyhrk; g[dpj egpfshhpd; jpUr;rd;dpjhdj;jpy; bjhpa te;jJ/ vg]go mile;jha; vd;W kl]Lk; nfl]fhnj/ vg]go mij mile;jha; vd;W kl]Lk; nfl]fhnj/ cdf;F my;yhQ; nghJkhdtdhf ,Uf;fpd;whd;. cdf;F my;yhQ; nghJkhdtdhf ,Uf;fpd;whd;. vd;fpwhh]fs;.
g[dpj egpfshh] uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; Kd;dpiyapy;

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jk;Kila ,uz:lhtJ g[dpj Q$; gazj;jpy; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fisf; fhz ntz:Lk; vd;w Mty; kpFe;J vGe;jjd; fhuzkhf bjhlh]r;rpahf j+nj #hP@g]ig mHfhft[k;/ jhH;ika[lDk; jpUegpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; k$(r)hh] #hP@g] Kd; Xjpf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yikf; fhqnthk; vd;w ek;gpf;if Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; kdJf;Fs; nt+d;wpaJ. me;j ,ut[ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;/ g[dpj egpfshh] uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; jpUr; rd;dpjhdj;jpd; Kd; j|;fpapUe;j ,uz:lhtJ ,uthFk;. me;j ,unt uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yik fhqk; bghd;dhd tha;g]igg] bgw;whh]fs;. me;j ,dpa jUzj;jpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; KG moikahdhh]fs;. gpwF jd; ngdhit vLj;J egpfshhpd; g[fH;khiyia (ehj; #hP@g]) vGjpdhh]fs;. nth N v yh yh $hh] gph]nj iQd; (c|]fis Rw;wp Mapuk; Mapuk; thdth]fs; jphpfpwhh]fs;) vd;w Kjy;thpiaf; bfhz:L Muk;gpf;Fk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp filrp thpia ,g]go vGJfpwhh]fs; nfhap fpa[d; g{r;nr njhp ghj; u$h/ J$;nr Fj;nj Q$hh] gph]nj iQd; (cd;idg] gw;wp ahuhtJ nfl]lhy; u$h/ c|]fspd; eha;fs; Mapuk; jphpe;J bfhz:oUf;fpwJ mJg]nghy;) 40
g[dpj egpfshh] uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; kPJ nerk;

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; jd;Dila thH;ehspd; xt;bthU fzKk; g[dpj egpfshh] KQk;kj; K!;jgh uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yik g[fH;e;Jf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. vijr; bra;jhYk; my;yhQ; kw;Wk; mtDila uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; jpUg]bghUj;jj]jpw;fhfnt bra;jhh]fs;. xUKiw Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; gnuy;tpapy; cs;s u$h k!;$pjpy; ,Ue;jhh]fs;. mg]bghGJ xU k$;Ng]ig (my;yhQ;tpd; typ) re;jpf;f neh]e;jhh]fs;. k$;Ng]ghd Q$;uj; njhfh #h u$pay;yhQ%jMyhmd;Q%/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fisg] ghh]j;J X! mQkj; u$h! ehd; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; Mw;wiy g{kpapy; kl]Lk; 41
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% jhd; ghh]f;fpd;nwd;/ thdpy; ,y;iy vd;whh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mjw;F gjpyhf uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; Mw;wy; thdj;jpy; cs;sJ nghd;nw g{kpapYk; cs;sJ vd;whh]fs;. k$;Ng] cldoahf ,y;iy/ ,y;iy vd;dhy; thdpy; mtuJ Mw;wiy ghh]f;f Koatpy;iy vd;whh]. kPz:Lk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp eP|]fs; ghh]j;jhYk; rhpna/ ghh]f;fhtpl]lhYk; rhpna/ uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; Mw;wy; thdj;jpYk; g{kpapYk; cs;sJ. vd;whh]fs;. clnd k$;Ng] Md;kPff; nfhgj;jpy; cah]e;j Fuypy; ngh! mtid ehd; js;sp tpLfpnwd; vd;whh]fs;. mr;rkak; tPl]od; nky;Tiuapy; rpW FHe;ijahd kt;yhdh K!;jgh u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyhmd;Q% tpisahof;bfhz:oUe;J fPnH tpGe;J tpl]lhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp tPl;ow;Fs; EiHe;jJk; mtuJ jhahh] brhd;dhh]fs; cdf;F bjhpa[ky;yth> k$;Ng]fsplk; tpthjk; bra;tijf; fhl;oYk; mikjpahf ,Ug]gJ ey;ybjd;W. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila kfid miHj;J mog]gl]ljh> vdf; nfl]lhh]fs;. ,y;iy vd;W gjpy; te;jJk;/ ehd; Mapuk; K!;jgh u!hf;fis uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; re;njh#j;jpw;fhf (u$ht[f;fhf) jpahfk; bra;a jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;nwd;. Mdhy; xU nghJk; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; fz:zpaj;ij Fiwf;Fk; xU brhy;iyahtJ brhy;tjw;F ehd; tp;l khl]nld;. vd;whh]fs;. rpwpJ neuk; fHpj;J me;j k$;Ng]/ Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk; jpUk;gp te;J X! mQkj; u$h! eP|]fs; jhd; btw;wpahsh]fs;/ ek;Kila thjj;ij Ry;jhDy; Qpe;j; Q$;uj; fh$h fhPg] eth!; 42
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW u$pay;yhQ%jMyhmd;Q% mth]fsplk; bfhz:Lr;brd;nwd;. mth] c|]fSf;F rhjfkhf gjpyspj;jhh]fs;. my;Qk;Jypy;yhQ;! c|]fspd; Mrph]thjj;jhy; ehd; ,g]bghGJ uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; kfpikia thdj;jpYk; Tl ghh]f;fpd;nwd;. vd;whh]fs;. Q$;uj; kt;yhdh eaPKj;jPd; Kuhjhghjp/ xUKiw Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk; Vd; eP|]fs; ira;ajpdh uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQP miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; fz:zpaj;ij Fiwf;Fk; tifapy; ele;Jf; bfhs;gth]fsplk;/ fLikahf ele;Jf; bfhs;fpwPh]fs;> vd;W tpdtpdhh]. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp X! kt;yhdh! ehd; mth]fsplk; fLikahf ele;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;/ mth]fs; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; fz:zpaj;ija[k;/ khpahijiaa[k; bfLg]gjw;F gjpyhf vd;id mth]fs; ,yf;fhf;fp bfhs;sl]Lk;. mijg]gw;wp ehd; ftiyg] gl nghtjpy;iy. vd;id ntz:Lkhdhy; mth]fs; J}w;wpf;bfhs;sl]Lk;. Mdhy; vd;Dila md;gpw;Fhpa jiytuhd $dhng KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk;/ tQhgpfs; brhy;Yk; midj;J ght|]fspypUe;Jk; tpLgl]lth]fs; - J}a;ikahdth]fs;. vd;whh]fs;. Dr.fh]uh] Q%ird;/ Jiznte;jh] - gYrp!;jhd; gy;fiyf;fHfk;. TWifapy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ egpfs; ehafk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; kPJ fhl]oa md;g[k; khpahijiaa[k; ghh]f;Fk; nghJ/ me;j md;g[ ,y;yhtpoy; ,!;yhk; vd;gJ capuw;w cliyg] nghd;wjhFk; vdj; bjhpfpwJ. caph] vd;gnj uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; kPJ fhl]Lk; md;g[k; khpahija[k; jhd; MFk;. vd;fpwhh].
ira;aJkhh]fis nerpj;jy;
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; g[dpj 43
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; tHpj;njhd;wy;fshd ira;aJkhh]fis vt;thW nerpj;J khpahij bra;a ntz:Lk; vd cyf K!;ypk;fSf;F ,r;rk;gtk; \yk; TWfpwhh]fs;. xU ehs; ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ% jMyh md;Q% xUthpd; miHg]gpid Vw;W mthpd; tPl]ow;F gy;yhf;fpy; brd;Wf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. jpObud;W ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp gy;yhf;if epWj;j brhd;dhh]fs; nkYk; gy;yhf;F J}f;Fgth]fis nehf;fp ehd; c|]fspy; xUthplkpUe;J ira;ajpDila thridia Efh]fpd;nwd;. ahh] c|]fspy; ira;aj; guk;giuia rhh]e;jth]fs;> vd;W TwpathW gy;yhf;fpypUe;J btspna te;jhh]fs;. me;j gy;yhf;F J}f;Fgth]fspy; xUth] jhd; ira;aj; vd;W ja|]fpathnw Twpdhh]. clndna vy;yh fy;tp Zhd|;fspYk; nkd;ikahd Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ira;aJkhh]fspd; epiyikiaf; fz;L fz:fspy; fz:zPh] rpe;jpathW me;j ira;aJ eghpd; fhy;fisg] gw;wp;/ jd;id kd;dpf;FkhW jhH;ika[ld; ntz:of;bfhz:lhh]fs;. ehis fpahkj; ehspy; uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; vd;idg] ghh]j;J/ mth]fspd; g[dpj guk;giuia nftyg]gLj;jptpl]lha; vd Twpdhy; ehd; vd;d bra;ntd; vd;W Joj;jhh]fs;. ira;aJkhuhd me;j gy;yhf;F J}f;Fgth] Q$;uj; mth]fis kd;dpj;J tp;l]lhh]fs; ,Ue;jnghjpYk; M#pnf uNy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ me;j ira;aJkhiu mnj gy;yhf;fpy; cl]fhu itj;J jd;Dila g[dpjkhd njhs;fspy; me;j gy;yhf;if Rke;Jf; bfhz:L brd;whh]fs;. my;yhQ% mf;gh]! Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp me;j gy;yhf;F J}f;Fgtiu rhjhuz kdpjdhf fUjhky;/ g[dpj 44
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; guk;giuia rhh]e;jth]fs; vdf; fUjp bfhLj;j khpahija[k;/md;g[k; ghh]g]gth]fis tpag]gpy; MH;j;jpaJ! Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsJ miwapd; gf;fj;jpy; xU ira;aj; guk;giuia nrh]e;j xU rpWtd; tpisahLthd;. mr;rpWtd; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; miwia flf;f nehpl]lhy;/ clndna Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp khpahij epkph]j;jk; fhuzkhf vGe;J epd;W tpLthh]fs;. mr;rpWtd; xU ehisf;F 10 Kiw flf;f nehpod;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSk; 10 Kiw vGe;J epd;W khpahij brYj;Jthh]fs;.
Rd;dj;Jfisg] gpd;gw;Wjy;
,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%/ uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; Rd;dj;fisg] gpd;gw;Wtjpy; kpf;f Mh]tkhf ,Ug]ghh]fs;. gpd; tUk; rk;gt|;fspypUe;J Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp Rd;dj;Jfspd; kPJ itj;jpUe;j ek;gpf;iffis ehk; milahsk; fz:Lf; bfhs;syhk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jdf;F neh]e;j rk;gtj;ij jhnd Twyhdhh]fs; gnuy;tpapy; xU Kiw gpnsf; neha; gutpa[s;sjhf tje;jp fpsk;gpaJ/ mr;rkaj;jpy; vdJ <Wfspy; xU tifahd khw;w|;fs; Vw;gl]L kpf;f typia Vw;gLj;jpaJ/ kpf;f typapd; fhuzkhf vd;dhy; thiaj; jpwf;f Tl Koatpy;iy/ mjDld; nrh]e;J fha;r;rYk; te;Jtpl]lJ. vd; cly;epiy kpf nkhrkhdJ! lhf;lh] te;J rpy kzpj;Jspfs; vd;id Th]e;J ftdpj;J gpnsf; nehahy; mtjpa[Wfpnwd; vd;W Twpdhh]. vd;dhy; mg;nghJ ngr Koatpy;iy ,y;iybad;why; lhf;lhpd; fzpg;g[ jtW vd;W TwpapUg;ngd;. 45
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% Vbdd;why; vdf;F kpfg]bghpa tpahjpfs; vJt[k; tuhJ vd;W bjhpa[k;/ vg]gobadpy; ehd; Vw;fdnt uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fs; brhd;dgo bfhoa kw;Wk; jPtpu neha;fspypUe;J fhg]ghw;Wk; ,e;j JMit my;Qk;J ypy;yhQpy; y$p M@gpdp kpk; kg]jpyf gpQp t @gj; jy;dp myh fjPuk; kpkk; fyf j@g]jPyd; Xjpf;bfhz:nld;. mjdhy; vdf;F gpnsf; neha; nghd;w bfhoa neha;fs; tuhJ vd;w ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jJ. rpwpJ neuj;jpy; kpFe;j khpahija[ld; ehd; rw;W rj;jkhf ah my;yhQ;! cdJ gphpakhd QgPg] uNny fhPk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; thf;if cz:ikahf;F! lhf;lhpd; fzpg]ig bgha;ahf;Fvd;W kd;whondd;. mg]bghGJ vdJ tyJ gf;fj;jpypUe;J xU rj;jj;ijf; nfl]nld; mjpy; kp!;thf; kw;Wk; fUkpsif gad;gLj;JkhW mwpt[iwg]gLj;jg]gl;lJ! clndna rpwpJ f#;lj;Jld; vGe;J kp!;thf;if bfhz:L gy; Jyf;fpndd;/ fUkpsif khj;jpiuiag] nghy; vd; ehtpy; itj;jpUe;njd;. rpwpJ neuj;jpy; my;yhQ;tpd; kfpikahy; ehd; Fzk; mile;njd;. vdJ gyj;ija[k; bgw;nwd;. lhf;lhpd; fzpg]g[ jtwhdJ mog]gilna ,y;yhjJ vd;W brhy;yp mDg]gpndd;. vd;whh]fs;. kt;yhdh KQk;kj; #hP@g] vd;gth] Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp my;yhQ; kw;Wk; uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fs; kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifia Fwpg]gpLk; rk;gtj;ij gpd;tUkhW TWfpwhh]fs;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mtuJ je;ija[ld; Q$;i$ Koj;Jf; bfhz:L fg]gypy; tUk; nghJ xU g[ay; cUthdJ. fg]gypd; nfg]ld; g[aypd; ntfj;ij gw;wpa[k; mjdhy; caph]g]gpiHg]gJ fodk; vd;gija[k; fg]gypy; cs;sth]fSf;F vr;rhpf;ifa{l;o ghJfhg]g[ fyd;fis cLj;jpf; bfhs;SkhW Twpf; bfhz;oUe;jhh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jk; je;ij ftiya[ld; ,Ug]gij 46
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW nehf;fpdhh]. mtuJ je;ij Twpdhh] vdJ ftiy vy;yhk; cd;idg] gw;wpaJjhd; vd;whh]fs;. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp je;ijna! nfg]ld; ek;ik iftpl]lhYk; my;yhQ; ek;ik fhg]ghw;Wthd;. uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQP miyQp t!y;yk; Twpa[s;shh]fs; ahh] ,e;j JMit Rg]Qhdy; y$p(Z) rf;fu ydh Qh$h(Z) tkh
Fd;dh yQ% Kf;hpaPd; t ,d;dh ,yh ug]gpdh y Kd; fypg{(B)d; gazj;jpd; nghJ Xjpf;bfhs;fpwhh]fnsh/ mth]fs;
vg]ngw;gl]l tpgj;JfspypUe;Jk; jg]gpj;Jf; bfhs;thh]fs;.
vdnt ehd; ,e;j JMit fg]gypy; EiHa[k; nghnj Twptpl]nld; vd;whh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ,t]thW Twpf;bfhz:oUf;Fk; nghnj nfg]ld; kpf re;njh#khf te;J g[aypd; jpir khwptpl]lJ vd;W kfpH;r;rp bgh|;f gazpfsplk; bjhptpj;jhh]. nkYk; gazpfs; ahUk; ftiyg]gl njitapy;iy/ fg]gypw;F ve;j tpj Mgj;Jkpy;iy vd;whh].
bfsJ ehafk; i#f; mg]Jy; fhjph] $Pyhdp u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fs; kPJ nerk;
,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%/ ira;ajpdh bfsJy; M$k; Q$;uj; i#f; mg]Jy; fhjph] $Pyhdp u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fspd; kPJ mstpy;yh md;g[k; khpahija[k; itj;jpUe;jhh]fs;. Q$;uj; KQj;jpn! M$k; Qpe;j; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% TWfpwhh]fs; : ehd; jhUy; ,@g]jh gnuy;tp #hP@g]gpy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp 11 +gha;f;F kjpg;ghd ,dpg]g[ gz:l|;fis th|]fp te;J ira;ajpdh bfsJy; M$k; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fspd; kPJ ghj;jpQh Xjp/ ,dpg]g[ gz:l|;fis gfph]e;J bfhLf;f brhd;dhh]fs;. jpObud;W Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp 47
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% kz:oapl]L j#hQ%j; epiyapy; ,Ue;jhh]fs;. mUfpy; brd;W ghh]j;jg] nghJ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila Mrph]tjpf;fg]gl]l ehtpd; Edpahy;/ rpe;jpa rpy ghj;jpQh jg]+f;if (gpurhjj;ij) vLj;J rhg]gpl]Lf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp/ ira;ajpdh bfsJy; M$k; Q$;uj; i#f; mg]Jy; fhjph] $Pyhdp u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fspd; kPJ epiwa g[fH; ghkhiyfis vGjpa[s;shh]fs;.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW gw;wpah> cyf rk;ge;jkhd tp#akhf ,Ue;jhy;/ ehd; g|;F bgw;W vd;d bra;ntd;> ehd; cyf tp#a|;fspy; Mh]tkpy;yhky; ,Uf;fpnwd;. mjdhy; fhe;jpia re;jpg]gjpy; Mh]tk; ,y;iy vd;whh]fs;. Mjhuk; (my; kPrhd; - gf;fk; 335)
14 Mk; E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj;

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jdJ fhyj;jpd; bfsjhf/ ,khkhf (mg[ Qdp@gh u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%) Mf jpfH;e;jhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kpfr] rpwe;j my;yhQ;tpd; typahft[k; (,iw nerh]) jpfH;e;jhh]fs;. jd;Dila thH;f;ifapy; xt;bthU braypYk; uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; jPid g[j;Japh] Cl]oajhy; K$j;jpnj ,!;yhk; (,!;yhj;jpw;F cap+l]oath]) vd;W miHf;fg]gl]lhh]fs;. gy flt[s; ek;gpf;if/ F@g]h]/ #ph]f;/ gpj;mj; nghd;w fhpa nkf|;fshy; cyfk; NHg]gl]lJ. K!;ypk;fs; FHk;gpathW epiyFiye;J nghd ntisapy; my;yhQ; kw;Wk; uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; fpUigahy; fhhpUis mfw;Wk; Nhpadhf 14 Mk; E}w;whz:oy; ,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj;/ ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% jd;Dila bjspthd Mjhu|]fshy; F@g]iu xHpj;J ,!;yhj;jpw;F g[j;Japh] Cl]odhh]fs;. ira;ajpdh mg[Q%iuuh u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fshy; fpilf;fg] bgw;w kp#;fhj;; #hP@g] gpy; cs;s QjP!;/ K$j;jpj; gw;wp TWtij ghh]g]nghk;. epr;rakhf xt;bthU E}w;whz:od; KotpYk; nguUshsdhd my;yhQ;thy; xU kdpjd;/ ck;kj;jpw;fhf mDg]gp itf;fg]gLthh]. tUgth] jPdpw;F cap+l]Lgtuhf ,Ug]ghh]. 49
cyf thH]f;ifapy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp rpy Vf;fh] epy|;fSf;F chpikahsuhf ,Ue;jhh]fs;. mjDila KG bghWg]iga[k; ek;gpf;iff;F chpath]fsplk; xg]gilj;J tpl]L rpy khj thliffis kl]Lk; bgw;W te;jhh]fs;. me;j khj thlifia ira;aJkhh]fSf;F tpUe;J tH|;ft[k;/ g[j;jf|;fis th|;ft[k; bryt[r; bra;J tpLthh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila ghf;bfl]fspy; xU rpy ehza|;fisna itj;jpUg]ghh]fs;. mth] vg]bghGJk; jkf;F brhe;jkhd epy|;fspypUe;J tUk; tUkhdk; gw;wp tprhhpj;jJ Tl fpilahJ. Mjhuk; (my; kPrhd; - gf;fk; 335) ,e;jpahtpy; fpyh@gj; ,af;fk; ele;J bfhz:oUe;j ntisapy; fhe;jp/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis fhz tpUk;gpdhh]. fhe;jp TWifapy;/ ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% kf;fsplj;jpy; ey;y bry;thf;if bgw;wpUf;fpwhh]. mjdhy; mthplk; brhy;Y|;fs;/ kf;fis fpyh@gj; ,af;fj;jpy; g|;F bgw cjtp bra;a brhy;Y|;fs; vd;whh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp vijg] gw;wp fhe;jp vd;dplk; ngRthh]> khh]f;fj;ijg] gw;wpah> cyfj;ijg] 48
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% bgha;ahd khw;w|;fis ,!;yhj;jpy; g[Fj;jp FHg]gk; Vw;gLj;Jk; mwpahikf; fhyj;jpy; jPnd KQk;kjp !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; bfhoia ifapy; neh]ikahf/ ijhpakhf gpoj;J Rd;dj; kw;Wk; gpj;mj; Mfpatw;wpd; ntw;Wikfis gphpj;Jf; fhl]o KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; ck;kj;Jf;fis tHp elj;jpr; bry;gtnu K$j;jpj; (cap+l]Lgth]) vd;wiHf;fg]gLthh]. K$j;jpj; vd;gth] xU E}w;whz:od; ,Wjpapnyh my;yJ Muk;gj;jpnyh tuyhk;. E}W Mz:LfSf;F xU Kiw tuf; fhuzk; vd;dbtdpy; E}w;whz:L fhyj;jpy; kf;fSila vz:z|]fs;/ Rw;Wg]g[wk;/ mwpahik Mfpatw;wpy; gyj;j khw;w|]fs; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; tHp jtwp elf;f Muk;gpf;fpd;wdh]. K$j;jpj; vd;w brhy; gd;ikia Fwpg]gjhy; xU E}w;whz:oy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl]l K$j;jpj;fs; tUfpd;wdh]. ,th]fs; jhd; K$j;jpj; vd;W mtuJ brhy;/ bray;/ thH;f;if Mfpatw;iw ghh]j;J rhd;nwhh]fshy; cWjpr; bra;ag]gLfpwJ.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW 4. ,khk; mg]Jy;yh gpd; ,j;hP!; #h@gp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k; 3k; E}w;whz:L 1. ,khk; mg[y; Qrd; gpd; ckh]/ 2. ,khk; mQkj; gpd; Qk;gy; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh. 4k; E}w;whz:L 1. 2. 3. 4. ,khk; jQjhtp/ ,khk; ,!;khaPy; gpd; Qhkpj; $h@ghp/ ,khk; mg[ $h@gh] gpd; $hPh] jpg]hp/ ,khk; mg[ Qhjpk; uh!p u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;
5k; E}w;whz:L 1. ,khk; mg[ eaPk; ,!;@gQhdp/ 2. ,khk; mg[y; QPird; mQkj; gpd; KQk;kj; mgp gf;hpapy; fhjph]/ 3. ,khk; QPird; gpd; uhfpg]/ 4. ,khk; KQk;kj; gpd; KQk;kj; f!;!hyp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;. 6k; E}w;whz:L 1. 2. 3. 4. ,khk; mg[y; g!y; ckh] uh!p/ my;yhkh ,khk; ckh] e!;@gp/ ,khk; fh$p gf;Uj;jPd; Q!d; kd;Nh]/ ,khk; mg[ KQk;kj; Q%ird; gpd; kNj; guhuh u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;.
Kjy; E}w;whz:oypUe;J mwpag]gl]l K$j;jpj;fspd; gl]oay; :

Kjy; E}w;whz:L 1. ira;ajpdh ,khk; ckh] u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%. gpd; mg]Jy; m$p!;
2k; E}w;whz:L 1. ,khk; Qrd; g!;hp/ 2. ,khk; KQk;kj; gpd; Q!;!d; i#ghdp/ 3. ,khk; khypf; gpd; md!;/ 50
7k; E}w;whz:L 1. my;yhkh ,khk; mg[y; g!;yp $khYj;jPd; KQk;kj; gpd; 51
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% Mg]hpfp kp!;hp/ 2. ,khk; i#f; #Qhg[j;jPd; RQuth]jp/ 3. fh$h KQpaj;jPd; rp!;jp m$;kPhp/ 4. ,khk; mg[y; Qrd; c$;$%j;jPd; myp gpd; KQk;kj; ,g]d; mjPh]/ 5. ,khk; n#f; mf;gh] KQpaj;jPd; KQk;kj; ,g]D mugp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;. 8k; E}w;whz:L 1. ,khk; jh$%jPd; gpd; mjhcy;yh rpfe;jhp/ 2. fh$h ep$hKj;jPd; mt;ypah kQg{ng ,yhQp/ 3. ,khk; ckh] gpd; kNj; j@g]j!hdp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k; 9k; E}w;whz:L 1. ,khk; Qhgp!; $yhYj;jPd; mg[gf;fh] mg]Jh] uQkhd; Ra{jp/ 2. ,khk; E}Uj;jPd; gpd; mQkj; kp!;hp/ 3. ,khk; KQk;kj; gpd; a{Rg] fh]kdp/ 4. ,khk; #k;RjPd; mg]Jy; ifh] KQk;kj; gpd; mg]Jh] uQkhd; rhf;tp/ 5. my;yhkh ,khk; ra;aj; #hP@g] myp gpd; KQk;kj; $h]khdp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;. 10k; E}w;whz:L 1. ,khk; #Qhg[j;jPd; mg[ gf;h] mQkj; gpd; KQk;kj; fhjpg] fp!;jyhdp/ 2. ,khk; KQk;kj; #h]gpdp/ 3. my;yhkh i#f; KQk;kj; jhQph] KQj;jpj; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW 11k; E}w;whz:L 1. ,khk; myp gpd; Ry;jhd; fhhp/ 2. ,khk; n#f; mQkj; rh] Qpe;jp K$j;jpnj my;g] jhdp/ 3. Ry;jhDy; Mhp@gPd; ,khk; KQk;kj; ghQP u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;. 12k; E}w;whz:L 1. my;yhkh kt;yhdh ,khk; mg[y; Q!d; KQk;kj; gpd; mg]Jy; Qhjp rpe;jp/ 2. ,khk; mg]Jy; fdp jhg]yp!p/ 3. i#f; mQkj; Ky;yh $ptd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh. 13k; E}w;whz:L 1. ,khk; mg]Jy; myp yf;ndhtp/ 2. ,khk; n#f; mQkj; rhjp khypfp/ 3. my;yhkh ,khk; mQkj; gpd; ,!;khaPy; jQ;jhtp(Tahtaawi)/ 4. my;yhkh #h mg]Jy; m$p!; K$j;jpnj bjQ;ytp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh. 14k; E}w;whz:L 1. ,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj;/ fh (Qa)kpna gpj;mj;/ K$j;jpnj M$k;/ Myh Q$;uj;/ m#; #h ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%.
kf;fh Kfh]ukh cykhf;fshy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpf;F tH|;fg]gl]l gl]l bgah]fs;
1. cykhf;fspd; fz:fSf;F Fsph]r;rpahdth]. 2. md;gpw;Fhpath] my;yhQ;tpdhy; Vw;Wf; bfhs;sg]gl]l 53
52
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% moikfspy; xUth]. 3. kpfr;rpwe;j ,!;yhkpa Muha;r;rpahsh]fspd; Kj;jpiu. 4. cykhf;fis tHp elj;jpr; bry;Yk; jiyth]. 5. ,e;j E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj;.
Mjhuk;my;gt[rJy; kf;fpa;ah/ Qp!;!hKy; Quikd;/mj;jt[yJy; kf;fpa;ah.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW mth] Md;kPfj;jpy; mQkj; gpd; Qk;ghy; kw;Wk; i#f; mg]Jy; fhjph] $Pyhdp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh nghd;wth]. mth] ,khk; mg[ QdP@gh kw;Wk; ,khk; mg[ a{Rg] u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh nghd;W cs;nehf;F ghh]itiaf; bfhz:lth]. mth] brhd;d jj;Jtbky;yhk; ,khk; uh!p kw;Wk; ,khk; f!;!hyp u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%kh nghd;nwhhpd; jj;JtkhFk;. ijhpakhd K$j;jpj; my@g] jhdp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% nghd;Wk;/ cz:ikia epiyehl]Ltjpy; kd;Nh] Qy;yh$; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% nghd;wtuhthh]. ek;gpf;if ,y;yhnjhiu rfpj;Jf; bfhs;skhl]lhh]. my;yhQ;tpd; moikfSf;F md;g[k;/ fUiza[k; brYj;Jgth] kw;Wk; g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yik nerpg]gth]. vdf; TWfpwhh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ tQhgpfshd ,!;yhkpa Jnuhfpfsplk; gyKiw jdpahfr; brd;W mth]fSila F@g]uhd vz:z|]fSf;Fk;/ brhw;fSf;Fk;/ vGj;Jf;fSf;Fk; tpsf;fk; Twp jt;gh (kd;dpg]g[ nfhUjy;) bra;a[khW Twpdhh]. Mdhy; me;j tHpbfl]lth]fs; j|;fSila F@g]uhd bray;fSf;F rw;Wk; kdtUe;jhky; nkYk; nkYk; F@g]uhd fhhpa|;fis bra;J bfhz:oUe;jikahy;/ ,!;yhj;ij fhg]ghw;Wk; nehf;fpy; gj;thna jf;@gPh] vd;Dk; F@g]h] gj;thia tQhgpfs; kPJ ,l]lhh]fs;. ,jpy; m#;ug] myp jhdtp/ u#Pj; mQkj; f|;nfhQp/ fyPy; mQkj; mk;ngl]tp nghd;w jg]yPf; $khj;ij nrh]e;jth]fSk; kw;Wk; gyUk; Mshapdh]. ,e;j fh@gph]fspd; (tQhgpfspd;) bfhs;if bfl]l fUj;Jf;fSf;F Mjhukhf xU rpy khjphpfis ghh]g]nghk;. 1. kiwthd Zhdk; vd;gJ mwptpd; xU gFjpjhd;/ egpfs; (!y;) bfhz:oUf;Fk; kiwthd Zhdj;jpy; vd;d rpwg]g[ ,Uf;fpwJ> ,e;j khjphp Zhdj;ij ML/ khL/ fGij/ rpW FHe;ijfs;/ Vd; igj;jpaf;fhuh]fs; kw;Wk; vy;yh tpy|;FfSk; bgw;wpUf;fpd;wd. 55
kjPdh Kdt;tuh cykhf;fshy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpf;F tH|;fg]gl]l gl]l bgah]fs;
1. ,khk;fspd; jiyth]. 2. kiwthd Zhdj;ij (,y;nk ifg]) mwpa[k; jiyth]. 3. Kd;dhs; brd;w kw;Wk; tuf; Toa cykhf;fspd; bgUkpjk;. 4. ,e;j ck;kj;jpd; K$j;jpj;. 5. ,!;yhkpa ePjp tH|]Fk; ePjpgjpfSf;bfy;yhk; ePjpgjp. 6. QjPJ Muha;r;rpahsh]fSf;bfy;yhk; jiyth]. 7. gpj;mj;ij xHpj;J/ Rd;dj;ij gw;wpf; bfhs;gth]. 8. ,e;j E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj;.
Mjhuk;my;gt[rJy; kf;fpa;ah/ Qp!;!hKy; Quikd;/mj;jt[yJy; kf;fpa;ah.
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; $pQhj;(nghuhl]lk;)

egpfs; ehafk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; fz:zpaj;ija[k;/ khpahijiaa[k; Fiwf;Fk; tifapy; bray;gLnthh]f;F vjpuhf Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jdJ thH;ehs; KGtJk; $pQhj; bra;jhh]fs;. ePjpgjp my;yhkh K@g]jp ira;aj; R$hj; myp fhjphp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% ( #hpmj; nfhh]l]/ ghfp!;jhd; muR) Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp gw;wpf; TWifapy; / 54
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% Qpg]Ry; <khd; ( krhQpUy; gjpg]gfk;)/ gf;fk; 6 Mrphpah] m#;ug] myp jhdtp
2. egpkhh]fs; midtUk; ck;kj;Jf;fis fhl]oYk; mwptpy; kl]Lk; rpwe;jth]fs;. ey;y bray;fspy; rpy rkak; ck;kj;Jf;fs; egpkhh]fSf;F rkkhft[k;/ rpy rka|;fspy; egpkhh]fis tpl rpwe;Jk; tps|;Fthh]fs;. - jQ$PUd; eh!;/ gf;fk; 5/ - gjpg]gfk; - kf;jgh ig$; e$;j; $hkp k!;$pj;/ njt;ge;j;. c.gp. - Mrphpah] fhrpk; ehndhj;tp 3. uQ;kj;Jy;-ypy;-MykPd; vd;w thh]j;ijahdJ/ uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fSf;F kl]Lk; rpwg]ghf Fwpg]gJ my;y. kw;w egpkhh]fSf;Fk;/ ZhdpfSf;Fk;/ cykhf;fSf;Fk;/ ,d;Dk; tuf;Toath]fSf;Fk; bghUe;Jk;. - gj;thna u#Pjpah/ ghfk; 2/ gf;fk; 12/ - gjpg]gfk; - kf;jgh u#Pjpah $hkp k!;$pj;/ bly;yp. nkYk; tQhgpfspd; g[j;jf|;fis gof;Fk; nghJ ,d;Dk; nftykhd thh]j;ijfshYk;/ bfhs;iffshYk; <khdpw;F vg]ngw;gl]l ehrj;ij bra;fpwhh]fs; vd;gJ bjhpatUk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; ,g]ngw;gl]l tQhgpfspd; <khd; bfl]l bfhs;iffspypUe;J cyf K!;ypk;fs; jw;fhj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz:Lk; vdt[k;/ tQhgpfshd ,th]fis gpd; bjhlh]gth]fspypUe;J <khid ghJfhj;J bfhs;Sk; go vr;rhpf;fpd;whh]fs;. (Fwpg]g[ - jg]yPf; $khj;/ $khj;nj ,!;yhkp Qpe;j;- gP!;/ jKKf/ jehj$/ ggpM,/ fhjpahdp/ knekf/ ,d;Dk; gy Tl]l|;fs; tQhgpfspd; bfhs;iffis KGf;f KGf;f gpd; bjhlUgth]fs;) 56
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; xg]gw;w mwpt[

xU Kiw Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; gpypgpl] #hP@gpy; j|;f neh]e;jJ. mg]nghJ cTJy; mh]ah (Uqoodul Arya) vd;w g[j;jfj;ij gog]gjw;F th|;fpdhh]fs;. g[j;jfj;ij gog]gjw;F bfhLj;jth; xnu xU g[j;jfkhf ,Ug]gjhy; kPz:Lk; jpUg]gp jUkhWk;/ @gj;thf;fis tH|;Ftjw;F ,e;jg] g[j;jfk;jhd; Mjhukhf gad;gLfpwJ vd;Wk; Twpdhh]. md;W ,unt fpsk;g ntz:oa Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp xUthpd; miHg]ig Vw;W kw;bwhU ,ut[ j|;f neh]e;jJ. me;j ,utpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp KGg] g[j;jfj;ija[k; goj;J Koj;jhh]fs;. mLj;j ehs; fhiyapy; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp g[wg]gl]L bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. KQj;jpn! Nuj; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpaplk; ja|;fpathnw g[j;jfj;ij jpUg]gpj; jUkhW nfl]lhh]fs;. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp rphpj;Jf; bfhz:nl jhd; goj;J Koj;jjhft[k;/ ,dp jd;Dld; vLj;J bry;tjw;F njita[kpy;iy vd;whh]fs;. ,ijf; nfl]lt[ld; KQj;jpn! Nuj; u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% Mr;rhpaj;Jld;/ gy ghf|;fisf; bfhz:l g[j;jfj;ij xU ,utpy; vg]go goj;jPh]fs;> vd;whh]. ,d;#h my;yhQ;/ mLj;j 3 khjj;jpw;F ,e;jg] g[j;jfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; thf;fpa|;fis kwf;f khl]nld;. ,d;#h my;yhQ;/ ,e;jg] g[j;jfj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fis vd; thH;ehs; KGtJk; kwf;f khl]nld;. ,e;jg] g[j;jfj;jpy; cs;slf;fk; gw;wpa ciu ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jJ/ mij ehd; c|;fSf;fhf 57
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% jahh]gLj;jpapUf;fpnwd; vd gjpyspj;jhh] Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp. Qh@gpRy; Fh]Md; #hP@g] xUth] Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F fojk; vGjpajpy; jh|;fs; Qh@gp!; ,y;iyna vdf; Fwpg]gpl]L ,Ue;jhh]. mijf; fz:l Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kdk; tUe;jpdhh]/ Qh@gp!hf ntz:Lk; vd;W Kot[ bra;jhh]fs;. xYr; bra;Jtpl]L $khj; TLk; tiu ,Uf;Fk; neuj;jpy; Q$;uj; my;yhkh rJh]#; #hpaj; u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% kdg]ghlkhf xU rpghuh ($P!;) Xj/ Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp ftdKld; nfl]ghh]fs;. gpwF Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp ftdKld; nfl]lij kdjpy; epWj;jp juhtpQ; bjhGifapy; ,khkj; bra;thh]fs;. ,g]gona 30 ehl]fs; ele;jJ. uk;$hd; khj ,Wjp ehspy; ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp Qh@gpRy; Fh]Md; Mf khwpdhh]fs;!
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW bghHpe;jhh]fs;. xU ViH FLk;gj;ij rhh]e;jth]/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis jd; tPl]ow;F miHj;jhh]. $g]Uj;jPd; gPQhhp u$pay;yhQPmd;QPt[k; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSld; brd;whh]fs;. miHg]g[ tpLj;j me;j egh] jdJ tWikapd; nfhug]gpoapYk; rpy buhl]oj;Jz:Lfisa[k;/ rpwpJ khl]L ,iwr;rpiaa[k; rhg]gpLtjw;F itj;jhh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; clk;gpw;F khl]oiwr;rp xj;Jf;bfhs;shJ vd;w nghjpYk; ViHapd; re;njh#j;jpw;fhf JMit Xjp rhg]gpl]lhh]fs;. me;j JMit Xjpdhy;/ rhg]gpLk; bghUshy; jP|;F Vw;gLtjpy;iy vd;W $g]Uj;jPd; gPQhhp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%tplk; Twpdhh]fs;. rpwpJ neuk; fHpj;J czt[ cz:l gpd; fpsk;g[k; ntiyapy;/ ,e;j tWikapy; Vd; eP|;fs; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis miHj;J f#;lg]gl ntz:Lk;> vd $g]Uj;jPd; gPQhhp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% tpdtpdhh]. mjw;F me;j ViH egh] kpf;f ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; re;njh#j;Jld; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; tUifapdhy; my;yhQ; vd; tPl]ow;F guf;fj;Jk;/ mUSk; g[hpthd; vd;whh]. xU Kiw xU rpd;dg] igad; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; tPl]ow;F brd;W/ jd;Dila tPl]ow;F tUkhW miHj;jhd;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp bry;ykhf c|;fs; tPl;ow;F te;jhy; vd;d jUtPh]fs;> vdf; nfl]lhh]. me;j rpd;dg]igad; jdJ Fh]jhtpd; moapy; cs;s Kor;Rfis mtpH;j;J rpy gUg]iga[k;/ kpsfha;fisa[k; fhl]oj; jUfpnwd; vd;whd;. ey;yJ! ehis tUfpnwd; vd;whh] Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ mLj;j ehs; fhiyapy; me;j rpd;dg] igad; tPl]ow;F Qh$p fp@ghaj;Jy;yh u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% mth]fSld; nrh]e;J Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp brd;whh]fs;. tPl]ow;Fs; EiHe;jJk; mtUld; te;jth] brhd;dhh]/ ,J ,irf; fiyZdpd; tPL. me;jr; rpd;d igad; iffis 59
Mrph]tjpf;fg]gl]l Fzeyd;fs; md;g[ brYj;JtJk; my;yhQ;tpw;fhf! nfhgg]gLtJk; my;yhQ;tpw;fhf!

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp cs; xd;W/ g[wk; xd;W ,y;yhky; vg]bghGJk; xnu khjphpahfj;jhd; ,Ug]ghh]fs;. #hpmj;nj K!;jgh !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; vd tUk; nghJ/ ve;j neuj;jpYk; #hpmj;jpw;F vjpuhf xU thh]j;ij Tl brhy;y khl;lhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ ey;y K!;ypkpd; kdk; g[z:gLj;Jk; go ele;J bfhz:ljpy;iy. twpath]fs; kPJk;/ mdhijfs; kPJk; msg]gwpa md;ig 58
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% fGtpf; bfhz:L ,Ue;jhd;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp igaid nehf;fp cd; mg]gh v|;nf> vd;d bra;fpwhh]> vdf; nfl]Lf; bfhz:oUf;f gh]jhtpw;F gpd; gf;fkhf igadpd; jhahh] brhd;dyhdhh]fs;/ Q%$%h]! vd; fzth] ,we;J tpl]lhh]. ,wf;Fk; ntisapy; mth] kd;dpg]g[ njodhh]. vdf;F Mjuthf ,e;j igad;jhd; cs;shd; vd;whh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp guf;fj;jpw;fhf ntz:o clnd Jth bra;jhh]fs;. gpd; rhg]gpl]L tpl]L me;jg] igadpd; miHg]ig kdjhuhf Vw;Wf; bfhz:nld; vd;W Twp tpilg] bgw;whh]fs;.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW mQ;ny Rd;dj; ty; $khj;ij rhh]e;j cykhf;fis gw;wp Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ,e;j cykhf;fs;/ ve;jg] gyDk; juhj CUf;Fs; EiHe;jhy; ,th]fsJ tUifahy;/ me;j Ch] gydspf;f Toajhf khwptpLk;. ,e;j cykhf;fs;/ me;j Ciu tpl]L te;Jtpl]lhy; kWgoa[k; gydspf;f ,ayhj Cuhf khwptpLk; vd;W TWfpwhh]fs;. Q$;uj; kQjp Qrd; gufhjp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% jhk; fz:l mDgtj;ij gpd;tUkhW TWfpwhh]fs;/ ehd; gnuy;tp #hP@g]gpw;F xU Kiw brd;nwd;. Q%$%h] Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fns vGe;J brd;W/ vdf;F czt[ bfhz:L te;jhh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fns vd; iffis fGtp tpl]lhh]. mg]bghGJ vd; ifapy; mzpe;jpUe;j tisaj;ija[k;/ nkhjpuj;ija[k; nfl;lhh]fs;. j|;fj;jpyhd me;j mzpfyd;fis cldoahf mth]fsplk; bfhLj;J tpl]nld;. gpwF ehd; gk;gha;f;F brd;W tpl]nld;. ntiy Koe;j gpwF ehd; kQ;uuh #hP@g]gpy; cs;s vd; tPl]ow;F brd;nwd;. vd; kfs; vd;dplk; xU ghh]riy ePl]o/ ,J gnuy;tpapy; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ vd;whs;. mij ehd; jpwe;J ghh]j;j nghJ/ mjpy; me;j j|;f nkhjpuKk;/ tisaKk; ,Ue;jJ. mjDld; xU Jz:L rPl]oy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ,e;jg] ghpR c|;fs; kfSf;F vd;W vGjpapUe;jhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; khpahijiaa[k;/ mwpita[k; ghh]j;J tpae;J epd;nwd;! bghpath]fsplj;jpy; mth] fhl]Lk; md;iga[k;/ mnj rkaj;jpy; #hpmj; ngqtjpy; khh]f;fj;jpy; mDkjpf;fhjij jLj;J/ ey;yij gpd;gw;wr; brhy;Yk; mtuJ gf;Ftk; vd;id kpft[k; fth]e;jJ.
jhapd; brhw;fSf;F fPH;gojy;

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; je;ijapd; ,wg]gpw;F gpd;/ je;ijapd; KGr; brhj;JfSf;Fk; chpikahsh; Mdhh] Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp/ ,Ug]gpDk; jk; jhapd; mDkjp ,y;yhky; jkJ epy|;fspypUe;J tUk; tUthia bryt[ bra;jJ ,y;iy. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jkJ tpUg]gg]go VjhtJ g[j;jfk; gog]gjw;F th|]f ntz:Lk; vd;whYk; jhapd; mDkjpapy;yhky; th|;f khl]lhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; jkJ kdjpd; Mirahd ut;$h-na md;thh]/ ira;ajpdh uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fis fhzr; brd;w nghJk; Kjypy; jkJ jhahhplj;jpy; jhd; mDkjpiaf; nfl]lhh]fs;. mjw;F mtuJ jhahh] gp!;kpy;yhQp Fjh Qh@gp!; vd;W Twp mDkjpaspj;jhh]fs;.
cykhf;fSf;F khpahij brYj;Jjy;

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; mQ;ny Rd;dj; ty; $khj;ij rhh]e;j cykhf;fis fz:lhy; mth]fsplk; kpf;f md;g[k;/ khpahijiaa[k; brYj;Jthh]fs;. 60
k!;$pJf;F khpahij
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp k!;$pjpy; ( gs;spthry;) ,jpfh@g] ,Ue;jhh]fs;. mJ xU gdpf;Fsph] fhy 61
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% ,ut[/ rpwpJ kiHa[k; mikjpahf bga;J bfhz:oUe;jJ. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp xSr;bra;a epidj;jhh]. k!;$pJDila jiu <ukhff; TlhJ vd;W epidj;jthW/ jdJ nghh]itia ehd;fhf koj;J/ jhd; xSr;bra;a[k; ,lj;jpy; nghl]Ltpl;L/ xSr;bra;a Muk;gpj;jhh]. xStpdhy; btspnaWk; jz:zPiu me;jg] nghh]it ,Gj;Jf; bfhz:lJ. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp xU brhl]Lj; jz:zPuhYk; k!;$pij <ukhf;ftpy;iy. me;j ,ut[ KGtJk; jdJ nghh]itapd;wp Fspuhy; eLeL|;fp bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW FHe;ijfis kfpH;tpg]ghh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F nguf;FHe;ijfs; gpwe;j kfpH;r;rpapy; kju!h kd;!nu ,!;yhk; khzth]fis vy;yhk; miHj;J tpUe;J gilj;jhh]fs;. tpUe;J gilf;Fk; Kd; mtuth]fSf;F vd;d gpof;Fk; vd;W nfl]L/ bg|;fhyp khzth]fSf;F kPDk; mhprpa[k;/ gPfhh] khzth]fSf;F @gPh]dp/ $h]jh/ gphpahzpa[k;/ gZ;rhgp kw;Wk; kw;w khzth]fSf;F Ml]oiwr;rpiaa[k; mspj;J tpUe;Jg] gilj;jhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp FHe;ijfis kpft[k; nerpj;jhh]fs;. jd;idr; Rw;wp FHe;ijfs; ,Ug]gJ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F gpof;Fk;. FHe;ijfis vg]bghGJk; jpl]oajpy;iy/ FHe;ijfs; jtW bra;jhh]fs; vdpy; mUfpdpy; miHj;J bra;j jtiw g[hpa itj;J/ neh] tHpapdpy; elj;Jthh]fs;. rpW FHe;ijfspd; xt;bthU ryhkpw;Fk; gjpy; ryhk; ciug]ghh]fs;.
Qh$pkhh]fSf;F khpahij
Q$;i$ btw;wpf;fukhf Koj;Jtpl]L jhafk; jpUk;gp tUk; Qh$pkhh]fis fhqtjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kpFe;j Mh]tj;Jld; ,Ug]ghh]fs;. Qh$pkhh]fisf; fz:lJk;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kpf;f Mh]tkhf kjPdh ja;apgh brd;W g[dpj egpfshh] KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fspd; k$hh] #hP@g]ig $pahuj; bra;jPh]fsh> vd Kjypy; nfl]ghh]fs;. Qh$pkhh]fs; Mk; vd;W gjpy; brhd;dhh]fshdhy; clndna Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ Qh$pkhh]fspd; ghj|;fis jd;Dila Mrph]tjpf;fg]gl]l cjLfshy; Kj;jkpLthh]fs;. Qh$pkhh]fs; ,y;iy vd;W khw;wkhf gjpyspj;jhh]fs; vdpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kdf;f#;lkile;jth]fshf Kfj;ij jpUg]gpf; bfhz:L/ ngr;ir Koj;Jf; bfhz:L jpUk;gp tpLthh]fs;.
Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQpmth]fspd; rpy mHfpa gHf;f tHf;f|;fs;

1. QjP!;fis itf;Fk; g[j;jf ,lj;jpy; ntW g[j;jf|;fis itf;fkhl;lhh]fs;. QjPJ g[j;jfk; kPJ ntW ve;j rhjhuz g[j;jfj;ija[k; itf;f khl]lhh]fs;. 2. QjP!;fis tpsf;fp brhy;ypf; bfhz:oUf;Fk; ntisapy; ahuhtJ ,ilapy; njitapy;yhky; ngrpdhy;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpf;F gpof;fhJ. 3. mth] fhy; nky; fhy; nghl]Lf; bfhz:L cl;fhu khl]lhh]fs;. ,uz:L Kl]ofisa[k; nrh]j;J itj;Jf; bfhz:nl cl]fhUthh]fs;. 4. kPyhJd; egp !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; tpHhf;fspy; j#Q%j; epiyikapy; jhd; 63
FHe;ijfsplk; md;g[
kju!htpy; gof;Fk; FHe;ijfs;/ jj;jkJ Ch]fs; bjhiytpy; ,Ug]gjhy; <j; gz:oiffis kju!htpnyna bfhz:lhLthh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp xt;bthU FHe;ijfisa[k; j|;fs; tPl]Lf;FHe;ijfs; nghy; fUjp mth]fSld; nrh]e;J kpf;f kfpH;r;rpahf ,Ug]ghh]fs;. nkYk; vy;nyhUf;Fk; <jp ( gz:oif fhR) tH|;fp/ 62
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% cl]fhUth]fs;. 5 my;yJ 6 kzp neuk; MdhYk; rhpna! 5. ghlk; brhy;ypj;jUk; ntisapy; thapy; btw;wpiy bkd;d khl]lhh]fs;. 6. KQk;kj; vd;w bgaiu nfl]lJk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; vdf; Twp fl]il tpuy; ef|;fis xj;jpf; bfhs;thh]fs;. 7. vg]bghGJk; rj;jkhf rphpj;jjpy;iy. 8. KQk;kj; vd;w mugp vGj;Jf;fs; totpy;jhd; vg]nghJk; J}|;Fthh]fs;. 9. fpg]yhit(fhghit) Kd;ndhf;fp fhy; ePl]oaJk;/ Jg]gpaJk; ,y;iy. 10. ve;j ntiyiaa[k; tyJ g[wj;jpypUe;J jhd; bra;J Kog]ghh]fs;.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW tUntd;. vd;Dila gPnuhKh]#pj;/ ra;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp vd;id tpLjiy bra;tjhf thf;fspj;Js;shh]fs;. epr;rakhf mth]fs; vd;id tpLjiy bra;thh]fs;. vd ek;gpf;ifa[ld; Twpdhh]. ehis fhiy J}f;Fjz:lid vdpy; mjd; ,ut[/ mk;$j; myp mthpd; jhahh] kpFe;j tUj;jj;njhL jd; kfid fhzr; brd;whh]fs;. mk;$j; myp jd; jhahiu nehf;fp ehd; vd;Dila gPnuhKh]#pjpd; thh]j;ijapy; ek;gpf;if itj;Js;nsd;. mjdhy; eP|;fs; mH ntz:lhk;/ tPl]ow;F bry;Y|;fs;. ,d;#h my;yhQ;! ehis fhiy c|;fSld; nrh]e;J tPl]oy; rpw;Wz;oia rhg]gpLntd;. vd;W Twp jk; jhahiu mDg]gp itj;jhh]. mLj;j ehs; fhiy J}f;Fjz:lid mspf;Fk; neuk; beU|;fpaJ. mk;$j; myp mth]fspd; fGj;jpy; fapW ,lg]gl]lJ. mk;$j; myp mth]fsplk; filrp Mir VjhtJ ,Uf;fpwjh> vdf; nfs;tp nfl]fg]gl]lJ. mjw;F mth] kpft[k; mikjpahf/ brhy;tjw;F vJt[kpy;iy/ vd;Dila filrp neuk; ,d;Dk; tutpy;iy. vd;whh]. J}f;fpypLtjw;F mjpfhhpfs; behofis vz:zpf; bfhz:oUe;jdh]. mr;rkak; kw;bwhU mjpfhhp/ uhzp vyprbgj;jplk; ,Ue;J te;Js;s je;jpia vLj;Jf; bfhz:L Xo te;jhh]. me;j je;jpapy; vyprbgj; uhzp jdJ kfpH;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf rpy rpiwifjpfis tpLjiy bra;tjhf mwptpg]g[ ,Ue;jJ. me;j gl;oaypy; mk;$j; mypapd; bgaUk; ,Ue;jJ! mk;$j; myp jd; jhahUf;F brhy;yp mDg]gpaJ nghy; fhiy czt[f;F jdJ tPl;ow;F brd;wile;jhh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; fuhkj;ij ghU|;fs;! mk;$j; mypapw;fhf/ kw;w rpiwifjpfisa[k; tpLjiyr; bra;a itj;jJ! 65
fuhkj;Jfs; KhPij tpLjiyahf;fpdhh]

gnrhhp vd;w Ciur; nrh]e;j $dhg] mk;$j; myp/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; KhPjhthh]. xUKiw mk;$j; myp jd;Dila hpthy;tiu vLj;Jf; bfhz:L ntl]ilahl brd;w nghJ/ jw;brayhf Jg]ghf;fp Fz:L btspnawp tHpapy; brd;w xUtiu jhf;fp Mgj;jpw;Fs;shfpaJ. Fz:log]gl]lth] ,we;J nghdjhy;/ mk;$j; myp kPJ nghyprhh] bfhiy tHf;fpy; gjpt[ bra;J J}f;F jz:lid fpilf;FkhW jPh]g]igg] bgw;W rpiwapy; milj;jdh]. J}f;F jz:lid bgWtjw;F rpy ehl]fns vZ;rpa[s;s epiyapy;/ mk;$j; myp mth]fspd; FLk;gj;jhh]fs; mtiuf; fhz ftiya[ld; rpiwr;rhiy brd;W fjwp mGjdh]. jk; FLk;gj;jhiu nehf;fp mk;$j; myp mth]fs;/ ahUk; mH ntz:lhk;/ tPl]ow;F bry;Y|;fs;. vdf;F J}f;F jz:lid mspg]gjhf Twpa ehspy; ,d;#h! my;yhQ; ehd; tPl]ow;F 64
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW cwt[Kiwiaa[k; jtwhf g[hpe;J bfhz:lth]fSk; ,Ue;jdh]. jd;Dila ez:gd; jtwhd tHpapy; ,Ug]gij fz:l \hPj; xUth]/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk; miHj;Jf bfhz:L brd;why; jk; ez:gd; neh]tHpia milthd; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy;/ jtwhd bfhs;if bfhz:l ez:gid miHj;Jr; brd;whh]. bry;Yk; tHpapy; rpy ,dpg]g[fis jtwhd bfhs;if bfhz:ltd; th|;fp bfhz:lhd;. ,UtUkhf nrh]e;J Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; g[dpj tPl]oy; mkh]e;jdh]. ,d;bdhU KhPjhdth] rpy ,dpg]g[fis bfhz:L te;J vy;nyhUf;Fk; gfph]e;Jf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]. tHf;fkhf Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; Kd;dpiyapy; jho itj;jpUg]gth]fSf;F ,uz:L g|;Fk;/ jho ,y;yhjth]fSf;F/ FHe;ijfshapDk; xU g|;F vd;W fzf;F ,Ue;jJ. vy;nyhUf;Fk; ,dpg]ig tH|;ff;Toa KhPj;/ jtwhd bfhs;ifa[ila egh] te;jJk;/ me;egUf;F Kfj;jpy; jho ,y;yhjjhy;/ mtUf;F xU g|;F ,dpg]ig mspj;jhh]. ,jidf; fz:l Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp me;j egUf;F ,uz:L g|;if tH|;fr; brhd;dhh]fs;. mjw;F KhPj; Q%$%h]! ,tUf;F jhoapy;iy mjdhy; xU g|;F jhnd! vdf; Twpdhh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mtUf;F ,uz:L g|;if tH|;F|;fs;/ Vbddpy; mth] ,uz:L g|;if mila Mirg]gLfpwhh] vdf; Twpdhh]fs;. ,ijf; nfl]lJk; jtwhd bfhs;ifa[ila me;j kdpjd;/ kdjpy; cs;stw;iw mwpa[k; Zhdpapd; xg]gw;w Mw;wiyf; fz:L/ kd;dpg]g[f;nfhhp! Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; KhPjhdhh].
,we;j FHe;ijia caph]g]gpj;jhh]

xU bgz: mGJ bfhz:nl Xo te;J Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk;/ c|;fspd; Jththy; vdf;F Mz: FHe;ij gpwe;jJ vd;W Zhgfg]gLj;jp/ ,g]nghJ mf;FHe;ij vd;id tpl]L gphpe;J brd;W tpl]lJ. vd;dhy; ,e;j nghpHg]ig jh|;f Koatpy;iy vd;W fjwp mGJ/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk; mf;FHe;ijia jpUg]gpj; jUkhW Twp ntz:o epd;whs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp me;j bgz:kzpapd; tPl]ow;F brd;whh]fs;. FHe;ij fl]oypy; fple;jthW mjd; nky; Jzpahy; \lg]gl]oUg]gij fz:lhh]fs;. mf;FHe;ijapd; jha; fjwpathW kPz:Lk; kPz:Lk; FHe;ijia jpUg]gpj; jUkhW Twpf; bfhz:oUe;jhs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp; miyQp FHe;ijapd; kPJ \lg]gl]oUe;j Jzpia mfw;wp/ jd;Dila Mrph]tjpf;fg]gl]l ifia FHe;ijapd; fz:fspy; kPJ itj;J fl]lisapl]lthW kfnd! vGe;jpL! cd; jha; brhy;tij ftdp vd;W Twpf; bfhz:oUf;Fk; ntisapy; cldoahf FHe;ij mHj; bjhl|;fpaJ! me;j tPl]oy; Rw;wp epd;Wf; bfhz:oUe;jth]fs; vy;yhk; Mr]rhpaj;jpy; tpae;J epd;wdh]. vy;nyhUk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F ed;wpia bjhptpj;jdh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mikjpahf rphpj;Jf; bfhz;lthnu ehd; xd;Wk; bra;atpy;iy/ FHe;ij MH;e;j J}f;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. ehd; bra;jJ vy;yhk; FHe;ijia vGg]gpaJ kl;Lk; jhd; vd;whh]fs;.
kdjpy; cs;sij mwpe;jhh]

gnuy;tp mt]ypahf;fisa[k;/ #hP@g]gpy; cykhf;fisa[k;/ gPnuhKh]#pj; (FU)/ \hPj; (rPld;) 66
67
tQhgpfspd; ghh]itapy; ,khk; mQkj; u$h u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%

1. ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% mth]fspd; mwpita[k;/ epiyiaa[k; fz:L/ vd; kdjpy; kpf;f khpahijia bfhz:Ls;nsd;. jPDila mwptpd;ghy; kpf;f cs;nehf;F ghh]ita[ilath]. ,d;Dk; ,tUila vjphpfs; ,tUila mwptpd; fhuzkhf/ ,thpd; fUj;Jf;fis Vw;ff; Toa fl]lhaj;jpy; js;sg]gLfpd;wdh]. - mg[y; cyh kt;J}jp 2. vd; kdjpy; ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% mth]fisg] gw;wp kpf;f khpahijiaf; bfhz:Ls;nsd;. ,th] v|;fis fh@gph] vd;W miHf;fpwhh]. ,th] ,g]go v|;fis brhy;tbjy;yhk; uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk; md;gpdhy; kl]Lnkad;wp ntW ve;j fhuzKk; fpilahJ. - m#;ug] myp jhdtp. 3. fle;J tpl]l mQkj; u$h fhd; u!pay;yhQ%md;Q% jd;Dila fhyj;jpy; nguwpthsdhf tps|;fpdhh]. ,tUila xt;bthU @gj;tht[k; vjpuhd thjj;jpw;F ey;y Mjhukhf mika[k;. nkYk; gog]gjw;F jFjpahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. - KaPDj;jPd; ej;tp
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10. 11.
12. 13. 14.
md;whl cyf thH;f;ifapd; kiwtpw;F Kd; tH|;fpa filrp mwpt[iufs;

1. vd;Dila Md;kh/ vd; cliy tpl]L g[wg]gLk; neuj;jpy;/ vd; mUfpy; ve;j tpj capUs;sitfspd; cUtg]gl|;fs; vJt[k; ,Uf;fTlhJ. 68
15.
Nuh ahrpida[k;/ Nuh uhj;ija[k; mjpfkhf goa[|;fs;. j+j; #hP@g]ig mjpfkjpfkhf XJ|;fs;. mGgth]fis vd; gf;fj;jpypUe;J J}ukhf ita[|;fs;. Rd;dj;JfSf;nfw;wthW vd;id Fspg]ghl]L|;fs;. kt;yhd Qhkpj; u$h my;yJ my;yhkh mk;$j; myp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh vdJ $dhrh bjhGifia bjhH itf;f ntz:Lk;. vd;Dila $dhrhit jhkjg]gLj;jhjPh]fs;. vd;Dila $dhrhit J}f;Fk; nghJ/ fhgh nf gj;U J$h/ Jk; gh] fnuhnlhd; ryhk;vd;gij XJ|;fs;. vd;Dila g[fiHg] gw;wp vJt[k; gof;fhjPh]fs;. vd;id kpft[k; nyrhf vd;Dila kz:ziwapy; ita[|;fs;. vd;Dila fg]iu vd;Dila cauj;jpw;F Vw;wthW MHg]gLj;J|;fs;. Vbddpy; uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; vd; fg]hpy; tUk; nghJ/ khpahij epkph]j;jk; fhuzkhf/ ehd; mth]fSf;fhf epd;W ryhk; gof;f ntz:Lk;. vd;Dila f@gd; JzpahdJ Rd;dj;jpw;nfw;wthW ,Uf;f ntz:Lk;. vd;Dila @ghj;jpQhtpy; itj;J Xjg]gLk; czthdJ/ ViHfSf;F fz:og]ghf bfhLf;fg]gl ntz:Lk;. Qhkpj; u$h vd;Dilatw;wpy; cs;sij rhpghjpahf rpd;dtUf;F ( Q%$%h] K@g]jp M$k; Qpe;j;) u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh mth]fSf;F fz:og]ghf bfhLf;f ntz:Lk;. ,y;iybad;why; vd; Md;kh rhe;jpailahJ. eP|;fs; vy;nyhUk; fz:og]ghf jPdpy; epiyj;J epy;Y|;fs;/ #hpmj;jpd; ghijia tpl]LtplhjPh]fs;. ehd; ve;j jPdpy; gpd;gw;wp ,Ue;njndh mjpy; eP|;fs; epiyj;J epy;Y|;fs;. 69
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW fhj;Jf; bfhz:oUf;fpwPh]fs;> vd;W tpdt/ mjw;F g[dpj egpfshh] mQkj; u$h fhd; vd;W Tw/ me;j ,iwnerh] mQkj; u$h fhd; vd;gth] ahh]> vd kPz:Lk; nfl]f/ uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fs; gnuy;tpapypUe;J tUk; Mypk; vd gjpyspj;jhh]fs;. Mrph]tjpf;fg]gl]l ,iwnerh] (typa[y;yhQ])/ jd;Dila J}f;fj;jpypUe;J vGe;jt[ld; cldoahf rphpahtpypUe;J gnuy;tp #hP@g] ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh]. mth] gnuy;tp #hP@g] te;jile;j nghJ/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp cyfj;jpd; md;whl thH;f;ifapypUe;J kiwe;J ,Ue;jhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; jkJ beU|;fpath]fsplk; xU Kiw vd;Dila kiwtpd; rkak; beU|;Fk; nghJ ,e;jpah/ ,e;jpahthfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. MdhYk; ehd; bfhZ;rk; Tl kf;fhtpy; caph] gphptJ nghy; czu khl]nld;. vd;Dila Mirbay;yhk;/ <khDld; kjPdh Kdt;tuhtpy; vdJ caph] gphpa ntz:Lk;. gpwF $d;dj;Jy; gfPapy; ey;y Kiwapy; mlf;fk; Mf ntz:Lk;! vy;yhk; ty;y my;yhQ; midj;ija[k; bra;af; Toatd;! vd;W Twpdhh]fs;.
,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%tpd; kiwt[

gnuy;tp #hP@g]gpd; kpd;Dk; Nhpad;/ cykhf;fspd; fz:fspd; Fsph]r;rp/ E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj;(,!;yhj;ij cap+l]Lgth])/ jd;Dila neuj;jpd; bfsJ ehafk;/ jd;Dila neuj;jpd; ,khk; mg[ QdP@gh/ egpfs; ehafk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fspd; g{e;njhl]lj;jpypUe;J tUk; ,dpa nuh$hg]g{tpd; kzk;/ ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% mth]fs;/ $%k;khtpd; (bts;spf;fpHik) gh|;F neuk; 2.38 pm/ 25!gh]/ Qp$;hp 1340 (28th October 1921) cyfj;jpd; md;whl thH;f;ifapypUe;J kiwe;J/ thH;e;J bfhz:oUf;fpwhh]fs;. ( vd;Dila ghijapy; ,we;jth]fis/ ,we;jth]fs; vdf; TwhjPh]fs;. mth]fSf;F njitahd Mfhuj;ij ehnd mspg]gtdhf cs;nsd; jpUf;Fh]Md;) Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;/ jd;Dila kiwtpd; neuj;ij 4 khj|;fs; 20 ehl]fSf;F Kd;djhfnt fdpj;jpUe;jhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; kiwt[ neuj;jpy; rphpah ehl]il rhh]e;j typa[y;yhQ; (,iwnerh]) xUth]/ jd;Dila fdtpy; g[dpj egpfshh] KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yik igj;Jy; Kfj;j!py; fhz:fpwhh]fs;. g[dpj egpfshiu Rw;wp epiwa rQhghf;fSk;/ typkhh]fSk; cl]fhh]e;jthW fz:lhh]fs;. mth]fs; midtUk; ahnuh xUthpd; tUiff;fhf fhj;jpUe;jdh]. jd;Dila fdtpy; me;j typa[y;yhQ; (,iwnerh]) uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yik nehf;fp/ ah uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; ahUf;fhf 70
kr(z)hh] #hP@g] (mlf;f!;jyk;)

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp cyfj;jpd; md;whl thH;f;ifapypUe;J kiwe;J gnuy;tp #hP@g]/ cj;jpug]gpunjrk;/ ,e;jpahtpy; jdJ mlf;f!;jyj;ijf; bfhz:L thH;e;J tUfpwhh]fs;. rgh] 25k; ehs; c+!; jpd tpHh itgtj;jpy; cyfj;jpd; gy ghf|;fspypUe;J jpushd kf;fs; te;J fye;Jf; bfhz:L/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; Mrpiag] bgw;W bry;fpd;wdh]. typa[y;yhQ;f;fs; (,iwnerh]fs;) v|;Fk; ,Ug]ghh]fs;/ 71
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% vy;yhtw;iwa[k; ghh]g]ghh]fs;/ nfl]ghh]fs;/ cjtp bra;thh]fs;/ ek;Kila ryhkpw;F gjpy; ryhk; TWthh]fs;/ ek;ik tHp elj;Jthh]fs; ( mth]fs; bgw;w btw;wp ghijapy;) nghd;witfis ekf;F czh]j;jpa iranj Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ ,iwneruhf fhl]rpaspj;J ekf;F czh]j;jpaij bra;J bfhz:Lk; ,Uf;fpwhh]fs;.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW rl]l|;fisa[k; Muha;e;J lhf;lh] (Ph.D) gl]lk; bgw;Ws;sdh]. Muha;r;rpfs; ,d;Dk; bjhlh]e;J bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ. 6. u!h mfhlkp(,|;fpyhe;J)/ u!h mfhlkp(,e;jpah)/ u!h mfhlkp (bjd; Mg]hpf;fh)/ IARF(nfush) nghd;wtw;wpd; \yk; ,!;yhkpa tsh]r;rpg] gzpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg]gl]L kf;fs; ,d;wst[k; gadile;J tUfpd;wdh]. 7. ,e;jpa murh|;fk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; ,!;yhkpa ,iwnerj; jd;ikia tzf;fk; brYj;Jk; tpjkhf/ Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; kr(z)hh] #hP@g]ig jghy; jiyahf (Postage Stamp) btspapl]L bfsutg]gLj;jpaJ. nkYk; fr]g{$; -mfkjhghj; - m$;kPh] - gnuy;tp tiu bry;Yk; ,uapy; tz:of;F Myh Q$;uj; vf;!;gpu!: vd;W bgahpl]L bfsutg]gLj;jpa[s;sJ. ,J ,!;yhkpa khh]f;fj;jpw;F ,e;jpa murh|;fj;jhy; fpilf]fg] bgw;w bgUikia giwr]rhw;WfpwJ.
,khk; mQkj; u$h u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% mth]fshy; cyf K!;ypk;fs; mile;j ed;ikfs;

1. cyf K!;ypk;fspd; <khd;/ jtwhd bfhs;iffisa[ila <khd; bfl;l tQhgpfs;/ fhjpahdp/ njt;ge;jp jg]yPfp $khj;/ mQ;ny QjP!; kw;Wk; gy rjpfhu Fk;gy;fspd; gpoapypUe;J fhg]gw;wg]gl]lJ. 2. ,iwnerh]fspd; N@gp ghijfs;/ ,!;yhkpah]fSf;F bjspthf g[hpa itj;J/ #hpmj;nj K!;jgh !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; bjspthf czh]j;jg]gl;lJ. 3. g[dpj egpfshh] KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fis nerpg]gJ <khdpd; caph] vd;gij czh]j;j ehj; #hP@g] (egpfs; g[fH; ghkhiy) ia vGjp/ kdjpdhy; cUfp ,d;gf; fhjypy; cyf K!;ypk;fis ghl itj;J/ ,iwfhjy; Rfj;ij bgw itj;jhh]fs;. 4. 25f;Fk; nkw;gl]l gy;fiyf;fHf|;fs; (my;m$hh] a[dpth]rpo/ ifnuh. gZ;rhg] a[dpth]rpo/ etc.,) Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; gilg]g[fis Muha;r;rp bra;J tUtJld; jj;jkJ ghlj;jpl]lj;jpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; g[j;jf|;fisa[k; nrh]j;J cyf mwptpay;/ Md;kPfk;/ ,!;yhkpar; rl]lk; Mfpatw;iw bjs;sj;bjspthf cyfpw;F giwrhw;WfpwJ. 5. ,Jtiu 21 egh]fs; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; gilg]g[fisa[k;/ Qd@gp 72
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; rpy gjpy;fs;

nfs;tp:- ,iwnerh]fspd; (typkhh]fs;) $pahuj;ij bra;a[k; nghJ vg]go Kiwahf bra;a ntz:Lk;> vd;bdd;d Fh]MDila Maj;Jf;fs; Xj ntz:Lk;> gjpy; :- g[dpj ,iwnerh]fis $pahuj; bra;a Kw;gLk; nghJ/ krh(Z)h] #hP@g]gpd; fhy;gf;fkhf cs;ns EiHtJ rpwe;jJ MFk;. Koe;jhy; krh(Z)h] #hP@g]gpypUe;J ehd;F iffs; ePsk; js;sp epw;gJk; rpwe;jJ MFk;. kpjkhd Fuypy; gpd;tUkhW ryhk; Twyhk;. m!;!yhK miyf;Fk;! ah ira;ajp! t uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp! t gufhjQ%! gpd;g[ @ghj;jpQhit 73
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% gpd;tUkhW Xjyhk;. 1. j+nj bfsrpah 3 jlit ( my;yhQ%k;kh !y;yp myh ira;ajpdh t kt;yhdh KQk;kjpk; khjpdpy; $%jp ty; fukp t miyQp t ghhpf; t !y;ypk;) 2. Nuh @ghj;jpQh 1 jlit 3. Maj;Jy; Fh]!p 1 jlit 4. Nuh ,f;yh!; 7 jlit 5. j+nj bfsrpah 7 jlit nkYk; neukpUe;jhy; Nuh ah!Pd; kw;Wk; Nuh Ky;f; Mfpatw;iw Xjp my;yhQ;tplk; gpd;tUkhW Jth nfl]fyhk;. ah my;yhQ;! ehd; Xjpajw;F ghpfhukhf/ cd;Dila btFkjpfis cd;Dila bfhil Fzj;jpw;F Vw;whw; nghy; vdf;F mspg]ghahf! vd;Dila jFjpahd braiy bghWj;J my;y. kw;Wk; cdJ btFkjpfis cd;Dila njh]e;bjLf;fg]gl]l moahh]fs; ( ek; Kd;dhy; ,Uf;Fk; ,iwnerhpd; bghUl]lhy; ) \ykhf vdf;F tH|;Fthahf! Mkpd;. gpwF moahh]fs; j|;fSf;F ntz:oa KuhJf;fis #hpmj;jpw;F fl]Lg]gl]L my;yhQ;tplk; Jth nfl]L/ ,e;j Jthit ,iwnerhpd; t!Pyhitf; bfhz:L Vw;Wf; bfhs;thahf vd;W Twp/ Jth nfl]L Koj;J tpl]L kPz:Lk; xUKiw kpjkhd Fuypy; nkw;TwpathW ryhik Twptpl]L tpil bgwyhk;.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW mkPUy; \kpDila vjphpfsplk; brd;whh]fs;. me;j FHg]gthjpfsplk; ve;j tp#aj;jpy; eP|;fs; mkPUy; \kpdPDld; cld;gof;if ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwPh]fs;> vd;W tpdt/ mjw;F me;jf; Tl]lk;/ vjw;fhf rp@g]gPDila gpur;rpidapy; ra;ajpdh mg[ \!h m$hhp u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%it eLtuhf (jPh]g]g[ mspg]gtuhf) mkPUy; \kpdPd; epakpj;jhh]fs;> ,J #ph]f; MFk;. (mJ #ph]f;/ ,J #ph]f; vd;w a[f;jpiajhd;/ ,d;iwa tQhgpfSk; mjpfkhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh]. egpfs; ehafk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;ykpd; kiwthd Zhdj;ij gw;wp Fwpg]gpLk; nghJ/ cz:ikahd K!;ypk;fs; mij mjhapmy;yhQ;tpd; mUl]bfhil vd;Wk;/ $hj;jp jdpg]gl]lJ ,y;iy vd;Wk; TWthh]fs;. Mdhy; ,ij tQhgpfs;/ uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yKf;F kiwthd Zhdk; vd;gJ fpilahJ vd;Wk;/ mg]go cs;sJ vd;W epidg]gpd; #ph]f; MFk; vd;W Twp jphpfpd;wdh].) FHg]gthjpfs;/ my;yhQ; jpUkiwapy; jPh]g]ghdJ my;yhQ;tpd; g[wj;jpnyapUe;J tUk;. ntW ahhplkpUe;Jk; ,y;iy. vd;wdh;;. ira;ajpdh mg]Jy;yh ,g]D mg]gh!; u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% my;yhQ; jpUf;Fh]Mdpny ,g]goa[k; TWfpwhd; - fztd; kidtpf;F ,ilna jfuhW Vw;gl]lhy;/ fztDk; kidtpa[k; mtuth]fs; gf;fkhf xU eLtiu epakpj;Jf; bfhs;S|;fs;. kw;Wk; ,UtUk; kW Mnyhrid bra;jhy;/ my;yhQ; ,Utiua[k; nrh]j;J itg]gtdhf cs;shd;. vd;whh]fs;. ira;ajpdh mg]Jy;yh ,g]D mg]gh!; u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% jpUf;Fh]Mdpd; Maj;ij Twptpl]l gpd;g[/ vd;d eP|;fs; jpUf;Fh]Mdpy; ,Uf;Fk; xU rpy fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Wf; bfhz:L ek;gpf;ifahsuhfp/ xU rpy Maj;Jf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis tpl]Ltpl]L F@g]h] bra;fpwPh]fsh> vdf; nfl]lJk;. me;jf; Tl]lj;jpy; cs;s ghjp ngh]fs; (5000 egh]fs;) 75
nfs;tp vz: 169/ gf;fk; 212 ghfk; 4/ g[j;jfk;- @gj;thna u$;tpah

nfs;tp :- ,g]bghGJ ehk; fhqk; tQhgpfspd; Tl]lk; Fy@ghna uh#pjPd;fSila fhyf; fl]lj;jpnyna btspg]gl]L tpl]lhh]fsh> gjpy; :- ira;ajpdh mg]Jy;yh ,g]D mg]gh!; u!pay;yhQ% md;Q% mth]fs;/ mkPUy; \kpdPd; ira;ajpdh myp Kh]j!h u!pay;yhQ% md;Q% mth]fsplk; mDkjp bgw;Wf; bfhz:L 74
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% kd;dpg]g[f;nfhhp mkPUy; \kpdPDld; nrh]e;jdh]. kPjp ,Uf;ff; Toa ghjp ngh]fs; (5000 egh]fs;) Kuz:ghlhfnt vjph]j;J epd;wdh]. ,ijf; nfs;tpg] gl]l mkPUy; \kpdPd; kPjpapUf;ff; Toath]fis bfhd;W tpLkhW cj;jut[ gpwg]gpj;jhh]fs;. ira;ajpdh ,khk; Qrd;/ ,khk; Q%ird; kw;Wk; rQhghf;fs; (u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%kh) rw;Wf; ftiy mile;jdh]. Vbddpy; me;jf; Tl]lj;jhh]fs; ,ut[ KGtJk; epd;W bjhGfpd;wdh]. gfy; KGtJk; jpUf;Fh]Md; XJfpd;wdh]. ,th]fSf;F vjpuhf vg]go this cah]j;JtJ> vd;W jaf;fk; bfhz:ldh]. mt;ntisapy; myp Kh]j!h u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% mth]fs;/ uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; ,f;Tl]lj;jhiug] (tQhgpfs;) gw;wp Kd;djhfnt mwptpg]g[ bra;jij vLj;Jf; Twpdhh]fs;. ,!;yhj;jpy; FHg]gk; tpistpg]gth]fs; j|;fSila btspg]gilahd ,ghjj;jpy; jPtpukhf ,Ug]ghh]fs;(nehd;g[/ bjhGif/ Q$;/etc.,) Mdhy; ,th]fs; jPid tpl]L tpy;ypUe;J tpLgl]l mk;igg] nghy; btspnawptpl]ldh]. vg]bghGJk; ,th]fs; kPz:Lk; jPdpd; gf;fk; jpUk;g khl]lhh]fs;. ,th]fs; XJk; jpUf;Fh]Md; ,th]fSila bjhz:ilfSf;F fPH; ,w|;fhJ vd;whh]fs;. mkPUy; \kpdPd; ira;ajpdh myp Kh]j!h u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% mth]fspd; fl]lisf;fpz|;f tQhgpfSld; $pQhj; bra;tjw;F K!;ypk; gil jahuhdJ. $pQhj; ele;J bfhz:oUf;Fk; ntisapy;/ mkPUy; \kpdPd; mth]fSf;F rpy vjphpfs; Mw;w|;fiuia flf;f nghtjhf jfty; te;jJ. mkPUy; \kpdPd; jd;Dila jf;thtpd; (gagf;jp) fhuzkhf/ my;yhQ;tpw;fhf! vjphpfspy; midtUk; Mw;wpd; ,e;jg] gf;fj;jpnyna bfhd;whf ntz:Lk; vdf; Twp gilj;jsgjpfis Jhpjg]gLj;jpdhh]. mkPh] jd;Dila gilfSf;F vjphpfspd; rly|;fis njL|;fs;/ mth]fspy; $%y; jhjpah bjd;gl]lhy;/ cyfpnyna kpf bfhoatdhd mtid bfhd;WtpL|;fs;. eP|;fs; mtid tpl]L 76
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW tpl]Oh]fshdhy;/ cyfpYs;s rpwe;j kdpjh]fis bfhd;W Ftpj;jJ nghy; MFk;. vd;W Twp njliy Muk;gpj;jdh]. rpy rly|;fSf;F moapy; rgpf;fg]gl]l me;jf; bfhoatd; ,we;J fple;jhd;. mtDila xU if bgz:zpd; khh]gfk; nghd;w totpy; rpijf;fg]gl]oUe;jJ. ,ijg] ghh]j;j mkPUy; \kpdPd; ira;ajpdh myp Kh]j!h u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% kpFe;j cah]e;j Fuypy; jf;gPh; ( my;yhQ% mf;gh]) KH|;fp/ my;yhQ;it nghw;wpg] g[fH;e;jhh]. FHg]gthjpfis g{kpapypUe;J mg]g[wg]gLj;jpajw;fhf my;yhQ;tpw;F ed;wp brYj;jpdhh]fs;. gpwF mkPUy; \kpdPd; ira;ajpdh myp Kh]j!h u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% jkJ gilfis nehf;fp/ ,e;j rgpf;fg]gl]l ghtpfspd; Tl]lk; Kw;wpYkhf mHpe;J tpl]lJ vd;W epidf;fpwPh]fsh> epr;rakhf ,y;iy! ,d;Dk; epiwa ngh] jd;Dila jhapd; fUtiwapYk;/ ,d;Dk; epiwa ngh] jd;Dila je;ijapd; tpe;jDtpYk; ,Uf;fpd;wdh]. ,th]fspy; xU Tl]lk; Kw;wpYkhf mHpf;fg]gl]lhy; kw;bwhU Tl]lk; g[jpa @gpj;dh/ FHg]g|;fnshL tUthh]fs;. ,e;j rgpf;fg]gl]l Tl;lk;/ rgpf;fg]gl]l j$;$hypd; tUif tUk; tiu bjhlUk;! vd tQhgpfs; gw;wpf; TWfpwhh]fs;. ,e;j tQhgpfs; vjph]fhyj;jpy; j|;fis ,!;yhj;jpd; rPh]jpUj;jthjpfs; vdf; Twpf; bfhz:L btspgLthh]fs; vd;W rQP QjP!; #hP@g]gpy; rpy milahs|;fisa[k; Fwpg]gplg]gl]Ls;sJ. mtw;wpy; rpytw;iw ,|;F ghh]g]nghk;! 1. c|;fSila bjhGiffs;/ mth]fspd; bjhGiffnshL xg]gpLk; nghJ/ mJ rpwg]gpy;yhjhft[k;/ Fiwt[s;sjhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. ,nj nghy; c|;fSila nehd;g[k;/ ey;yr; bray;fSk; mth]fSld; xg]gpLk; nghJ Fiwt[s;sjhfnt fhzg]gLk;. 2. mth]fs; jpUf;Fh]Md; XJthh]fs;/ Mdhy; mJ 77
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% mth]fspd; bjhz:ilfSf;F fPH; ,w|;fhJ. 3. mth]fsJ vGj;Jf;fSk;/ ngr;Rf;fSk; ,dpikahf njhw;wkspf;Fk;. xt;bthU fhhpaj;jpYk; btw;wpg] gofl]Lfis milthh]fs;. 4. mth]fspd; epiyahdJ tpy;ypypUe;J ,yf;if nehf;fp tpLgl]l mk;igg] nghd;wjhFk;. 5. bkhl]ilj; jiya[ld; ,Ug]gJ/ mth]fspd; milahs|;fspy; xd;whFk;. 6. mth]fspd; ,Lg]g[ Milfs; bfz:il fhypypUe;J kpft[k; cah]e;jjhff; fhzg]gLk;.
ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp TWifapy; :nkYk;
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW g[dpj egpfshhpd; kPJ Fiw ( kiwthd Zhdk; ,y;iy/ Kd;gpd; ghtk; bra;jth]/ rhjuz kdpjh] kh$(z)y;yh!) brhy;ypj; jphpfpd;wdh]. xU ehs; g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; rQhgh bgUkf;fs; NH ,Ue;jhh]fs;. mg]nghJ xUtd; (me;j fhyj;J tQhgp) k!;$pjpd; (gs;spthry;) thrypy; epd;W tpl]L/ cldoahf k!;$pnj egtp gs;spthrYf;Fs; brd;Wtpl]lhd;. g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQP miyQpt!y;yk; rQhghf;fis nehf;fp/ c|;fspy; ahh] mtid bfhd;W tpl]L tUtPh]fs;> vdf; nfl]lJk;/ ira;ajpdh mg{gf;fh] rpj;jpf; u!pay;yhQ% md;Q% vGe;J brd;whh]fs;. me;j kdpjd; bjhGifapy; ,Ue;jhd; mjdhy; tpl]Ltpl]L te;J epiyikia g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykplk; Twpdhh]fs;. kPz:Lk; g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; ahh] mtid bfhy;tPh]fs;> vdf; nfl]lJk;/ ra;ajpdh ckh] @ghUf; u!pay;yhQ% md;Q% me;j kdpjid nehf;fp brd;whh]fs;. mtd; (tQhgp) bjhGifapd; epiyapny ,Ue;jjhy; mtUk; tpl]Ltpl]L te;J tpl]lhh]fs;. \d;whtJ Kiwahf g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; ahh] mtid bfhy;tPh]fs;> vd;wJk; ira;ajpdh myp my;Kh]j!h u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% vGe;J epd;W ehd; mtid bfhd;W tpLntd; vd;whh]fs;. mjw;F g[dpj egpfshh] Mk;/ c|;fshy; Koa[k; Mdhy; eP|;fs; mtid fhz khl]Oh]fs; vd;whh]fs;. ira;ajpdh myp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% k!;$pJd; egtp brd;wile;j nghJ/ me;j kdpjd; (tQhgp) m|;fpUe;J Kd;djhfnt btspnawp ,Ue;jhd;. egpfs; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk;/ myp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%it nehf;fp eP|;fs;/ mtid bfhd;W ,Ug]gPh]fshapd;/ ,e;j ck;kj;jpy; 79
g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; Q%idd; nghh]f;fsj;jpy; ifg]gw;wpa bghUl]fis g|;fpl]L tH|;fpf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. mg]nghJ xUtd; (me;j fhyj;J tQhgp) g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQP miyQpt!y;yk; g|;fpl]L bfhLf;Fk; Kiw rhpapy;iy vd;Wk;/ rpyh] rpyiuf; fhl]oYk; mjpfkhft[k;/ rpyh] rpyiuf; fhl]oYk; Fiwthf bgWtjhff; Twpdhhd;. ,ijf; nfl]l ira;ajpdh ckh] @ghUf; u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% ah! uNYy;yhQ;! ,e;j Kdh@gpf;fpd; (eatZ;rfd;) jiyia btl]o tPH;j;Jtjw;F mDkjpia jhU|;fs; vd;whh]fs;. mjw;F my;yhQ;tpd; egp/ tpl]L tpL|;fs; Vbdd;why; ,g]gog]gl]l ,e;j khjphp kf;fs; gpwg]gpdpny ,g]goj;jhd; vd;W Twptpl]L g[dpj egpfshh] Jujp#;lkhf/ ehd; c|;fsplk; ePjpa[ld; elf;fh tpl]lhy;/ ntW ahh] c|;fsplk; ePjpa[ld; elg]ghh]> vd;idf; fhl]oYk; Jd;gj;ij mjpfk; jh|;fpa vdJ rnfhjuh] \!h miyQpryhk; kPJ my;yhQ; jd; fUizia bghHpal]Lk; vd;whh]fs;. g[[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yik ePjp bjhpahky; g|;fpl]L bfhLf;fpwhh] vd;W egpfshh] kPnj Fiw brhy;ypa/ mnj Kdh@gpf;Ffs; (tQhgpfs;) jhd;/ ,d;Wk; 78
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% tuf;Toa FHg]g|;fis vy;yhk; ePf;fpath]fshf ,Ug;gPh]fs;. vd;whh]. mtd;jhd; tQhgprj;jpd; je;ij. mtDila re;jjpfs; jhd; ,d;W ehk; fhqk; tQhgpfs;. ,th]fs; jhd; g{kpapy; FHg]gk;/ rz:il/ rr;rut[fis ,e;j ck;kj;jpy; njhw;Wtpg]gth]fs;. me;jf; bfhoa kdpjd; gs;spthrypd; thapypy; epd;w fzk;/ uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; xU ghh]it/ mtDila kdjpy; cs;stw;iw vy;yhk; mwpe;jJ! Mk;/ mtd; (tQhgp) kdjpy; ,e;j k$;yp!py; jd;id tpl rpwe;jth] ahUkpy;iy vdt[k;. jd;id tpl bjhGtjpYk;/ gagf;jpapYk; rpwe;jth] vtUkpy;iy vd;w fh]tKk; ,Ue;jJ. cz:ikapy; bjhGif vd;gJ g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;ykpd; bfhil kw;Wk; fUizna vd;gij bjhpahky; ,Ue;jhd;. g[dpj egpfshh] KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;ykpd; rPhpa moik Mfhjtiuapy; xU nerd; my;yhQ;tpd; moik Mf KoahJ! vdnt jhd; my;yhQ; jpUkiwapy; my;yhQ;tpd; kPJk; egpapd; kPJk; ek;gpf;if bfhz:L thU|;fs; kw;Wk; uNypd; kPJ khpahijiaa[k;/ fz:zpaKk; brYj;J|;fs;. my;yhQ;it ,ut[k;/ gfYk; g[fG|;fs;(bjhGif). vdf; TWfpwhd;. <khdpd; Kf;fpa m|;fk; vJbtd;why; uNypd; (egpapd;) kPJ itf;Fk; khpahijna MFk;. egpapd; kPJ khpahij ,y;yhky; ve;j totpy; nehd;g[/ bjhGif/ Q$; vd;W ,ghjj; ,Ue;jhYk; mJ mh]j;jkw;wJ (tPzhdJ). ,d;iwa cyfpy; Vfg]gl]l mg]Jy;yhf;fs; ( my;yhQ;tpd; moik) ,Uf;fpd;wdh]. Mdhy; cz:ikahd kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifahd mg]Jy;yh vd;gJ ahh] xUth] mg]nj-K!;j@gh (egpapd; moik) !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; ,Uf;fpd;whnuh mtnuahthh]. mg]go ,y;iybad;why; me;j (egh]) moik/ mg]nj-i#j;jhd; (rgpf;fg]gl]l rhj;jhdpd; moik) Mthh]. my;yhQ%jhyh kd;dpf;fl]Lk;!
,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%tpd; vjphpfs;

ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F jdpg]gl]l Kiwapy; ve;j vjphpfSk; fpilahJ. egpfs; ehafk; KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;ykpd; vjphpfns Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; vjphpfs; Mthh]. ve;j tpjj;jpYk; egpfs; ehafj;jpd; khpahijiaa[k;/ rpwg]iga[k; Fiwf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Kdh@gpf;Ffs; bray;gl]lhy;/ Kdh@gpf;Ffis cyfj;jpw;F milahsk; fhl]Lk; tpjkhf Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jdJ vGj;jpYk;/ braypYk; tQhgpfSf;F rhl]ilao bfhLg]ghh]fs;. vdnt jhd; tQhgpfSila ghh]itapy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp vjphpahf bjhpfpd;whh]fs;. bghJthfnt Muk;gf; fhyj;jpypUe;J tQhgpfs; jpUf;Fh]Md;/ QjP!; #hP@g] nghd;wtw;iw jkJ Fiwthd mwptpd; brayhy; jtwhd mh]j;j|;fis bfhz:L mjw;F j@g]!PUk;/ tpsf;ft[iuia vGjpa[k; mjw;F jkJ Kl]lhs;jdkhd tpahf;fpdKk; bra;J vg]goa[[k; cyf K!;ypk;fspd; <khid ehrg]gLj;jp btWk; bjhGif/ nehd;g[/ Q$; nghd;w btspg;gilahd ,ghjj;Jfs; bra;af; Toa nuhnghf;fshf (,ae;jpu bghk;ik) khw;w ntz:Lk; vd;W f|;|zk; fl]of;bfhz:L rgpf;fg]gl]l rhj;jhndhL if nfhh]j;Jf;bfhz:L Ch] KGtJk; Rw;wpr] Rw;wp tUfpd;wdh]. bgaustpy; j|;fis ,!;yhj;jpd; rPh]jpUj;jthjpfs; vdt[k;/ rpy;yh ngha; (40 ehs;/ 6 khjk;) jPidf; fw;Wf; bfhs;syhk; vd;W Twp ghku kf;fis FHg]gp - <khid KG mstpy; ehrk; bra;fpd;wdh]. ,e;j tQhgpfspy;/ rpyh] vd;dbtd;W bjhpahknyna Ml]Lke;ij nghy; tQhgpfspd; gpd;dhy; bry;gth]fs; xU gf;fk;. vy;yhk; bjhpe;Jk;/ mwpe;Jk; cyfj;jpd; Mjhaj;jpw;fhf ( gzk;/ gjtp/ kz;zhir/ bgz;zhir) 81
Mjhuk; - my;ky;@g{!hj; #hP@g]

80
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% tQhgpfspd; gpd;dhy; bry;Yk; eatZ;rfh]fs; xU gf;fk;. ahh] vg]go te;jhYk; rhp/ <khid bfLg]gJ kl]Lnk v|;fs; ntiy vd;W tHp elj;Jk; jiyth]fs;(mkPh]fs;). ,t;thW ,th]fspy; gy uf|;fs;. ,th]fspd; (tQhgpfspd;) xt;bthU jtwhd fUj;Jf;fis fisj;J/ ghku K!;ypk; kf;fis fhg]ghw;Wk; vz;zj;jpy; ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jdJ Md;kPf bka;Zhd Mw;wyhy; rhpahd Mjhu|;fis bfhLj;J/ tQhgpaf; bfhs;iffSf;F Kl]Lf;fl]il nghl]lhh]fs;. ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp/ jpUf;Fh]Md; - QjPJ #hP@g]ig mog]gilahff; bfhz:L tQhgpaf; bfhs;iffSf;F vjpuhfj; jUk; Mjhu|;fSf;Fk;/ tpsf;f|;fSf;Fk; gjpy; ju Koahky; jpzwpa tQhgpfs;. j|;fspd; vjphpahff; fUjp Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQpapd; kPJ tPz:gHpfisa[k;/ Fw;w|;fisa[k; Rkj;jp jphpfpd;wdh]. vd;d jhd; fhpa nkf|;fs; gnuy;tpapd; Nhpaid kiwj;jhYk;/ Nhpad; kiwa[kh> jpUf;Fh]Md;/ QjPJ #hP@g] nghd;wtw;wpd; bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[fis jhd;njhd;wpj;jdkhf vGjpa ijhpaj;jpd; fhuzkhf/ m|;F ifia itj;J/ ,|;F ifia itj;J filrpapy; Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp jk;ik egp vd;W brhy;fpwhh] vd;W Twp/ mjw;F Mjhuk; Myh Q$;uj; vGjpa g[j;jfnk vd;W j|;fspd; tHf;fkhd bgha;ahd ntiyia bjhlh]e;jdh]. ,jw;F vjph]g]g[ jUk; tpjj;jpy; iraj; #h Mny uNy; e$;kp r$;$hjh e#Pd; vd;gth]/ ,g]go bgha;fis Twpa njt]ge;jp jg]yPf; $khj;jpd; cw;gj;jpahsh]fs; kju!hit nrh]e;j bksytp ,g]uhQpk; Mjk; (Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jk;ik egp vdr; brhy;fpwhh] vd bgha; Twpatd;) kPJ/ rthy; tpl]lhh]fs;. mJ vd;dbtd;why; Twpa bgha;ia/ cz:ik vd epUgpj;jhy; 1 ,yl]r +gha; ghprhf tH|;fg]gLk; vd;whh]. ,Jtiu bksytp ,g]uhQpk; Mjk; tutpy;iyahk;. ,d;Wk; ve;j tQhgpaf; bfhs;if bfhz:l jiyth]fSk; bksytp ,g]uhQpk; Mjk; 82
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW Twpa bgha;ia/ cz:ik vd epUgpj;jhy; 1 ,yl]r +gha; ghpir jl]or; bry;yyhk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; ekf;F Twpa ehd; ve;j jPdpy; gpd;gw;wp ,Ue;njndh/ mjpy; eP|;fs; epiyj;J epy;Y|;fs; vd;gij jtwhf mh]j;jk; bfhz:L njt]ge;jp jg]yPf; $khj; kju!hitr; rhh]e;j bksytp ,g]uhQpk; Mjk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila moahh]fis (kf;fis) jd;idg] gpd;gw;w brhy;fpwhh]. ,!;yhj;ij tpl]Ltpl]L xUtiu gpd;gw;WtJ #ph]f; MFk; vd;W Twp kf;fis FHg]gp tUfpd;wdh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis gpd;gw;Wgth]fs; kf;fh/ kjPdh brd;whYk; k!;$pnj QuhkpYk;/ k!;$pnj egtpa;apYk; ,khk;fis gpd; bjhlh]e;J (tQhgp ,khk;/ ,khkj; bra;a[k; nghJ bjhHkypUg;gJ) bjhGtjpy;iy vd ,g]uhQpk; Mjk; Fw;wk; rhLfpwhh]. Mk; ,J cz:ikjhd;! Vd; ,khk;fis gpd; bjhlh]e;J bjhGtjpy;iy vd;why;/ kf;fh/ kjPdhit rhh]e;j gy cykhf;fs; ,g]D ijkpa;ah/ KQk;kj; ,g]D mg]Jy; tQhg] e$;jp nghd;w bfhs;if bfl]l tQhgpa muRfshy; epakpf;fg]gl]l ,khk;fs; Mth]. bfhs;if bfl]lth]fspd; gpd; ;bjhlh]e;J bjhGjhy;/ J}ath]fspd; bjhGifa[k; ghjpf;fg]gLk;! vd;gJ mQ;ny Rd;dj; ty; $khmj;jpd; jPh]f;fkhd fUj;jhFk;. ,d;Dk; gythW Twp ghku kf;fis/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; bjhlh]gpdpypUe;J mWj;J tpl]lhy;/ kPjpapUg]gth]fisa[k; Rygkhf tQhgpfshf khw;wp tplyhk; vd;gJ ,th]fspd; (tQhgpfspd;) kw;Wk; rhj;jhDila Tl]Lf; fdthFk;. ,iwnerh]fs;jhd; (typkhh]fs;)! ghijapy; btw;wpg] bgw;wth]fs;! mth]fs; 83 my;yhQ;tpd; ele;njwpa
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% ghijapnyna/ ek;ika[k; my;yhQ; tHp elj;Jthdhf! Mkpd;.
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW <khd; brhy;fpwJ ,th]jhd; (uNy; miyQpt!y;yk; jhd;) vd; caph]! !y;yy;yhQ%
k!;yf;nf Myh Q$;uj;(Leader)

ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; ,!;yhj;jpd; rPhpa gzpahsuhf ,Ue;jjdhy; my;yhQ; kw;Wk; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fspd; btFkjpia bgw;whh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ve;j xU rkaj;ija[k; (khh]f;fj;ija[k;) jd;Dila bgahpy; njhw;Wtpj;jjpy;iy. khwhf ,!;yhj;jpd; <khid (ek;gpf;ifia) cz:ikahd tHpapy; fhl]odhh]fs;. mjdhyna Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis k!;yf;nf Myh Q$;uj; vd;Wk; k!;yf;nf mQ;ny Rd;dj;ty; $khmj; vd;Wk; miHf;fpnwhk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ mQ;ny Rd;dj;ty; $khj;jpd; jPh]f;fkhd bfhs;iffis jkJ ftpijapd; Kyk; uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yikg] gw;wp ,t;thW Fwpg]gpLfpwhh]fs;. (cUJtpy;) my;yhQ; fp rh] j ghfjk; #hd; iQ V. ,d;rh eQp ,d;rhd;/ nth ,d;rhd; iQ V. Fh]Md; njh <khd; gjhjh iQ ,ndQ;. <khd; V fQjh iQ/ v nkhp $hd; iQ V. ,jd; mh]j;jkhtJ/ jiy Kjy; fhy;g]ghjk; tiu my;yhQ;tpd; bgUikia btspf;bfhzUgtnu! ,tiug] nghd;W kdpjh] ahUk; fpilahJ! mth] kdpjuhf ,Uf;fpwhh]! Fh]Md; ,th]fs; <khd; vd fhl]LfpwJ! Mdhy;! 84
,e;jf; ftpij egpfs; ehafk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; Qh$ph]/ eh$ph]/ v|;Fk; ,Uf;fpwhh]/ jk;Kila Zhdf; fz:fshy; ek; vy;nyhiua[k; ghh]f;fpwhh]fs;/ bjhGifapy; ek;ik ghh]f;fpwhh]/ mjdhyna mj;jQahj;J ,Ug]gpy; ah ma;a[Qd; egpa;a[ t uQkJy;yhQp gufhjQ% vd;W khpahija[ld; TWk;nghJ ehafk; ek;ik ghh]f;fpwhh]fs;/ ehk; ghh]f;fhtpl]lhYk; rhpna! nghd;w bfhs;iffis vj;jp itf;fpd;wJ. Q$;uj; Q!;!hd; ,g]D rhgpj; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% vd;w rQhgp (egpehafj; njhHh]) rpwe;j ftpijahsh] Mthh]. ftpijfis brhy;tjw;fhf uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;/ ,tiu gs;spthry; nkilapy; (kpk]ghpy;) Tl Vw;wpapUf;fpwhh]fs;. ,tUf;F Rgr; bra;jpiaa[k; uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; tH|;fpa[s;shh]fs;. ,e;j rQhgp jd;Dila ftpijapy; ekJ ehafj;ij gpd;tUkhW nghw;Wfpwhh]fs;. fz:fs; c|;fis tpl mw;g[jk; xd;iw fz:ljhf rhl]rp TwhJ! ve;jg] bgz:kzpa[[k; c|;fisg] nghd;wbjhU mw;g[jj;ij bgw;bwLj;jJkpy;iy/ ,dpg] bgwg]nghtJkpy;iy! eP|;fs; vy;yhtpj ght|;fspypUe;Jk; tpLgl]lth]fs;! eP|;fs; tpUk;gpathnw c|;fis my;yhQ; gilj;jhd;.
Mjhuk; - +Q%y; FJ}!;

jg]yPf; $khj; njt]ge;jp tQhgpfs;/ bjsQPJ tQhgpfs;/ jLkhw;w thjpfs;/ ,!;yhkpah vd;w bgahpy; tyk; tUk; bgha;ah]fs;/ gFjp16-Nuh my;fh@g] (110) tUfpw Maj;jpd; go egpna brhy;Y|;fs;/ njhw;wj;jpy; ehDk; c|;fisg] nghd;W kdpjd; jhd;. ehd; tQpfis/ c|;fs; my;yhQ;thfpa xUtdplkpUe;J bgWgtdhf ,Uf;fpd;nwd;. 85
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% vd;gijf; vLj;Jf; bfhz:L egpa[k; ek; nghd;w rhjuz kdpjh]jhd; vd ijhpakhf brhy;ypf;bfhz:L Rw;wpj; jphpfpd;wdh]. kh$(z)y;yh! my;yhQ; ,th]fis kd;dpf;fl]Lk;! vd;d ,th]fs; vy;yhk; my;yhQ;tpDila tQpia bgWgth]fsh> vd;d ijhpak; ,th]fSf;F> egpf;F epfuhf jk;ika[k; ghtpf;fpd;wdh] ,e;j bgha;ah]fs;! ,e;j bgha;ah]fs; jpUf;Fh]MDila xU trdj;ij vLj;Jf; bfhz:Lk;/ kw;bwhU trdj;ij epuhfhpj;Jk; elg]gth]fs;. Mdhy; cz:ikahd mQ;ny Rd;dj;ty; $khmj;ij rhh]e;j \kpd;fs; jpUf;Fh]MDila vy;yh trd|;fisa[k; KGikahf Vw;W elg]gth]fs;. me;j \kpd;fs; mwpthh]fs; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yKila fz:fs; kw;w vy;yhf; fz:fisf; fhl]oYk; ntWgl]lJ! mtUila fhJfs; kw;w vy;yhf; fhJfisf; fhl]oYk; ntWgl]lJ! Mk; mjdhy;jhd; ehafkth]fs; TWfpwhh]fs; vd;Dila fz:fs; J}|;fpdhYk; vd;Dila ,jak; J}|;Ftjpy;iy vdnt cykh bgUkf;fs; TWfpwhh]fs; egp !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fs; kw;w egpkhh]fs;/ kyf;Ffisf; fhl]oYk; vy;yhtw;wpYk; Kjd;ikahd goj;juk; bfhz:lth]. vdnt mtUila fz:fs; KG cyfj;ija[k; xU ghh]itapy; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf midj;ija[k; ghh]f;Fk; jd;ika[ilaJ. mtUila fhJfs; thdj;jpy; tpGk; rpW fPwy;fisa[k; nfl]Fk; jd;ika[ilaJ. mtUila \f;F Q$;uj; $pg]hPy; miyQp!yhk; mth]fspd; tUifia thridahy; EfUk; jd;ika[ilaJ. nkYk; egpfs; ehafk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; TWfpwhh]fs;/ eP|;fs; ghh]f;f Koahjija[k; ehd; ghh]f;fpd;nwd;/ eP|;fs; nfl]f Koahjija[k; ehd; nfl]fpd;nwd;. ,g]gog]gl]l <khidj;jhd; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ekf;F mspj;jhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ekf;F brhy;ypj; je;jbjy;yhk; rQhghf;fs;/ jhgaPd;fs;/ jng jhgaPd;fs;/ #%Qhjhf;fs;/ 86
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW ehjhf;fs;/ mt;ypahf;fs; ghijahFk;. (,iwnerh]fs;) fhl]or; brd;w
mQ;ny Rd;dj;ty; $khmj;ij rhh]e;j K!;ypk;fs; tHptHpahf rQhgh bgUkf;fs; kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifiaa[k;/ rQhgh bgUkf;fis gpd;gw;wp bjhlh]e;J te;j ,iwnerh]fs; kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifiaa[k;/ mQ;ny igj;Jfs; ( uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yKila re;jjpfs;) kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifiaa[k; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jk;Kila ftpijapy; gpd;tUkhW TWfpwhh]fs;. mQ;ny Rd;dj; fh iQ nglh ghh]/ m!; Qgh Q%$%h]. e$k; iQ mt;h] et; iQ/ ,j;uj; uNy; my;yhQ; fp. ,jd; mh]j;jkhtJ/ mQ;ny Rd;dj; ty; $khmj;jpDila Tl]lk; btw;wpia bgWk; Tl]lk; Vbdd;why; rQhgh bgUkf;fs; el]rj;jpu|;fis nghd;W tHp fhl]Lfpd;wdh]/ mQ;ny igj;Jfs; (uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yKila re;jjpfs;) E}Q; miyQpryhKila fg]giy nghd;W (F@g]h] vd;w bts;sj;jpypUe;J) ek;ik fiur] nrh]f;fpd;wdh]. ,g]gog]gl]l/ cz:ikahd <khid kf;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl]o/ tHpelj;jp bfhz:oUf;Fk; ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp 14k; E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj; (,!;yhj;jpw;F cap+l]oath]) vd;Wk;/ k!;yf;nf mQ;ny Rd;dj;ty; $khmj; vd;Wk; miHf;fg]gLfpwhh]fs;. i#j;jhd; TwpaJ nghy; my;yhQ;tpw;F kl]Lnk khpahij epkph]j;jk;/ MjKf;F (miyQp!yhk;) fpilahJ vd;W Twp ifr]nrjk; mile;jJ nghy;/ ,d;W ek;kpilapy; tyk; tUk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd bgha;ah]fs; ( tQhgpfs;) eh|;fs; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; my;yhQ;tplnk neuoahf 87
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% vd;W Twp j|;fs; ,ghjj;Jfs; kPJ fh]tk; bfhz:L kw;w ,iwnerh]fisa[k;/ bghpahh]fisa[k; Vsdg]gLj;Jk; rhj;jhd;fsplkpUe;J tpLgl]L. ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp ele;njwpa btw;wpg] ghijapy;/ mth]fspd; tHpj;jlj;ij gpd; bjhlh]nthkhdhy; ,d;#h my;yhQ;! epr;rakhf/ my;yhQ; kw;Wk; uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; btFkjpia bgw;wth]fspd; Tl]lj;jpy; ehKk; nru tha;g]g[z:L! Mkpd;! ehnu jf;gPh]! my;yhQ% mf;gh]! ehnu hp!hyj;! ah uNyy;yh!
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW tHpapy; xU bghpahh]/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp vGjpa jk;QPnj <khd; vd;w g[j;jfj;ij btapypy; fha itj;Jf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]. ,ijg] ghh]j;j Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ mg]bghpahhplkpUe;J mg]g[j;jfj;ij th|;fp/ bry;Yk; tHpapy; goj;Jf; bfhz:nl brd;whh]. g[[j;jfj;ij gof;f gof;f kdk; khwpaJ! ,g]nghJ cz:ikia mwpe;jth]fsha;! jk; tQhgpaf; bfhs;iffspd; jtiw czh]e;jth]fsha;! cs;sk; jpUe;jpathW Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis re;jpj;J kd;dpg]g[ ntz:o/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; KhPjhdhh](rPluhdhh]). ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; Mrph]thjj;jpd; bghUl]lhy; cz:ikf;F vjpuhf cs;s F@g]iuf; bfhz:l tQhgpaf; bfhs;iffSf;F vjpuhf jk; gpur;rhuj;ij bjhl|;fpdhh]. rpy rka|;fspy; vjphpfspd; (tQhgpfspd;) jhf;FjYf;Fk; Mshdhh]. Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; mZ;rh beZ;rj;ija[k;/ vjphpfSf;F vjpuhf jk; Thpa ths; nghd;w brhw;fshy; tQhgpaf; bfhs;iffis rpjwog]gija[k; fz:l Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fisg] ghh]j;J eP vd;Dila g[yp kw;Wk; vd;Dila +Qhdp (Md;khtpd;) kfd; vd;whh]fs;. tQhgpaf; bfhs;iffis tpLj;J kf;fs; mQ;ny Rd;dj; ty; $khmj;jpy; epiyj;J epw;gijf; fz:l tp#kpfs;/ Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp brhw;bghHpthw;Wk; nghJ fw;fis bfhz:L tPrp Q$;uj; mth]fSf;F ,uj;jk; tUkhW bjhe;jut[ bfhLj;jdh]. vdpDk; vijg] gw;wpa[k; ftiyg]glhky;/ ,wg]gpw;Fk; mZ;rhky; cz:ikia epiyehl]Ltijna Fwpf;nfhshf bfhz:L gazk; gy bra;J gy Ch]fSf;F brd;W brhw;bghHpthw;Wthh]. 89
k!;yf;nf Myh Q$;uj;! $pe;jh ghj;! ah bfs!;! my;kjj;!
vdJ FUkhhpd;(gPnuhKh]#pj;) je;ij Xh] mwpKfk;

Q$;uj; n#h]gP#na mQ;ny Rd;dj;/ k$;Qnu Myh Q$;uj; - Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; jhUy; cY}k; @g[h]fhdpa;ah vd;w kju!htpy; njt]ge;j; (tQhgpaf;) bfhs;iffis bfhz:l ghlj;jpl]l|;fis goj;Jg] gl]lk; bgw;wth]. ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; bgUikiag] gw;wp mwpe;j Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp Xh] vz:zk; bfhz:lhh]. mJ vd;dbtdpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp rhh]e;jpUe;j mQ;ny Rd;dj; ty; $khmj;jpd; bfhs;iffSf;F vjpuhf Kdh$puh (thf;Ftpthjk;) g[hpe;J/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpia btw;wpf; bfhs;s ntz:Lk; vd;gjhFk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpia Kdh$puhtpy; re;jpg]gjw;fhf Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp g[wg]gl]Lf; bfhz:oUe;j neuj;jpy; 88
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% Rd;ny mJ ik gpfl]nd thyh eQp nth ryhkj; iQ Kn$ gdhnd thyh! Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fs; bghpnahh]fis fz:zpag]gLj;Jtij kpf;f kfpH;r;rpahf fUjp brayhw;Wthh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpapd; kfdhd Q%$%h] K@g]jp Mrk; Qpe;j; miyQp uQkJ hp!;thd; mth]fisf; fhzr; bry;Yk; nghbjy;yhk;/ mtuJ fhy;g]ghj|;fis jk; cjLfshy; Kj;jkpLthh]fs;. (Fwpg]g[ :uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yik nehf;fp fpahkj; ehs; gw;wpa[k; kWikia gw;wpa[k; brhy;Y|;fs; vd rQhghf;fs; nfl]Lf; bfhs;s/ uNyy;yh !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; kWikiag] gw;wpa[k;/ fpahkj; ehs; gw;wpa[k; Twpf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. rQhghf;fs; kw;Wk; ToapUe;j gyh]/ xt]bthUtUk; j|;fisg] gw;wp me;ehspy; brhy;Y|;fs; vd Mh]tKld; nfl]f/ uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; kpf;f cahpa epiyapy; brd;wthW kWikapd; ,ufrpa|;fis btspapl]L bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yik rhe;jg]gLj;Jtjw;fhf ckh]gh@+f; u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%/ uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;ykpd; fhy;g]ghj|;fis jk; cjLfshy; Kj;jkpl]L rhe;jkilar] bra;jhh]fs;.) unrhyp khtl]lj;jpYs;s guhgd;fp vd;w ,lj;jpy; njt]ge;j; tQhgpfSld; eilg]bgw;w tpthjj;jpy; Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; tQhgpfis jiyf;Fdpa itj;jhh]. ,jdhy; Mj;jpukile;j tQhgpfs; j|;fSila tHf;fkhd NH;r;rp/ jPtputhj mwpitf; bfhz:L/ Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; rhg]gpLk; btw;wpiyapy; tp#j;ij fye;Jtpl]ldh]. Q$;uj; me;j btw;wpiyia bkd;W rhg]gpLk; nghJ/ jkJ Ez:zpa Rit czh]tpdhy; mwpe;J bfhz:L btw;wpiyia clndna Jg]gptpl]lhh]fs;. ,Ug]gpDk; 90
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW tp#j;jpd; jPtpuj;jhy;/ Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp Qp$;hp 1380-KQh]uk; 8y;(3rd July 1960) Kw;gfy; 10.03f;F #QPjhdhh]fs;. ( ,iw tHpapy; epiyj;J epd;wjdhy; tQhgpfshy; bfhy;yg]gl;lhh]fs;) Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; krh(z)h] #hP@g] cj;jpug]gpunjrj;jpYs;s gpypgpl] #hP@g]gpy; cs;sJ. Q$;uj; mth]fspd; KhPJfSk;/ kw;w kf;fSk; Q$;uj;jpd; fuhkj;Jfshy;/ ,d;Wk; gyd; bgw;W neh]tHpapy; bry;fpd;wdh]. Q$;uj; mth]fspd; kw;w g[jy;th]fSk; vdJ gPUk; Kh]#pJkhd KQk;kj; ,j;hP!; u$h fhd; fpg]yh mth]fSk; jkJ je;ijapd; tHpj;jlj;ij gpd;gw;wp mQ;ny Rd;dj;ty; $khmj;jpd; kf;fis tQhgpfspd; bfhs;isapypUe;J ( <khdpd; jpUlh]fs;) fhg]ghw;Wtjw;fhf mUk;ghLgl]L tUfpd;wdh]. my;yhQ%jMyh rpy;rpyhna my;fhjphpa[y; u$;tpapy; Q#;kjpiaf; bfhz:L/ nkYk; ew;fhhpa|;fis bra;tjw;F mUs;ghypg]ghdhf! nkYk; v|;fSf;F(mQ;ny Rd;dj;ty; $khmj;) ra;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; t!Pyhitf; bfhz:L btw;wpia mspg]ghdhf! -Mkpd;. ah bfs!; my;kjj;!
91
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW 5. $p!; ju@g] cl] fap jk;nk jk; Mfah c!; epfhQ;na Qpdhaj; ng yhnfh ryhk; (vg]gf;fk; jpUk;gpdhYk; caphpy; caph] te;jJ/ me;j caph] bfhLf;Fk; ghh]itapd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.) 6. J}nuh e$;jpf; nf Rd;nd thny nth fhd; fhnd yhny fuhkj; gh] yhnfh ryhk; (J}uj;jpYk; mUfpYk; nfl]Fk; jpwd; bgw;w me;j fhJfs;/ fuhkj; (mw;g[jk;) bfhz:l me;j gts fhJfs; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.) 7. gj;yp gj;yp Fny Fj;!;fp gj;jpah cd; ynghd; fp e$h@fj; ng yhnfh ryhk; (bkypjpYk; bkypjhd $d;dj;jpd; nuh$h ,jiH xj;j/ mtUila cjLfspd; bky;ypaj;jd;ikapd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.) 8. E}h] nf r#;nk yQuhna jh]ah gnQ c|]spnah fp fuhkj; ng yhnfh ryhk; ( ngbuhsp Cw;wpypUe;J gPa;j;Jf;bfhz:L tUk; ejpapd; bts;sk;/ fuhkj; (mw;g[jk;) bfhz:l me;j tpuy;fspd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;) 9. Qhj; $p!; !pk;l] cl]lhQ; fdp fh]jpa;ah gQnu kt]n$ !fhtj; ng yhnfh ryhk; (ahh] kPJ ifia cah]j;jpdhh]fnsh mth]fbsy;yhk; nkd;ikahfp tpl]ldh]/ 93
ryhk; (cUJ & jkpH; mh]j;jk;)

1. K!;j@gh $hnd uQkj; ng yhnfh ryhk; #k;nk g!;nk Qpjhaj; ng yhnfh ryhk; (uQkj;jpd; capuhd K!;j@gh (!y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;) kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;. kf;fs; Tl]lk; neh]tHp elf;f tpsf;F nghy; ngbuhsp gpufhrk; tPRgth] kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.) 2. $p!; RQhdp fQ;o rk;fh ijgh fh rhe;j; c!; jpy; m@g]nuh!; rhMjj; ng yhnfh ryhk; (g[dpj efhpd; ghpRj;j KGepyt[ kpd;dpa me;j bghd;dhd neuk;/ me;j mf|;Fsph]r;rp bfhz:l behoapd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.) 3. $pd; nf r$;nj F bkQuhng fhgh $%fp cd; gnQhd; fp yjh@gj; ng yhnfh ryhk; (ahUila r$;jhtpw;F bgUikkpf;f fhgJy;yht[k; Fdpe;jnjh/ mtUila bky;ypa g[Ut|;fs; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.) 4. $pd; nf khj;nj #ghmj; fh rQuh uQh c!; $gPnd rhMjj; gh] yhnfh ryhk; (ahUila jiyapy; kWik ehspd; rpghhpR rQuhthf (khg]gps;isapd; jiy njhuzk;) ,Uf;fpwnjh/ mtUila bgUikkpf;f bew;wpapd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;) 92
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% flypd; miyiag] nghy; kPz:Lk; kPz:Lk; mspf;Fk; cahpa jhdj;jpd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;) 10. Fy; $Qhd; kpy;f; mt;h] b$s fp nuhO fp!h(z) c!: #pfk; fp fpdhmj; ng yhnfh ryhk; (<Uyfj;jpd; Kjyhspahf ,Ug;gpDk; b$stpDila (nfhJik khtpd; filrp kl]l kht[) buhl]oia cz:gth]/ mij Vw;Wf; bfhs;Sk; tapw;wpd; bghWikapd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;) 11. g{f;nf Fj; uQ; nf fhdh jpah ifh] F @ghj;jpkh fp !fhtj; ng yhnfh ryhk; (jhk; grpahf ,Ue;J mLj;jtUf;F cztspf;Fk;/ @ghj;jpkhtpd; bfhilapd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.) 12. fpj;nd kQf; nf gnl iQd; kjPnd nf @g{y; fh]gyh njhp fp!;kj; ng yhnfh ryhk; (kjPdhtpd; bjhpj;Jj; rpjwpa g{f;fs; kyh]e;J kzk; tPRfpwJ/ fh]gyh ce;jd; tpjpapd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.) 13. bfs!;/ fh$h/ u$h/ Qhkpnjh/ K!;jgh/ gd;Z; fd;Z;nr tpyhaj; ng yhnfh ryhk; (bfs!;/ fh$h/ u$h/ Qhkpnjh/ K!;j@gh/ Ithpd; tpyhaj; (,iwnerj;jd;ik) kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;) 94
14. Vf; nkuh Qp uQkj; ng jhth eQp #h Qfp rhhp ck;kj; ng yhnfh ryhk; (vdf;F kl]Lk; uQkj;ij bgw;Wf;bfhs;tjpy; vz:zkpy;iy/ kd;dh] KQk;kjpd; (!y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;) vy;yh ck;kj;jpd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.) 15. K$;n! fpj;kj; nf Fj;J}!p fnQ Qh u$h K!;j@gh $hnd uQkj; ng yhnfh ryhk;. (vdf;F gzptpil bra;a[k; thdth]fs; vd;d u$h TwpdPh]fs; vd;why;/ uQ;kj;jpd; capuhd K!;j@gh (!y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;) kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk; vd;ngd;.) 16. jhy; jp fy;g] nk m!;(z)knj K!;j@gh irajP Myh Q$;uj; ng yhnfh ryhk;. (K!;j@ghtpd; (!y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;) bgUikkpf;f epidit ,jaj;jpy; ,l]l/ jiyth] Myh Q$;uj; (uQkJy;yhQp miyQp) kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.)
95
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% Salaam 1. Mustafa jane rahmath pay lakhon salaam Sham e bazz may hidaayath pay lakhon salaam. 2. Jis suhaani gahdi cham ka thaiba ka chand Us dil afroz sa a dath pay lakhon salaam 3. Jin ka sajde ku mehraaba kaba juki Un bahon ki lathaafath pay lakhon salaam 4. Jin ka maatha shafa ath ka sahara rahaa Us jabeena sa dath pay lakhon salaam 5. Jis taraf ut gayi tham may tham aa gayaa Us nigaa ye hinaayath pay lakhon salaam 6. Dhoor nazdik kay sunna vala o kaan Kaana laalay karaamath par lakhon salaam 7. Pathli pathli gulay quds ki pathiyaan Un labon ki nazaakath pay lakhon salaam 8. Noor ka chasmay laharaaya daryaa bahay Ungliyon ki karaamath pay lakhon salaam 9. Haath jis simt uttaah gani kar diyaa Bahara mavjay sakaavath pay lakhon salaam
14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW 10. Kul jahan ki milk aur jaw ki roti kiza Us shikam ki kanaa ath pay lakhon salaam 11. Buukay qudh rahkay khanaa diya gair ku Fathima ki sakaavath pay lakhon salaam 12. Kithna mahak ka padain hain madinay kay phool Karbala teri kismath pay lakhon salaam 13. Gouse, kaja, raza, haamido, mustafa Panja kanja vilaayath pay lakhon salaam 14. Ek mera hi rahamath pay dawaa nahi Shaa hakhi saari ummath pay lakhon salaam 15. Mujse kidhmath ka qudhisi kahe haan raza Mustafa jane rahamath pay lakhon salaam 16. Dall di qalb may azmathay mustafa Sayyadi aala hazrath pay lakhon salaam.
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அஹமத் ரஜா கான் ரலியல்லாஹு அன்ஹு - வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு

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