Casimir Polder Force

Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena QED 2005 Les Houches
Casimir-Polder forces
between atoms and
magnetodielectric bodies
Stefan Yoshi Buhmann and Dirk-Gunnar Welsch
Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut
Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Germany
Electronic address: s.buhmann@tpi.uni-jena.de
Puzzle
What is greater than God,
more evil than the devil?
The poor have it,
the happy need it,
and if you eat it, you will die.
Puzzle
What is greater than God,
more evil than the devil?
The poor have it,
the happy need it,
and if you eat it, you will die.
Answer: Nothing
Content
Introduction
QED vacuum and induced forces
Duality in the context of vacuum forces
Motivation
Content
Introduction
Motivation
General Theory
Quantization scheme
Perturbative Casimir-Polder force
Content
Introduction
Motivation
General Theory
Quantization scheme
Recent results: Casimir-Polder force
Specic examples: half space, plate, planar cavity
Born expansion of the Casimir-Polder force
Microscopic origin of the Casimir-Polder force
Content
Introduction
Motivation
General Theory
Quantization scheme
Recent results: Casimir-Polder force
Specic examples: half space, plate, planar cavity
Born expansion of the Casimir-Polder force
Microscopic origin of the Casimir-Polder force
Summary and outlook
The QED vacuum
vacuus [lat.]: empty
Classical electrodynamics:
E
n
(r)) = 0, B
n
(r)) = 0 n (no electromagnetic eld)
The QED vacuum
E
n
(r)) = 0, B
n
QED: [
0
E
i
(r),

B
j
(r
t
)] = i
ijk
k
(r r
t
)
AB
1
2
[[
A,

B])[ (Heisenberg uncertainty relation)
The QED vacuum
E
n
(r)) = 0, B
n
QED: [
0
E
i
(r),

B
j
(r
t
)] = i
ijk
k
(r r
t
)
AB
1
2
[[
A,

B])[ (Heisenberg uncertainty relation)
QED vacuum: [E
(+)
(r)]
n
) = 0, [B
(+)
(r)]
n
) = 0 n
E(r)) = 0,
B(r)) = 0 (no e.m. eld on average)

but: E(r) ,= 0, B(r) ,= 0 (eld uctuations)
Vacuum forces
Field uctuations
Vacuum forces
Field uctuations Forces on polarizable objects:
atom atom (van der Waals/Casimir-Polder force)
Vacuum forces
atom body (van der Waals/Casimir-Polder force)
Vacuum forces
atom body (van der Waals/Casimir-Polder force)
body body (Casimir force)
Forces and duality
+ +
_ _
1. Two electrically polarizable objects (
e

e
):
attractive force
Forces and duality
+ +
_ _
e

e
):
attractive force
Duality transformation: Absence of free charges/currents
theory invariant under transformation E

B (
e

m
)

Forces and duality
N N S S
e

e
):
attractive force

B (
e

m
)
2. Two magnetically polarizable objects (

m

m
):
attractive force
Forces and duality
N + S
_
e

e
):
attractive force

B (
e

m
)

m

m
):
attractive force
3. Two objects of opposed polarizability (
e

m
):
No duality transformation, repulsive force
Forces and duality
e

e
):
attractive force

B (
e

m
)

m

m
):
attractive force
3. Two objects of opposed polarizability (
e

m
):
No duality transformation, repulsive force
Question: Atom magnetodielectric body?
Casimir-Polder force:
Atom magnetodielectric bodies
Practical aspects
Measurement: Accurate methods available
Nuisance: Nanotechnology lifetime above atom chip
Potential: Atom optics design of nanostructures
Practical aspects
+
Magnetodielectrics
Material design: Controllable electromagnetic properties
Practical aspects
+
Magnetodielectrics
+
Fundamental aspects
Duality: Electric vs magnetic medium properties
Born expansion: Additivity, microscopic origin
Practical aspects
+
Magnetodielectrics
+
Fundamental aspects
Duality: Electric vs magnetic medium properties
Born expansion: Additivity, microscopic origin
Casimir-Polder force: Atom magnetodielectric bodies

Future perspective: Potential engineering and control
Central Issues
Ground-state atom magnetodielectric bodies
Central Issues
Sign and strength of force
Central Issues
Dependence on geometric parameters
Central Issues
+ + +
Additivity
Central Issues
+ + +
Additivity
Microscopic origin
Quantization scheme
Normal-mode quantization of electric eld:
E(r) =
k
g
k
(r)a
k
+H.c.
c-number functions
creation/annihilation
operators

Quantization scheme
Normal-mode quantization of electric eld:
E(r) =
k
g
k
(r)a
k
+H.c.
c-number functions
creation/annihilation
operators
Quantized electric eld in linear, causal media:
E(r) =
_

0
d
_
d
3
r
t
i
0
_
2
c
2
_
Im(r
t
, ) G(r, r
t
, )
f
e
(r
t
, )
+
c
_
Im
1
(r
t
, )
_
t
G(r, r
t
, )
_
f
m
(r
t
, )
_
+H.c.
Atom-eld dynamics
H =

H
MF
+

H
A
+

H
AMF
Atom-eld dynamics
H =

H
MF
+

H
A
+

H
AMF
Medium-assisted eld Hamiltonian:
H
MF
=
=e,m
_
d
3
r
_

0
d
(r, )
(r, )
Atom-eld dynamics
H =

H
MF
+

H
A
+

H
AMF
H
MF
=
=e,m
_
d
3
r
_

0
d
(r, )
(r, )
Atomic Hamiltonian:
H
A
=
2
2m
+
1
2
0
_
d
3
r
P
A
2
(r)
Atom-eld dynamics
H =

H
MF
+

H
A
+

H
AMF
H
MF
=
=e,m
_
d
3
r
_

0
d
(r, )
(r, )
Atomic Hamiltonian:
H
A
=
2
2m
+
1
2
0
_
d
3
r
P
A
2
(r)
Electric dipole interaction:
H
AMF
=
E(r
A
) +
1
2m
A
_
p
A
,
d

B(r
A
)
_
+
Ground-state CP force
Idea: System in state [0) [0) ,
Interaction

H
AMF
energy shift E
0
van-der-Waals potential E
0
= E
(0)
0
+U(r
A
)
Casimir-Polder force F(r
A
) =
A
U(r
A
)
Interaction

H
AMF
energy shift E
0
0
= E
(0)
0
+U(r
A
)
A
) =
A
U(r
A
)
2
nd
-order perturbation theory:
2
E
0
=
[0[0[
H
AMF
[)[
2
E
0
E

Interaction

H
AMF
energy shift E
0
0
= E
(0)
0
+U(r
A
)
A
) =
A
U(r
A
)
2
nd
-order perturbation theory:
2
E
0
=
[0[0[
H
AMF
[)[
2
E
0
E
Result:
U(r
A
) =

0
2
_

0
duu
2
(iu) TrG
(1)
(r
A
, r
A
, iu)
Atomic polarizability:
() = lim
0
2
3
k0
[d
0k
[
2
2
k0

2
i
Scattering Green
tensor:
G
(1)
(r
A
, r
A
, iu)
Atom near half space
1
A
z
() ( )
1
A
z
() ( )
Short distance: z
A
_ c/
+
M
, c/
+
A
1
A
z
()
Short distance: z
A
_ c/
+
M
, c/
+
A
Purely dielectric half space: U(z
A
) =
C
3
z
3
A
C
3
=

16
2
0
_

0
du(iu)
(iu) 1
(iu) +1
0
1
A
z
( )
Short distance: z
A
_ c/
+
M
, c/
+
A
Purely dielectric half space: U(z
A
) =
C
3
z
3
A
C
3
=

16
2
0
_

0
du(iu)
(iu) 1
(iu) +1
0
Purely magnetic half space: U(z
A
) = +
C
1
z
A
C
1
=

16
2
0
_

0
du
_
u
c
_
2
(iu)
_
(iu) 1
(iu) +1
+
(iu) 1
2
_
0
1
S.Y.B., Ho Trung Dung, T. Kampf, and D.G.W., EPJD, DOI:
10.1140/epjd/e2005-00044-6 (2005)
Long distance: z
A
c/
M
, c/
A
U(z
A
) =
C
4
z
4
A
C
4
= C
4
[(0), (0), (0)] 0
Long distance: z
A
c/
M
, c/
A
U(z
A
) =
C
4
z
4
A
C
4
= C
4
[(0), (0), (0)] 0
1
3
5
7
9
11
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
(0)
(0)
repulsive
attractive
Numerical results: Two-level atom, Drude-Lorentz model
-0.0004
0
0.0004
0.0008
0 2 4 6 8 10
bar200.txt u 3:8
bar180.txt u 3:8
bar160.txt u 3:8
bar120.txt u 3:8
bar043.txt u 3:8
PSfrag replacements
z
A
Tm
/c
U
(
z
A
)
1
2
2
c
/
(
3 T
m
d
2 1
0
)
Pm
= 2.00
Pm
= 1.80
Pm
= 1.60
Pm
= 1.20
Pm
= 0.43
C
1
C
3
C
4
Atom near plate
Numerical results: Two-level atom, Drude-Lorentz model
0
0.0004
0.0008
0.0012
2 4 6 8
PSfrag replacements
z
A
Tm
/c
U
(
z
A
)
1
2
2
c
/
(
3 T
m
d
2 1
0
)
d
10
/c =0.01
d
10
/c =0.10
d
10
/c =0.55
d
10
/c =1.50
d
10
/c =4.00
d
10
/c
Relations between dispersion forces
Born expansion of the vdW potential
Method: =1 +
expand G in powers of (Born series)
Method: =1 +
Result:
U(r
A
) =
k=1
k
U(r
A
)
Method: =1 +
Result:
U(r
A
) =
k=1
k
U(r
A
)
k
U(r
A
) =
()
k
0
2c
2k
_

0
duu
2k+2
(iu)
_
_
k
j=1
_
d
3
s
j
(iu, s
j
)
_
_
Tr [G
vac
(r
A
, s
1
, iu) G
vac
(s
1
, s
2
, iu) . . . G
vac
(s
k
, r
A
, iu)]
=
+ +
...

First order in : Additivity
(Half space + half space Planar cavity)
1. Dielectric cavity:
+ =
+ =
2. Magnetic cavity:
+ =
+ =
2. Magnetic cavity:
+ =
3. Magnetodielectric cavity:
+ =
Planar cavity
Numerical results: two-level atom, Drude-Lorentz model
PSfrag replacements
z
A
10
/c
U
(
z
A
)
1
2
0
c
3
/
(
3 1
0
|
d
0
1
|
2
)
(a)
(b)
(c)
0
0
5 10 15
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.002
electric
magnetic
d
i
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
m
a
g
n
e
t
o

Second order in : Correlations
(Thin plate Half space)
1
Second order in : Correlations
(Thin plate Half space)
1
1
U(z
A
) +
2
U(z
A
) =
_

z
A
dz
d
1
U
d
(z) +
2
U
d
(z)
+
_

z
A
dz
d
_

0
ds
d
2
U
dd
(z
A
, s)
A
z
A
z
A
z
z
z s
=
+

1
S.Y.B., T. Kampf, and D.G.W., submitted to PRA
Microscopic origin of the vdW potential
Dilute atomic gas: (r, ) =
1
0
n(r)()
1
0
n(r)()
Result:
U(r
A
) =
k=1
1
k!
_
_
k
j=1
_
d
3
s
j
n(s
j
)
_
_
U(r
A
, s
1
, . . . , s
k
)
1
0
n(r)()
Result:
U(r
A
) =
k=1
1
k!
_
_
k
j=1
_
d
3
s
j
n(s
j
)
_
_
U(r
A
, s
1
, . . . , s
k
)
U(r
1
, . . . , r
l
) =
()
l1
l
0
2l
_

0
duu
2l
[(iu)]
l
p
Tr
_
G
vac
(r
p(1)
, r
p(2)
, iu) . . . G
vac
(r
p(l)
, r
p(1)
, iu)
_
=
+ +
...

Summary
Dielectric half space: Attractive force
Summary
Magnetic half space: Repulsive force
Summary
Magnetodielectric half space: Potential wall
Summary
Plate thickness: Inuences height of wall
Summary
Born expansion: Small bodies larger bodies
Half space + half space planar cavity
+ =
Summary
Thin plate half space
+
=

Summary
Microscopic origin: Innite series of many-atom potentials
=
+ +
...
Summary
Microscopic origin: Innite series of many-atom potentials
Outlook
Eects of surface roughness and small permittivity variations
Excited atom magnetodielectric bodies

Casimir Polder Force

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Casimir Polder Force

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Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena QED 2005 Les Houches

B(r)) = 0 (no e.m. eld on average)

Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena QED 2005 Les Houches

2. Two magnetically polarizable objects (

2. Two magnetically polarizable objects (

2. Two magnetically polarizable objects (