18. 20. 2 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 3h 32. Seeyenee yn 2 OOP CONTENTS . The Hebrew Alphabet Phonetic values of letters Vowel-signs . . Explanation of writing Vowel-letters : Open and closed syllables Methegh Milra’ and Mil'el Sewa Maqgeph Qames Hauph : . : Daghes. : : : : . Mappiq : : : . Raphe : : : : : + Quigscent letters . The Gutturals—yna . Accents . Pause . Kethibh and Qere . The Article . . ee Noun and Adjective (masc. and fem. sing.) . Gender and Number (of Nouns and Adjectives) The Dual Number . . The Conjunction ‘The Interrogative Pronouns : . The Absolute and Construct _ Table of words in the Absolute and Construct States Pronominal Suffixes (of sing. masc. noun) : ‘The inseparable Prepositions , 3 with suffixes The sign of the definite object The personal Pronouns =. . 5 7 ‘The regular verb (Perfect) . : : More Nouns in the Absolute and Construct States . Fem. sing. Nouns with suffixes. ‘The demonstrative Adjectives CO A hhCONTENTS . The Prepositions >, 1 with suffixes . The active Participle . The old accusative-ending 1, . Plural Nouns with suffixes . Some irregular Nouns with suffixes . Possession . "The Imperfect of the regular verb . The Imperative | Negative commands or prohibitions . The Infinitives . ‘He’ interrogative . . Segholate Nouns n¥—‘ with’ . The passive Participle ” Prepositions with suffixes of the plural (noun) . Cohortative and Jussive . a ). Waw Consecutive . . Stative verbs ” General description of the regular verb . Niphal . Piel . Pual . Hiphil . Hophal . Hithpael Verbal suffixes (of the Perfect) . Verbal suffixes (of the Imperfect and Imperative) . . The Infinitive Construct (with suffixes) . The relative Pronoun . Degrees of comparison . Shortage of adjectives . Changes in pointing due to pause . . The weak verb . . Classification of weak verbs . Pe Nun verbs . The verbs Jn} and np? . Pe Guttural verbs . . Pe *Aleph verbs . ‘Ayin Guttural verbs . Lamedh Guttural verbs xi 63 66 69 2 2 78 76 7 80 82 84 87 88 95 99 ror 105 109 112 115 118 123 130 131 135 136 136 137 139 140 141 148 154 161 166 172xii CONTENTS 73. Lamedh ‘Aleph verbs 74. Some doubly weak verbs. . 75. Pe Yodh and Pe Waw verbs 76. ‘Ayin Waw and ‘Ayin Yodh verbs 7. ‘Ayin Waw verbs continued (Statives) 78. More doubly weak verbs . 79. Lamedh He (Lamedh Yodh and Lamedh Wem) verbs 80. More doubly weak verbs . : 81. Double ‘Ayin verbs 82. Defective verbs 83. Numerals . APPENDIX 1. Names of Hebrew letters . 2. 5 accents 3. Quadriliteral verbs 4. Philological note on Waw Consecutive 5. The Construct-Genitive Relationship. Tables of verbs Tables of nouns . a . : . VOCABULARIES Hebrew—English English—Hebrew INDEX OF SUBJECTS 178 184 187 196 205 210 216 224 231 237 242 251 251 252 252 253 254 280 291 315A. THE HEBREW ALPHABET Tue Hebrew alphabet consists of 22 consonants. They are: Form Name Transliteration” | Numerical Value Finals 7 x *Alep . 1 a3 Bet, Bet b, b (bh) 2 ad Gimel, Gimel 8) g (gh) 3 117 Dalet, Délet d, d (dh) 4 a He h 5 1 Waw w 6 tT Zayin z 7 n Het h 8 o Tet t 9 bd Yd y 10 >> 4 | Kap, Kap k, k (kh) 20 9 Lamed 1 30 m oO | Mém m 40 1 7 | Nan n 50 . Simek 8 y *Ayin : 70 BD | Pe, Pe P, p (ph) 80 a 8 9° Pr Qép or Kop qork 100 7 Re r 200 oe Sin, Sin 48 00 nan L Taw, Taw t, t (th) 400 i * A spirant letter (ph, th, &c.) is represented by a single underlined letter (pf &€.). > ‘The phonetic values are given on p. 3.2 ‘THE ALPHABET "The foregoing Table shows that : (a) Six consonants have alternate forms, namely : 2 1 4.5 572 without a dot, when they are soft or spirant, bedkpt and 237 3 B NA witha dot, which hardens them. bedkpt (A full account is given on p. 14.) (®) Five consonants assume special forms at the end of words. In the beginning or middle of a word their forms are > 9 1D &, but at the end of a word their forms are Tata. () The consonants are also numerical signs.” ‘The units are represented by & to 0, the tens by ” to ¥, and the hundreds by ? ton. Compound numbers are represented thus: 11 XN (110, since Hebrew is written from right to left, see p. 4), 12 3° (2+ 10), 13 YP (3410) &c., 21 ND (1+20), 31 NP (1430), 32 2? (2+30), 33 27 (3430) &., ror NP (1+100), 111 NP (14104100), 121 NDP (1+20+4 100) &€., 201 NT (1 +200), 211 XN" (14104200), 221 ND (1 +20+200) &c., 500 PN (100 + 400), 600 IN (200 + 400), 1000 “INN (200 + 400 + 400). Note: In the compounds of tens and units there are two exceptions to the above system. Nos. 15 and 16 are not denoted by iT” and 1 since these combinations represent forms of the divine name (yH and ¥w representing YAH and yo). No. 15 is therefore designated by 10 (6+9) and 16 by 10 (7 +9). B. PHONETIC VALUES OF LETTERS It is essential to know the correct phonetic value of every Hebrew consonant, since a great deal of Hebrew grammar results directly from the peculiar pronunciation of certain consonants. * This final letter, when vowelless, has two dots in it, thus: 3 » This usage is not Biblical; the first traces of it are found on Maccabean coins.PHONETIC VALUES OF LETTERS 3 Since some consonants have no equivalents in the English alphabet, it was not possible to give their true phonetic value in the foregoing Table. Below is given the pronunciation of each consonant: X (represented by the light breathing ’) is a cutting off of the breath; its consonantal value being apparent when it has a vowel. It is analogous to the silent ‘h’ in a word like ‘honest’. ‘2 is simply ‘b’ and 3 (b) is pronounced as ‘v’, Ais hard ‘g’ as in ‘go’ and 3 (g) is almost like a guttural ‘r’. ‘I is simply ‘d’ and “T (d) is the same as ‘th’ in the word ‘the’, iis ‘h’. Vis tw’. Tis ‘2’, 1 (‘h’ with the dot underneath to distinguish it from #1 ‘h’) is liké the ‘ch’ in the Scots word ‘loch’. D (t with the dot underneath) is a dull ‘t’ produced by placing the tongue against the palate. is fy’. D is “k’ and D (k) is practically a harsh ‘ch’ as above. 2 is ‘I’. 1) is ‘m’. lis ‘n’. D is dull ‘s’. Y (represented by the rough breathing ‘) is very difficult to pronounee, being produced at the back of the throat, almost like a gulping sound. D is ‘p’ and D (p) is pronounced like X (represented by s with dot under it) is a hissing ‘s’. P (represented by ‘q’ or ‘k’) is a ‘k’ at the back of the throat, like the cawing of a crow. Vis ‘r’. (with a dot over left-hand corner) is ‘s’—conventionally transcribed §. W (with dot over right-hand corner, represented by 8) is pronounced as ‘sh’. fv and & were originally one letter, and they are still both represented by the one sign W (without a dot) in vowelless texts. Fis ‘t’ and FN (t) is ‘th’ as in the word ‘think’.4 PHONETIC VALUES OF LETTERS DistincuisH carefully between consonants of similar form, as below: and > dand3 9, 7, and final ] Mand D and 79 9,1, and final ] final O and 0 Y, ¥, and final C. VOWEL-SIGNS Short Long - as in ‘yard? sinner = Paruay* -a- as in ‘had” <> Stondr -e- as in ‘bed’ Jong Hireg -i- as in ‘machine’ —— short Htreg -i- as in ‘lid” =< Qupdg -u- as in “bull” AL Sdreg -G- as in ‘flute” -— Qssas-134y0Pu -o- as in ‘top? {= HOLeM -6- as in cecal + “6 Nore: (a) The vowels 4 and 8 are both represented by the sign ,.. No. 7 (page 12) explains how to determine which vowel this sign represents when it occurs in a word, but for the time being (ie. till we reach no. 7) it may be taken as Qames-4. (8) Most vowel-signs appear below the consonant (3 ba, 2 bu, 3 be) but Sareq and full Halem are placed after it (13 ba, 13 bd), while the other form of Holem is a dot placed over the letter (2 ba). (c) Caution must be exercised in giving each vowel its true phonetic sound. The student must not think of Hebrew vowel-signs in terms of English vowels. ‘The sound of Qames is ‘aa’, of Sdreq ‘00’, of Séré ‘ay’, &c. D. EXPLANATION OF WRITING HEBREW IS WRITTEN FROM RIGHT TO LEFT, so that a word having, for example, the consonants J, m, d is written tn?; the vowels being placed under or after the consonant, e.g. lé-mad 119'?, li-mid 710, ® The transliteration of spirant letters in the names of vowel-signs and of grammatical terms follows the older system (bh, kh, since it is widely used for this purpose. > When this dot follows @ or precedes @ it coalesces with the dot which marks the letter.