1600s Leeuwenhoek first to use microscope to discover nature 1665 Hooke coined the term cells because the

the cork reminded him of rooms. 1838 Schleiden concluded all plants are made of cells. 1839 Schwann concluded all animals are made of cells. 1855 Virchow summarized that all cells must come from other cells

1. All living things are composed of cells.

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things. 3. New Cells are produced from existing cells.

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Smaller No nucleus All bacteria are prokaryotes Still maintain all characteristics of living things

Contain nuclei Contain organelles All plants, animals, fungi are eukaryotes. Many or unicellular organisms

 Cells: basic unit of all forms of life.

Prokaryotes: have cell membrane and cytoplasm but no nucleus. Eukaryotes: contain nuclei
Organelles: specialized structures that perform important cellular functions.

Cell Structures
Cell Membrane

Thin, flexible around the cell Regulates what enters and leaves a cell. Provides protection and support Lipid Bilayer

Cell Structures
Cell Wall

Strong layer around the cell membrane. Support and protect cells. Found in plants, prokaryotes, fungi and algae. Mostly made of cellulose

Cell Structures
Cytoplasm

The material inside a cell that contains the organelles.

Cell Structures
Nucleus

Controls most cell processes and contains the genetic material DNA. Most nuclei contain a dense region called the Nucleolus. This is where ribosomes are made. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope which allows materials inside and out of the nucleus.

Cell Structures

Cell Structures
Chromatin Chromosomes

Granular material visible within the nucleus. Contains DNA bound to protein. Usually spread throughout the nucleus.

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. Distinct, threadlike structures that contain DNA.

Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain its shape. Microtubules: hollow tubes that serve as tracks so organelles can move. Microfilaments: long, thin fibers that function to produce a strong framework for the cell.

Organelles
Proteins are assembled in the ribosomes. Protein production is one of the most important functions of a cell. Made of protein and RNA.

Organelles
Organelle in which components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified.

Rough ER contains ribosomes embedded in its surface.

Smooth ER does not contain ribosomes but may contain enzymes.

Organelles
With the help from enzymes, carbohydrates and lipids are attached to proteins made from the Rough ER. Packages then send them off.

Organelles
Small organelles filled with enzymes. Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food into useable particles.

Help breakdown other cell parts.

Organelles
Storage structures for water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Smaller vacuoles are called vesicles.

Organelles
Found in plants and a few other organisms Use the energy from the sun to make energy-rich glucose in the process called photosynthesis.

Organelles
Release energy from stored food molecules. Create high-energy compounds that cell can use for growth, development, and movement. Found in all eukaryotic cells.

Other Structures
Transport proteins allow needed substances or waste material to move through the plasma membrane.

Other Structures
Cilia: short, numerous, hair-like projections that move in a wave like motion.

Flagella: longer, projections that move with a whip-like motion,

Other Structures
Small, dark cylindrical structures made of microtubules, located just outside the nucleus. Help divide the cell during mitosis and meiosis.

Other Structures
Thin fibers that make a cage-like structure. Help pull chromosomes apart during cell reproduction.