Jessica Pascual EXPERIMENT 5

Table 1 Volumes of Water, Chloroform and Glacial Acetic Acid in each One-phase Mixture.

Mixture 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Volume of Liquid (mL) H2O HOAc CHCl3 1.0 8.9 9.0 2.0 8.7 8.0 3.0 10.2 7.0 4.0 11.2 6.0 5.0 10.9 5.0 6.0 11.5 4.0 7.0 12.7 3.0 8.0 10.0 2.0 9.0 7.1 1.0

Table 2 Weights of Water, Chloroform and Acetic Acid in each One-phase Mixture

Mixture 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

H2O 1.00 1.99 2.99 3.99 4.99 5.98 6.98 7.98 8.97

Weight of Liquid (g) HOAc CHCl3 9.29 13.31 9.09 11.83 10.65 12.35 11.70 8.87 11.39 7.39 12.01 5.92 13.27 4.44 10.45 2.96 7.42 1.48

Table 3 Percent Weight of Water, Chloroform and Acetic Acid in each One-phase Mixture

Mixture 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

H2O 4.24 8.69 11.50 16.25 21.00 25.01 28.27 37.38 50.21

Weight % HOAc 39.38 39.67 40.99 47.64 47.91 50.24 53.74 48.85 41.51

CHCl3 56.38 51.64 47.51 36.11 31.09 24.75 17.99 13.84 8.28

Table 4 Compositon of the Aqueous and Chloroform Layers in each Two-Phase Mixture

Mixture # Weight (g) Aqueous Volume Layer (MNaOH = NaOH 0.4842 (mL) mol/L) % HOAc (%) Weight (g) Organic Volume Layer (MNaOH = NaOH 0.2569 (mL) mol/L) %HOAc (%)

1
5 80.10 47.11 4 11.40 4.02

2
5 60.80 35.76 4.2 39.60 13.30

3
5 87.00 51.17 4.1 75.80 26.08

4
5 95.10 55.93 0.7 15.60 31.44

DISCUSSION: It is sometimes necessary to know the mutual solubilities of liquids in a two-phase system. For example, you may need to know how much water is dissolved in an organic liquid with which it is in contact, and also the amount of the organic compound that is in the aqueous phase. In this experiment we considered a three-component mixture and constructed the corresponding ternary phase diagram. Information regarding phase equilibria can be predicted by a simple rule (Gibbs phase rule): f=cp+2 (1)

where c is the number of components and p is the number of phases present in the system. The degrees of freedom f, or variance, gives the number of variables (e.g., pressure, temperature, composition, etc.) that must be given to completely describe the system, or to locate the state of the system on the phase diagram. Example. Consider water with the phase diagram shown in Fig. 1

For pure phases (solid, liquid or vapor) f = 2. When two phases are present simultaneously (e.g. the point resides on the lines separating the phases in Fig. 1), only P or T can be varied independently and the phase rule gives f = 1. When all three phases are present (i.e., the triple point), all variables must be fixed and the phase rule says that f = 0. For a threecomponent system, four degrees of freedom are possible (F = C-P+2 = 3-1+2 = 4). These are the pressure, temperature and concentration of any two components. In order to simplify the graphical representation, pressure and temperature are kept constant, while the two concentration terms can be represented on a planar diagram. Triangular diagrams are most commonly used. The pure components are represented by the corners of an equilateral triangle. Since the sum of the distances from a point inside the triangle drawn parallel to the sides is always the same (and equal to one side), the composition of a mixture of three liquids can be represented by any point inside the triangle, taking the side as 100% (percentage composition by mass) or as 1 (mole fraction). Any side will then represent two components and the apex, one component. A known mixture of any two miscible liquids are taken and titrated against the third from a burette, till turbidity just appears, to determine the full-miscibility range. The experiment shouldve been done in a closed, temperature-controlled environment since the temperature and pressure need to be maintained at a constant value but nonetheless, the phase diagram of the water-chloroform-acetic acid system was successfully constructed and the tie-lines were also constructed and used to determine the plait point of the system. Errors from the generation of the solubility curve and the tie lines may be attributed to the over-titration of the samples and the inability to keep the temperature and pressure constant.
References: Atkins, P. and De Paula J. (2006). Physical Chemistry. 8 ed. Oxford University Press. Maron, S. H. and Lando, J. B. Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry. Prentice Hall College Div.1974 J.-K. Kim and D.-W. Park, J. Chem. Eng. 22, 256 (2005).