Leading is that management function which involves influencing others to engage in the work behaviors necessary to reach organizational

goals.

Leaders are said to be able to influence others because of the power they possess.
Power refers to the ability of a leader to exert force on another.

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The power possessed by leaders may be classified according to various bases. They are as follows: Legitimate power Reward power Coercive power Referent power Expert power

Legitimate Power a person who occupies a higher position has legitimate power over persons in lower positions within the organization. Reward Power when a person has the ability to give rewards to anybody who follows orders or request, he is said to have reward power.

Rewards may be classified into material and psychic. (recognition, praises)

Coercive Power when a person compels another to comply with orders through threats or punishment, he is said to possess coercive power.
Punishment may take the form of demotion, dismissal,

withholding of promotion, etc.

Referent Power When a person can get compliance from another because the latter would to be identified with the former, that person is said to have referent power. Expert Power Experts provide specialized information regarding their specific lines of expertise. This influence, called expert power, is possessed by people with great skills in technology.

Leadership may be referred to as the process of influencing and supporting others to work enthusiastically toward achieving objectives.
Leadership is expected of any manager in charge of any unit or division. One cannot expect a unit or division to achieve objectives in the absence of effective leadership. Even if a leader is present, but if he is not functioning properly, no unit or division objectives can be expected to be achieved.

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A high level of personal drive The desire to lead Personal integrity Self confidence Analytical ability or judgment Knowledge of the company, industry or technology Charisma Creativity Flexibility


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Leaders need to have various skills to be effective, they are: Technical skills Human skills Conceptual skills

Those in positions of leadership exhibit a pattern of behavior that is unique and different from other patterns. This total pattern of behavior is called Leadership Style.

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Several approaches used in classifying leadership styles: According to the ways leaders approach people to motivate them. According to the way the leader uses power. According to the leaders orientation towards task and people.

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There are two ways, a leader may approach people to motivate them: Positive leadership

Emphasizes rewards, may be economic non economic

2.

Negative leadership

When punishment is emphasized by the leader, ex. Reprimand, suspension, or dismissal

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Leadership styles also vary according to how power is used. They are as follows: Autocratic

2.

Participative Free rien

Make decisions themselves without consulting subordinates. Motivation take the form of threats, punishments, and intimidation of all kinds.
Invites his subordinates to participate or share in decisions, policy making and operation methods

3.

Set objectives and allow employees or subordinates relative freedom to do whatever it takes to accomplish the objectives. Weakness very little managerial control and a high degree of risk. If the leader does not know well the competence and integrity of his people and their ability to handle this kind of freedom, the result could be disastrous.

1.

Leaders may be classified according to how they view tasks and people. Consequently, a leader may either be; Employee oriented

When a leader considers employees as human beings of intrinsic importance and with individual and personal need to satisfy. When a leader places stress on production and technical aspects of the job and the employees are viewed as the means of getting the work done.

2.

Task oriented

 The contingency approach is an effort to determine

through research which managerial practices and techniques are appropriate in specific situations.

The various contingency approaches are as follows: 1. Fiedlers Contingency Model 2. Hersey and Blanchards Situational Leadership Model 3. Path-Goal Model of Leadership 4. Vrooms Decision Making Model

Identify an engineer (any engineering faculty member).

Describe his leadership style. Are there important changes that have to be made in his style? What are those? List down the proposed character change applicable.

Answer case 8. Buenavista Electric Cooperative Inc., : Masquerade

Thank you!