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Types of Generators: Generators are usually classified according to the way in which their fields are excited. The classification of DC generator is shown as follows:
Generators may be divided into: Separately-excited generator: Separately-excited generators are those whose field magnets are energized from an independent external source of DC current. It is shown Fig. 26.41. Equivalent Circuit of diagrammatically in Fig. 26.41 ( separately-excited generator. or equivalent circuit). Self-excited generator: Self-excited generators are those whose field magnets are energized by the current produced by the generators themselves. Due to the residual magnetism, there is always present some flux in the poles. When the armature is rotated, some e.m.f. and hence some induced current is produced which is partly or fully passed through the field coils thereby strengthening the residual pole flux.
There are three types of self-exited generators named according to the manner in which their field coils (or winding) are connected to the armature. (a) Shunt Wound Generator: The field windings are connected across or in parallel with the armature conductors and have the full voltage of the generator applied across them. It is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 26.42.
Fig. 26.42.
(b) Series Wound Generator: In this case, the field windings are joined in series with the armature conductors. It is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 26.43.
Fig. 26.43
Compound Wound Generator: It is a combination of a few series and as a few shunt windings. In a compound generator shunt field is stronger than the series field. Compound wound generators are two types: (a) Short-Shunt where shunt field and armature are connected in parallel and that connection is in series with the series field.
Short-Shunt
(b) Long-Shunt where series filed and armature are connected in series and that connection is in parallel with the shunt field.
When series field aids the shunt the shunt field, the generator is said to be commutative-compound.
On the other hand, if series field opposes the shunt field, the generator is said to be, differentially compound. Depending on load characteristics and the relative additional aiding flux produced by the series field, the cumulative compound generator (whether long-shunt or short-shunt) are three types.
These types are called: (i) over-compound, (2) flat-compound, and (iii) under-compound.
Most commercial compound dc dynamos are normally supplied by the manufacturer as over-compound machine. The degree of compounding (over, flat, and under) may be adjusted by means of diverter that shunts the series field.
Diverter: A diverter is a variable resistance shunting the series field of compound generator to adjust the degree of compounding to produce a desired voltage regulation.
A diverter is used to control and produce a sufficient voltage rise at the generator to compensate for the voltage drop in the lines at full load. The following figures show the connection of diverter in the longshunt and short-shunt cumulative compound generator.
Ish Diverter, Rd Id Rse Ia Ise Ra RL Vt IL
Diverter, Rd Id Rse Ise Ia RL Ra Vt IL
Shunt Field
Shunt Field
Ish
Load
Rsh
Rsh
Eg
Eg
Load
=flux/pole in weber,
Z= No. of slots No. of conductors/slot,
P= No. of generator poles, A= No. of parallel paths in armature, For lap winding, A=mP, For wave winding= 2m, m= The multiplicity (such m=3 for triplex winding)
d dt
Now, flux cut/conductor in one revolution d P Wb No. of revolution/second= N/60 So, time for one revolution, dt=60/N second
volt
PN Z
ZN P
ZN P ZN
60 P 60
volt
Eg
ZN P
60 2 P
ZN
120
volt
Eg
ZN P
60 3P
ZN
180
volt
Eg
ZN P
60 2
volt
Eg
ZN P
60 4
volt
Eg
ZN P
60 6
volt
ZN P N ZP
60 A 60 A 60 A 60 A
Ka
N
60
volt
ZN P N ZP
K aN volt
It is seen from the above equation that the generated emf is directly proportional to the flux () and the speed (N).
60 N 2
volt
Example 26.3 A shunt generators delivers 450 A at 230 V and the resistance of the shunt field and armature are 50 and 0.03 respectively. Calculate the generated e.m.f.. Solution: Generator circuit is shown in Fig. 26.46. Given, Vt=230V, IL= 450A, Rsh=50, Ra=0.03. Eg=? Current through shunt field winding is Ish=230/50=4.6 A.
Fig. 26.46.
Load current IL= 450 A So, armature current, Ia=IL+Ish= 450+4.6=454.6 A Armature voltage drop, IaRa= 454.60.03=13.6 V Now, e.m.f. generated in the armature: Eg= terminal voltage (Vt) + armature drop (IaRa) = 230+13.6=243.6 V
Example 26.4 A long-shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 50A at 500V and has armature, series field and shunt field resistances of 0.05, 0.03 and 250 respectively. Calculate the generated voltage and the armature current. Allow 1 V per brush for contact drop. Solution: Generator circuit is shown in Fig. 26.47. Given, Vt=500V, IL= 50A, Ra=0.05, Rse=0.03, Rsh=250 and total brush drop= 21=2 V. Eg=? and Ia=?. Current through shunt field winding is Ish=500/250=2 A.
Fig. 26.47
=52(0.05+0.03)=4.16 V Voltage drop at brushes= 21= 2 V Now, Eg= Vt+(IaRa+ Series drop) + brush drop=500+4.16+2=506.16 V
Example 26.5 A short-shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 30A at 220 V, and has armature, series field and shunt field resistances of 0.05 ohm, 0.3 ohm and 200 ohm respectively. Calculate the induced e.m.f. and the armature current. Allow 1.0 V per brush for contact drop. Solution: Generator circuit is shown in short-Shunt Fig. 26.48. Given, Vt=220V, IL= 30A, Ra=0.05 ohm, Rse=0.3 ohm, Rsh=200 ohm and total brush drop= 21=2 V. Eg=? and Ia=?. Voltage drop in series winding = 300.3=9V Voltage drop across shunt winding =220+9=229 V Ish=229/200=1.145 A; IaRa= 31.145 0.05 = 1.56 V; Now, Eg= Vt+IaRa+ series drop + brush drop Eg =220 + 1.56+9+2= 232.56 V Ia= 30+1.145=31.145 A Brush drop =21=2 V Fig. 26.48
Example 26.6 In a long-shunt compound Ish IL generator, the terminal voltage is 230 V Rse Diverter, Rd when generator delivers 150 A. Id Ise Determine (i) induced e.m.f., (ii) total Ia Ra power generated, and (iii) distribution of Rsh this power. Given that shunt field, series field, divertor and armature resistances Eg Ia= Id+Ise Ia= Ish+IL are 92 ohm, 0.015 ohm, 0.03 ohm and 0.032 ohm respectively. Fig. 26.49 Solution: Generator circuit is shown in Fig. 26.49.
Shunt Field
Vt RL
Given, Vt=230V, IL= 150A, Rsh=92 ohm, Rse=0.015 ohm, Rd=0.03 ohm, Ra=0.032 ohm. Eg=? Total power generated=? and Distribution of the geneated power=?. Ish= 230/92= 2.5 A; Ia=150+2.5=152.5 A
Since series field resistance and divertor resistance are in parallel their combined resistance is =0.030.015/(0.03+0.015) =0.01 ohm. Total resistance is= 0.032+0.01=0.042 ohm; Voltage drop= 152.50.042=6.4 V (i) voltage generated by armature, Eg= 230+6.4=236.4 V (ii) total power generated in armature =EgIa=236.4152.5=36,051 W
Load
IL
Shunt Field
Vt RL
Rsh
Eg
Fig. 26.49
(iii) Total loss= power lost in armature (Ia2Ra) + power lost in series field and divertor (152.520.01) + Power dissipated in shunt winding ( VtIsh) + Power delivered to load (230150) =152.520.032+152.520.01+2300.01+230150 =36,051 W
Load
Example 26.7 The following information is given for a 300 kW, 600 V, long-shunt compound generator, the shunt field resistance=75, armature resistance including brush resistance =0.03, commutating field winding resistance =0.011, series field resistance =0.012, divertor resistance =0.036 . When the machine is delivering full load, calculate the voltage and power generated by the armature. Fig. 26.50 Solution: Generator circuit is shown in Fig. 26.50. Given, Vt=600V, Output power: VtIL= 300kW, Rsh=75, Ra=0.03 ohm, Rcom=0.011 ohm, Rse=0.012, Rd=0.036 ,. Eg=? Power generated= Eg Ia =? Output current, IL= 300000W/600V=500A; Ish= 600/75=8A; Ia=500+8=508 A Since the series field resistance and divertor resistance are in parallel their combined resistance is [(0.0120.036)/0.048]=0.009 . Total armature circuit resistance= 0.03+0.011+0.009=0.05 Voltage drop = 5080.05= 25.4 V Voltage generated by armature= 600+ 25.4=625.4 V Power generated= 625.4508=317,700 W = 317.7 kW.
Example 26.8 A four-pole generator having wave-wound armature winding has 51 slots, each slot containing 20 conductors. What will be the voltage generated in the machine when driven at 1500 rpm assuming the flux per pole to be 7.0 mWb and what will be the generated voltage if the generator is the triplex lap wonding? Solution: Given, =07.0 mWb=710-3 Wb; Z=5120=1020; A=2m=2 1=2; P=4; N=1500 rpm We know that Eg ZN P volt(V) 60 A Thus
7103 1020 1500 4 357 V Eg 60 2
We know for the lap winding that, A=mP=34=12 Thus for triplex lap-winding generator:
710310201500 4 59.5 V Eg 60 12
Example 26.11 An 8 pole DC shunt generator with 778 armature conductors and running at 500 rpm. Supplies a load 12.5 ohm resistance at terminal of 250 V. The armature resistance is 0.24 and the field resistance is 250. Find the armature current, the induced e.m.f. and the flux per pole for (a) wave-connected winding and (b) Triplex lap-connected winding.
Fig. 26.53.
Solution: Generator circuit is shown in Fig. 26.53. Given, P=8, Z=778, N= 500 rpm, Vt=250V, Ra=0.24 ohm, Rsh=250, Ia=?, Eg=? =? Load current, IL= Vt/Ra= 250/12.5= 20A; Shunt current, Ish = Vt/Rsh =250/250= 1 A. Armature current, Ia=IL+Ish=20+1=21 A; Induced e.m.f.= 250+(210.24)=255.04 V We know that
Eg ZN P volt(V) thus 60 A
60Eg A ZNP
(a) For wave-connected winding, 60Eg A 60 255.04 2 9.83 mWb A=2m= 2 (m=1), Thus ZNP 778 500 8 (b) For triplex lap-connected 60Eg A 60 255.04 24 118.01 mWb winding, A=mP= 38=24, Thus ZNP 778 500 8
Example 26.12: A separately excited generator, when running 1000 rpm supplied 200 A at 125 V. What will the load current when the speed drops to 800 rpm if If (field current) is unchanged? Given that the armature resistance = 0.04 and brushes drop= 2V.
Fig. 26.54.
Given, N1= 1000 rpm, Vt=125V, IL=200A, Ra=0.04, Brushes drop =2V, Eg2 (at 800 rpm)=? The load resistance, RL= 125/200=0.625 Eg1(at 1000 rpm)=125+2000.04+2= 135 V; N1= 1000 rpm
ZN P 1 E V g1 60 A ZN P 2 E V g2 60 A
Thus, Eg2(at 800 rpm) = 135800/1000=108 V If IL2 is the new load current, then terminal voltage is given by Vt2= Eg-(IL2Ra + Brushes drop)108-0.04 IL2-2= 106-0.04 IL2. So, IL2= Vt2 /RL=(106-0.04 IL2)/0.625; 0.625IL2=106-0.04 IL2; (0.625+0.04)IL2=106; 0.665IL2=106; IL2=106/0.665; IL2= 159.398 A
Armature reaction
The current in the armature produces a flux. So, the interaction between this flux and the main field flux is called armature reaction. The armature magnetic field has two effects: (i) it demagnetizes or weakens the main flux which leads to reduced generated voltage, and (ii) it cross-magnetizes, which leads to the sparking at the brushes, or distorts it. When there is no load connected to the generator, the current in the armature conductors is zero. Under these conditions there is only one magnetic field in the generator, and that field is produced by the main-field poles of the generator.
The main field is represented by an arrow, which indicates the direction of the magnetic flux from the north pole to south pole as shown in Fig. 6.1. A load is now connected to the generator, and of course current flow exists. The current to the load is the current in the armature conductors and is equal to the sum of the currents from the parallel paths in the armature. Consider Fig. 6.2, which allows the armature rotating in the magnetic field and the resulting armature current when a load is connected to the generator. When the current flows through a conductor a magnetic field is set up around the conductor as indicated in Fig. 6.2.
The flux from the conductors on the left side of the armature and the flux from the conductors on the right side of the armature cause a resultant flux in the center of the armature that is downward in direction. This resultant flux can be represented by an arrow as indicated, noting that the arrow passes through both top and bottom brushes. There are now two fluxes inside the generator, one produced by the main field poles of the generator and the other by the current in the armature conductors. These two fluxes now combine to form a new resultant flux as shown in Fig. 6.3.
This new resultant flux is not in the same direction as the original main field flux but runs from the tip of one of the poles, across the armature, to the tip of the other pole.
The armature conductors are now cutting this new resultant flux that is not the same direction as the main field flux which conductors were originally cutting.
The brushes are supposed to be located at the point of minimum flux, which of courses at right angles to the direction of the flux.
Since the brushes were at right angles to the main-field flux, they certainly cannot be at right angles to the new resultant flux.
With the brushes in their present location they will be short-circuiting coils in which there is a voltage induced, thereby producing sparking at the brushes, undue brushes wear, and other unfavorable conditions.
Fig. 6.4 shows a new position of brushes at the minimum flux point. Referring Fig. 6.4, it is seen by Flemings right-hand rule that the conductors under the north pole carry current away from the observer and the conductors under the south pole carry current toward the observer. The flux from these conductors is indicated on the diagram, and of course the combined flux from all the conductors is still in a direction from the top brush to the bottom brush. But the flux from the armature is not at right angles to the flux from thee main-field poles. The effects of the armature flux in the new position of brushes is illustrated in Fig. 6.5.
It is seen from Fig. 6.5 that there have two components of armature flux that are at right angles to each other. One component is at right angles to the main field, and because this component crosses the main-field flux, it is known as crossmagnetizing component of the armature flux.
Before the brushes were shifted, the armature flux was at right angles to the main-field flux and therefore produced only a crossmagnetizing field.
With the brushes shifted to the new position, there is still a crossmagnetizing field, some what reduced in magnitude, but in addition there is now a demagnetizing field which tends to reduce the mainfield flux, resulting in a lower generated voltage.
This demagnetizing component was obtained only after the brushes were shifted, and the brushes were shifted because of the change in direction of the resultant flux, which was due to the armature conductors carrying current. The application of some means to prevent the shift of the resultant flux would eliminate the necessity of shifting the brushes, and hence no demagnetizing field would be produced.
Without shifting the brush the armature effect can be minimized by using the following methods: (a) High-Reluctance Pole Tips (b) Horizontal Slots in Main-Field Pole
The variation of reluctance is obtained by constructing the poles that the greater the distance from the center of the pole, the greater the air gap between the pole and the armature. The greater the air gap, the greater the reluctance. With no current in the armature conductors, the flux will be concentrated at the center of the pole, and when current flows in the armature conductors, the flux will tend to shift the end of the pole. The air gap will offer an increase in reluctance to the flux as it moves from the center of the pole, thereby tending to keep the flux in the same original position. The shape of this pole is shown in Fig. 6.6. The reluctance of the center of pole can be reduced by using lamination.
Compensating Windings
The compensating windings are placed in the pole faces of the filed pole can run parallel to the armature conductors. A connection is made from one of the brushes to one end of this winding, so that current from armature must first pass through the winding before going to the load. The direction of current through the winding is opposite to that of the current in the armature conductors under that pole. The location of the compensating winding and of the connection to the winding is shown in Fig. 27.8. Figure 27.8 indicates that the current in the armature conductors located under the north pole carry current away from the observer; therefore the direction of current flowing in that part of the compensating winding situated in the north pole is toward the observer. Since the current in the compensating winding is opposite in direction to the current in the armature conductors, the flux produced by the current in the compensating winding will be opposite in direction to the armature flux. The compensating flux, being opposite in direction to the armature flux, tends to cancel the armature flux. If the armature current increase, the compensating current increases, so that the armature flux is canceled for al load conditions.