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CLO 3: you should be able to you should be able to select addressing scheme of TCP/IP in Local Area Network (LAN) properly using network configuration tool. (C4) CLO 4: you should be able to create a simple network connection using Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) in accordance to IEEE 802.11 protocols. (P7)
note: C4 = analysis, P7=origination
Wireless Technologies
Wireless technologies use electromagnetic waves to carry information between devices. An electromagnetic wave is the same medium that carries radio signals through the air.
The electromagnetic spectrum includes such things as radio and television broadcast bands, visible light, x-rays and gamma-rays. Each of these has a specific range of wavelengths and associated energies as shown in the diagram. Some types of electromagnetic waves are not suitable for carrying data. Other parts of the spectrum are regulated by governments and licensed to various organizations for specific applications. Certain areas of the spectrum have been set aside to allow public use without the restriction of having to apply for special permits. The most common wavelengths used for public wireless communications include the Infrared and part of the Radio Frequency (RF) band.
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Wireless Technologies
Wavelength for each electromagnetic wave
Wireless Technologies
Infrared Band
(IR)
Low energy and unable to penetrate walls (line of sight) Used for PDAs, PCs, wireless mice, keyboards and remote controls IrDA (Infrared Direct Access) port used for 1 to 1 connections
Radio Frequency (RF)
Goes through walls and other obstructions, better range Different frequencies assigned to different types of unlicensed devices
Radio
typically using the license free ISM band at 2.4 GHz
Advantages
simple, cheap, available in many mobile devices no licenses needed simple shielding possible
Advantages
experience from wireless WAN and mobile phones can be used coverage of larger areas possible (radio can penetrate walls, furniture etc.)
Disadvantages
interference by sunlight, heat sources etc. many things shield or absorb IR light low bandwidth
Disadvantages
very limited license free frequency bands shielding more difficult, interference with other electrical devices
Example
IrDA (Infrared Data Association) interface available everywhere
Example
WaveLAN, HIPERLAN, Bluetooth
Wireless Technologies
Wireless Body Area Networks Wireless Personal Area Networks Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Metropolitan Area Network Wireless Wide Area Network
WWAN 802.16e-802.20 WMAN 802.16/HIPERMAN
WLAN 802.11/HIPERLAN
802.21 WPAN 802.15
Wireless Technologies
Wireless Technologies
WPAN
WLAN
WMAN
WWAN
Bluetooth 802.15.1
HomeRF
WIFI 802.11
WLL 802.16
WiMAX 802.16
HiperMAN
GSM 2G
UMTS 3G
A WPAN connects one-persons BAN with the environment around it (devices around the person)
Bluetooth is an example of a wireless PAN that allows devices within close proximity to join together in an ad hoc fashion to exchange information Many cell phones have two radio interfaces: one for the cellular network and one for PAN connections
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WPAN Applications
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WLAN
A WLAN provides a wider range of connectivity with higher data rate than that of WPAN and WBAN
Infrastructure mode: requires an AP and provide access to Internet backbone Ad hoc mode: peer-to-peer communication
In terms of standardization
In US: IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15 (Bluetooth) In Europe: HiperLAN II
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WBAN/WPAN/WLAN Applications
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WMAN
WMAN provides a broadband and fast access (higher data rate) with even wider range than that of WLAN Standards:
In US: IEEE 802.16 In Europe: HiperACCESS (>11GHz) and HiperMAN (<11 GHz)
IEEE802.16:
Support multiple services simultaneously with QoS
IPv4, IPv6, ATM, ETHERNET
Support multiple frequency allocation (2-66GHz) Point-to-multipoint topology with mesh extension
BS is connected to public networks BS serves subscriber stations (building, residence)
Link adaptation (adaptive coding and modulation) Support for advanced antenna systems
WMAN Applications
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WWAN
Wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover large areas, such as between neighboring towns and cities, or city and suburb. These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public internet access system. The wireless connections between access points are usually point to point microwave links using parabolic dishes on the 2.4 GHz band, rather than omnidirectional antennas used with smaller networks. When combined with renewable energy systems such as photo-voltaic solar panels or wind systems they can be stand alone systems. In addition, WANs also refer to Mobile Data Communications, such as GSM, GPRS and 3G.
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Wireless provides ease of access. It does this by broadcasting data in a manner that allows anyone the ability to access it. Wireless LAN technology does not currently provide the speed or reliability of wired LAN's.
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Activity
SCENARIO
1. 2. 3. 4. Charlene uses the IrDA port to connect her PDA to her laptop to upload files. Natasha calls her friend Carlos on her cell phone. Trisha uses her laptop computer at a wireless HotSpot to check her email. Burt uses a wireless Blue tooth headset to listen to music from his MP3 player. Jim connects to the wireless network at his school to do research on a new technology. Ragu uses his cell phone to view a web page on the Internet.
5.
6.
WPAN
WLAN
WWAN
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Protocol Release Date 802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n 802.11y 1997 1999 1999 2003 2009* 2008*
Undefined Legacy 50m 100m 100m Not compatible with b, g, n Expensive First 2.4 GHz Technology Backward compatible with b Shares range with b Newest Standard Newest Standard
2.4 GHz 4.3 Mbps 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz 19 Mbps 54 Mbps 2.4 & 5 GHz
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Types of Antennas
Omni send all directions Used in APs Directional send in one direction Used for longer links to bridge distances
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Wireless Channels
Channels are created by giving each a part of the RF spectrum
Each one can carry on a separate conversation (Think of a TV) Can be set manually or automatically
Channels will often overlap frequencies, but conversations cannot overlap Newer technologies combine channels into a wider one for better bandwidth
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Wireless Channels
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CSMA/CA
A WLAN technology designed to make collisions impossible (teknologi WLAN direka untuk mengelakkan pertembungan.) Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
Reserves a channel for use by a conversation No other devices can transmit on that channel
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CSMA/CA
CSMA/CA Reservation Process
For a Device to use a channel, it asks the AP by using a Request To Send (RTS) message. If channel is not in use, AP will send Clear To Send (CTS) message to all devices in the BSS so they know the channel is being used. Data is sent from STA After conversation is done, an Acknowledgement (ACK) is transmitted.
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CSMA/CA
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Two main encryption methods: WEP (Wired Equivalency Protocol) WPA (Wi-FI Protected Access)
Advanced Measures
WPA or WEP Encryption Authentication Traffic Filtering