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Agenda
The Layered Model Layers 1 & 2: Physical & Data Link Layers Layer 3: Network Layer Layers 47: Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application Layers
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
2-2
Layered Communication
Location A
I like rabbits
Message
L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen Fax #:--L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
Layered Communication
Location A
I like rabbits
Message
Location B
Jaime les lapins
L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen Fax #:--L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen Fax #:--L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen
2-5
Layered Communication
Location A
I like rabbits
Message
Layers
Location B
Jaime les lapins
3 2
L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen Fax #:--L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen Fax #:--L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen
2-6
2
1
Data Link
Physical
Reduces complexity (one big problem to seven smaller ones) Standardizes interfaces Facilitates modular engineering Assures interoperable technology Accelerates evolution Simplifies teaching and learning
Tirumala Babu CMC Ltd
2-7
6
NIC Card
Presentation
Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Hub
5 4 3 2 1
2-8
Host Layers
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
2-9
Media Layers
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
}
}
2-10
Layer Functions
7 Application
Provides network services to application processes (such as electronic mail, file transfer, and terminal emulation)
2-11
Layer Functions
7 6 Application Presentation Network services to applications Data representation Ensures data is readable by receiving system Format of data Data structures Negotiates data transfer syntax for application layer
2-12
Layer Functions
7 6 5 Application Presentation Session Network services to applications Data representation Inter-host communication Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between applications
2-13
Layer Functions
7 6 5 4 Application Presentation Session Transport Network services to applications Data representation Inter-host communication End-to-end connection reliability
Concerned with data transport issues between hosts Data transport reliability Establishes, maintains, and terminates virtual circuits Fault detection and recovery Information flow control
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
2-14
Layer Functions
7 6 5 4 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Network services to applications Data representation Inter-host communication End-to-end connection reliability Addresses and best path
Provides connectivity and path selection between two end systems Domain of routing
Tirumala Babu CMC Ltd
2-15
Layer Functions
7 6 Application Presentation Session
5 4
3 2
Transport
Network Data Link
2-16
Layer Functions
7 6 5 4
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Inter-host communication
End-to-end connection reliability
3
2 1
Peer-to-Peer Communications
Host A 7 6 5 4 3 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Segments Host B Application Presentation
Session
Transport Network Data Link Physical
Tirumala Babu CMC Ltd
2-18
Packets
Frames
2
1
Data Link
Physical
Bits
Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
} {
Data
Tirumala Babu CMC Ltd
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
Data Link
Physical
2-19
Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
} {
Data Network Data Header
Tirumala Babu CMC Ltd
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
Data Link
Physical
2-20
Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
} {
Data Network Data Header Frame Network Header Header Data Frame Trailer
Tirumala Babu CMC Ltd
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
Data Link
Physical
2-21
Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
} {
Data Network Data Header Frame Network Header Header Data Frame Trailer
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
Data Link
Physical
2-22
0101101010110001
Tirumala Babu CMC Ltd
0000.0c12.3456
2-24
MAC Address
24 bits 24 bits
Vendor Code
Serial Number
0000.0c12. 3456
ROM RAM
MAC address is burned into ROM on a network interface card
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
2-25
2-27
2 4 1 3
5
6 8
9 10 7 11
2-28
2 3
Network addressPath part used by the router Node addressSpecific port or device on the network
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
2-29
TCP/IP Example
Network 10.
Host
8.2.48 (Mask 255.0.0.0)
Network 1aceb0b.
Node 0000.0c00.6e25
2-30
2-31
Host X
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
B B
Host Y
Router C
Network Data Link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Router A
Network Data Link Physical
Router B
Network Data Link Physical
Each router provides its services to support upper layer Babu CMC Ltd functions Tirumala
2-32
Multiprotocol Routing
Routing Tables IPX 3a.0800.5678.12ab IP 15.16.50.3
Token Ring
Novell Apple
IPX 4b.0800.0121.ab13
DEC
IP
AppleTalk 100.110
VAX
DECnet 5.8
Token Ring
VAX
IP 15.16.42.8
AppleTalk 200.167 IP 15.17.132.6
Tirumala Babu CMC Ltd
DECnet 10.1
Routers pass traffic from all routed protocols over the internetwork
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model 2-33
2-34
2-35
Dynamic Route Uses a route that a network protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes
2-36
A A
B B
Stub network
2-37
A A
B B
D D
C C
2-38
A A
B B
X
D D C C
2-39
A A
B B
X
D D C C
Can an alternate route substitute for a failed route? YesWith dynamic routing enabled
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
2-40
Network 3
E0 E1 To0
Network 2
Token Ring
Host 5
Routing Table
Destination Outgoing Network Interface 1 2 3
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
E0 To0 E1
2-41
LAN-to-LAN Routing
From LAN Host 4 Network 1
802.3 Net 2, Host 5
Network 3
E0 E1 To0
to LAN Network 2
Token Ring
Host 5
Routing Table
Destination Outgoing Network Interface 1 2 3
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
E0 To0 E1
2-42
LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
From LAN
1.3
Token Ring
Token Ring
To WAN
A A
Frame Relay
To LAN
2.4
B B
2-43
LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
From LAN
1.3
Token Ring
Token Ring
To WAN
A A
Frame Relay
To LAN
2.4
B B
2-44
LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
From LAN
1.3
Token Ring
Token Ring
To WAN
A A
Frame Relay
To LAN
2.4
Data Data
2-45
Transport Layer
Segments upper-layer applications Establishes an end-to-end connection Sends segments from one end host to another Optionally, ensures data reliability
2-47
Transport Layer
Segments Upper-Layer Applications
Application
Electronic Mail File Transfer Terminal Session
Presentation
Session
Transport
Application Port
Data
Application Port
Data
Segments
2-48
Transport Layer
Establishes Connection
Sender
Receiver
Synchronize
Negotiate Connection
Synchronize Acknowledge
Connection Established
Data Transfer
(Send Segments)
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
2-49
Transport Layer
Sends Segments with Flow Control
Transmit
Sender Receiver Buffer Full Process Segments
Stop
Not Ready
Go
Buffer OK
2-50
Transport Layer
Reliability with Windowing
Window Size = 1 Send 1
Sender
Receive 1 Ack 2
Receive 2 Ack 3
Receiver
Sender
Receiver
2-51
Transport Layer
An Acknowledgement Technique
Sender Receiver
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Send 1 Send 2 Send 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ack 7
Tirumala Babu CMC Ltd
2-52
Routed Packets
2-53
Session Layer
Network File System (NFS) Structured Query Language (SQL) Remote-Procedure Call (RPC) X Window System AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) DEC Session Control Protocol (SCP)
2-54
Presentation Layer
login:
Text Data
ASCII EBCDIC Encrypted
Sound
MIDI
Video
MPEG QuickTime
2-55
Application Layer
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Word Processor Spreadsheet Database Design/Manufacturing Project Planning Others
NETWORK APPLICATIONS
File Transfer
Remote Access Client-Server Process Information Location
INTERNETWORK APPLICATIONS
Electronic Data Interchange World Wide Web E-Mail Gateways
Network Management
Others
Internetwork applications Others can extend beyond the enterprise (i.e., to suppliers, etc.)
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
2-56
Summary
OSI reference model describes building blocks of functions for program-toprogram communications between similar or dissimilar hosts Layers 47 (host layers) provide accurate data delivery between computers Layers 13 (media layers) control physical delivery of data over the network
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
2-57