BASIC CONCEPTS IN PLANE GEOMETRY

Triangles 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Circle 1. Radius is the distance from the center to any point on the circle. 2. Chord is any line segment joining any two points on the circle. 3. Diameter is a chord that passes through the center of the circle. 4. Arc is a portion of a circle. 5. Segment is the figure formed by a chord and the arc subtending the chord. 6. Sector is the figure formed by two radii and the included arc. 7. Tangent is the line that intersects the circle at a single point. 8. Secant is the line that intersects the circle at two distinct points. 9. Circumference is the length of perimeter of the circle. 10. Central angle is the angle whose vertex lies at the center of the circle and whose sides are two radii. 11. Inscribed angle is the angle whose vertex lies at the circle and whose sides are two chords. 12. Concentric circles are circles with a common center. 13. Annulus is the region bounded by two concentric circles. Polygon Types of Polygons 1. Triangle is a polygon containing 3 sides. 2. Quadrilateral or Tetragon is a polygon having 4 sides. 3. Pentagon is a polygon of 5 sides. 4. Hexagon is a polygon of 6 sides. 5. Heptagon is a polygon of 7 sides. Scalene triangle is a triangle with no two equal sides. Isosceles triangle is a triangle with two equal sides. Equilateral triangle is a triangle with all sides equal. Right triangle is a triangle which contains a right angle. Oblique triangle is a triangle with no right angle. a) Acute triangle is an oblique triangle with three acute angles. b) Obtuse triangle is an oblique triangle with one obtuse angle.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Octagon is a polygon of 8 sides. Nonagon is a polygon of 9 sides. Decagon is a polygon of 10 sides. Undecagon is a poygon of 11 sides. Dodecagon is a polygon of 12 sides. Pentadecagon is a polygon of 15 sides. Icosagon is a polygon of 20 sides. Chillagon is a polygon of 1000 sides. N-gon is a polygon of n sides. Regular polygon is a polygon having all sides and interior angles equal.

Other Plane Figures Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with two parallel sides. Trapezium is a quadrilateral with no two sides parallel. Parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel. Rectangle is a parallelogram with each interior angle measures 900. Square is an equilateral rectangle. Rhomboid is a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are unequal. Rhombus is a parallelogram whose all sides are equal.

AREAS OF PLANE FIGURES

h b b

A=

1 bh 2

A= a b

1 ab sin 2

Herons Formula: A = s (s - a) (s - b) (s - c)

a c a

where the semi perimeter s = (a + b + c)/2

A = a2

l w A=lw

A = bh

Rhombus
d1 d2 A= 1 d1 d2 2

a B b C D C Trapezium d A
A=

(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d) ...
2 -abcd cos

where s =

a+b+c+d 2 A+C B+D = = 2 2 1 d1 d2 sin 2

d1

d2

A=

isosceles trapezoid
a h b A = (a+b) h

Regular pentagon

s
a

A=ans where n is the number of sides and a is the apothem a = s cot (/2) = 3600/n

r r sector s

1 2 r 2 where s = r 1 or A= rs 2 r = radius = angle in radian A=

r r Segment A= 1 2 r [ - sin] 2

R r annulus A = (R2 r2)

A = ab

l d

A=

2 ld 3

Some Theorems on Circles 1. Cross Chord Theorem If two chords intersect within a circle, then the product of the segments of one chord is equal to the product of the segments of the other chord.

( AE) ( EB) = ( CE) ( ED)

C E

2. Secant Theorem

If two secant lines are drawn from a circle to a point in its exterior, then the product of the secant line and its external segment is equal to the product of the other entire secant line and its external segment.

( AC) ( BC) = ( CD) ( EC)

A B C D E

3. Tangent-Secant Theorem If a tangent line and a secant line are drawn from a circle to a point in its exterior, then the product of the secant line and its external segment is equal to the square of the tangent line.

( BA) ( CA) = ( TA) ( TA) = ( TA)

B T A

4. Central angles of the same or equal circles have the same ratio as their arcs. 5. The diameter that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its two arcs. Conversely, the diameter that bisects a chord is perpendicular to the chord. A O D C 6. The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center of the circle. B 7. A straight line perpendicular to a radius at its endpoint on the circle is tangent to the circle.

r T

8. The line of centers of two tangent circles passes through the point of contact.

c1

c2

c1 c2

9. The measure of a central angle is the angular measure of its intercepted arc. The intercepted arc is measured by its central angle. A C 10. An inscribed angle is measured by of its intercepted arc. = S

11. An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right angle. A C B

12. In a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of the products of the opposite sides is equal to the product of the diagonals. b a d1 c d2 d Definitions: 1. Solid is any limited portion of space bounded by surfaces. 2. Section of a solid is the plane figure cut from the solid by passing a plane through it. 3. Polyhedron is a solid bounded by planes. 4. Edges of a polyhedron are the intersection of the bounding planes. 5. Faces are the portions of the bounding planes included by the edges. 6. Vertices are the intersections of the edges. 7. Regular Polyhedron or Platonic Solid is a solid whose faces are identical regular polygons. POLYHEDRON Tetrahedron Hexahedron Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedrons FACES Triangle Square Triangle Pentagon Triangle NO. OF FACES 4 6 8 12 20 NO. OF EDGES 6 12 12 30 30 NO. OF VERTICES 4 8 6 20 12

Cube is a polyhedron whose six faces are all congruent squares. a a a

Rectangular Parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six faces are all rectangles. h l w

Prism is a polyhedron of which the two parallel faces are equal polygons and the other faces are parallelograms. Right Prism is a prism whose lateral faces are rectangles that are perpendicular to its bases.

h Ab

Ab Oblique Prism is a prism whose lateral faces are not perpendicular to its bases. b b L h Ar Ab

Ar Ab

Truncated Prism is a portion of a prism included between the base and a plane that is not parallel to the base. h4 h2 Ab h3

h1

h1 Ab

h2

h3

Rectangular prism

triangular prism

Circular Cylinder is a cylinder with a circular right section.

r A A

Section AA
Right Circular cylinder is a circular cylinder whose elements are perpendicular to its base. r h Pyramid is a polyhedron of which the base is a polygon of n number of sides and the other faces are triangles with a common vertex. Ab l Ab b h

Regular Pyramid is a pyramid whose base is a regular polygon and the other faces are isosceles triangles.

Cone is a solid bounded by a conical surface and the plane intersecting all the elements.

l Ab

r Right Circular Cone is a circular cone with axis perpendicular to its base.

b Frustum of a Regular Pyramid is a 1portion of a regular pyramid included between the base and a section parallel to the base. B1

h B2

b2
Frustum of a Right Circular Cone is a portion of a right circular cone included between the base and a section parallel to the base.

c1 B1 l c2 B2

r1

h r2

Prismatoid or Prismoid is a polyhedron whose parallel bases are polygons and the lateral faces triangles or trapezoids.

B1 B
m

Cylindrical Wedge is a prismatoid obtained by passing an inclined section through a cylinder that passes through the center of the base.

B2

h r Sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface where every point is equidistant from a fixed point, called the center. Spherical Zone is a portion of the surface of a sphere included between two parallel planes. Spherical Segment is a solid bounded by a zone and the planes of the zones bases.

h r Spherical Sector is a solid generated by rotating a sector of a circle about an axis which passes through the center of the circle but which contains no point inside the sector. ` Spherical Triangle is a portion of the surface of a sphere bounded by arcs of three great circles. A B

Spherical Pyramid or Spherical Polygon is a portion of a sphere bounded by a spherical polygon and the plane of its side.

A D

B C

Torus is a solid formed by rotating a circle about a line not intersecting it.

Ellipsoid or Spheroid is a solid formed by rotating an ellipse about its axis.

Prolate Spheroid is a solid formed by rotating an ellipse about its major axis. Oblate Spheroid is a solid formed by rotating an ellipse about its minor axis. a a b a b a b Paraboloid of Revolution is a solid formed by revolving a b parabolic area about its axis. r R b

h h

Similar Figures

Similar polyhedrons are polyhedrons that have the same number of faces, respectively similar and similarly placed, and have their corresponding polyhedral angles are equal. Corresponding lines of similar figures are proportional. Formulas: 1. The areas of similar plane figures or similar surfaces have the same ratio as the squares of any two corresponding lines. 2. The volumes of similar solids have the same ratio as the cubes of any two corresponding lines. 3. In similar figures of any kind, pairs of corresponding line segments such as x, X , and y, Y have the same ratio.

Formulas
I. SOLID 1. Cube

Solids for which V= Bh

Base area x height SURFACE AREA TSA = 6a2

VOLUME PROPERTIES The three dimensions of a cube are equal to each V = Bh = (a2) a other. All edges are equal. = a3 All the faces of a cube are congruent squares.

a2 = area of one face

The parallel edges are equal. TSA = 2 (lw + lh + wh) The opposite lateral faces V = (lw) h are equal and parallel. Any two opposite faces may be taken as the bases. Every section made by a plane parallel to the base is equal in area to that of the base. The bases are the equal polygons; the lateral area is the sum of the areas of the LSA = e pk = h pk remaining faces. V = Bh Where: The intersections of the lateral = Area of polygon x e = lateral edge faces are called lateral edges. height = height (for These lateral edges are equal right prism) and parallel. The sections made by parallel pk = perimeter of

2. Rectangular Parallelepiped

3. Right Prism

planes cutting all the lateral edges are equal polygons. The altitude of a prism is the perpendicular distance between the planes of its bases. A right section of a prism is a section perpendicular to the lateral edges. A right prism is a prism whose lateral edges are perpendicular to its bases; its lateral faces are rectangles.
4. Oblique Prism

right section TSA = 2B + LSA

V = Ab h = Ar L V = Ab (h1 + h2 + h3)/3

S = Pr L S = Pb (h1 + h2 + h3)/3

Prism5. Truncated Triangular

Prism6. Rectangular

V = Ab (h1 + h2 + h3 + h4)/4

S = Pb (h1 + h2 + h3 + h4)/3

Every cross-section of a circular cylinder is a circular region congruent to the base. Every cross-section of a circular cylinder has the same area as the base. The volume of a circular cylinder is the product of its altitude and the area of its base. The axis of a right circular cylinder is the line joining the centers of the bases. A right circular cylinder may be generated by the revolution of a rectangle about one side as an axis, and is therefore also called a cylinder of revolution. The center of any section of a right circular cylinder parallel to the base is the axis. Any element of a right circular cylinder is equal to its altitude. Every section of a right circular cylinder made by a plane

7. Right Circular Cylinder

V = Bh = (r2 ) h

LSA = 2rh

TSA = 2B + LSA TSA = 2r2 + 2rh TSA = 2r ( r + h)

containing an element is a rectangle.

II.

Solids for which V=1/3 Bh

1/3 X Base area x height

The lateral edges of a regular V = 1/3 Bh pyramid are equal. The lateral faces are congruent V = 1/3 x (area of LSA = (1/2)nbl isosceles triangles. polygon) x (height) The altitudes of the lateral faces TSA = B + LSA are equal. The slant height is the altitude of a lateral face. The altitude is equal to the length of the perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the center of the base. If the regular pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base, the pyramid cut off is a regular pyramid. The slant height of a right circular cone is the length of an element. The altitude is the distance between the vertex and the center of the circle which forms its base. B= r2 It is a solid generated by rotating a right triangle about one of its legs as an axis; the surface LSA = rl V = (1/3) r2h generated by the hypotenuse of the triangle is the lateral area of TSA = LSA + B the cone, and the area of the base of the cone is the surface generated by the leg which is not the axis of rotation. All elements are equal. A section parallel to the base is a

9. Right Circular Cone

8. Regular Pyramid

circle whose center is on the axis of the cone. A section which contains the vertex and two points of the base is an isosceles triangle.
III Pyramid10. Frustum of a Regular Solids for which V = (mean B) h V= mean base area x height V = (h/3) [B1 + B2 + B1B2]

The slant height is the altitude of a face. The lateral edges are equal, and the faces are equal isosceles trapezoids.

LSA = b2/2)nl

(b1

Cone11. Frustum of a Right Circular

The altitude is the perpendicular distance between the two bases. All the elements are equal

V = (h/3) [r12 + r22 + r1r2]

LSA = l (r1 + r2)

Prismatoid12.

V = (h/6) [B1 + B2 + 4Bm]

IV 15. Sphere 14. Conoid Wedge13. Cylindrical

OTHER SOLIDS

Volume V = (2/3) r2 h

Surface Area

V = (r2h)/2

V = (4/3) r3

S = 4r2

16. Spherical Zone

S = 2rh

17. Spherical Segment

V = (h2/3) [3r h]

18. Spherical Sector

V = (2/3) r2 h

19. Spherical Triangle

A = [r2 E/180]; E=(A+B+ C) 180 V = [r3 E/540] A =[r2 E/180]; E=(sum of angles) (n 2) 180 A = 42Rr or A = 2 (b2 a2)

21. Torus 20. Spherical Pyramid or Spherical Polygon

V = 22Rr2 or V = (2/4) ( a + b) (b a)2 22. Ellipsoid or Spheroid V = (4/3) abc

24. Oblate 23. Prolate Spheroid Spheroid

V = (4/3) ab2

V = (4/3) a2 b

27. Paraboloid of 26. Paraboloid of Revolution w/ Revolution w/ two bases one base

V =(1/2) r2 h

V = (h/2) (R2 + r2)

Board Problems 2001 APR ECE BOARD EXAM 1. The tangent and a secant are drawn to a circle from the same external point. If the tangent is 6 inches and the external segment of the secant is 3 inches, then the length of the secant is _______ inches. a. 12 b. 13 c. 14 d. 15 1999 APR ECE BOARD EXAM 2. Assuming that the earth is a sphere whose radius is 6400 km, find the distance along a 3 arc at the equator of the earths surface. a. 335.10 km b. 353.01 km c. 353.10 km d. 533.10 km 1997 NOV ECE BOARD EXAM 3. If a regular polygon has 27 diagonals, then it is a ____________________.

a. nonagon

b. pentagon

c. hexagon

d. heptagon

1997 NOV NOARD EXAM 4. Two triangles have equal bases. The altitude of one triangle is 3 units more than its base while the altitude of the other is 3 units less than its base. Find the altitudes if the areas of the triangles differ by 21 units2 . a. 3 and 9 b. 4 and 10 c. 5 and 11 d. 6 and 12 1996 MAR ECE BOARD EXAM 5. The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is 540. Find the number of sides. a. 5 b. 6 c. 8 d. 11 1995 NOV ECE BOARD 6. A rectangle ABCD, which measures 18 cm by 24 cm, is folded once perpendicular to diagonal AC so that the opposite vertices A and C coincide. Find the length of the fold. a. 20.5 cm b. 21.5 cm c. 22.5 cm d. 23.5 cm 2000 NOV ECE BOARD EXAM 7. The lateral area of the right circular water tank is 92 cm2 and its volume is 342 m3. Determine its radius. a. 5.56 cm b. 6.05 cm c. 7.28 cm d. 7.43 cm 2000 NOV ECE BOARD EXAM 8. A cone and a cylinder have the same height and the same volume. Find the ratio of the radius of the cone to the radius of the cylinder. a. 0.577 b. 0.866 c. 1.414 d.1.732 1999 NOV ECE BOARD 9. A metal washer 1-inch in diameter is pierced by a -inch hole. What is the volume of the washer if it is 1/8-inch thick? a. 0.028-inch b. 0.047-inch c. 0.074-inch d. 0.082-inch 1999 NOV ECE BOARD 10. The ratio of the volumes of the two spheres is 27:343 and the sum of their radii is 10. Find the radius of the smaller sphere. a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 1998 APR ECE BOARD EXAM 11. The distance between the centers of the three circles that are mutually tangent to each other externally are 10, 12 and 14 units. The area of the largest circle is _________. a. 16 units2 b. 23 units2 c. 64 units2 d. 72 units2

2000 APR ECE BOARD EXAM 12. A regular hexagonal pyramid has a slant height of 4 cm and the length of each side of the base is 6 cm. Find the lateral area. a. 52 cm2 b. 62 cm2 c. 72 cm2 d. 82 cm2 1998 NOV ECE BOARD EXAM 13. The apothem of a polygon is the __________ of its inscribed circle. a. radius b. circumference c. diameter d. length 1997 NOV ECE BOARD EXAM 14. Find the approximate change in the volume of a cube of side x inches caused by increasing its side by 1 %. a. 0.02 x3 in3. b. 0.03 x3 in3 c. 0.1 x3 in3 d. 0.3 x3 in3 1996 NOV ECE BOARD EXAM 15. Prisms are named according to their ___________. a. diagonals b. sides c. vertices d. bases 16. It is a polyhedron of which two faces are equal polygons in parallel planes and the other faces are parallelograms. a. tetrahedron b. prism c. frustum d. prismatoid 17. In plane geometry, two circular arcs that together make up a full circle are called ___________. a. coterminal arcs b. conjugate arcs c. half arcs d. congruent arcs 18. Polygons are classified according to the number of _________. a. vertices b. sides c. diagonals d. angles 1999 MAR EE BOARD EXAM 19. Determine the area of a regular 6-star polygon if the inner regular hexagon has 10 cm sides. a. 441.66 cm2 b. 467.64 cm2 c. 493.62 cm2 d. 519.60 cm2 1996 APR EE BOARD EXAM 20. Two vertical conical tanks are joined at the vertices by a pipe. Initially, the bigger tank is full of water. The pipe valve is open to allow the water to flow to the smaller tank until it is full. At this moment, how deep is the water in the bigger tank? The bigger tank has a diameter of 6 feet and a height of 10 feet. The smaller tank has a diameter of 6 feet and a height of 8 feet. Neglect the volume of water in the pipeline. a. (50)1/4 b. (25)1/3 c. (50)1/3 d. (200)1/3

1999 APR ME BOARD EXAM 21. How many sides are in a polygon if each interior angle is 165? a. 12 b. 20 c. 24 d. 48 22. Find each interior angle of a hexagon. a. 90 b. 120 c. 150 d. 180

1998 MAY CE BOARD EXAM 23. A circle having an area of 452 m2 is cut into two segments by a chord that is 6 m from the center of the circle. Compute the area of the bigger segment. a. 354.89 m2 b. 363.68 m2 c. 378.42 m2 d. 383.64 m2 24. Find the volume of a cone to be constructed from a sector having a diameter of 72 cm and a central angle of 150. a. 5533.32 cm3 b. 6622.44 cm3 c. 7710.82 cm3 d. 8866.44 cm3 1997 NOV CE BOARD EXAM 25. Find the area of a quadrilateral having sides 12 m, 20 m, 8 m and 16.97 m. If the sum of the opposite angles is equal to 225, find the area of the quadrilateral. a. 100 m2 b. 124 m2 c. 158 m2 d. 168 m2 26. Find the volume of a cone to be constructed from a sector having a diameter of 72 cm and a central angle of 210. a. 12367.2 cm3 b. 13232.6 cm3 c. 13503.4 cm3 d. 14682.5 cm3 27. The bases of a right prism is a hexagon with one of each side equal to 6 cm. The bases are 12 cm apart. What is the volume of the prism? a. 1211.6 cm3 b. 2211.7 cm3 c. 1212.5 cm3 d. 1122.4 cm3 1995 NOV CE BOARD EXAM 28. The area of a circle circumscribing about an equilateral triangle is 254.47 m2. What is the area of the triangle in m2? a. 100.25 b. 102.25 c. 104.25 d. 105.25 29. The ratio of the volume to the lateral area of a right circular cone is 2:1. If the altitude is 15 cm, what is the ratio of the slant height to the radius? a. 5:2 b. 5:3 c. 5:4 d. 5:6 30. The volume of the frustum of regular triangular pyramid is 135 m3. The lower base is an equilateral triangle with an edge of 9 m. The upper base is 8 m above the lower base. What is the upper base edge, in m? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 31. A circular cylinder with a volume of 6.54 m3 is circumscribed about a right prism whose base is an equilateral triangle of side 1.25 m. What is the altitude of the cylinder, in m?

a. 3.50

b. 3.75

c. 4.00

d. 4.25