EECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof.

Mark Fowler
Note Set #31
C-T Systems: Laplace Transform and System Response to an Input Reading Assignment: Section 8.4 of Kamen and Heck

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Course Flow Diagram

The arrows here show conceptual flow between ideas. Note the parallel structure between the pink blocks (C-T Freq. Analysis) and the blue blocks (D-T Freq. Analysis). New Signal Models
Ch. 1 Intro
C-T Signal Model Functions on Real Line System Properties LTI Causal Etc D-T Signal Model Functions on Integers

Ch. 3: CT Fourier Signal Models

Fourier Series Periodic Signals Fourier Transform (CTFT) Non-Periodic Signals

Ch. 5: CT Fourier System Models

Frequency Response Based on Fourier Transform

Ch. 6 & 8: Laplace Models for CT Signals & Systems

Transfer Function

New System Model

New System Model

Ch. 2 Diff Eqs

C-T System Model Differential Equations D-T Signal Model Difference Equations Zero-State Response Zero-Input Response Characteristic Eq.

Ch. 2 Convolution
C-T System Model Convolution Integral D-T System Model Convolution Sum

New System Model

New Signal Model Powerful Analysis Tool

Ch. 4: DT Fourier Signal Models

DTFT (for Hand Analysis) DFT & FFT (for Computer Analysis)

Ch. 5: DT Fourier System Models

Freq. Response for DT Based on DTFT

Ch. 7: Z Trans. Models for DT Signals & Systems

Transfer Function

New System Model

New System Model 2/7

8.4: Response to Sinusoids and Arbitrary Signals

Sinusoidal input: Before, we used FT methods to answer this questionbut there we assumed the sinusoid extended infinitely in both directions:

x(t ) = A cos(0t + )

<t <
t0 t<0

For our studies of LT we have considered causal signals which are more practical!

A cos(0t + ), x(t ) = 0,
x(t ) = A cos(0t + )u (t )
h(t) H(s)

y (t ) = ?

For x (t ) = A cos(0t )u(t ) we have (Table 8.2)

As As X (s) = 2 = 2 ( s + j0 )( s j0 ) s + 0
For ease, well let = 0, but we can handle the case of 0 using: A cos(0t + ) = [A cos( )] cos(0t ) [A sin( )] sin(0t ) and linearity

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Let H ( s ) =

B( s ) A( s )

(for the finite - dimensional system case)

Assume system has no initial stored energy (i.e., no ICs) then we have:

As B( s ) Y ( s) = H ( s) X ( s) = A( s )( s + j0 )( s j0 )

( A / 2) H ( j0 ) ( A / 2) H ( j0 ) + + Y ( s) = A( s ) s j0 s + j0

( s)

Use Partial Fraction Expansion

Some Polynomial

ILT

ILT

y (t ) = yt (t ) + A H ( j0 ) cos(0t + H ( j0 ))

t >0

Looks like what we got before using double-sided sinusoid. BUT here it starts at time t = 0 and we have this term what does it look like?
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Note that Yt ( s ) =

( s)
A( s )

and we know that the den. A(s) sets the behavior!

Note that A(s) is the system characteristic poly. it sets the system poles. System poles determine the behavior of yt(t) If system is stable the poles are in the LH plane yt(t) consists of decaying terms (might also oscillate if poles are complex) So And - How fast it dies out depends on the real parts of the poles - The pole closest to j axis will dominate (it takes the longest to die out) - After enough time, all that is effectively left is: yt(t) is the transient response

" The steady - state response" y ss (t ) = A H ( j0 ) cos(0t + H ( j0 )), t 0

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Plots for Example 8.16: RC circuit with causal sinusoid applied

6 4 2

RC = 1 second
Note that the transient has completely died out by 5 time constants (actually, even before that)

yt(t)

-2 -4 -6 0 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

t (sec)

yss(t)

-2 -4 -6 0 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

t (sec) yss(t)

y(t)

0 -2 -4 -6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

t (sec)

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Arbitrary Inputs
X ( s) = N X ( s) DX ( s )

Y ( s) = H ( s) = B( s) A( s )

B ( s )C ( s ) A( s ) D( s )

If there are no common poles between X(s) & H(s):

E ( s) F ( s) Y ( s) = + A( s ) DX ( s )
System Den.

If common poles, then Y(s) has repeated poles and you know how to modify for that case
Signal Den.

Yt (s ) Yss (s )

E(s) & F(s) are some polynomials they come from the math while factoring So if the system has poles in the left-half plane then the time-domain terms that arise from A(s) will decay:

y (t ) = yt (t ) + yss (t )
Will die out if system is stable Will persist if input persists
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