Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation

HelpNo Oxygen!!!

CATALYST
C6H1206 + 602 6C02 +6H20

Why is oxygen needed for play in cellular respiration?

Fig. 9-16

H+

H+

H+
H+ Protein complex of electron carriers Q Cyt c

V ATP synthase FAD 2 H+ + 1/2O2 H2O

FADH2 NADH (carrying electrons from food) NAD+

ADP + P i H+ 1 Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis

ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation

No Oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration (ETC / Chemiosmosis)

Fermentation (No ETC / Chemiosmosis)

Anaerobic Respiration
Similar to cellular respiration (still uses an ETC), but a different electron acceptor is used at the end Example:

Sulfate reducing marine bacteria use sulfate ion (SO42-). Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is produced as a by-product rather than water

Hydrothermal Vent Community

Anaerobic Respiration

Fermentation

OH NO! IM RUNNING OUT OF OXYGEN!

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 9-18a

2 ADP + 2 P

2 ATP

Glucose

Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 CO2

2 Ethanol (a) Alcohol fermentation

2 Acetaldehyde

Fig. 9-18b

2 ADP + 2

2 ATP

Glucose

Glycolysis

2 NAD+

2 NADH + 2 H+

2 Pyruvate

2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation

 Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 9-19

Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvate No O2 present: Fermentation

CYTOSOL

O2 present: Aerobic cellular respiration

MITOCHONDRION

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle

ATP Outputs??
Fermentation

Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration

Versatility of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are major intersections to various catabolic and anabolic pathways

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 9-20 Proteins Carbohydrates Fats

Amino acids

Sugars

Glycerol

Fatty acids

Glycolysis Glucose

Glyceraldehyde-3-

NH3

Pyruvate

Acetyl CoA

Citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation

Discussion Question #1
Consider the NADH formed during glycolysis. What is the final acceptor for its electrons during aerobic respiration? What is the final acceptor for its electrons during fermentation?

Discussion Question #2
A glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic one. For the cell to continue generating ATP at the same rate, how would its rate of glucose consumption need to change?

Discussion Question #3
In the 1960s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a drug called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after a few patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmosis machinery by making the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+. Explain how this causes weight loss.

Achieving Metabolic Efficiency

Compartmentalization and Increased Surface Area

Achieving Metabolic Efficiency

Phosphofructokinase catalyzes step 3 High levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase! Feedback Inhibition!

Product

Achieving Metabolic Efficiency