Thc tp gio tr nh K50

Lp cy trng B-

Li cm n!
Sau mt thi gian i iu tra, tm hiu tnh hnh thc t sn xut la v u tng ti vin nghin cu cy lng thc v cy thc phm Gia Lc- Hi Dng, chng ti hon thnh bo co v ti iu tra tnh hnh sn xut ht ging la v ging u tng ti Vin cy lng thc v cy thc phm -Gia Lc, Hi Dng Qua bi bo co ny chng ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh n
1. C gio Ks. Dng Th Thu Hng gip chng ti trong

sut thi gian thc tp gio trnh.

2. Vin cy lng thc v cy thc phm Gia Lc - Hi

Dng.
3. Cc cn b k s, cng nhn, gip chng ti trong thi

gian thc tp ti vin. H Ni, ngy 12 thng 05 nm Nhm sinh vin thc hin!

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Lp cy trng B-

PHN I. PHN M U
1.1. t vn Lng thc lun l vn quan tm hng u cc quc gia trn th gii. Chnh v vy t l t trng cy lng thc lun chim mt din tch ln trong tng s din tch cy nng nghip ton cu. Lng thc nc ta ch yu l cy lng thc c ht nh la go, ng, u tng v cy c c. Vi cy lng thc c ht, din tch tng t 7,3 triu ha (nm 1993) ln 8,4 triu ha (nm 2003), sn lng lng thc c ht tng ng t 26,1 triu tn tng ln 37,5 triu tn, trong din tch trng la t 6,8 triu ha (nm 1995), tng ln 7,4 triu ha (nm 2003) sn lng la tng ng t 25 triu tn tng ln 34,5 triu tn, din tch u tng l 0,12 triu ha (nm 1995) tng ln 0,18 triu ha (nm 2004) sn lng u tng tng ng tng t 0,12 triu tn n 0,224 triu tn. Tng sn lng lng thc c ht ca nc ta hin nay vt mc 40 triu tn/nm. Vi nhng tng trng nh vy trong nhng nm gn y v nng sut la cng nh u tng l nh nhng ng gp tch cc ca cc bin php canh tc, tin b khoa hc k thut, cc ch trng chnh sch h tr sn xut ca nh nc, m c bit l cng tc chn to ging, mc d a c nng sut, sn lng tng nhng vn cha p ng c nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng. p ng c nhu cu v ging tt th cng vic nhn ging cc ging mi, ging c nng sut cao phi c quan tm mt cch ng mc.

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Lp cy trng B-

Vin Cy lng thc v Cy thc phm l n v s nghip khoa hc, trc thuc Vin Khoa hc Nng nghip Vit Nam. Vin c nhim v nghin cu khoa hc v chuyn giao cng ngh v lnh vc Cy lng thc v cy thc phm, ch yu la, u . Vin tham gia nghin cu nhiu ti khoa hc cng ngh, c nhng ng gp tch cc cho nn nng nghip nc nh, c bit l vng BSH. T nhng thc t trn chng ti tin hnh nghin cu ti: iu tra tnh hnh sn xut ht ging la v ging u tng ti Vin cy lng thc v cy thc phm -Gia Lc, Hi Dng 1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu - iu tra tm hiu v tr a l x Lin Hng huyn Gia Lc ni t tr s Vin cy lng thc v cy thc phm Gia Lc Hi Dng. - iu tra tnh hnh sn xut ging la v u tng ti Vin

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PHN II: NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1 Ni dung nghin cu

2.1.1 iu tra v v tr a l x Lin Hng, Gia Lc- Hi Dng 2.1.2 iu tra tnh hnh sn xut mt s cy ly ht ti vin - C cu ging - Thi v v k thut - Chm sc v phng tr su bnh - Thu hoch v bo qun 2.2 Phung php nghin cu Vin cy lng thc v cy thc phm Gia Lc -Hi Dng. Ti x Lin Hng
2.2.2

2.2.1. a im :

Thi gian tin hnh iu tra: t 06/05 09/05/2008 - Cy la - Cy u tng

2.2.3 i tng iu tra

2.2.4

Phng php iu tra: iu tra v Phng vn - Thu tp s liu s cp t c phng trung tm la v u tng - Thu thp s liu th cp Cc k s, cc cn b, cng nhn k thut ti Vin

2.2.5 Phng php phn tch: - S liu c tng hp v tnh trung bnh, bng phn mm excell .

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PHN III: KT QU IU TRA V THO LUN

3.1. iu kin t nhin ca vin cy lng thc thc phm Gia Lc Hi Dng. 3.1.1 V tr a l Vin cy lng thc thc phm Gia Lc Hi Dng nm trn a bn x Lin Hng huyn Gia Lc Hi Dng vi din tch 120 ha Pha Bc gip sng St Pha Nam gip X Gia Ha , Thng Nht Pha ng gip x Thch Khi, Gia Xuyn Pha Ty gip x Thng Nht 3.2. Tnh hnh sn xut la ging ti Vin 3.2.1. V c cu ging v thi v Bng1 : C cu ging STT Tn ging Din tch (ha) 5 3 5 21 3 3 3 3 3 Nng sut (tn/ha) 5.3 5.6 5.8 6.1 5.5 5.3 5.8 4.9 5.4 Sn lng (tn) 26.5 16.8 29 128.1 16.5 15.9 17.4 14.7 16.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Xi23 X19 MT06 P6 DB5 DB6 Q5 Bc thm Khang dn

T bng s liu ta thy din tch ging la P6 c gieo trng nhiu nht vi 21 ha chim 40.2 % tng din tch la c gieo trng ca

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vin. Tip theo l n cc ging la Xi23 v MT06 c gieo trng 5 ha chim 10% . Ging la P6 c gieo trng nhiu l do nng sut cao. 3.2.2. K thut lm m v xun 2008 Ton b lng m ti vin c gieo di rung Ht ging sau khi ly trong kho bo qun ra phi ht ging di nng nh 2-3 gi trc khi ngm xc tin hot ng ca cc h men, tng kh nng ny mm. Bng2: Lng ging gieo m Ging Xi23 X19 P6 DB5 DB6 Q5 Bc thm Khang dn Khi lng ( kg/ha ) 65 75 72 69 69 83 67 75 Thi gian ngm mng ( gi ) 48-72 48-72 48-72 48-72 48-72 48-72 48-72 48-72 Din tch gieo (m2) 540 630 610 570 570 720 530 640

Lng ging dng gieo cy cho mt ha rung cy ca ging Q5 l ln nht (83 kg ) sau ti ging X19, Khang dn (75 kg ) ging s dng t nht l Xi23 (65 ) kg. Trong v xun va qua do thi tit lnh hn bnh thng nn thi gian ngm m di hn. Sau khi ht nc ht thc c phi mm mm trng tin hnh mng. Ht ging ngm trong ao vt ln thnh ng nh trn nn gch v ph bng b gai to diu kin m cho thc nt nanh. Trong qu trnh mng vy nc m 4 ln kt hp trn o ht ny mm c u. Trong iu kin v xun va
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qua do thi tit lnh ko di nn ht thc rt lu mc mm nn phi y ht kn v thng xuyn ti nc m. Sau khi 72 gi mng tiu chun gieo. 3.2.2.1 Chun b rung gieo m Rung m c lm ti chn rung chuyn gieo m Rung c ba ng t trc 20 ngy sau c ba k lm nhiu ln cho nhuyn phng nht sch c cn st li trc khi lm lung. Rung c lm lung rng 1,4 m rnh rng 0,3 m thot nc, mt lung c lm phng su ca lp nc mt sau khi gieo m c ng u. Mng m c gieo u trn din tch nh gieo m lm hai lt lng mng c gieo ng u ng mt . Ti vin m c gieo lm 3 tr: tr 05/12 i vi cc ging Xi23, X19 tr 15/12 i vi cc ging: P6, DB5, 6 tr 05/01 i vi cc ging: khang dn 3.2.2.2 Chm sc Trong iu kin thi tit lnh ca v xun nm nay nn ti vin p dng cc bin php chng rt cho m: Lung m c c lm khung v ph nilon gip cho m chng c rt vi iu kin rt bn ngoi, bn phn kali vi lng 3 kg khi m c 2 -3 l tng cng kh nng chng chu ca m, m cho nc vo, ngy tho nc ra, cho ngp 1/2-1/3 cy m.. Khi m c 3 -4 l giai on m chuyn t d dng sang t dng tin hnh bn phn m vi lng 2 kg ure/ so ( 55 kg ure/ ha ) 3.2.3 Cy

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Lp cy trng B-

Trc khi cy rung cn c lm sch c ba k v bn phn lt trc ln ba cui. Sau khi gieo m khong 25 27 ngy khi cy m c 4 5 l tht tin hnh nh cy. Cy theo hng thng 1 dnh/khm vi mt 45 -55 khm /m2 . Cy mt rnh c tc dng to s sinh trng v pht trin v cy la c kh nng t iu tit mt . Cy mt rnh c tc dng to s ng u v di truyn gia cc cy trong mt khm. * Trong v xun va qua do thi tit lnh ko di nn mt phn ln din tch la sau khi cy b cht rt. Vin gieo x trc tip 23 ha bng ging khang dn v Xi23 vo ngy 28/2 3.2.4. Chm sc * Phn bn + Lng phn bn: 110 kg N + 80 - 90 kg K20 + 75 90 kg P205 i vi cc ging P6 yu cu lng phn bn ln hn nn bn vi lng ln hn: 120 kg N + 95 kg K20 + 90 kg P205 + Lng phn bn qua cc thi k Bng3: Lng bn v cc thi k bn phn t bn Bn lt Bn thc 1 Bn thc 2 Yu t m Ln m Kali m Kali m n ng Lng bn (%) 20 100 20 20 20 30 40 Thi k bn Trc khi ba lt cui Bn r hi xanh Bn thc nhnh n ng

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Trong t bn thc ln 2 kt hp lm c, sc bn bng co ct c b. Bin php ny c tc dng dit tr c di thc y b r pht trin. Trong cng thc bn phn trn khng s dng phn phn chung (phn hu c) do ti vin khng ch ng c lng phn hu c ny nn tng lng phn v c bn cho la. Nu c tip tc nh vy s lm cho t b thiu lng mn cn thit ng thi lm trai cng chua ha t. * Tnh hnh su bnh +V su hi la: - Su c thn: L loi su nguy him gy hi trn tt c cc tr la, song do s tch ly v s lng m su la 2 l nguy him nht. - B tr. Gy hi trn m lm m ci cc, l teo, cy ln, b nng th cy li v cht. B tr pht trin mnh khi khng c ma ro hoc ma phn ko di, tri m, nng nht l tr xun mun... - Su cun l nh: Pht trin mnh vo cui thng 4 c bit nguy him khi su ph hi vo giai on la c ng v thi k cy la kt thc sinh trng v l chuyn sang giai on tr bng. - Ry nu: Gy hi mnh thi k la tr n vo chc, b hi nng cy la cht thnh tng m ln (gi l chy ry). Ry nu hi nng cc chn rung su, t nc, qun th cy rm rp, m di tn cao, nhng ging nhim ry nht l v xun. => i vi cc loi su trn c th dng cc loi thuc tr su ph rng phng tr: Padan 95SP, Satrungdan, Shorpa, Regent +V bnh hi la: - Bnh o n: Bnh nguy him nht v la xun nht l tr la xun tr sm (trc 30/4). Bnh o n gy hi trn l lm l tn li, gy

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hi trn bng lm bng la cht (o n c bng). Tri m u, ma phn ko di, m trong rung la cao, tri mt (t0 = 20 - 250C), cc ging nhim bnh l iu kin tt cho bnh o n pht trin v gy hi. - Bnh kh vn: Gy hi trn tt c cc tr la song mnh nht v xun, v ma sm v ma trung. Bnh kh vn gy hi mnh ven b, cc rung la rm rp, l chen gi nhau, m cao, rung la c nc, mt nc xen k, ging la nhim bnh. Bnh kh vn khng gy mt trng nhng gy nh hng nghim trng n nng sut nu cy la b bnh nng. - Bnh bc l: Loi bnh rt nguy him. Gy hi mnh trn cc ging nhim v ma hoc cc tr la xun tr mun. Bnh c bit nguy him khi thnh dch giai on la tr, gy tht thu ln. Tri oi bc, c gi bo, rung la b ngp, bn phn m nhiu l nhng yu t thun li bnh bc l pht trin thnh dch. => phng tr cc loi bnh trn co th dng cc loi thuc: Validacin, Dinazin,Xanthomix, Starner,Fujione, Bean, Hinosan, Kitazin 3.2.5 Kh ln trn rung Giai on m: nh b cc cy khc mu sc cy cao cy thp, nh b lng vc. Giai on nhnh: nh b cc cy cao cy thp, cy c mu sc hnh dng l khc nhau, nh b lng vc. Giai on ng gi tr bng: nh b cc cy khc dng th l khc nhau mu sc l khc, cc cy cao cy thp cy tr sm tr mun. Giai on chn: ct cy c dng ht mu sc ht, ht c du khng du cy b su bnh hi nng.

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Trong 3 giai on u cn nh b tn gc trnh cy li c th pht

trin thnh o mt cng loi b ln sau. Giai on chn khng cn nh b tn gc v sau giai on 10 -20 ngy l tin hnh thu hoch 3.2.6 Thu hoch v bo qun Tin hnh thu hoch khi la chn 85 90 %. Khi thu hoch v phi ch bin ngay m bo sc ny mm. La c tut bng my thi loi ht cc ht lp lng gi li cc ht trc, my em phi di nng nh 3 - 4 ngy, khng phi trc tip di nng gt la kh dn m bo m 12%. Sau khi la c phi n m t yu cu tin hnh sng ht loi b cc ht to ht ln. L ht c em th sc ny mm nu trn 84% c ng bao 10, 20, 40 kg em bo qun trong kho kn. Lng thc khng t yu cu v sc ny mm c dng lm thc n. 3.3. Tnh hnh sn xut ht ging u tng 3.3.1. C cu ging v ma v Bng 4: C cu ma v cc ging u tng STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tn ging D9804 TL57 DT92 DT93 D9602 AK03 V trng Xun ng Xun ng Xun ng Xun ng Xun ng Xun ng Thi gian sinh trng (ngy) 100 - 110 90 - 95 100 - 110 90 - 95 100 - 110 90 - 995 95 - 105 85 - 90 95 110 90 80 90 80 Thi gian gieo 10-25/2 15/9 - 5/10 10 - 25/2 15/9 - 5/10 15 - 30/2 20/9 - 5/10 10 - 25/2 20/9 - 5/10 15 - 30/2 20/9 - 5/10 10 25/2 12/9 30/9 Nng sut (t/ha) 20 - 21 18 -19 20 - 22 19 - 20 20-23 17-19 19 - 20 17-18 21-23 18-20 15 - 16 14 - 15

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=> T bng s liu trn ta thy cc ging u tng u c gieo trng trng v xun v v ng. Cng mt ging u tng nhng trng trong v ng u c thi gian sinh trng ngn hn trong v xun. Nng sut trong v ng thp hn v xun do thi gian sinh trng ngn hn v ng nn thi gian tch ly cht kh ngn. Chnh v vy u tng v ng c nng sut thp. 3.3.2 c im cc ging u tng ti vin Bng 5: c im cc ging STT Tn ging 1 2 3 4 5 6 AKO3 T92 T93 TL57 9602 9804 Thi gian ST (ngy) 80-85 95-105 90-100 90-100 95-110 93-107 Nng sut (t/ha) 13-15 16.8-23.5 16.8-19.1 19.53-21.0 19-23 18.3-21.8 P1000 (g) 125-130 178-191 120-140 130-145 150-180 175-193 Ging quc gia (nm) 1990 1996 1997 1999 2002 2004

* Ngun gc cc ging - Ging AK03: c cc tc gi ca trung tm nghin cu v pht trin u - Vin Khoa Hc K thut Nng nghip Vit nam chn lc t dng G2261 l dng, ging ca Trung tm nghin cu pht trin rau Chu (AVRDC). - Ging DT92: (1): c chn to t t hp lai H4 lai vi TH184,. - Ging DT93: c lai hu tnh gia dng 821 ca Vit nam v dng 134 ca Nht Bn nm 1986, chn ra c ging u tng DT93, - TL57 (A57) : c chn to t t hp lai D95 vi VX9-3
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Lp cy trng B-

- Ging D9602: c to ra bng phng php lai hu tnh t t hp lai DT74 x DT92 nm 1989 ti vin cy lng thc v thc phm. Vi phng php chn lc c th nhiu ln chn c ging u tng D9602. - Ging 9804: c to ra bng phng php lai hu tnh, t tt hp lai VX.9-3 x TH184 nm 1991 ti vin cy lng thc v cy thc phm, vi phng php chn lc c th nhiu ln chn to c ging u tng 9804. 3.3.3. K thut trng u tng xun 2008 Mt gieo ht: Ht ging sau khi ngm hi nt nanh c em gieo, cc ging khc nhau c gieo vi mt khc nhau mi hc mt ht. Bng 6 : Mt gieo trng u tng STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tn ging AKO3 T92 T93 TL57 9602 9804 35- 40 67 35 - 40 Hng x hng (cm) 30 35 35- 40 35 - 40 35 - 40 Cy x cy (cm) 56 67 56 56 Mt (Cy/m2) 50 - 60 35 - 40 40 - 50 40 - 50

T bng trn ta thy cc ging c thi gian sinh trng ngn c gieo vi mt tha hn cc ging c thi gian sinh trng di v cc ging sinh trng lu cn c din tch v khng gian ln pht trin cnh l t to c s cy cho nng sut cao.

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3.3.4. Phn bn v chm sc Bng 7 :Lng phn bn cho 1 ha u tng STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tn ging AKO3 T92 T93 TL57 9602 m (N ) Kg 35 45 42 44 45 Ln (P2O5 ) Kg 50 65 60 64 65 Kali (K2O ) Kg 35 45 42 44 45

9804 40 60 40 Lng dinh dng bn cho hai ging T92 v ging 9604 l ln

nht v hai ging ny c tim nng cho nng sut cao. Ging AK03 bn t phn nht v nhu cu dinh dng ca ging ny t nng sut thp. *Cc thi k bn phn Bng 8 : Lng phn bn qua cc thi k t bn Bn lt Bn thc t 1 Bn thc t 2 Yu t N P2O5 K2O N K2O N K2O Lng bn % 50 100 50 25 25 25 25 Thi k bn Trc khi gieo trng Khi cy c 3 -4 l tht Trc khi cy ra hoa

Qua bng s liu ta thy khng c cng thc no c s dng n phn chung, y l mt hn ch do vin khng ch ng c phn chung.

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Lng phn Ln c bn hon ton cho ln bn lt trc khi gieo trng. m tp trung bn nhiu vo ln bn lt cung cp kp thi dinh dng cho cy khi cy cn non khi cy cha c nt sn tng hp dinh dng cho cy. Ln l yu t ch o ca cy u tng v cng l yu t hn ch nng sut khng ch ring cy u tng m vi nhiu loi cy trng khc, trn nhiu loi t khc nhau. V vy vic bn ln cho cy u tng ni ring v cy trng ni chung mt cch hp l l rt cn thit khng th thiu trong quy trnh k thut, song cn phi xc nh mc bn ln hp l v cn i vi tng thi v,iu kin t ai, yu cu c th ca tng ging 3.3.5. Phng tr su bnh *Bnh g st (Phakpsora pachyrhisi.S) Bnh do nm Phakpsora pachyrhisi Sydow gy ra v c pht tn nh gi. Bnh pht trin mnh t khi u tng ra hoa lm cho l kh vng v rng hng lot. Phng tr: s dng cc ging u tng khng hoc nhim nh bnh nh: TL57, HL 92, T 12, T 94, T 95. Lun canh vi cc cy khng phi h u, tt nht l lun canh vi la nc. Dng copper B, Bentate pha nng 15- 20 ml/bnh 8 lt nc phun. *Bn l c d (Rihizotonia phabeoli) Do nm Rihizotonia phabeoli gy hi phn gc thn st vi mt t lm cho gc b thi dn v gy gc nhng l non vn xanh nn c ni cn gi l bnh ho xanh. nhit 26-320C, m trn 70%, rt thch hp cho bnh pht trin. Phng tr:. Nh bt nhng cy b bnh em tiu hy. S dng 1 trong cc loi thuc sau y phun: Starner, Validan 300-500 nng

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15-20ml/bnh 8 lt nc, Carabenzim 500Fl nng 20ml/bnh 8 lt nc, Nasta 40EC nng 2ml/bnh 8 lt. * Di c thn (Agromyza Fahaseoli): Di c gn l, cung l ri c vo thn. Di trng thnh gy hi cng ln lm cho cy con b cht giai on 15-30 ngy tui. Phng tr:dng Basudin 10H ri vo gc cy u tng (2-3 ht thuc/gc-lng dng 20kg/ha(, Regent 800WP nng 8gr/bnh 8 lt, Regasuo 500 nng 10ml/bnh 8 lt, Padan 35SP nng 20gr/bnh 8 lt. i vi su c thn, di c nn, rp cc loi gy hi thi k cy con v qu non dng Padan 35SP, Trebon 10EC, Cyperan 25EC, 50EC, Kinalux 25EC phun nh k 7 ngy 1 ln. * Su c qu (Etiella Zinc Kenella): Su gy hi trn qu non lm nh hng n nng sut v phm cht ht u tng. Phng tr:. Dng 1 trong cc thuc sau phun: Padan 35SP nng 20gr/bnh 8 lt, lng phun thuc pha cho 1 ha hoc dng cyperan 25EC, 50EC, Alphan 5EC pha nng 0,1-0,2% phun trc khi ra hoa 1 tun. 3.3.6.Thu hoch v bo qun ht ging Thu hoch: Khi 75% s qu trn cy chn ( v qu kh mu vng sm), th thu hoch. Ct st gc, em v ri mng ra sn phi vi ngy nng, t u ly ht phi lm ging, mt ngy p tip ly ht. Sau tch ht, lm sch s b, loi b rc, thn gy Cht lng ht ging c khuynh hng gim t khi chn sinh l, c bit iu kin thi tit bt thun.

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Bo qun : Sy bng h thng lm kh vi m khng kh t nhin v nhit 35- 40 C. Khi ht u tng t ti m 10% th dng li v a ht vo lm sch c bn (ht c qua h thng sng, nhng ht c kch thc nh lt qua nhng ht to c gi li trn sng. Sau nhng ht nh ny li qua lt sng nh hn v loi b di nhng ht c kch thc nh thu c nhng ht c kch thc ng u ). Sau khi lm sch c bn ht c kim tra sc ny mm nu t 94% th iu kin bo qun lm ging. Ht ging c a vo ng gi v cho vo bo qun trong kho lnh 40C.

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PHN IV: KT LUN V KIN NGH

4.1 Kt lun Qua iu tra tm hiu v tnh hnh sn xut la v u tng Vin cy lng thc v cy thc phm Gia Lc Hi Dng chng ti thu c nhng kt qu sau. 4.1.1 Cy la Trong c cu ging la ca vin th ging P6 c gieo trng nhiu nht vi 21 ha chim 40,2 % tng din tch trng la ca Vin. Ging P6 c gieo trng nhiu nh vy l do ging P6 chu thm canh cao c tim nng cho nng sut cao nn c u t cao v cho hiu qu kinh t. V k thut cy: cy nng nga tay vi mt 45 - 55 khm/m 2 trong mi khm ch cy mt dnh tit kim c ging m vn m bo ng lng cy cn thit, m bo nng sut cao (do cy la c kh nng t iu chnh mt ). Phn bn: khng s dng phn chung m s dng phn v c vi lng ln. Su bnh trn cnh ng trng la ch yu l c canh nn su bnh pht trin mnh dng nhiu loi thuc tr su bnh. 4.1.2 Cy u tng Phn bn : Khng s dng phn chung( Phn hu c ) iu ny nh hng nhiu n hm lng mn, cng nh kt cu ca t.

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4.2

Kin ngh i vi cc cy trng ly ht nn s dng bn lt phn chung,

tng hm lng mn trong t, bo v kt cu gip cho t khng b thoi ha. Trn t trng la, nn lun canh cc loi cy trng khc nhau trnh lm kit qu mt s cht dinh dng no , ng thi gim su bnh hi. i vi t trng cy u tng nn lun canh vi cy trng nc hn ch c di, su bnh.

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