NH HNG CA NHIT V NH SNG N U TH LAI V CC C TNH QUANG HP CA LA LAI F1 (Oryza sativa L.

) CC V TRNG KHC NHAU

Affection of light intensity and temperature on heterosis for photosynthetic characters in F1 hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in different cropping seasons Phm Vn Cng1, Chu Trng K SUMMARY
In Spring and Autumn cropping season of 2005, a pot experiment was conducted to estimate the affection of light intensity and temperature on heterosis for photosynthetic ability in the F1 hybrid (103s/R20) and its parent cultivars, at the active tillering and flowering stages. Photosynthesis in the terms of carbondioxide exchange rate (CER) in single leaf, transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) were measured under four conditions of light flux density and temperature (900 mmol m-2 s-1- 20oC; 1200 mmol m-2 s-1- 25oC; 1500 mmol m-2 s-1- 30oC; 1800 mmol m-2 s-1- 35oC and CO2 concentration at 370 ppm. Under low light intensity (900-1200) and temperature (20-25) condition, the F1 hybrid (Vietlai 20) failed to show positive heterosis for CER over the best parent and mid-parent at all growth stages in both cropping seasons. However, the heterosis value for CER, stomatal conducatnce and transpiration rate was increased with increasing both light intensisty and temperature. The F1 hybrid showed significant and positive heterosis for all photosynthetic characters at high light intensity (15001800) and temperature (30-35oC). A significant and positive correlation was found between CER and stomatal conductance and between CER and traispiration rate. Heterosis for CER was might be dependent on negative heterosis for specific leaf area (SLA, a reciprocal indicator of leaf thickness). Key words: CO2 exchange rate, F1 hybrid rice, light intensity, stomatal conductance, temperature.

1. T VN

nh gi mi lin h gia u th lai (TL) v cc c tnh quang hp v nng sut ht ca con lai F1 l vic lm mang ngha to ln i vi vic chn cp b m to ging lai F1 c tim nng sut cao. Ngoi ra, vic lm ny cn gp phn cung cp nhng thng tin hu ch v cc bin php k thut canh tc cc la lai F1. Tuy nhin nhng kt qu nghin cu v biu hin TL i vi c tnh ny cha c s thng nht (Akita, 1988). Mt s tc gi cho rng con lai F1 khng c TL v
1

1987). Trong cng trnh nghin cu trc, chng ti pht hin thy trong iu kin lng phn m cao th con lai F1 cho TL v quang hp, do c TL v hiu sut s dng m i vi hm lng chlorophyll v hot tnh ca enzyme c inh CO2 (Pham Van Cuong v cs., 2003). Nhit cao l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh n sinh trng v quang hp ca cy trng. Khi tng nhit lm cho khng kh quanh cy trng thay i nh m gim v p sut tng. Chnh v vy lng, CO2 i qua kh khng b hn ch v y l nguyn nhn gim quang hp

Khoa Nng hc, i hc Nng nghip I

quang hp (Yamauchi v Yoshida, 1985), trong khi mt s tc gi khc li cng b kt qu ngc li (Murayama v cs.,

ca cy la (Ishihara v cs., 1971; Zeiger v cs., 1987; Kawamitsu v cs., 1993). Trong chui phn ng quang hp th giai

on quang ho khng b nh hng nhiu bi nhit , tuy nhin pha ti ca quang hp khi m c hot ng ca cc enzyme th rt mn cm vi nhit (Ishihii v cs., 1977). nh sng mnh c bit khi kt hp vi nhit cao c th gy oxy ho v ph hu b my quang hp nu nh cy trng khng c c ch gii phng nng lng d tha (Joshi v cs., 1995). nh hng ca nhit n quang hp ca cy la khc nhau vi cng nh sng khc nhau (Ishihara v cs, 1979). Kt qu nghin cu TL v quang hp trong iu kin nhit cao con lai F1 giai on sinh trng dinh dng c cng b (Pham Van Cuong v cs, 2005). Bi bo ny cp nh hng tng tc ca c nh sng v nhit n vic biu hin TL v quang hp ca la lai F1 cc giai on sinh trng trong cc v trng khc nhau.
2. VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU 2.1. Vt liu nghin cu

g P2O5 + 0,36 gK2O. Bn lt trc khi cy 1 ngy vi t l 1/3N + 1/2P2O5 + 1/3K2O sau trn u. Bn thc ln mt sau khi cy 1 tun vi lng 1/3 N v ln hai sau khi cy 2 tun vi lng 1/6N + 1/2P2O5 + 1/6K2O. Bn nui ng tu thuc vo cc ging trc khi tr 15 ngy vi lng 1/6N + 1/6K2O.
2.2. Phng php o cc ch tiu quang hp

Th nghim gm 1 t hp la lai hai dng l 103s/R20 (Vit lai 20), c to t dng bt dc c nhn cm ng nhit (TGMS 103s) khi em lai vi cc dng b l R20. Th nghim c tin hnh trong v xun v v ma nm 2005 ti nh li Khoa Nng hc, i hc Nng Nghip 1. Ht lai F1 v dng b m c chn lc, sau gieo trong khay c kch thc 60 x 35 x 8 cm. Khi m c 3- 4 l c cy mt dnh trong chu c din tch l 0,02 m2, mi chu trng mt dnh. t lm th nghim l t ph sa sng Hng trong khng c bi p hng nm. c hai v, con lai F1 v dng b m c trng 15 chu, mi cy mt chu, cc chu c b tr theo phng php ngu nhin hon ton (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Lng phn bn cho mt chu l 0,48 g N + 0,36

Ti giai on nhnh hu hiu (30-35 ngy sau cy) v tr (10% bng tr), chn ngu nhin 3 cy ca mi dng b m v con lai F1 o quang hp. Chn 2 l trn cng m hon ton hoc l ng o cng quang hp di dng cng trao i CO2 (CER), cng thot hi nc (E) v nhy kh khng (gs) bng my o LICOR 6400 (Hoa K). Cc ch tiu quang hp c o ti 4 mc nh sng v nhit khc nhau l 900 mmol/m2/s- 20oC; 1200 mmol/m2/s25oC; 1500 mmol/m2/s-30oC; v 1800 mmol/m2/s - 35oC vi cng nng CO2 l 370 ppm, m 60%. Nhng l o quang hp c o din tch bng my GA-5 (Nht Bn), sau sy 80oC trong 48h ri em cn khi lng kh tnh ch s dy l (Specific leaf areaSLA) theo cng thc sau:
SLA (cm2/g) =

Dintch l Trng lng l kh

Ti v tr l o quang hp tin hnh o hm lng dip lc di dng ch s SPAD o bng bng my o SPAD, Minorota 502 (Nht Bn), mi v tr o 3 ln. 2.4. Phng php phn tch s liu S liu phn tch theo phng php phn tch phng sai (ANOVA) bng chng trnh IRRISTAT Ver 3.1 v SAS, 1990.

u th lai thc vt dng b hoc m tng ng cao nht (Hb):

Hb(%)=

Gi tr F1 - dng b (m) cao nht x100 Gi tr dng b (m) cao nht

u th lai vt trung bnh b m (Hm):

Hm(%)=

Gi tr F1 - trung bnh b m x 100 Gi tr trung bnh b m

3.1. nh hng tng tc ca nhit v nh sng n TL v cng quang hp

Trung bnh b m = (gi tr dng b + gi tr dng m)/2

3. KT QU NGHIN CU

Nhn chung giai on nhnh hu hiu cng quang hp (CER) ca c con lai F1 (Vit lai 20) v dng b m v xun u thp so vi v ma, tuy nhin khng c s khc bit ln v ch tiu ny giai on tr (bng 1).

Bng 1. nh hng ca nh sng v nhit n u th lai v cng quang hp ca la lai F1 cc giai on sinh trng trong cc v khc nhau
Cng quang hp (mmol/m2/s) AS (mmol/m2/s) o T ( C) F1 v dng b m 103 /R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hm(%) 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hm(%) 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hm(%) 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hm(%) LSD5%
s

V xun nhnh hu hiu Tr 22,0 20,5 21,0 20,8 5,0 6,0 24,2 20,4 23,3 21,9 4,0 11,0 26,2 21,2 22,6 21,9 16,0* 20,0 23,8 19,0 20,0 19,5 19,0** 22,0 1,94 20,2 19,4 19,4 19,4 4,0 4,0 21,8 20,5 21,0 20,5 4,0 5,0 23,9 19,0 20,0 19,0 20,0** 23,0 20,9 17,0 18,5 17,0 13,0* 18,0 1,35

900- 20

1200- 25

1500- 30

1800 - 35

V ma nhnh hu Tr hiu 28,4 20,2 25,2 18,9 26,5 17,9 25,2 18,9 7,0 7,0 10,0 10,0 29,6 21,5 27,4 20,3 26,0 19,9 27,4 20,3 14,0* 6,0 11,0 7,0 30,8 23,4 28,0 20,3 27,0 20,5 28,0 20,3 10,0* 15,0 12,0 15,0 29,7 21,9 25,0 18,6 25,0 19,0 25,0 18,6 19,0** 18,0** 19,0 16,0 0,9 1,3

Ghi ch: Hb and Hm: ln lt l u th lai vt dng b m tt nht v trung bnh b m, *, ** v ***: ngha mc xc sut ln lt l 0,5, 0,1 v 0,01 theo Ttest, AS: nh sng; T: nhit ; TB: trung bnh.

mc nh sng- nhit (900-20; 1200-25), t hp la lai F1 khng cho u th lai vt dng b m tt nht (Hb) mc ngha v cng quang hp. Tuy nhin mc nh sng v nhit cao (1500-30 v 1800-30), th c hai v gi tr Hb t c mc ngha giai on nhnh hu hiu

(10-20%) v giai on tr (13-20%). mc nh sng v nhit thp (900-20) gi tr Hm c hai giai on sinh trng ni trn trong v ma cao hn so vi v xun. Ngc li mc nh sng v nhit (1500-30 v 1800-35) gi tr Hm v xun (18-23%) cao hn

so vi v ma (12-19%) c hai giai on sinh trng.

3.2. nh hng ca nhit v nh sng n TL v nhy kh khng

Trong c hai thi v, nhy kh khng (gs) ca la lai F1 v dng b m giai on nhnh cao hn so vi giai on tr (bng 2). Ti tt c cc mc nh sng -nhit , t hp la lai F1 u cho TL vt trung bnh b m (Hm) v gs. Ti mc nh sng v nhit thp (900-

20) la lai F1 khng cho gi tr Hb mc ngha vt dng b m tt nht tr giai on tr trong v xun. Khi nh sng v nhit tng th gi tr Hb v nhy kh khng ca la lai F1 tng tt c cc giai on v c hai thi v. Gi tr Hb t cao nht mc 1800-35 trong v xun c giai on nhnh hu hiu v giai on tr (35%).

Bng 2. nh hng ca nh sng v nhit n u th lai v nhy kh khng (gs) ca la lai F1 cc giai on sinh trng trong cc v khc nhau
AS (mmol/m2/s) T (oC) - gs (mol/m /s) F1 v dng b m 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hm(%) 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hm(%) 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hm(%) 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hm(%) LSD5%
2

900- 20

1200- 25

1500- 30

1800 - 35

V xun nhnh hu hiu 0,73 0,67 0,71 0,69 4,00 7,00 0,72 0,61 0,62 0,62 16,00* 17,00 0,73 0,62 0,56 0,59 19,00** 24,00 0,72 0,52 0,50 0,51 38,00** 41,00 0,14

V ma Tr nhnh hu hiu 0,78 1,01 0,47 0,80 0,58 0,95 0,52 0,88 35,00** 6,00 49,00 15,00 0,76 0,90 0,65 0,70 0,54 0,78 0,60 0,74 17,00** 15,00* 28,00 21,00 0,66 0,98 0,46 0,75 0,51 0,73 0,48 0,74 31,00** 31,00** 37,00 33,00 0,78 0,83 0,54 0,70 0,58 0,58 0,56 0,64 35,00** 19,00** 40,00 30,00 0,12 0,15

Tr 0,76 0,65 0,75 0,70 1,00 9,00 0,84 0,72 0,74 0,73 14,00* 15,00 0,81 0,67 0,60 0,63 21,00** 28,00 0,71 0,55 0,57 0,56 25,00** 27,00 0,14

Ghi ch: Nh bng 1,

3.3. nh hng tng tc ca nhit v nh sng n TL v cng thot hi nc

tt c cc mc nh sng v nhit , TL vt trung bnh b m (Hm) v

cng thot hi nc (E), u t gi tr dng ti cc giai on sinh trng c hai thi v (bng 3). mc nh sng v nhit thp, TL vt dng b m tt nht khng mc ngha, tr giai on nhnh hu hiu trong v xun.

Tuy nhin, mc nh sng v nhit cao, gi tr Hb v tnh trng ny u t gi tr dng mc ngha ti tt c cc giai on sinh trng c hai thi v. mc nh sng v nhit 1500-30, Hb t ti a c giai on nhnh hu hiu v giai on tr trong v xun (23-48%) v v ma (32-17%).
3.4. TL v hm lng dip lc

trng no.
3.5. TL v ch s dy l

Hm lng dip lc di dng ch s SPAD ca c con lai F1 v dng b m ti giai on nhnh cao hn ti giai on tr c hai thi v (bng 4). Trong v xun gi tr SPAD cao hn so vi v ma c hai giai on sinh trng. Con lai F1 khng c biu hin TL vt dng b m tt nht bt k giai on sinh

c hai thi v, ch s dy l (SLA) ca c con lai F1 v dng b m ti giai on nhnh hu hiu (343379 cm2/g) cao hn so vi giai on tr (210-235 cm2/g) (bng 5). Nhn chung gi tr SLA ti c hai giai on sinh trng trong v ma cao hn v xun. Ti giai on nhnh hu hiu con lai F1 khng biu hin Hb dng mc ngha. Tuy nhin, t hp la lai F1 c gi tr Hm dng v tnh trng ny (6-12%) tt c cc giai on sinh trng trong c hai thi v.

Bng 3. nh hng ca nh sng v nhit n u th lai v cng thot hi nc ca la lai F1 cc giai on sinh trng trong cc v khc nhau
AS (mmol/ m2/s) - T (oC) Cng thot hi nc (mmol/m2/s) F1 v dng b m 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hm(%) 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hm(%) 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hm(%) 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hm(%) LSD5% V xun nhnh hu hiu 10,0 8,7 8,9 8,7 12,0* 14,0 11,5 8,8 9,5 9,2 21,0** 26,0 11,4 9,0 9,2 9,1 23,0** 25,0 10,7 9,1 8,8 8,9 22,0** 20,0 1,21 Tr 8,6 7,2 8,2 7,7 5,0 12,0 9,0 5,9 9,3 7,5 -3,0 19,0 10,8 5,6 7,3 6,6 48,0** 67,0 9,6 7,6 7,6 7,6 26,0** 26,0 1,75 V ma nhnh hu hiu 12,2 11,7 11,6 11,6 4,0 5,0 13,3 11,4 10,5 11,0 16,0* 21,0 12,9 10,5 9,9 10,2 32,0** 26,0 13,9 12,1 12,9 12,5 15,0* 11,0 1,51 Tr 9,8 8,8 9,2 9,0 7,0 9,0 10,3 9,6 10,2 9,9 1,0 4,0 10,8 9,0 9,9 9,4 17,0* 22,0 11,8 10,0 10,6 10,3 11,0* 15,0 1,1

900- 20

1200- 25

1500- 30

1800 - 35

Ghi ch: Nh bng 1 Bng 4. u th lai v hm lng dip lc (SPAD) ca la lai F1 cc giai on sinh trng trong cc v khc nhau
F1 v dng b m 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hb(%) LSD (5%) V xun nhnh hu hiu 43,0 45,3 42,7 44,0 -5,0 -2,0 1,5 Tr 38,2 37,6 38,0 37,8 1,0 1,0 1,7 V ma nhnh hu hiu 41,8 42,6 40,8 41,7 -2,0 1,0 1,5 Tr 37,9 36,5 37,7 37,1 1,0 2,0 1,6

Ghi ch: Nh bng 1 Bng 5. u th lai v ch s dy l (SLA) ca la lai F1 cc giai on sinh trng trong cc v khc nhau (cm2/g)
F1 v dng b m 103s/R20 R20 103s TB b m Hb(%) Hb(%) LSD5% V xun nhnh hu hiu 369 346 343 344 7 8 35,6 Tr 223 219 210 214 2 6 14,4 V ma nhnh hu hiu 379 352 351 351 8 8 20,4 Tr 243 235 217 226 3 12 11,4

Ghi ch: Nh bng 1

3.5. Tng quan gia cng quang hp v cc yu t lin quan

Trong c hai thi v, cng quang hp (CER) ca con lai F1 v dng b

35 CER (mmol/m 2/s) 30 25 20 15 0.4 0.6 0.8 gs (mol/m2/s) 1.0 1.2
VX; r = 0,65* VM; r =0,62*

m c tng quan thun mc ngha vi nhy kh khng c giai on nhnh hu hiu (r = 0,79) v giai on tr (r = 0,52) ( th 1).
25 CER (mmol/m 2/s) y = 6,92x + 15,64 r = 0,52* B

y = 19,51x + 10,54 r = 0,79**

20
VX; r = 0,50* VM; r = 0,55*

15 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2 gs (mol/m /s) 1.2

th 1. Tng quan gia cng quang hp (CER) vi nhy kh khng (gs) la lai F1 v dng b m giai on nhnh hu hiu (A) v giai on tr (B) trong v xun (VX) v v ma (VM) *, ** v ***: ngha mc xc sut ln lt l 0,5, 0,1 v 0,01.

Tng quan thun mc ngha gia CER v cng thot hi nc cng c pht hin c giai on nhnh
35 30 25 20 15 4 (
VM; r = 0,51* VX; r = 0,85*** 14 A

hu hiu (r = 0,85) v giai on tr (r = 0,53), ( th 2).

CER (mmol/m 2/s)

CER (mmol/m 2/s)

y = 1,74x + 5,86 r = 0,85***

25 20

r = 0,53* y = 0,51x + 15,48

B
VX; r = 0,66* VM; r = 0,68*

15 4 6 8 10

12

14

th 2. Tng quan gia cng quang hp (CER) vi cng thot hi nc (E) la lai F1 v dng b m giai on nhnh hu hiu (A) v giai on tr (B) trong v xun (VX) v v ma (VM) *, ** v ***: ngha mc xc sut ln lt l 0,5, 0,1 v 0,01.

6 8 10 2 E(mmol/m /s

12 E(mmol/m2/s

4. THO LUN

Gi tr CER ca c con lai F1 v dng b m u gim t giai on nhnh hu hiu n giai on tr l do s gim v hm lng dip lc cng nh kh nng ng m ca kh khng (Kawamitsu v cs., 1987; Pham Van Cuong v cs., 2004). Cng quang hp ca c con lai F1 v dng b m u tng khi tng nh sng t 900 n 1500 mmol/m2/s, ng thi nhit tng t 20 n 30oC, iu ny c bo co trong nghin cu trc y (Matsuo v cs, 1995; Khatib v Paulsen, 1999). Vic tng cng quang hp khi cng nh sng tng l do tng kh nng vn chuyn in t ng thi hot tnh ca enzyme c nh CO2 tng (Ishhi v cs., 1977). Khi nh sng v nhit tng n mc 1800-35 th cng quang hp ca c con lai F1 v dng b m u gim. iu ny c th do quang h hp tng, ngoi ra cn do kh nng ng m ca kh khng gim rt mnh trong iu kin m tng i qu thp do nhit cao. Nhit cao v nh sng mnh khng nhng trc tip ph hu b my quang hp m cn tc ng gin tip thng qua s thay i m tng i (Horie, 1979). Trong iu kin nh sng v nhit thp, con lai F1 khng cho Hb mc ngha v cng quang hp, cng thot hi nc hay nhy kh khng, iu ny c th do hm lng dip lc con lai F1 khng vt hn b m (Pham Van Cuong v cs., 2003). Khi tng nh sng v nhit t 1500 - 30 n 1800 mmol/m2/s- 35oC, nhy kh khng gim nhiu dng b m, trong khi khng gim ng k con lai F1, iu ny c th do s phn b kh khng ln hn hay m ca kh khng ca la lai F1 c th bn vng hn trong iu kin nh sng mnh v nhit cao (Ishihara v cng s., 1971). y cng c th l nguyn nhn gi tr Hm v xun cao hn so vi v ma. Nh vy vic chn ging la c cng quang hp cao trong iu kin nhit cao v nh sng mnh c th da vo ch tiu v kh khng. Ngoi ra trong iu kin nhit cao v nh sng mnh cng thot hi nc ca con lai F1 cao hn hn b m c hai thi v, iu ny xy ra c th do cu trc kh khng ca con lai F1 bn vng hn hoc do b r ca la lai hot ng tt nn lng nc cung cp t r tt hn (Wada, 2003). Cng quang hp tng quan thun vi nhy kh khng v cng thot hi nc tt c cc giai on sinh trng c hai thi v, kt qu ny ph hp vi nhng nghin cu trc y (Ishihara v cs., 1971; Kawamitsu v cs., 1987). Cng thot hi nc tng quan thun vi nhy kh khng v c hai yu t ny u ph thuc vo cng nh sng v nhit (Ishihara v cs., 1971). Nh vy TL v cng quang hp c th do cu trc v kh nng ng m kh khng, s phn b ca kh khng v TL v cng thot hi nc. Hn na c th do TL v hot tnh ca enzyme c nh CO2 (Rubisco) (Pham Van Cuong v cs., 2003). Ngoi ra ch s SLA ca con lai F1 cao hn b m (bng 5) ng ngha vi vic l la mng hn nn vic tng TL v cc c tnh quang hp khi tng cng nh sng v nhit cn c th do hot ng ca chui phn ng quang ha (non-photochemical quenching) con lai F1 tt hn, kh nng gii phng nng lng d tha trong t bo tht l tt hn (Schreiber v cs., 1997).
5. KT LUN

Khi tng mc nh sng v nhit gi tr u th lai (TL) vt c dng b m tt nht v trung bnh b m v cng quang hp t hp la lai F1 103s/R20 (Vit lai 20) u tng ti tt c cc giai on sinh trng trong c hai thi v.

Trong iu kin cng nh sng v nhit (1500-30 v 1800-35), t hp la lai F1 cho TL vt dng b m tt nht v vt trung bnh b m v cng quang hp. Gi tr TL v cng quang hp ca la lai F1 tng iu kin nhit cao v nh sng mnh l do la lai F1 c TL v cng thot hi nc v nhy kh khng. Gi tr TL v cng quang hp tng khi nhit v cng nh sng tng khng ph thuc vo hm lng dip lc v dy l.
TI LIU THAM KHO
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