1.3. VN N HNG KHNG (AIR WAYBILLS-AWB). 1.3.1. KHI NIM, NI DUNG V CHC NNG. 1.

Khi nim: Theo lut hang hng dn dng Vit Nam th vn n hang khng l mt chng t vn chuyn hng ha v l bng chng ca vic k kt hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng my bay, v iu kin ca hp ng v vic tip nhn hng ha vn chuyn. 2/ V tn gi: chng t vn ti hng khng c th c cc tiu khc nhau (accept a document however named), min l chng p ng c nhng ni dung ca mt chng t vn ti hang khng. Trong thc t, ta c th gp mt s chng t vn ti hang khng c tiu nh: Air Waybill, Air Consignment Note, House Air Waybill hay Air Transport document Bng ting Vit, hin nay c nhiu cch gi khc nhau nh: Khng vn n (cch gi ca Vietnam Airlines),Vn n hang khng (cch gi ca nhng nh xut nhp khu), Chng t vn ti hng khng (cch gi ca ICC v UCP), Bin lai gi hng hng khng, Giy gi hng hng khng, Phiu vn ti hng khng Cho d cch gi c khc nhau, nhng chng u c cng bn cht l chng t vn ti hng khng, do , ta c th dng an xen vi nhau; tuy nhin, thut ng Vn n hng khng c u tin s dng trong cun sch ny. 3/Ni dung ca vn n hng khng: Cc k hiu ch s trn mu Air Waybill (trang bn) th hin: (0) T Non negotiable th hin ay khng phi l chng t s hu hng ha, nn khng lu thng c. Khi hng ha ti sn bay ch, hng hng khng s thng bo cho ngi nhn hng, ngi nhn hng ch cn chng minh mnh l ngi ch thc c tn trn vn n hng khng l nhn c hng, m khng cn xut trnh vn n hng khng. (1) Tn v a ch ca hng hng khng nhn vn chuyn hng ha. (2) Tn, a ch v s ti khon (nu c) ca ngi gi hng (thng l ngi bn, ngi xut khu). (3) Tn, a ch v s ti khon (nu c) ca ngi nhn hng( thng l ngi mua, ngi nhp khu).

(4) Tn sn bay khi hnh v nhng chi tit v lch trnh ca tuyn bay (nu cn). (5) Tn sn bay ch. (6) Declared Value for Carriage: Gi tr khai bo vn chuyn. Nu khng khai bo th ghi N.V.D (Not Value Declared). Declare Value for Customs : th hin gi tr khai bo hi quan tnh thu. Nu khng khai bo hi quan th ghi N.V.D (Not Value Declared). (7) Handling Information c ni dung ging nh Shipping Marks i vi vn n ng bin, ngha l K m hiu hng ha. K m hiu hng ha c ghi trn tt c cc bao, kin ca hng ha v trn tt c cc chng t khc c lin quan n l hng gi i. (8) Ch ra chi tit v tnh cc ph vn chuyn. (9) M t khi qut v hng ha. (10) Ch ra cc ph tr trc (Prepaid hay cn c PPD) hay phi thu ti sn bay n (Collect hay cn c ghi COLL). (11) Ngi gi hng (ngi xut khu hay i l ca anh ta) k tn xc nhn cc thng tin khai nh th hin trn vn n. (12) Th hin ngy thng v ni m hng hng khng nhn hng ch, tc l ngy thng v ni giao hng (Date and Place of Shipment). (13) Ch k ca ngi i din cho hng hng khng, tc ch k ca ngi chuyn ch. Khi k vn n, phi ghi r tn, chc nng ca ngi k. (14) V tr ghi s vn n: v tr ghi s vn n c th va gc trn bn tri va gc trn bn phi; hay va ghi gc trn va ghi gc di u c. 4/ Chc nng ca vn n hng khng: mt thc t l, hng ha c vn chuyn bng my bay thng n trc chng t phi x l qua ngn hng (ngn hng gi i v ngn hng nhn) v gi qua ng bu in. Do , v bn cht, vn n hng khng v bin lai gi hng ng bin c cc chc nng nh nhau, ngha l vn n hng khng cng ch c hai chc nng l: th nht, l bin lai nhn hng ca hng hng khng pht hnh cho ngi gi hng; th hai, l bng chng v hp ng chuyn ch hng ha gia hng hng khng v ngi chuyn ch. Nh vy, chc nng th ba l chng t s hu hng ha th vn n hng khng khng c. V khng phi l chng t s hu hng ha, nn vn n hng hng khng khng th chuyn nhng bng th tc k hu thng thng, v khng th dung vn n hng

khng nhn hng ti sn bay n. Nh vy, vn n c s dng trc ht nh l chng t xc nhn vic nhn hng ca ngi chuyn ch v l bng chng v hp ng chuyn ch gi hng hng khng v ch hng. Hng ha s c giao cho ngi nhn khi ngi ny chng minh c rng mnh l ngi nhn hng hp php theo ch th ca ch hng nh ghi trn vn n hng khng. 1.3.2/ Nhng lu khi s dng vn n hng khng. 1. Ghi ch bc: Thng thng, i vi vn n ng bin th ghi ch bc (On Board) l cn thit c chp nhn thanh ton; cn i vi vn n hng khng th ch cn ghi nhn hng ch (Accepted for carriage/goods have been accepted for carriage) l . iu ny l do c im trong vn ti hng khng nn khng th yu cu trn vn n hng khng phi th hin On Board c. 2. Ngy giao hng hay ngy gi hng (Shipment Date) : V trong vn ti hng khng i hi phi mt mt thi gian lm th tc khi a hng ln my bay, nn ngy nhn hng ch c th l ngy hng ha thc s c gi i, nhng cng c th l mt ngy khc sau . Do , nu khng c th hin no khc trn vn n, th ngy pht hnh vn n va l ngy nhn hng ch v va l ngy giao hng (hay ngy gi hng). Tuy nhin, nu ngi nhp khu hay ngn hng m L/C yu cu ngy gi hng thc phi c th hin trn vn n, th ngi gi hng phi yu cu ngi chuyn ch ghi ch them trn vn n ngy gi hng thc t nh vy. Nh vy, vic xc nh ngy giao hng ca AWB theo quy tc: a/ Nu L/C yu cu ngy giao hng thc t phi c th hin (actual date of dispatch): Phi c mt ghi ch ring trn AWB. b/ Nu L/C khng yu cu ngy giao hng thc t phi c th hin: Ngy pht hnh AWB c xem l ngy giao hng. c/ Nu L/C khng yu cu ngy giao hng thc t phi th hin trn AWB, nhng trn AWB li th hin ghi ch ring v ngy giao hng, th ngy pht hnh vn n c coi l ngy giao hng. 3. S bn gc v phn phi vn n gc: Thng thuwowngfg, mt b vn n hng khng gm t nht 3 bn gc. Bn th nht c lu gi ti i l pht hnh (Issuing Agent), bn th hai c gi cng hng ha giao cho ngi nhn hng (Consignee), bn th ba giao cho ngi gi hng (Shipper

or Consignor), cc bn gc cn li (nu c) c dung b sung cho cc bn lien quan (gi l Extra copy). 4. Trn b vn n gc: Trong phng thc L/C, ngi xut khu sau khi giao hng, nhn bn gc s ba xut trnh cng vi cc chng t khc thanh ton theo L/C. Do , trong L/C khng th c iu khon yu cu trn b vn n hng khng (Full set of Air Waybills) ging nh i vi vn n ng bin. Hn na, v vn n hng khng khng phi l chng t s hu hng ha, nn vic kim sot trn b l khng cn thit i vi ngn hng m L/C. 5. V vn chuyn ti trong vn ti hng khng: Ngy nay, cng vi s tin b ca k thut ni chung, ngnh hng khng pht trin mnh m, c nhng chuyn bay di, bay ngn, bay ni a, quc t lm cho vic i li v chuyn ch hng ha bng my bay rt thun tin, nhng cng lm ny sinh mt vn hin nhin l chuyn tai trng vn ti hng khng (hnh khch v hng ha). Chnh v vy, khi trn vn n hng khng c th hin chuyn ti s hoc c th xy ra th cc bn lin quan cng phi chp nhn tp qun ny, min l ton b hnh trnh chuyn ch ch dung cng mt vn n duy nht. 6. Khc vi vn n ng bin, trn vn n hng khng c mt s dnh ring cho ngi chuyn ch s dng, ghi nhng d liu kim sot v iu hnh c tnh ni b gia cc hng hng khng hay i l vi nhau. Cc ny thng c tiu Ch dnh cho ngi chuyn ch ( For carrier use only), v d, ghi s chuyn bay (Flight number), ngy bay (Flight date). Ngi gi hng, ngi nhn hng v ngn hng m L/C khng cn bit n nhng ni dung ghi cc ny. 1.4 CHNG T VN TI A PHNG THC Khi nim: Vn ti a phng thc l vic chuyn ch hng ha t ni ny n ni khc bng t nht t hai phng thc vn ti tr ln. Vn ti a phng thc c th c nhiu tn gi khc nhau, v d: - Vn ti a phng thc ( Multimodal Transport). - Vn ti lin hp ( Combined Transport). - Vn ti hn hp ( Inter Modal Transport). Trong vn ti a phng thc, hng ha c vn chuyn t ni i u tin ti ni n cui cng bng nhiu phng tin, nhiu loi hnh vn ti, nhiu chng ng khc nhau vi s tham gia ca nhiu ngi chuyn ch; do ,

thng c mt ngi ng ra t chc v chu ton b trch nhim qu trnh vn ti, do ngi kinh doanh vn chuyn a phng thc MTO hay CTO (Multimodal Transport Operator hay Combined Transport Operator). Ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc l ngi k kt hp ng vn ti v chu trch nhim v vic chuyn ch hng ha nh ngi chuyn ch duy nht. Khi hng ha c nhn ch, ch hng c ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc cp cho mt vn n, gi l vn n vn ti a phng thc. Vn n vn ti a phng thc c cc chc nng ging nh vn n ng bin thng thng, bao gm: l bin lai nhn hng ch, l chng t s hu hng ha v l bng chng ca hp ng vn ti. Vn ti a phng thc c nhiu chng chuyn ch vi nhiu phng tin vn ti khc nhau, chng c chng t chng (Local Document) dng gii quyt mi quan h gia nhng ngi vn ti vi nhau theo nguyn tc vn ti lin hp m ch hng khng cn bit. V c nhiu cch gi khc nhau, nn trong thc t mt chng t vn ti c xem l chng t vn ti a phng thc cho d c tn gi nh th no, min l n th hin c t nht hai phng thc vn ti tr ln. Tiu chng t vn ti a phng thc thng gp l: - Multimodal Transport B/L - Multimodal Transport or Port to Port Shipment B/L. - Negotiable FIATA Combined Transport B/L. - Combined Transport B/L - B/L for Combined Transport Shipment or Port to Port Shipment. Ty theo trng hp m ngi pht hnh chng t vn ti a phng thc c th l: - Ngi chuyn ch a phng thc: Do MTO c th s dng cc phng tin vn ti ca chnh mnh thc hin ton b qu trnh chuyn ch t ni i u tin ti ni n cui cng, nn trong trng hp ny ngi chuyn ch a phng thc l MTO v chng t vn ti a phng thc do ngi chuyn ch a phng thc pht hnh. - Ngi MTO: Do MTO thng khng c cc phng tin vn ti a phng thc tt c cc chng, nn phi i thu phng tin v nhng ngi chuyn ch khc cng tham gia; tuy c nhiu ngi chuyn ch cng tham gia, nhng MTO l ngi c quyn v chu trch nhim pht hnh chng t vn ti a phng thc.

- Thuyn trng: Theo thng l, nu vn ti a phng thc c bt u bng chng ng bin th thuyn trng thng l ngi k pht chng t vn ti a phng thc. - Ngi giao nhn hng ha (Freight Forwarder): Trong vn ti a phng thc, hng ha thng c ngi giao nhn trc khi c ch i bng ng vn ti a phng thc, do , ngi chuyn ch hay ngi MTO thng y quyn cho i l giao nhn ca mnh k pht vn n a phng thc. i l giao nhn cng c th l ngi chuyn ch hay MTO. - Cc i l ca ngi chuyn ch, ca ngi MTO v ca thuyn trng c k pht vn n vn ti a phng thc. - V chuyn ti trong vn ti a phng thc: V l vn ti a phng thc, nn hng ha ng nhin phi c chuyn ti. Do , khi hp ng thng mi hay L/C yu cu xut trnh n vn ti a phng thc c iu khon cm chuyn ti, th ngi bn vn c thanh ton tin hng ngy c khi trn vn n ghi r l c chuyn ti dc ng. Chnh v vy, khi k hp ng thng mi hay pht hnh L/C c yu cu vn n vn ti a phng thc th trnh mt iu khon no quy nh cm chuyn ti dc ng. Ngy nay, do xu hng ton cu ha thng mi din ra nhanh chng, nn vn ti a phng thc ngy cng pht trin, n gip n gin ha th tc cho ch hng, cho ngi nhn hng, trnh nhng ch tc, chm tr trong chuyn ch hng ha gia cc quc gia, c bit cc quc gia cc chu lc khc nhau. V d v cc trn vn ti n th hin a phng thc: Pre carriage by (mode): Place of Receipt by pre carriage: TRUCK / 505 HA NOI Intended vessel/Voy.No. Port of Loading: MSC VANESSA/F455 HAI PHONG Port of Discharge: Place of Delivery by on carriage: LYON PORT PRAHA Vn n ny l vn n vn ti a phng thc, th hin cc chng v cc phng tin vn ti nh sau: Chng 1: T Lng Sn i cng Hi Phng bng t. Chng 2: T cng Hi Phng i cng Lyon bng tu bin

Chng 3: T cng Lyon i Praha bng tu ha. Mt s im lu khi s dng: - Nu ngy nhn hng ch trng vi ngy pht hnh vn n th khng cn ghi ch ring v ngy nhn hng; nu ngc li, th ngy ghi ch ring v ngy nhn hng c xem l ngy giao hng. - Ni nhn hng (Lng Sn) khc vi cng bc hng (Hi Phng); v ni d hng (Lyon) khc vi ni hng n cui cng (Praha). Vi hnh trnh chuyn ch ny t nht phi c hai phng thc vn ti khc tham gia. - Khc vi vn n thng thng, vn n ti a phng thc c pht hnh v c hiu lc ti ni nhn hng (ni ny c th khng phi l cng bc hng) do , khng cn phi c ghi ch on board; khng cn ch ra tn con tu bin m hng ha thc s bc ln, ngha l trn vn n c php ghi tu l d nh ( nh trong hp ng chuyn ch). V ni nhn hng l Lng Sn nn con tu Hi Phng mi ch l d kin theo hp ng vn ti a phng thc, c th hng ha c bc ln con tu ny, nhng cng c th l con tu khc m vic ghi ch ln tu v ch ra con tu l thc s khng logic. iu ny hon ton ph hp vi phng thc vn ti a phng thc. - Trn vn n khng cn th hin t nht hai phng thc vn ti, min l theo logic bn thn vn n phi t tha mn iu . -Trn vn n c iu khon: Taken in charge in apparent good order and condition, at the place of receipt. 2. CHNG T BO HIM HNG HA 2.1 KHI NIM V GII THCH CC THUT NG Bo him l cam kt bi thng ca ngi bo him cho ngi c bo him v nhng tn tht, h hng ca i tng c bo him do mt ri ro tha thun gy ra, vi iu kin l ngi c bo him phi tr ph bo him cho ngi bo him. T khi nim trn, cn gii thch mt s thut ng:

- Ngi bo him ( Insurer, Underwriter, Insurance Company): L ngi thu ph bo him, nhn trch nhim v ri ro v phi bi thng cho ngi c bo him khi c tn tht xy ra trong phm vi gi tr tha thun. Trong thc t, ngi c bo him thng l cc cng ty bo him, v d nh Anh c cng ty Lloyds, Vit Nam c cc cng ty nh Bo Vit, Bo Minh, Bo Long, Pjico, PVInsurance - Ngi c bo him ( Insured or Assured): L ngi tr ph bo him (nn cn gi l ngi mua bo him), l ngi chu tn tht khi c ri ro xy ra l ngi c ngi bo him bi thng. Trong thng mi quc t, ngi c bo him thng l nh kinh doanh xut nhp khu hng ha. - i tng bo him ( Subject matter insured): L ti sn hoc li ch mang ra bo him. Trong hot ng xut nhp khu, i tng c bo him l hng ha xut nhp khu trong qu trnh chuyn ch. - Ri ro c bo him (rish insured against): L ri ro tha thun trong hp ng bo him. Ngi bo him ch bi thng nhng tn tht do nhng ri ro tha thun gy ra. Thc t, cc ri ro ny khng c th hin trc tip trn hp ng m c th hin gin tip qua cc iu khon tham chiu n ngun iu chnh. V d, ti Vin cc nh bo him London (Institute of London Underwriters), c ba iu khon chnh lin quan n ri ro trong vn ti bin l iu kin A, iu kin B v c bit nh chin tranh, nh cng, iu kin B t ri ro hn, cn iu kin C t ri ro nht. Thng thng nhng nh xut nhp khu lun tham gia bo him vi iu kin A, v n bo him ri ro tt hn. - Ph bo him (Insurance premium): L khon tin ngi c bo him tr cho ngi bo him c quyn li bo him. y l khon tin khng truy i, ngha l cho d tn tht khng xy ra, th ngi c bo him cng khng c quyn i li khon tin ny. V trong s nhng ngi tham gia mua bo him, ch c mt s ngi gp ri ro v chu tn tht c ngi bo him bi thng, do ph bo him thng l mt s tin rt nh so vi s tin c bo him. - Gi tr bo him (Insurance value): L gi tr ca i tng c bo him. V d: Tng gi tr l hng, ti sn

- S tin bo him ( Insurance amount): L s tin bo him. Trong trng hp gi tr bo him ln, th ph bo him c th vt qu kh nng ti chnh ca khch hng. Do , khch hng c th quyt nh s tin bo him ch l mt phn ca gi tr bo him. 2.2 TI SAO PHI BO HIM HNG HA XUT NHP KHU. Trong qu trnh vn ti hng ha xut nhp khu ( ch yu bng ng bin) ngi kinh doanh xut nhp khu phi mua bo him cho hng ha v cc l do sau y: - Hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin thng gp ri ro c th gy ra tn tht, h hng, mt mt v hng ha nh tu b mc cn, m, m va nhau, chy, n, mt tch, khng giao hng - Theo tp qun vn ti quc t, trch nhim ca ngi vn ti l rt hn ch, hn na vic khiu ni i ngi vn ti bi thng phc tp kh khn v ko di. - Bo him hng ha xut nhp khu l bin php phng nga ri ro hiu qu, bo v v to tm l an ton i vi nh kinh doanh. Chnh v vy, trong hp ng ngoi thng, mt ni dung cn c quy nh gia ngi xut khu v ngi nhp khu l Ai l ngi chu trch nhim mua bo him hng ha? trong qu trnh chuyn ch t ni nh xut khu n ni nh nhp khu. Trong thc t, theo tha thun nh xut khu hoc nh nhp khu phi chu trch nhim mua bo him hng ha cho ton b hnh trnh chuyn ch. V d, nu tha thun iu kin giao hng l FOB hay CFR th nh nhp khu phi chu trch nhim mua bo him cho hng ha k t thi im nh xut khu giao hng qua lan can tu cho ti ni n cui cng ca hng ha; hoc nu tha thun iu kin giao hng l CIF th nh xut khu phi chu trch nhim mua bo him hng ha t khi giao hng cho ti ni cui cng ca hng ha. Tuy nhin, nh xut khu v nh nhp khu cng c th tha thun iu kin giao hng l CIP ( carriage and insurance paid to named destination), ngha l nh xut khu ch chu chi ph vn chuyn v bo him hng ha n ni nht nh theo tha thun, trch nhim cn li do nh nhp khu chu.

bit thm v trch nhim ca tng bn trong tng iu kin thng mi, xin tham kho Inconterms 200 do ICC xut bn nm 2000. 2.3 CC LOI CHNG T BO HIM HNG HA Cho d nh xut khu hay nh nhp khu chu trch nhim mua bo him th quy tc v ni dung bo him l khng thay i. Sau y ta xt trng hp Nh xut khu chu trch nhim mua bo him l nh th no. Khi nh xut khu bn hng mt cch thng xuyn, anh ta thng k mt Hp ng bo him bao (open policy, floating policy, open cover) bo him cho tt c cc l hng xut khu ti bt c thi im no trong mt thi hn nht nh (thng l mt nm) theo cc iu kin v iu khon nh tha thun trc. Mi ln giao hng, nh xut khu lp t khai v cc chi tit lin quan n l hng v tr ph bo him. Trn c s t khai, cng ty bim him s pht hnh mt Giy chng nhn bo him (Insurance Certificete) hoc cng ty bo him k xc nhn vo t khai (Declaration under an open cover) v trao cho khch hng. u im ca h thng bo him bao l trnh c vic phi tha thun li cc iu kin v bo him i vi mi ln giao hng, v trnh c vic phi pht hnh mt hp ng bo him ring bit cho tng chuyn hng c chi ph rt cao. Nu nh xut khu bn hng khng thng xuyn, tng ln ring bit, th mi ln giao hng phi tha thun vi cng ty bo him v cc iu kin bo him cho l hng c cng ty bo him pht hnh cho mt Bo him n (Insurance policy). Bo him n gm hai mt, mt trc ghi nhng iu khon c bn v thng tin v hng ha tham gia bo him, mt sau ghi y cc iu kin v iu khon ca mt hp ng bo him, do nu c kin tng, ta n ch cn cn c vo Bo him n xt x ch khng cn n hp ng bo him. iu ch l, Phiu bo him (Cover note) khng phi l chng t bo him, v n khng phi l hp ng hay giy chng nhn bo him do cng ty bo him pht hnh, m ch n thun l mt t giy xc nhn bo him do ngi

mi gii bo him pht hnh; do , khng th dng phiu bo him khiu ni i tin bi thng ngi bo him c. Bo him n hay Giy chng nhn bo him? Hin nay, nhiu nc ngi mua bo him mun kin cng ty bo him trc ta n v vic khng bi thng tin bo him phi c Bo him n , iu ny hm ch ring giy chng nhn bo him l cha bng chng php l tin hnh kin cng ty bo him trc ta n. Ngha l, v mt php l Giy chng nhn bo him khng c gi tr bng bo him n v n c nhng mt hn ch khi ra trc ta n. Chnh vi vy, mt s ngi cho rng khi mua bo him nht thit phi yu cu cng ty bo him cp cho mt bo him n th mi chc chn. Tuy nhin, thc t iu ny khng quan trng v khng cn thit, bi v mi ln cp bo him n rt tn km, hn na khi c tn tht xy ra, ngi c bo him ch cn xut trnh giy chng nhn bo him l c cng ty bo him bi thng. Chng no cng ty bo him khng bi thng mt cch hp php, c th l do ph sn hoc c tranh chaps xy ra phi cn n ta n gii quyt th lc mi cn n Bo him n. Trong

104. 3.3 CC CHNG T HNG HA KHC Phiu ng gi: thng thng ch ra cc chi tit v: 1. S hng ha c ng gi trong mt bao , kin, thng, hp hay container nht nh. 2. Trong lng tnh v c b ca mi bao, kin, thng hay hp. 3. S lng bao, kin , thng, hp, container. Phiu ng gi c t trong bao b sao cho ngi mua c th d dng tm thy, cng c khi c trong mt ti gn bn ngoi bao b. Ngoi ra, phiu ng gi cn gi cng vi b chng t thanh ton theo quy nh ca hp ng thng mi hay L/C. Phiu ng gi ngoi dng thng thng, c th l

phiu ng gi chi tit (detailed packing list) nu ni dung tng i chi tit v hng ha. Ngoi ra, ty tng trng hp m mt s chng t khc cng c yu cu bao gm: - giy chng nhn phm cht (certificate of quality). - Giy kim nh (Certificate of npection). - Bng k chi tit (Specification). - Giy chng nhn s lng (certificate of Quanlity). - Giy chng nhn trng lng (Certificate of eight). - Giy chng nh kim dch ng vt (Veteterinary Certificate). - Giy chng nhn kim dch thc vt (Phytosanitary Certificate). - Giy chng nhn v sinh (Sanitary Certificate). Mt s c quan ph trch vic gim nh v cp cc chng t ny nh: Vina Control, Caf Control Nu hp ng thng mi khng qui nh c th ngi cp l ai, th bn thn ngi xut khu co s th t cp cc chng t ny./.