ANALOG MODLLER

YAZAN
LTF BAIRGAN
Analog-moduller@hotmail.com
Analogmoduller.com

2012
ALTIN KALEM YAYINLARI

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Altn Kalem Yaynlar

ANALOG MODLER
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Yayn Numaras: 125
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Basm Tarihi : Haziran 2012

ANALOG MODLLER

iii

Teekkr...
Benim
yetimemde
emei
olan
aile
byklerime,tahsil
hayatmdaki hocalarma, bu kitab yazmam srasnda bana sabr
gsteren aileme, kitabn yazlmas srasnda yardmc olan i
arkadalarma, ayrca dkman olarak bana yardmc olan Trk
Philips A.ye
teekkr bir bor bilirim.

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NDEKLER

ANALOG MODLLER
1.SNYAL
1.1.SNYAL LM CHAZLARI .......................................... 2
1.1.1.OSLOSKOP ..................................................... 2
1.1.2.FREKANS ZMLEYC ........................................... 3
1.2.DORU AKIM DC (DIRECT CURRENT) ................................. 4
1.3.ALTERNATF AKIM AC (ALTERNATIVE CURRENT) ....................... 5
1.3.1.SNS DALGA ................................................... 5
1.3.2.KARE DALGA ................................................... 11
1.3.4.GEN DALGA .................................................. 11
1.4.GENLK MODLASYONU (AMPLITUDE MODULATION) ...................... 12
1.5.FREKANS MODLASYONU (FREQUANCE MODULATION) ..................... 17
1.6.GENLK KAYMALI ANAHTARLAMA ASK(AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING) ........ 19
1.7.FREKANS KAYMALI ANAHTARLAMA FSK(FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING) ....... 21
1.8.DARBE GENL MODLASYONU PAM(PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION ) .... 23
1.8.2.FT POLARTEL DARBE GENL MODLASYONU PAM ............... 25
1.9.DARBE YOUNLUU MODLASYONU PDM(PULSE DENSTY MODULATION ) .... 25
1.10.DARBE POZSYON MODLASYONU PPM(PULSE POSITION MODULATION) .... 28
1.11.DARBE KOD MODLASYONU PCM
(PULSE CODE MODULATION) ......... 30
1.12.DARBE GENL MODLASYONU PWM(PULSE WIDTH MODULATION) ...... 32

2.YKSELTELER
2.1.TRANSSTR .....................................................
2.2.TRANSSTRN LETME VE KESME GERLMES .....................
2.2.1.NPN TRANSSTR ...............................................
2.2.2.PNP TRANSSTR ...............................................
2.3.1.TRANSSTRDE DC YKSELTME LEM .............................
2.3.2.TRANSSTRDE DOYUM (SATURATION) ..............................
2.4.1.TRANSSTRDE N GERLMLEME (BIAS) ...........................
2.4.2.N GERLMLEMEYE HAZIRLIK ....................................
2.4.2.1.N GERLMLEME VOLTAJ SEVYES .............................
2.4.2.2.N GERLMLEME GRAF .....................................
2.4.2.3.N GERLMLEME LE YKSELTME ...............................
2.4.2.4.EMTER DRENC ............................................
2.4.3.SER N GERLMLEME ..........................................
2.4.4.GERLM BLC LE N GERLMLEME ............................
2.4.5.GER BESLEME LE N GERLMLEME ..............................

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ANALOG MODLLER

2.4.6.FT GERLM LE N GERLMLEME .............................. 58

2.4.7.BYPASS KONDANSATR .......................................... 59
2.5.TEMEL YKSELTELER BALANTILARI ................................ 60
2.5.1.ORTAK BEYZ BALANTILI YKSELTE .............................. 62
2.5.1.1.SER N GERLMLE LE ORTAK BEYZ YKSELTE ................. 64
2.5.1.2.GERLM BLC LE N GERLMLEMEL ORTAK BEYZ YKSELTE ... 65
2.5.1.3.FT GERLM LE N GERLMLEMEL ORTAK BEYZ YKSELTE ..... 66
2.5.2.ORTAK EMTER BALANTILI YKSELTE ............................ 67
2.5.2.1.SER N GERLMLE LE ORTAK EMTER YKSELTE ............... 69
2.5.2.2.GERLM BLC LE N GERLMLEMEL ORTAK EMTER YKSELTE . 69
2.5.3.ORTAK KOLLEKTR BALANTILI YKSELTE ......................... 70
2.5.3.1.SER N GERLMLE LE ORTAK KOLLEKTR YKSELTE ............ 72
2.5.3.2.GERLM BLC LE N GERLMLEMELORTAK KOLLEKTR YKSELTE 72
2.5.4.DARLNGTON BALANTILI YKSELTE .............................. 73
2.6.FET ............................................................ 76
2.6.FET'N LETME VE KESME GERLMES ........................... 78
2.6.1.N KANAL FET .................................................. 78
2.6.2.P KANAL FET .................................................. 82
2.6.3.FET'LERDE LETME VE KESME GERME YTEMLER ................ 86
2.6.3.1.K AYRI VOLTAJ KAYNAI LE LETME VE KESME GERME ...... 86
2.6.3.2.SRS DRENC LE LETME VE KESME GERME ................. 87
2.6.4.FET'LERDE N GERLMLEME (BIAS) .............................. 88
2.6.4.1.KNC BR DC VOLTAJ LE N GERLMLEME .................... 89
2.6.4.2.SRS DRENC LE N GERLMLEME ............................ 89
2.6.4.3.GERLM BLC DREN VE SRS DRENC LE N GERLMLEME ... 90
2.6.4.FET YKSELTELER ............................................. 91
2.7.MOSFET ......................................................... 92
2.7.MOSFETLERN'N LETME VE KESME GERLMES ................... 94
2.7.1.AZALAN TP MOSFET ( DEPLETION ) .............................. 94
2.7.1.1.D TP N KANAL MOSFET ( DEPLETION ) ........................ 94
2.7.1.2.D TP P KANAL MOSFET ( DEPLETION ) ........................ 98
2.7.2.OALAN TP MOSFET ( ENHANCEMENT ) .......................... 102
2.7.2.1.E TP N KANAL MOSFET ( ENHANCEMENT ) ..................... 102
2.7.2.2.E TP P KANAL MOSFET ( ENHANCEMENT ) ..................... 106
2.7.3.E TP MOSFETLERDE N GERLMLEME ........................... 110
2.7.3.1.SER DRENLE N GERLMLEME .............................. 111
2.7.3.2.GERLM BLC DRENLE N GERLMLEME .................... 111
2.7.4.E TP N KANAL MOSFET YKSELTELER .......................... 112
2.7.5.FT GEYTL MOSFET BALANTILARI ............................. 113
2.7.6.MOSFET FET VE TRANSSTRLERN KARILATRILMASI .............. 114
2.8.1.TRSTR SCR (SILICON CONTROLED RECTIFIER) ................... 116
2.8.1.1.TRSTR'N ALITIRILMASI ................................. 117
2.8.1.2.TRSTR'N DURDURULMASI ................................... 120
2.8.1.3.AC AKIMDA TRSTR'N KULLANILMASI ......................... 122
2.8.2.TRYAK ...................................................... 127
2.8.2.1.TRYAK'IN ALITIRILMASI .................................. 128
2.8.2.2.DARBE SNYAL LE TRYAK KONTROL ......................... 130
2.8.2.2.KEND BESLEME VOLTAJI LE TRYAK KONTROL ................. 133
2.9.LEMSEL YKSELTELER ( OP-AMP ) .............................. 136
2.9.1.LEMSEL YKSELTELER YAPISI ................................ 136
2.9.2.TERSLEMEYEN BALANTI LEMSEL YKSELTELER .................. 138
2.9.3.TERSLEYEN BALANTI LEMSEL YKSELTELER .................... 140

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2.9.4.VOLTAJ TAKP EDC LEMSEL YKSELTELER ....................
2.9.5.LEMSEL YKSELTELERN BESLEMES ...........................
2.9.5.1.TESLEYEN YKSELTELERN BESLEMES .........................
2.9.5.2.TESLEMEYEN YKSELTELERN BESLEMES .......................
2.10.ALIMA SINIFINA GRE YKSELTELER ...........................
2.10.1.A SINIFI YKSELTELER ......................................
2.10.2.B SINIFI YKSELTELER ......................................
2.10.3.AB SINIFI YKSELTELER .....................................
2.10.4.C SINIFI YKSELTELER ......................................

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3.OSLATRLER
3.1.OSLATR ......................................................
3.2.LC OSLATRLER (BOBN-KONDANSATR) ............................
3.2.1.LC PARALEL REZONANS OSLASYONU ..............................
3.2.1.1.HARTLEY OSLATRLER .......................................
3.2.1.2.KOLPTS OSLATRLER .......................................
3.2.1.3.KLAP OSLATRLER ..........................................
3.2.1.4.ARMSTRONG(TICKLER) OSLATRLER ............................
3.3.RC OSLATRLER (DREN-KONDANSATR) ...........................
3.3.1.1.PARALEL RC ZAMANLAMA DEVRES ..............................
3.3.1.2.SER RC ZAMANLAMA DEVRES .................................
3.3.2.RC DFERANSYEL OSLATRLER .................................
3.3.3.RC GEVEME ( RELAXATION ) OSLATRLER .......................
3.3.4.RC FAZ KAYMALI OSLATRLER ..................................
3.3.5.RC WIEN KPRS OSLATRLER ................................
3.4.KRSTAL OSLATRLER ...........................................
3.4.1.KRSTALN YAPISI VE DEVRE BLANTILARI .......................
3.4.2.KOLPTS KRSTAL OSLATRLER(COLPITTS) .......................
3.4.3.PERCE KRSTAL OSLATRLER (PIERCE) .........................
3.4.4.SER REZONANS OSLATRLER ...................................
3.5.VOLTAJ KONTROLL OSLATRLER (VCO) ............................
3.5.1.AUDIO BAND VOLTAJ KONTROLL OSLATRLER (VCO) ...............
3.5.1.NE 555 - SA 555 - LM 555 XR 555 ...........................
3.5.2.CD4046 ......................................................
3.5.3. NE 566 - LM 566 ............................................
3.5.4.ILC8038 .....................................................
3.5.5.XR2206 ......................................................
3.5.6.MAX038 ......................................................
3.5.1.RF BANT VOLTAJ KONTROLL OSLATRLER (VCO) ..................
3.6.HARMONK OSLATRLER (FREKANS KATLAYICILAR) ...................

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ANALOG MODLLER
4.G KAYNAKLARI
4.G KAYNAKLARI ..................................................
4.1.VOLTAJ REFERANS NOKTALARI .....................................
4.2.TRAFOLAR ......................................................
4.3.DORULTUCULAR .................................................
4.3.1.YARIM DALGA DORULTUCU ......................................
4.3.2.K DYOTLU TAM DALGA DORULTMA .............................
4.3.3. KPR DYOTLU TAM DALGA DORULTMA ..........................
4.3.3.ETL DORULTMA UYGULAMALARI ..............................
4.4.FLTRELER .....................................................
4.4.1.KONDANSATR FLTRELER .......................................
4.4.2.BOBN FLTRELER .............................................
4.4.3.KARIIK FLTRELER ..........................................
4.5.REGLATRLER ..................................................
4.5.1.ZENER DYOT REGLATRLER ....................................
4.5.2.TRANSSTRL REGLATRLER ...................................
4.5.2.1.SER TRANSSTRL REGLATRLER ............................
4.5.2.2.PARALEL TRANSSTRL REGLATRLER .........................
4.5.2.3.DARLNGTON TRANSSTRL SER REGLATRLER .................
4.5.2.4.ETL TRANSSTRL REGLATRLER ........................
4.5.3.OPAMP KONTROLL REGLATRLER ................................
4.6.ENTEGRE TP VOLTAJ REGLATRLER .............................
4.6.1.SABT VOLTAJLI GERLM REGLATRLER .......................
4.6.2.VOLTAJI AYARLI GERLM REGLATRLER .......................
4.7.ANAHTARLAMALI G KAYNAKLARI (SMPS) ...........................
4.7.1.TEK BOBNL KONVERTRLER ....................................
4.7.1.1.VOLTAJ AZALTAN KONVERTRLER( BUCK ) .......................
4.7.1.2.VOLTAJ ARTTIRAN KONVERTRLER ( BOOST ) ....................
4.7.1.3.VOLTAJ AZALTAN - ARTTIRAN KONVERTRLER (BUCK-BOOST) .......
4.7.2.TRAFO ZOLEL KONVERTRLER ..................................
4.7.2.1.FLY-BACK KONVERTRLER ....................................
4.7.2.2.FORWARD KONVERTRLER ......................................
4.7.2.3.PUSH-PULL KONVERTRLER ....................................
4.7.2.4.YARIM KPR KONVERTRLER ..................................
4.7.2.5.TAM KPR KONVERTRLER ....................................
4.7.2.6.TRAFO ZOLASYONLU KONVERTRLERDE REGLASYON VEGER BESLEME
4.7.3.FAZ KONTROLL KONVERTRLER ..................................
4.8.VOLTAJ KATLAYICILAR
......

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5.SNYAL LEME

5.SNYAL LEME ...................................................

5.1.SNYAL ANAHTARLARI ............................................
5.1.1.TAMPON YKSELTELER (BUFFER) ................................
5.1.2.ANAHTARLAR ..................................................

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5.1.2.1.DC ANAHTARLAR .............................................
5.1.2.2.AC ANAHTARLAR .............................................
5.1.3.SNYAL DAITICI VE TOPLAYICILAR .............................
5.2.SNYAL EVRCLER ............................................
5.2.1.GERLM BLCLER ...........................................
5.2.2.GERLM FREKANSA EVRC ..................................
5.2.3.FREKANSI GERLME EVRC ..................................
5.2.4.AKIMI GERLME EVRC .....................................
5.2.4.1.SER DREN LE AKIMI GERLME EVRME ....................
5.2.4.3.ISI SENSR LE
AKIMI GERLME EVRME ..................
5.2.4.3.1.TERMSTR LE
AKIMI GERLME EVRME ..................
5.2.5.AC DC EVRC (DORULTUCU) .................................
5.2.6.DALGA EKL EVRC ........................................
5.2.6.1.SNSDEN KAREYE EVRC .................................
5.2.6.2.SNSDEN GENE EVRC ..................................
5.2.6.3.KAREDEN SNSE EVRC ...................................
5.2.6.4.KAREDEN GENE EVRC ...................................
5.2.6.5.GENDEN SNSE EVRC ..................................
5.2.6.6.GENDEN KAREYE EVRC ..................................
5.2.6.7.TREV EVRC ............................................
5.2.6.8.NTEGRAL EVRC .........................................
5.3.SNYAL FLTRELER .............................................
5.3.1.FLTRELEME BLGELER ........................................
5.3.1.1.ALAK GERGEN FLTRELER (LOW-PASS) .......................
5.3.1.2.YKSEK GERGEN FLTRELER (HIGH-PASS) .....................
5.3.1.3.BAND GEREN FLTRELER (BAND-PASS) ........................
5.3.1.4.BAND DURDURAN FLTRELER (BAND-STOP) .......................
5.3.2.FLTRELEME DEVRELER ........................................
5.3.2.1.RC FLTRELER ..............................................
5.3.2.1.1.RC ALAK GEREN FLTRELER ..............................
5.3.2.1.2.RC YKSEK GEREN FLTRELER .............................
5.3.2.1.3.RC BAND GEREN FLTRELER ...............................
5.3.2.1.4.RC BAND DURDURAN FLTRELER ..............................
5.3.2.2.LC FLTRELER ..............................................
5.3.2.2.1.LC ALAK GEREN FLTRELER ..............................
5.3.2.2.2.LC YKSEK GEREN FLTRELER .............................
5.3.2.2.3.LC BAND GEREN FLTRELER ...............................
5.3.2.2.4.LC BAND DURDURAN FLTRELER ..............................
5.3.2.3.KRSTAL VE REZONATR FLTRELER ............................
5.3.2.3.1.KRSTAL VE REZONATR BAND GEREN FLTRELER .............
5.3.2.3.2.KRSTAL VE REZONATR BAND DURDURAN FLTRELER ............
5.4.SNYAL MKSERLER .............................................
5.4.1.FREKANS MKSER .............................................
5.4.2.GENLK MKSER ..............................................
5.4.3.AUDIO MKSER ...............................................
5.5.SNYAL EKLLENDRCLER ......................................
5.5.1.VOLTAJ KIRPICI(CLIPPER) .....................................
5.5.1.1.SER DYOTLU VOLTAJ KIRPICI ..............................
5.5.1.2.PARALEL DYODLU VOLTAJ KIRPICI ............................
5.5.2.KENETLEYC(CLAMPER) ........................................
5.5.3.VOLTAJ SEVYE KAYDIRICILARI .................................
5.5.4.POLARZASYON DETRME .....................................

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ANALOG MODLLER
5.5.5.FAZ GECKTRC .............................................
5.6.SNYAL SEVYE OKUYUCULAR ......................................
5.6.1.KARILATIRICI (COMPARATOR) .................................
5.6.2.FARK ALICI (DIFFERENCE) .....................................
5.6.3.PK DEDEKTR (PEAK DETECTOR) ...............................
5.6.4.MT TETKLEYC (SCHMITT TRIGGER) .........................

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6.TRANSDSERLER
6.TRANSDSERLER ...................................................
6.1.MEKANK GR TRANSDSERLER .................................
6.1.1.AYARLI DREN ...............................................
6.1.2.ANAHTAR .....................................................
6.1.3.SIVI KONTAK .................................................
6.1.4.GERLM LC (STRAIN GAGE) ................................
6.2.SICAKLIK GR TRANSDSERLER .................................
6.2.1.TERMOKUPL ...................................................
6.2.2.TERMSTR ...................................................
6.2.3.DREN(RTD) .................................................
6.2.4.DYOD .......................................................
6.2.5.ENTEGRE .....................................................
6.2.5.1.LM35 ......................................................
6.2.5.3.DS18B20 ...................................................
6.3.IIK GR TRANSDSERLER .....................................
6.3.1.LDR .........................................................
6.3.2.FOTODYOD ...................................................
6.3.3.FOTOTRANSSTR ..............................................
6.3.4.KIZILTES TRANSDSER .......................................
6.4.SES GR TRANSDSERLERi ......................................
6.4.1.MKROFON ....................................................
6.4.2.PEZO ELEMAN ................................................
6.5.MANYETK GR TRANSDSERLER .................................
6.5.1.ANTEN .......................................................
6.5.2.BOBN .......................................................
6.5.3.HALL ETKS .................................................
6.5.4.DL KONTAK (REED) ...........................................

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7.ELEKTRONK SSTEM ZMLEMES

7.ELEKTRONK SSTEM ZMLEMES ...................................
7.1.ELEKTRONK SSTEMLER ..........................................
7.2.BLOK MODL SEMBOLLER .........................................
7.3.BLOK EMA RNEKLER ...........................................

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8.ELEKTRONK KUPLAJ
8.ELEKTRONK KUPLAJ ...............................................
8.1.ELEKTRONK MODLN GENEL YAPISI ...............................
8.2.KUPLAJ UYGULAMALARI ...........................................
8.2.1.DORUDAN KUPLAJ .............................................
8.2.2.DREN LE KUPLAJ ...........................................
8.2.3.KONDANSATR LE KUPLAJ .....................................
8.2.4.BOBN LE KUPLAJ ............................................
8.2.5.TRAFO LE KUPLAJ ............................................
8.2.6.OPTOKUPLR LE KUPLAJ .......................................
8.2.7.DYOT LE KUPLAJ ............................................
8.3.KUPLAJ RNEKLER ..............................................
8.3.1.DORUDAN KUPLAJ .............................................
8.3.2.TRANSSTR LE KUPLAJ .......................................
8.3.3.DREN LE KUPLAJ ...........................................
8.3.4.KONDANSATR LE KUPLAJ .....................................
8.3.5.BOBN LE KUPLAJ ............................................
8.3.6.OPTOKUPLR LE KUPLAJ ......................................
8.3.7.TRAFO LE KUPLAJ ............................................

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GR
Analog elektronik modllerini ykselteler, osilatrler, g
kaynaklar, sinyal ileme devreleri ve transdserler olarak
snflandrdk.
7.Blmde
bu
modllerin
blok
haline
getiriliini ve elektronik sistemlerin bu modllerin deiik
dzenlerde balanmasndan olutuu anlatlmtr. 8.Blmde
modllerin birbirleri ile olan balants anlatlmtr.
1.blmde analog sinyal hakknda bilgi, lm ve analog
modllerin yapabilecei modlasyonlar anlatlmtr.
Elektronik eitiminde ve almalarnda
en nemli ara
emalardr.Bir elektronik eleman anlatrken,o eleman devrede
ve
ema
zerinde
tartmak
gerekir.
emalarn
iyi
anlalabilmesi
iin
ok
eitli
emalarn
incelenmesi
gerekmektedir.Bu kitapdaki emalarn hepsini, elektronik izim
program ile kendim izmeme ramen, kitabn sonunda, Philips
firmasnn izni ile televizyon emalarnn eitli blmleri
verilmitir. Bu kitap da emaya arlk verdiimizden dolay
matematiksel ilemlere fazla girmedik, sadece formlleri verdik
ve anlatm da biraz ksa tuttuk. ema kltrnn artmas iin
deiik kaynaklardan ayn modln veya sistemin emalarn
karlatrlmas ve tefekkr edilmesi gerekmektedir. ema
kltr ne kadar artarsa, renim, arza onarm ve tasarm gibi
alanlarda baar da doru orantl olarak artar.
Btn renen kii iin
tek bana internet yetmez.
Bilginin dank ve belli bir usul
olmad iin renimde
eksiklikler meydana gelebilir. Bunun iin belli bir usul, bu
usul disiplinle takip ve talim gerekir. Bu kitap ile
basitte olsa bir usul getirmeye altk, alp talim
edenlere kolay gelsin ...
LTF BAIRGAN
2012

xii

SNYAL

1.
BLM

1.1.SNYAL LM CHAZLARI
1.2.DORU AKIM DC
1.3.ALTERNATF AKIM AC
1.4.GENLK MODLASYONU
1.5.FREKANS MODLASYONU
1.6.GENLK KAYMALI ANAHTARLAMA ASK
1.8.DARBE GENL MODLASYONU PAM
1.9.DARBE YOUNLUU MODLASYONU PDM
1.10.DARBE POZSYON MODLASYONU PPM
1.11.DARBE KOD MODLASYONU PCM
1.12.DARBE GENL MODLASYONU PWM

420

ELEKTRONK KUPLAJ

1.1.SNYAL LM CHAZLARI
1.1.1.OSLOSKOP
Voltaj skalas
llen sinyal

Zaman izgileri

Voltaj izgileri

Voltaj ve frekans
skalas

kademe

ekil 1.1
ki zaman izgisi aras 5ms
Time/Div=5ms

ki voltaj izgisi
2V
Volts/Div=2V

ekil 1.2

Genlik
GND

(t) Zaman
Sinyalin

ekil 1.3

as

aras

ANALOG MODLLER

421

1.1.2.FREKANS ZMLEYC
Span =Ekrann frekans band

genilii rnek: Span=40Mhz

Sinyalin voltaj
Merkez sinyal
Sinyalin bant genilii

Frekans bandndaki sinyaller

Frekans skalas

ekil 1.4

Refefrans skalas

Frekansn bant genilii

ekil 1.5
Frekans zmleyici sinyalin
frekans bandndaki kaplad
alan,frekans ve voltajn
gsterir.eklini gstermez!

ekil 1.6

KAYNAKLAR
http://physics.eou.edu/courses/
http://www.wisc-online.com
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com
http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/socratic/output/
http://www.circuitstoday.com
http://www.murata.com/products/catalog/pdf/p11e.pdf
http://www.token.com.tw/pdf/ceramic-trap.pdf
http://101science.com/transistor.htm
http://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-index.html
http://www.scribd.com/doc/
http://www.books.google.com.tr/
http://www.ccebook.org/
http://www.seekic.com/
http://www.zen22142.zen.co.uk/index.htm
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqk714QpRos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6O_BX0-aWn0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuLXQ20cmjM&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhXZuVFhVzo&feature=related
http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee40/sp03/lectures_index.htm
http://www.nxp.com/
http://www.national.com/
http://www.analog.com/en/index.html
http://www.ti.com/