CELL STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT

Cell OrganellesSome Relationships

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Participate in energy transformations involving ATP Have DNA, making them capable of reproducing themselves Have ribosomes Believed to have once been independent cells according to the Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella, Basal Bodies

All involved in motion of some kind All are made of microtubules Centrioles aid in movement of chromosomes. Basal bodies create cilia and flagella. Cilia and flagella propel certain types of cells. Cilia can also be used to clean respiratory tracts.

Centrioles, Basal Bodies, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts All have their own DNA

Nucleus, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Endosomes

The nucleus contains DNA. DNA directs synthesis of RNA, which travels to the ribosomes to aid in the manufacture of proteins. Some of these proteins are enzymes which are packaged by Golgi into lysosomes. lysosomes hook up to endosomes (food vacuoles, which are formed after phagocytosis of food particles. The food is digested within the food vacuole by enzymes from the lysosome.

CELL BOUNDARIES
Plasma Membrane

Cell Wall

Diffusion and Osmosis

Diffusionthe movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where is less concentrated. Osmosisthe diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated. A selectively permeable membrane is one which allows certain substances to pass and not others (also called differentially permeable or semipermeable).

Other Cellular Transport Mechanisms

Facilitated DiffusionUses a channel protein to aid in the transport of substance along/with the concentration gradient. It is a form of passive transport like diffusion an osmosis since it does not require energy. Active TransportUses energy and a pump protein to transport substances against their concentration gradient.

Endocytosisprocesses which take substances into cell

Phagocytosis (cell eating)the engulfing of solid particles

Pinocytosis (cell drinking)the engulfing of water and dissolved substances

Exocytosisprocess which takes substances out of the cell

Cell wall protects and gives support to the plant cell.