Chemistry Review Slides

Semester 1

Accuracy & Precision

By: Miriam Arteaga & Margarita Diaz

Accurancy And Precision

In the fields of science , engineering, industry and statistics , the accuracy of a measurement system is the degree of closeness of measurement of a quantity to thequiantity's actual value

Accurancy And Precision

Accuracy is how close a measure value is to the actual value. Precision is how close the measure values are to each other.

Scientific Notation

Victor Fuentes Edgar Duarte

FACTS:
Do you know this number, 300,000,000 m/sec.? It's the Speed of light ! Scientists have developed a shorter method to express very large numbers. This method is called scientific notation. Scientific Notation is based on powers of the base number 10. The number 123,000,000,000 in scientific notation is written as :

The first number 1.23 is called the coefficient. It must be greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10. The second number is called the base . It must always be 10 in scientific notation. The base number 10 is always written in exponent form. In the number 1.23 x 1011 the number 11 is referred to as the exponent or power of ten.

To write a number in scientific notation:

Put the decimal after the first digit and drop the zeroes.

In the number 123,000,000,000 The coefficient will be 1.23 To find the exponent count the number of places from the decimal to the end of the number. In 123,000,000,000 there are 11 places. Therefore we write 123,000,000,000 as:

EX:
Exponents are often expressed using other notations. The number 123,000,000,000 can also be written as: 1.23E+11 or as 1.23 X 10^11

For small numbers we use a similar approach. Numbers less smaller than 1 will have a negative exponent. A millionth of a second is:0.000001 sec. or 1.0E-6 or 1.0^-6 or

Significant Figures
By: Chris Vargas Francisco Lira Cesar Huerta

The significant figures of a number are those digits that carry meaning contributing to its precision. This includes all digits except : leading and trailing zeros

Examples
120.003= 6 significant figures 200=3 significant figures 00.003206= 4 significant figures 0000.00000010200000= ?

Classification Of Matter
Hector Cruz Alejandra Alvarez 7th Pd.

Matte r
Pure Substances One or more elements bonded together Formula can be written

Elements Found on Periodic Table Cannot be broken down

Ex: O, Cl, H, He...

Compounds Combination of elements Can be broken down into component elements

Ex: H2O, NaCl, CHO

Mixtures
Physical blend of two or more substances Homogeneous Mixtures Composition even Called solutions Cannot see components Can be separated
Ex: Saltwater, Kool-aid

Heterogeneous Mixtures Composition uneven Can see components Can be separated

Ex: Water-Rice, Water-Rocks

States Of Matter
Carla Hernandez Diamond Smith Chemistry Youberg

Various Types Of Matter

There are three types of matter . . . Solid - is where the particles do not move they only vibrate against each other. They have a definite shape and volume ,and they are very difficult to compress. Liquid - the particles can move around the distance between the particles are a bit tight. It has volume ,but no shape since it takes its shape into anything its poured into. Gas - the speed of the particles in gas move around very fast ,and the distance between them are very far away. Gas has no volume and its shape expands in either direction. Its also easy to compress.

Matters Manipulations
Physical Changes - Matter can change or alter its physical state or appearance but not its original substance. It can not become something different than what it is.

Chemical Changes - one or more substances change into new substances; something new is created.
Examples Of A Physical Change - ripping , tearing , melting , breaking it , crumple it and ect. Examples Of A Chemical Change - Burning , rusting ,and ect. Some Indicators are color change , temperature change , gas formation ( bubbling ) , and precipitate formation.

changes of state
Mark.R/Carlos.C

changes of state

Physical&Chemical Properties .
- A physical propertie NEVER changes . - A chemical propertie ALWAYS changes . For example : color , taste , texture & density are physical properties . flammability , & chemicals .

Intensive vs. Extensive Properties

By:Adriana Molina & Esmeralda Gonzalez Pd.7

Definitions:
Intensive Property- is a physical property of a system that does not depend on the systems size or the amount of material in the system. Extensive Property- is a physical property of a system that does depend on the systems size or the amount of material in the system.

Examples:
Intensive Property: -Smooth to the touch -boils at 100 degrees C -Color (Bright yellow ) -Density Extensive Property: -Volume -reacts -flammable -mass

CHEMICAL /PHYSICAL CHANGES! by:savannah Ibarra, Mayra Garcia

Chemical change
Any process determined by the atomic number and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved. Ex.burning wood,rusting,

Physical Change
a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition.

Phase Diagram
Victor Alvarez, Maribel Valadez, and Marlon Alvarez

Definition
A phase diagram shows the condition at which phases can occur at equilibrium by graphing temperature versus pressure.

Example of a Phase Diagram

This is a phase diagram. It has 3 sections, liquid phase, solid phase, and gas phase.

Vocabulary
Pressure- ratio of force over the area it is applied (measured in atmospheres (atm) or kilopascals(kPa)). Critical point- Temperature and pressure conditions under which no phase boundaries exist. Triple point- Temperature and pressure condition that allows all three phases of matter to exist in equilibrium.

Heating Curves
Coria Valle Bryan Lopez

What are Heating Curves

a plot of temperature vs time for a substance where energy is added at a constant rate.

Mass / Volume = Density

M D V

ATOMIC STRUCTRE
CARLOS.C\Mark.R

Subatomic Particles
Carla Hernandez Diamond Smith Pd. 1 Chemistry Youberg

Subatomic Particles is another word for the charges in atoms such as . .

Protons - have a positive charge they are located inside of the nucleus. The atomic number represents how many and electrons are in a atom. Electrons - have a negative charge the are located in the outer layers of an atom. Neutrons - have a neutral charge the are also located inside of the nucleus.

Examples & Equations

Equations - Neutrons = atomic mass - protons If a elements atomic mass includes a decimal you have to round the atomic mass to it nearest whole number. Example : Francium ; 223 - 87 = 136 neutrons Example2 : Fluorine ; 18.998 rounds to 19

Isotopes

Hector Cruz Alejandra Alvarez

Atoms V.s. Isotopes

Set # p+ n0 e- Mass Isotope Name Isotope Sym 1 8 8 8 16 Oxygen-16 16-8O 8 9 8 17 Oxygen-17 17-8O 8 10 8 18 Oxygen-18 18-8O 2 6 6 6 12 Carbon-12 12-6C 6 7 6 13 Carbon-13 13-6C 6 8 6 14 Carbon-14 14-6C

1. What do you notice that always remains the same in each different set of atoms? P+ & E2. What do you notice that is different set of atoms? N0 & Mass # The sets above represent ISOTOPE. Almost all elements are found as a mixture of ISOTOPE.

Average Atomic Mass

By: Francisco Lira Christopher Vargas Cesar Huerta

To find the average atomic mass of an atom find the percentage of occurrence for each isotope of the atom and each isotopes mass (amu). Before multiplying, convert percentages to a decimal (move the decimal 2 places to the left) Then multiply each percentage of occurrence by the corresponding mass of that isotope. Do this for all isotopes, last add all these together for the average atomic mass.

( Type A times Abundance ) plus ( Type B times Abundance )

examples
(13*1.546)+(14*1.73)=44.318

bohr models
marilyn lugo, kimberly gutierrez

bohr models
Electrons are actually in the election cloud. They Move Around The Nucleus In Particular Path.

As You Can See You Can Only Put 2 electrons on the first ring 8 electrons on the 2nd ring and on the 3rd ring you can put 18

On this one we have magnesium because of the number of neutrons.

John Dalton
By: Savannah Ibarra Mayra Garcia

Dalton said all elements are composed of small, indestructible particles called atoms.

When atoms combine, they combine in whole number ratios to make a compound.

JJ Thomson
By : Miriam A. & Margarita D.

JJ Thomson
He is credited with discovering electrons and isotopes and inventing the mass spectrometer.

Thomson was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 12 june 1884 and was subsequently president of the Royal Society From 1912 to 1920.

JJ Thomson
In 1912 as part of his exploration into the composition of canal rays, thomson and his research assistant F.w ASTON channelled a stream of ionized neon throughout a magnetic and a electric field and measured its deflection by placing a photographic plate in its path

Neils Bohr
:Victor Fuentes, Edgar Duarte

Niels Bohr Danish Physicist 1885-1962 Legacy Project 2000 Physical Chemistry 351 Erin Pfeifer The life of Niels Bohr and the influences he has made in our world are very far reaching. His scientific achievements, especially, have had a profound impact in the scientific community and have revolutionized the way we understand science today. This project is not intended to be complete summary of Niels Bohr, rather I was interested in some of his major trademarks and more important breakthroughs in science. Niels Bohr was an incredible man with an interesting life. I have learned much from this project.

Research and Bohrs Atomic Structure

Bohr concentrated the majority of his effort on researching the structure of the atom, and in 1913 he completed his theory of atomic structure. This atomic theory was a combination of Rutherfords work and ideas of the atom, with Plancks Quantum Theory. Rutherfords atomic theory described an atomic model with all the mass concentrated in a nucleus with electrons circling the nucleus in a fixed orbit.

Vanessa Medrano. Andrea Alvarez.

Alpha decay

Alpha Decay (:
DEFENITON : Radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is acompained by the emmision of an alpha particle . - Its an alpha particle that contains two protons and two neutrons, and has a double positive charge (2+) . Nuclear Symbol :

Beta Decay
Coria Valle Bryan Lopez

What is Beta Decay

A beta particle is an electron, with a negative charge. The beta decay symbol is:

An equation of beta decay looks more like:

Fission and Fusion

By:Esmeralda G. & Adriana Molina

Definitions
Fission-The action of dividing or splitting two or more parts. Equation:

Fusion-The process or result of joining two or more things together to form a single entity. Equation:

Fission:

Fusion:

Metal, Nonmetals, Metalloids

Victor. F Cesar. H

Most elements are metals. They are usually shiny, very dense, and only melt at high temperatures. Their shape can be easily changed into thin wires or sheets without breaking. Metals will corrode, gradually wearing away, like rusting iron. Heat and electricity travel easily through metals, which is why it is not wise to stand next to a flagpole during a thunderstorm!

Nonmetals, on the right side of the periodic table, are very different from metals. Their surface is dull and they dont conduct heat and electricity. As compared to metals, they have low density and will melt at low temperatures. The shape of nonmetals cannot be changed easily because they are brittle and will break.

Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals are called metalloids. They can be shiny or dull and their shape is easily changed. Electricity and heat can travel through metalloids but not as easily as they travel through metals.

Atomic Radius
Carla Hernandez Marlon Alvarez

QUESTION AND ANSWER

What element is bigger oxygen or nitrogen? Nitrogen is bigger because it has less electrons

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION S
By: miriam & Andrea ^-^

Electron configurations .

Cations
by: victor alvarez and brianna barreto

example
Sodium ion Na 2+ potasium ion K 1+ Calcium ion Ca 2+ Lithium ion Li 2+ Aluminum ion Al 3+ Gallium ion Ga 3+

chloride= cl 1An atom or a molecule which is negatively charged, i.e. has more number of electrons than protons.

Ion Size
By; Margarita && Vanessa

When atoms gain or lose electrons, the atom becomes an ion. When an atom gains an electron, it becomes a negatively charged ion that we call an anion. Anions are larger in size than their parent atoms because they have one or more additional electrons, but without an additional proton in the nucleus to help moderate the size.

Ionization Energy
Diamond Smith Alejandra Alvarez

Ionization Energy - Energy that is required to remove an electron from an atom/ion. As you go across the periodic table the ionization energy increase & its harder to remove an electron because atoms have a smaller radius. As you go down the periodic table the ionization energy decrease & its easier to remove an electron because atoms have a larger radius.

Polyatomic Ions
By: Savannah Ibarra & Francisco Lira

Definition of Polyatomic ions

two or more combined atoms that can be considered to be acting as a single unit

Example
Phosphate Hydroxide Sulfate Sulfite Acetate Carbonate etc.

illistrating ion bonds mark.r,carlos.c

http://image.tutorvista.com/cms/images/44/ionic-bond.JPG

Naming Ionic Compounds

Coria Valle Bryan Lopez

How to name Compounds....

metals are written 1st, non-metals last. change the ending of non-metal to "ide." ignore the subscripts.

When applying the Criss Cross method you look for the charge of both elements and switch them.

Valence Electrons
Edgar Duarte Hector Cruz

Valence Electrons
Valence electrons determine the elements chemical property whether it may bond with other elements.

Valence Electrons