Test 1

--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.
htm
Chapter 20, part of 21
Essay
1. Are viruses alive and deserving of the status of organisms or are they just
biologically active chemicals? Defend a position on this based on what you know about what
viruses are and how they work.
F/B
MATCHING
a. viruses
b. bacteria
c. prions
d. viroids
e. protists
2. influenza
3. mad cow disease
4. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease
5. AIDS
6. potato spindle tuber disease
7. measles
8. amoebic dysentery
9. common cold
10. strep throat
11. malaria
12. identified by mainly shape and chemical stains
13. eukaryotic
14. includes the ancestors of the plant kingdom
M/C
15. Analysis of an animal's DNA indicates that part of one chromosome does not belong
to the animal. It is foreign DNA, not similar to any of the animal's normal genes. Where
did it most likely come from?
a. mycorrhizal infection
b. bacterial infection
c. arachaea infection
d. virus infection
e. fungus infection
16. Cervical cancer in humans produces cancerous cells with a bit of extra DNA attached
to their chromosomes. What is a likely original source of this extra DNA?
a. A virus causes this type of cancer. The DNA is from the virus.
b. A point mutation on the chromosome.
c. DNA replication prior to cell division causing chromosomes to change from
one chromatid chromosomes to two chromatid chromosomes.
d. The body's immune response in fighting the cancer.
e. Injury to the cervix during childbirth.
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--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.htm
17. Which of these organisms produces no membranes and has no ribosomes or cytoplasm?
a. Viruses
b. Bacteria
c. Cyanobacteria
d. Thermoacidophiles
e. Plants
18. A virus basically consists of...

a. RNA or DNA and a membrane
b. RNA or DNA and a protein coat
c. proteins and cell membrane
d. RNA or DNA and enzymes
e. enzymes and a protein coat
19. These "organisms" are so simple they consist of nothing but a protein coat that
surrounds genetic material:
a. Bacteria
b. Prions
c. Viruses
d. Protists
e. Archebacteria
20. Short strands of RNA that invade the nuclei of plant cells and direct the synthesis
of new copies of themselves are:
a. Bacteria
b. Prions
c. Viruses
d. Viroids
e. Fungi
21. Which virus attacks nerve cells?

a. Rabies
b. Influenza
c. Herpes
d. HIV
e. Leukemia
22. Viroids are different than viruses in that they...

a. contain RNA
b. contain DNA
c. have a plasma membrane
d. lack a protein coat
e. attack plants
23. Prions are...

a. improperly-folded proteins
b. viral protein coats
c. transport proteins
d. viroids
e. sexually-transmitted bacteria
24. Prions are remarkable because...

a. they cause disease
b. they can be inherited
c. they are extremely small
d. they reproduce without genetic material
e. they are non-functional proteins
25. An organism that lacks most structures common in other organisms and must always
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grow and reproduce as an intracellular parasite is a(n):

a. Prokaryote
b. Fungus
c. Virus
d. Protozoan
e. Alga
26. Which of these is not a cell?

a. Slime mold
b. Euglenoid
c. Virus
d. Ciliate
e. Sporzoan
27. If antibiotics seem effective against a human illness, then this illness is
probably caused by a(n):
a. virus
b. prion
c. protist
d. bacterium
e. autoimmune disease
28. Some chemoautotrophic archaea use CO2 and H2S (instead of CO2 and H2O) as an energy
and carbon source to make new carbohydrates. What is a likely metabolic waste product of
these bacteria?
a. sulfur dioxide
b. ethanol
c. acetic acid
d. carbon monoxide
e. oxygen gas
F/B
The following questions refer to cells seen under an optical microscope
a. Protista
b. Virus
c. Bacteria
d. Archaea
e. Two of these are possible
29. Cells occur singly, have a nucleus and other organelles including chloroplasts.
These cells move with flagella.
30. Cells occur singly and have no evidence of a nucleus.
31. DNA analysis of these very small cells indicates that they have very few genes in
common with the kingdoms Plantae and Anamalia.
32. DNA analysis of these very small cells indicates that they have some genes that are
unique and some that are similar to those of the kingdoms Plantae and Anamalia.
33. Cells occur singly, have a nucleus and other organelles but do not have
chloroplasts or flagella. Even so the cells seem to move by a kind of oozing or flowing of
the cytoplasm.
34. These single cells constantly change their shape. They appear to surround and
engulf organic matter into food vacuole.
35. This organism does not appear to be cellular. It consists of a mixture of protein
and RNA and can cause an immune response in humans.
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M/C
36. Researchers have found some pathenogenic species of bacteria that have developed
resistance to antibodies. What can be done to slow the spread of this problem?
a. Reduce the antibiotics routinely included in animal feed
b. Avoid antibiotic treatment to patients that do not need them
c. Cause extinction of the viruses which cause disease by using antibiotics
every time a person is sick
d. a and b
e. All of the above
37. Which of these would NOT be found in a moneran?

a. DNA
b. Ribosome
c. Enzymes
d. Vesicles
e. Mitochondria
38. Bacteria can be classified in a general way by their forms. These three groups are:
a. Coccus, bacillus, spiral
b. Coccus, helix, spiral
c. Bacillus, spiral, helix
d. Spiral, cyanobacteria, helix
e. Coccus, helix, round
39. The bacterial cell wall contains...

a. cellulose
b. chitin
c. peptidoglycan
d. pectin
e. starch
40. Why is a capsule advantageous to a bacterium?

a. provides structural support
b. allows the bacterium to attach to surfaces
c. protects it from dessiccation
d. allows bacterium to "hide" from host's immune system
e. provides means of locomotion
41. Bacterial infections cause which of these diseases?

a. Pneumonia
b. Syphilis
c. Gonorrhea
d. Strep throat
e. All of these
42. Some diseases caused by bacteria are:

a. Botulism
b. AIDS
c. Pneumonia
d. a and c
e. All of the above
43. Anaerobic bacteria can obtain energy by glycolysis and fermentation when __________
is not available.
a. nitrogen
b. oxygen
c. light
d. glucose
e. NADH
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44. What are some ways that Archaea differ from other bacteria?
a. Different cell membrane lipids
b. Cell wall composition
c. Ribosomal RNA structure
d. a and b
e. All of the above
45. Peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of:

a. Bacteria
b. Plants
c. Fungi
d. Viruses
e. All of these
46. A rod-shaped bacterium is called a:

a. Coccus
b. Prion
c. Paramecium
d. Phage
e. Bacillus
47. What is taxis?

a. Growth in a certain direction
b. Gravitational pull
c. Movement with respect to some stimulus
d. Asexual reproduction
e. A period of rest
48. Which bacterial feature would allow a bacterium to infect a host even after a long
period of dessiccation?
a. protein coat
b. pili
c. capsule
d. slime layer
e. endospore
49. Pili are used for:

a. reproduction
b. movement
c. attachment
d. b and c
e. all
50. The "plague" which killed 100 million people during the 14th century was caused by:
a. Rats
b. Fleas
c. Bacteria
d. Viruses
e. Fish
51. Most of the primary productivity of the Earth is based on photosynthesis, but some
bacteria that are primary producers can perform __________ and derive energy from inorganic
molecules and oxygen.
a. chemosynthesis
b. autosynthesis
c. DNA synthesis
d. neo-synthesis
e. glycolysis
52. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are mostly associated with:
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a. All flowering plants

b. Ferns
c. Legumes
d. Grasses
e. Conifers
53. Which of the following plants contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

a. corn
b. soybeans
c. tomatoes
d. potatoes
e. oranges
54. Bacteria capable of causing disease are called:

a. Methanogens
b. Pathogens
c. Halophiles
d. Thermoacidophiles
e. Mutagens
55. What important role do bacteria play in ecosystems?

a. fission
b. predators
c. heterotrophs
d. decomposers
e. all
56. Why are oil spills sprayed with bacterial cultures?

a. to kill the bacteria
b. to make the oil easier to wash away
c. to eat the oil
d. to prevent the oil from sticking to wildlife
e. to detoxify the oil
57. In which of these situations would you find bacteria?

a. intestinal tract
b. polar ice caps
c. deep sea vents
d. mud puddle
e. all of these
58. Lyme disease, which can be cured with antibiotics in its early stages, is caused by
__________ which are transmitted to humans by ticks.
a. prions
b. viruses
c. bacteria
d. euglena
e. lice
59. Which of these is NOT caused by bacteria?

a. strep throat
b. tetanus
c. botulism
d. Lyme disease
e. rabies
60. Cyanobacteria are

a. chemosynthetic
b. photosynthetic
c. heterotrophic
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d. eukayotic
e. unpigmented
61. Fossilized __________ organisms have been discovered in rocks that are 3.5 billion
years old. These fossils look very much like the living forms found today.
a. eukaryotic
b. reptilian
c. fungal
d. protozoan
e. prokaryotic
62. Antibiotics adversely affect:

a. viruses
b. bacteria
c. prions
d. protista
e. all of these
63. This type of algae is an important source of carrageenan, which is used to thicken
paints, cosmetics and ice cream.
a. Rhodophyta
b. Phaeophyta
c. Chlorophyta
d. Anthophyta
e. Chrysophyta
64. If you eat California rolls wrapped in seaweed, you are eating:
a. phodophyta
b. phaeophyta
c. chorophyta
d. blue-green algae
e. fungi
65. Which of the following groups is eukaryotic?

a. Viruses
b. Bacteria
c. Prions
d. Cyanobacteria
e. Protists
66. Free-floating, photosynthetic, microscopic members of Kingdom Protista are:

a. Phytoplankton
b. Cyanobacteria
c. Salmonella
d. Sarcodines
e. Amebas
67. These photosynthetic, mostly marine protists were named for their common
characteristic: the presence of two flagella.
a. Dinoflagellates
b. Euglenophyta
c. Chrysophta
d. Fungi
e. Flagellaphyta
68. Phytoplankton are...

a. unicellular algae
b. photosynthetic protists
c. aquatic green plants
d. a and b
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e. all of these
69. Which group is responsible for 70% of the photosynthesis on Earth?

a. blue-green bacteria
b. phytoplankton
c. ferns
d. conifers
e. flowering plants
70. The group of phytoplankton that lives in the tissues of corals and some clams are:
a. diatoms
b. plankton
c. Euglena
d. zooxanthellae
e. blue-green bacteria
71. When a "red tide" occurs, huge numbers of these microscopic organisms are filtered
out of coastal waters by oysters and clams. This sometimes causes the shellfish to become
toxic to people that eat them. What type of organisms make up the "red tide"?
a. Phyrrophyta
b. Euglenophyta
c. Chyrsophyta
d. Plasmodium
e. Glochidia
72. Which group would be gritty if you had a handful?

a. dinoflagellates
b. diatoms
c. Euglena
d. blue-green algae
e. zooplankton
73. Which group is the foundation of most marine food webs?

a. Euglenophyta
b. Blue-green algae
c. Diatoms
d. Rotifers
e. Zooplankton
74. Which group of freshwater protists is often photosynthetic, although they sometimes
develop without chloroplasts and are heterotrophic?
a. Pyrrophyta
b. Euglenophyta
c. Chrysophyta
d. Myxomycota
e. Sarcodinia
75. Which unicellular algae form "glassy" shells consisting of top and bottom halves
that fit together like pill boxes?
a. Euglenophyta
b. Pyrrophyta
c. Radiolaria
d. Myxomycota
e. Diatoms
76. A tropical coral reef can only survive in clear, well-lit waters because __________
live within the tissues of the coral and contribute to its nutrition.
a. dinoflagellates
b. euglenophyta
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c. myxomycota
d. lichens
e. didinium
77. Marine algae are important producers since they are responsible for __________ of
the photosynthesis on Earth.
a. 30%
b. 50%
c. 70%
d. 90%
e. 99%
78. Which of the following is the parasite sporozoan that causes malaria if it infects
a human host? The sporozoan will develop in the liver and then infect red blood cells.
a. Pyrrophyta
b. Salmonella
c. Plasmodium
d. Giardia
e. Streptococcus
79. The white cliffs of Dover, England were formed over millions of years by
accumulation of calcium carbonate shells from __________.
a. sarcodines
b. euglenophyta
c. halophiles
d. methanogens
e. ciliophora
80. Amoebic dysentery is caused by a parasitic form of __________ common in warm

climates.
a. pyrrophyta
b. ciliate
c. halophile
d. zooflagellate
e. sarcodine
Essay
81. What is antibiotic resistance and what steps can be taken to prevent this from
happening?
M/C
82. One symbiotic form of protist lives within termites and allows the host to digest
cellulose. These protists always have at least one flagellum. These organisms are in which
group?
a. Archaebacteria
b. Sarcodine
c. Thermoacidaphiles
d. Zooflagellate
e. Ciliophora
83. Both Trypanosoms and Giardia are parasitic protists in this group:
a. Sarcodines
b. Prions
c. Zooflagellate
d. Chyrsophyta
e. Euglenaphyta
84. Which group is most similar to diatoms in its external covering?

a. sporozoans
b. heliozoa
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c. zooflagellates
d. euglenaphyta
e. radiolarian
85. The most complex group of protists is the __________.

a. ciliates
b. sarcodines
c. dinoflagellates
d. sporozoans
e. zooflagellates
86. A parasitic zooflagellate which may be present in clear mountain water presents a major
health problem to backpackers and hikers if they drink the water. This organism causes
severe diarrhea, nausea, cramps, and vomiting. The organism responsible for this is:
a. Salmonella
b. Streptococcus
c. Giardia
d. Plasmodium
e. Beaver
87. The active feeding form of these organisms is a thin, multinucleate plasmodium. What
organism is it?
a. Myxomycota, plasmodial slime mold
b. Acrasiomycota, cellular slime mold
c. Chemosynthetic bacteria
d. Streptococcus pheumonia
e. Amoeba
88. Euglena's eyespots allows it to:

a. spot potential predators
b. see images in black and white only
c. photosynthesize
d. orient toward light
e. none of these; the eyespots are not functional
89. Which protozoan group consists of entirely parasitic forms?

a. Sporozoans
b. Sarcodines
c. Pyrrophyta
d. Cellular slime molds
e. Zooflagella
90. Plasmodial slime molds are described as acellular because they...

a. have no cell membrane surrounding their nuclei
b. have many nuclei
c. lack DNA
d. reproduce asexually
e. are heterotrophic
91. A pseudoplasmodium is...

a. an acellular slime mold
b. an aggregation of mycelia
c. a group of cellular slime mold cells
d. an extension of the slime mold that engulfs prey
e. a disease-causing protist
92. "Protozoa" literally means:

a. first life forms
b. first cells
c. first animals
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d. first heterotrophs
e. first predators
93. Beavers are major carriers of Giardia, a __________.

a. sarcodine
b. euglenophyte
c. dinoflagellate
d. sporozoan
e. zooflagellate
F/B
Matching
a. Diatom
b. Slime mold
c. Amoeba
d. Malarial parasite
e. Paramecium
94. photosynthetic
95. ciliate
96. fungus-like protist
97. makes pseudopodia
98. life cycle involves mosquitoes
M/C
99. A photosynthetic protists with no cell wall and moves via a flagelum is:
a. Euglena
b. Plasmodium
c. Amoeba
d. Diatom
e. Syphilis
F/B
MATCHING
a. Virus
b. Viroid
c. Bacteria
d. Protista
e. Slime molds
100. Phytoplankton are these.
101. Causes AIDS.
102. The explosive growth of these cause "red tide."
103. Short strands of RNA that can cause plant disease.
104. Form a multinucleate cell called a plasmodium.
(c) 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
11 of 14 2/7/2009 4:37 PM
Essay
1. They can exactly duplicate themselves and this may give them the status of "alive."
They are not cellular, cannot reproduce themselves without the help of a true cell, and
sometimes become part of the chromosomes of the host cell, in effect becoming part of the
host cell. These are reasons why viruses should not be considered alive.
F/B
2. a
3. c
4. c
5. a
6. d
7. b
8. e
9. a
10. b
11. e
12. b
13. e
14. e
M/C
15. d
16. a
17. a
18. b
19. c
20. d
21. a
22. d
23. a
24. d
25. c
26. c
27. d
28. a
F/B
29. a
30. e
31. c
32. d
33. a
34. a
35. b
M/C
36. d
37. e
38. a
39. c
40. d
41. e
42. d
43. b
44. e
45. a
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46. e
47. c
48. e
49. e
50. c
51. a
52. c
53. b
54. b
55. d
56. c
57. e
58. c
59. e
60. b
61. e
62. b
63. a
64. b
65. e
66. a
67. a
68. d
69. b
70. d
71. a
72. b
73. c
74. b
75. e
76. a
77. c
78. c
79. a
80. e
Essay
81. No answer in TestBank
M/C
82. d
83. c
84. e
85. a
86. c
87. a
88. d
89. a
90. a
91. c
92. c
93. e
F/B
94. a
95. e
96. b
97. c
98. d
M/C
99. a
F/B
13 of 14 2/7/2009 4:37 PM
100. d
101. a
102. d
103. b
104. e
14 of 14 2/7/2009 4:37 PM
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Your Results for "Self Test"
Site Title: Biology: Life on Earth 7E Summary of Results
Book's Title: Biology: Life on Earth
79% Correct of 38 questions:
Book's Author: Audesirk 50 correct: 79%
Location on Site: Home > The Diversity of Viruses, Prokaryotes, a 13 incorrect: 21%
> Self Test
6 questions contain multiple pairs, scored for a total of 31
Date/Time February 8, 2009 at 6:21 PM (EST) questions. More information about scoring.
Submitted:
1. A particle between 0.05 and 0.2 microns containing genetic material enclosed in a protein coat is
called a __________.
Your Answer: virus
The protective coat of a virus is often specific for the host that is infected. That means that viruses
that infect birds or reptiles may not easily infect mammals.
2. Identify the category of each cell type seen in the image below.
Label Your Answer
2.1 eukaryotic cell (plant) C.
2.2 viruses E.
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2.3 prokaryotic cell (spherical) D.
2.4 eukaryotic cell (animal) A.
2.5 prokaryotic cell (rod-like) B.
3. Viruses are not cellular and are often considered to be nonliving. Which of the following
characteristics supports this conclusion?
Your Answer: All these choices support this conclusion.
Correct.
4. A __________ is a kind of virus that can infect bacteria.
Your Answer: bacteriophage
It appears that viruses are able to infect just about any kind of host. Bacteria are not immune.
5. Which of these is a viral disease?
Your Answer: herpes
Correct.
6. What are viruses, viroids, and prions?
Your Answer: all of the above
Correct.
7. What are viruses that attack bacteria called?
Your Answer: bacteriophages
Correct.
8. Identify the structures indicated on the following image of a virus particle.
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Label Your Answer
8.1 protein coat A.
8.2 envelope B.
8.3 core proteins D.
8.4 genetic material C.
9. Choose the correct stage descriptor for each step in HIV's invasion into the cell pictured below.
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Label Your
Answer
9.1 Viral DNA enters host nucleus. B.
9.2 Virus is attached to receptor on host plasma membrane. A.
9.3 New virus particles are assembled and exocytosed. E.
9.4 Viral DNA is transcribed by the host mechanisms. C.
9.5 Viral mRNA is translated into new viral proteins by the host D.
mechanisms.
10. __________ is the substance that differentiates a bacterial cell from an archaeal cell.
Your Answer: peptidoglycan
Presence of peptidoglycan indicates that a cell culture has bacteria, but knowing which kind of
bacteria is often very difficult.
11. Classification of prokaryotes may use many kinds of traits. Which of these are NOT used in
prokaryotic classification?
Your Answer: nutrient sources

Correct Answer: type of nucleic acid
4 of 11 2/8/2009 5:30 PM
Incorrect. Nutrient sources are used in prokaryote classification.
12. Which of the following traits allows some bacteria to survive extreme conditions for millions of
years?
Your Answer: endospore formation
Correct.
13. Hospitals must sterilize surgical instruments at very high temperatures and pressure because some
bacteria can survive harsh conditions by making ________.
Your Answer: endospores
Correct.
14. The technique that helps to classify bacteria based on their cell-wall construction is __________.
Your Answer: (blank)
15. What type of bacteria are photosynthetic?
Your Answer: prokaryotic methanogens

Correct Answer: Both the second and third answers above are correct.
Incorrect. These prokaryotic organisms convert carbon dioxide to methane.
16. Which of the following enable plants to obtain a usable form of nitrogen?
Your Answer: bacteria
Correct. Plants are unable to pull nitrogen directly out of the atmosphere, so they depend upon
these bacteria to combine nitrogen with hydrogen into ammonia for plants to use.
17. Which of these is a bacterial disease?
Your Answer: genital warts

Correct Answer: tetanus
Incorrect. This is a viral condition.
5 of 11 2/8/2009 5:30 PM
18. The simple form of cell division by which prokaryotic cells reproduce is called __________.
Your Answer: mitosis

Correct Answer: binary fission
Incorrect. Prokaryotes do not reproduce this way, because mitosis requires chromosomes and an
organized nucleus.
19. Which of the following is a producer in its ecosystem because of the photosynthesis it performs?
Your Answer: sporozoans

Correct Answer: cyanobacteria
Incorrect. All sporozoans are parasitic and don't perform photosynthesis.
20. Which of the following is associated with cyanobacteria?
Your Answer: cell walls with cellulose

Correct Answer: plasma membrane
Incorrect. Cellulose is characteristic of the cell walls of plants.
21. Choose the correct description for each stage in the slime mold life cycle shown below.
6 of 11 2/8/2009 5:30 PM
Label Your Correct Comments

Answer Answer
21.1 Pseudoplasmodium forms fruiting C. D. Spores are released from

bodies, which release spores. fruiting bodies.
21.2 Pseudoplasmodium migrates D. C. Pseudoplasmodia will

toward light. migrate toward light and
form fruiting bodies.
21.3 Single amoeba-like cells emerge A. A. Correct!

from spores, crawl, and feed.
21.4 When food becomes scarce, cells B. B. Correct!

aggregate into a sluglike mass
called a pseudoplasmodium.
22. Trypanosoma is a unicellular, eukaryotic blood parasite that causes African sleeping sickness. Into
which of the following groups is it classified?
Your Answer: Protista
Correct.
23. Which protists are entirely parasitic and have no means of locomotion?
Your Answer: zooflagellates

Correct Answer: sporozoans
Incorrect. The zooflagellates move by means of flagella.
24. Identify the structures indicated below.
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Label Your Answer
24.1 nucleolus C.
24.2 flagellum B.
24.3 eyespot A.
24.4 nucleus D.
24.5 contractile vacuole F.
24.6 chloroplast E.
25. What phytoplankton group can reproduce so prodigiously that they can cause "red tides," killing
large numbers of fish because the gills are clogged?
Your Answer: dinoflagellates
Correct. Named for their whiplike flagellae, these phytoplankton are an important part of the
ocean's food chain, but some forms can overproduce under certain conditions.
26. Which protists use flagella for locomotion?
Your Answer: both euglenoids and zooflagellates
Correct.
8 of 11 2/8/2009 5:30 PM
27. Correctly identify the structures indicated on this image.
Label Your Answer
27.1 anal pore E.
27.2 contractile vacuole F.
27.3 macronucleus A.
27.4 micronucleus B.
27.5 oral groove C.
27.6 cilia G.
27.7 food vacuole D.
28. Which of these is a component of phytoplankton and supports aquatic food chains via its
photosynthesis?
Your Answer: diatoms
Correct.
9 of 11 2/8/2009 5:30 PM
29. Which of the following shares a common ancestor with plants and is most like the earliest plants?
Your Answer: green algae
Correct.
30. Which of the following correctly describes the organism that causes equine protozoan
myeloencephalitis?
Your Answer: cell wall with peptidoglycan

Correct Answer: heterotrophic
Incorrect. Peptidoglycan is characteristic of bacteria.
31. Which of the following is an important recycler of nutrients (decomposer) in its ecosystem?
Your Answer: slime molds
Correct.
32. The tests below are performed on an unidentified organism, and the results are as noted. How
should you classify the organism?
Chemical A glows when it binds to a plasma membrane. Results = glowing.

Chemical B turns blue in the presence of chloroplasts. Results = blue color develops.
Chemical C fizzes when it binds to a nuclear membrane. Results = fizzing.
Chemical D produces a bad odor when the organism is multicellular. Results = no bad odor.
Your Answer: red algae

Correct Answer: diatoms
Incorrect. The red algae are multicellular and would cause a bad odor with chemical D.
33. Which of the following is true?
34. Which structure is used to transfer genetic material between bacteria?
Your Answer: pilus
35. Most pathogenic bacteria cause disease by
10 of 11 2/8/2009 5:30 PM
Your Answer: producing toxins that disrupt normal functions
36. Cyanobacteria
Your Answer: can live without oxygen

Correct Answer: have chlorophyll
37. Which organisms are sometimes called the "pastures of the sea"?
Your Answer: diatoms
38. Which of the following pairs of organism and disease is incorrect?
Your Answer: archaean: gonorrhea
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Location on Site: Home > The Diversity of Fungi > Self Test 18 incorrect: 35%
Date/Time February 8, 2009 at 6:46 PM (EST) 4 questions contain multiple pairs, scored for a total of 16
Submitted: questions. More information about scoring.
1. Which of these characteristics are typical of the fungi?
Your Answer: Both the second and third answers are correct.
Correct.
2. Which of the following is characteristic of, or associated with, fungi?
Your Answer: extracellular digestion
Correct.
3. The tests below have been performed on a cell from an unidentified organism. Based on the results
that follow, how would you classify this organism?
Tests:
Chemical A turns green when a nucleus is present.
Chemical B bubbles when chloroplasts are present.
Chemical C pops when chitin is present.
Results:
Chemical A turns green.
Chemical B doesn't bubble.
Chemical C pops.
Your Answer: fungus
Correct.
4. What is the tangled mass of branched filaments that typically forms the fungal body?
Your Answer: hyphae

Correct Answer: mycelia
Incorrect. Hyphae are the threadlike filaments that make up the mass.
1 of 10 2/8/2009 5:59 PM
5. Label the structures seen on this cross section through fungal hyphae.
Label Your Answer
5.1 septum C.
5.2 haploid nucleus D.
5.3 cell wall B.
5.4 cytoplasm A.
6. Which of the following is most likely to happen if there is a sudden change in temperature?
Your Answer: asexual reproduction

Correct Answer: sexual reproduction
Incorrect. Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the original
fungus. The species will be less diverse genetically and less likely to survive environmental
changes.
7. What distinguishes fungal reproduction from that of plants and animals?
Your Answer: There is no embryo produced when fungi reproduce.
Correct.
2 of 10 2/8/2009 5:59 PM
8. __________ allow the fungus to reproduce and are usually released to be carried on the wind.
Your Answer: spores
Spores can be distributed far and wide in the air, on the skins of animals, or through the digestive
tracts of species that eat fungus.
9. A haploid asexual spore is formed by a haploid mycelium via ________.
Your Answer: meiosis

Correct Answer: mitosis
Incorrect. Diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells.
10. Which of the following is associated with the mostly aquatic chytrids?
Your Answer: flagellated spores

Correct Answer: All of these are associated with the chytrids.
Incorrect. Flagellated spores enable the spores to move in the water, but there may be another
choice that is correct too.
11. Soft fruit rot and black bread mold belong to which division of Fungi?
Your Answer: Zygomycota
Correct.
12. A zygospore undergoes _________ to produce haploid spores.
Your Answer: meiosis
Correct. The zygospore is diploid so meiosis must occur if haploid spores are produced by it.
13. Label the stages in the life cycle of a typical zygomycetes.
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Answer Answer
13.1 diploid zygospore D. C. Germinate means "to grow."
13.2 germinating zygospore C. D. The diploid zygospore is the result of

the fusion of two haploid mating
strains.
13.3 spores A. A. Correct!
13.4 opposite mating strains B. B. Correct!

meet, and nuclei fuse
14. Which group of fungi are known as the sac fungi because of the shape of the spore-containing
diploid reproductive structures?
Your Answer: Ascomycetes
Correct. The asci that form after the fusion of mating types resembles a saclike case that contains
the spores.
15. Yeasts, truffles, and Dutch elm disease belong to which division of Fungi?
Your Answer: Basidiomycota

Correct Answer: Ascomycota
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Incorrect. The Basidiomycota are the club fungi.
16. The clublike structure producing the spores of typical mushrooms is called __________.
Your Answer: basidium
Correct.
17. Basidiomycetes are also known as __________.
Your Answer: club fungi
They are called club fungi because they produce club-shaped reproductive structures.
18. Label the stages in the life cycle of a typical basidiomycete.

Answer Answer
18.1 germinating mating strains A. B. Haploid basidiospores are

either a + or a – strain.
18.2 gills bear reproductive E. E. Correct!

basidia
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18.3 mushroom develops from D. D. Correct!

aggregated hyphae
18.4 mating strains B. A. Germinate means "to grow."
18.5 compatible hyphae fuse and C. C. Correct!

grow into mycelium
19. Which of the following is associated with the group of fungi known as the deuteromycetes?
Your Answer: zygospores

Correct Answer: asexual reproduction
Incorrect. The production of zygospores is associated with zygomycetes.
20. Which of the partners in the symbiotic relationship known as a lichen gains food (sugars) from the
other partner?
Your Answer: alga

Correct Answer: fungus
Incorrect. Algae are photosynthetic and make their own sugars.
21. A __________ is a symbiotic interaction between a fungus and a cyanobacterium.
Your Answer: lichen
Lichens benefit both the bacterium and the fungus mutually.
22. Lichen is a symbiotic organism. Label the structures associated with this partnership.
6 of 10 2/8/2009 5:59 PM
Label Your Answer
22.1 algal layer A.
22.2 attachment structure C.
22.3 fungal hyphae B.
23. A test reveals that a lichen contains a prokaryotic symbiont. What kind of organism is this
prokaryotic symbiont?
Your Answer: plant

Correct Answer: cyanobacterium
Incorrect. Plants are partners with fungi known as mycorrhizae and they are eukaryotic.
24. The sugar-producing symbiont in a mycorrhiza is a(n) _________.
Your Answer: plant
Correct.
25. What beneficial agricultural role is played by fungi?
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Your Answer: Fungal pathogens are used as fungal pesticides to protect numerous crop species
from various insect species.
Correct. Crops being protected in this manner include citrus groves.
26. Which of the following is/are (an) example(s) of the economic significance of the Fungi?
Your Answer: animal disease agents

Correct Answer: All of these are economically significant.
Incorrect. Although this is economically significant, it is not the complete answer. Choose the best
answer.
27. Which of the following is a fungal disease?
Your Answer: athlete's foot
Correct.
28. Which of these economic problems or diseases is NOT caused by a fungus?
Your Answer: Mad Cow disease
Correct. This is caused by a prion.
29. In what ways do some fungi directly affect human health?
Correct.
30. Aflatoxins are carcinogenic compounds that can be produced by molds of the genus __________.
Your Answer: kkk

Correct Answer: Aspergillus
31. If yeasts are responsible for the alcohol in wine and beer, why don't we get a little tipsy from
eating bread?
Your Answer: Baking the bread evaporates the alcohol produced by the fermenting yeasts.
Correct.
8 of 10 2/8/2009 5:59 PM
32. Beer is produced through the use of a fungus called __________.
Your Answer: ascomycetes

Correct Answer: yeast
33. Arthrobotrys species capture __________ for a source of protein.
Your Answer: kk
Correct Answer: nematodes
34. Which of the following is the most important role fungi have in their ecosystems?
Your Answer: recyclers of nutrients like carbon and nitrogen from dead animal and plant bodies
Correct.
35. There are no fungi that are
Your Answer: predators

Correct Answer: photosynthetic
36. With what plant organ do mycorrhizae interact?
Your Answer: roots
37. What term refers to the mass of threads that forms the body of most fungi?
Your Answer: hyphae

Correct Answer: mycelium
38. Which of the following pairs is incorrect?
Your Answer: black bread mold: sac fungus
39. Which of the following statements is true both of fungi and of animals?
Your Answer: Both are heterotrophic.
40. Which of the following structures would you expect to find in the corn smut fungus?
9 of 10 2/8/2009 5:59 PM
Your Answer: basidiospores
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10 of 10 2/8/2009 5:59 PM
--Chapt. 21 (part)-- Fungi http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk20.htm
Chapter 21, part
M/C
1. Fungi usually obtain food how?
a. by digesting it externally and then absorbing it
b. by photosynthesis
c. by absorbing it and then digesting it within fungal cells
d. by chemosynthesis
e. by producing antibiotics that internally destroy bacteria
2. Fungal cell walls are different from plant cell walls in that...
a. fungi have cellulose, plants have chitin
b. fungi have glycogen, plants have cellulose
c. fungi have glycoprotein, plants have starch
d. fungi have chitin, plants have cellulose
e. fungi have cellulose, plants have pectin
3. True fungi are characterized by:

a. Cell walls, feeding by absorption, and usually have filamentous bodies
b. Cell walls, photosynthesis, and usually have filamentous bodies
c. No cell walls, feeding by absorption, chemosynthesis
d. No cell walls, parasitic, heterotrophic
e. Cell walls, chemosynthetic, heterotrophic
4. The body of a fungus is generally composed of:

a. Cellulose
b. Vascular tissue
c. Mychorrizae
d. Mold
e. Hyphae
5. Which of the following is a common polysaccharide found in fungi and in arthropods?

a. Cellulose
b. Glycogen
c. Glucose
d. Fructose
e. Chitin
6. The conspicuous structures on the surface of a dead tree that indicate a fungus is
growing inside are for:
a. Pollination
b. Reproduction
c. Feeding
d. Defense
e. Show only
7. Both bacteria and fungi have cells walls and have similar difficulties ingesting
food, so they:
a. Secrete enzymes and then ingest the smaller molecules
b. Form food vacuoles
c. Only eat dead stuff with very small molecules
d. Only eat small organisms which they can engulf (phagocytosis)
e. Photosynthesize internally
8. Some fungi, as well as other organisms, are saprobes. They feed on:
a. Lichens
b. Living organisms
c. Dead organisms
d. Tree sap
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e. Blood
9. The dominant generation in the fungal life cycle is usually:

a. Diploid
b. Haploid
c. A sporophyte
d. Polyploid
e. A glochidium
10. A more or less circular ring of mushrooms simultaneously appear in your yard,
apparently overnight. The circle is several yards in diameter. The most likely explanation
for this circle of mushrooms is:
a. Mushroom spores were dropped by a circling bird, thus explaining the
circular shape of the group of mushrooms.
b. The mushroom plants in the center of the circle have been eaten by
herbivores.
c. The mushrooms are all part of the same plant, with mycelia radiating out
from the location of a germinated spore.
d. One mushroom in the circle reproduced sexually to make all the other
mushrooms in the circle.
e. A circle is nature's most perfect shape for asexual reproduction
structures.
Essay
Your text talks about massive fungus organisms. One of the most massive organisms in the
world may be a basidiomycete occupying 1500 acres in Washington state.
11. How can scientists attempt to verify that this is one in fact huge organism?
M/C
12. Single celled fungi are:
a. autotrophic
b. prokaryotic
c. made of hyphae to form a mycelium
d. triploid
e. yeast
Essay
13. What is one way that the age of a fungus can be determined?
M/C
14. Lichens are:
a. algae
b. archaea
c. fungi
d. symbiotic association of algae and archaea
e. symbiotic association of algae and fungi
15. Mycorrhizae are:

a. symbiotic association between animals and fungi
b. symbiotic association between fungi and plant stems
c. symbiotic association between algae and fungi
d. symbiotic association between algae and plant roots
e. symbiotic association between plant roots and a fungus
16. Approximately how many species of fungi have been named to date?
a. 100 thousand
b. 100 million
c. 100 billion
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d. 100 trillion
e. 10 thousand
17. Swimming flagellated spores are found in which fungus groups?

a. zygomycetes
b. chrytrids
c. basidiomycetes
d. ascomycetes
e. all of these
18. The worldwide die-off of frogs has been traced to infection by what type of fungus?
a. basidiomycetes
b. ascomycetes
c. zygomycetes
d. imperfect fungi
e. chytrids
19. As revealed by fossils, the most ancient group of fungi is probably the:
a. ascomycetes
b. basidiomycetes
c. chytridomycetes
d. zygomycetes
e. imperfect fungi
20. Sexual reproduction in the fungal life cycle includes which of the following
sequences?
a. Haploid zygote that divides by meiosis to from haploid spores
b. Diploid zygote that divides by meiosis to form haploid spores that produce
haploid mycelia through mitosis
c. Haploid gametes divide by meiosis to produce a diploid zygote that grows by
mitosis to produce diploid mycelia
d. Free swimming gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote that grows by mitosis
e. Diploid spores divide by meiosis to form haploid gametes which join to form
mycelia
21. The majority of fungal biomass is located:

a. in fruiting bodies
b. in spores
c. above ground
d. in roots
e. underground
22. Most fungal nuclei are:

a. haploid
b. chitin
c. diploid
d. zygospores
e. meiotic
23. Corn smut, chestnut blight, and Dutch-elm disease are all:
a. Examples of parasitism
b. Caused by lichens
c. Fungal diseases
d. a and b
e. a and c
24. Which of these statements about fungi are true?

a. Fungi are important in the production of bread, wine, and cheese.
b. Ascomyctes and unicellular green algae may form symbiotic relationships.
c. Most of the fungal life cycle is in the haploid form.
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d. a and b.
e. a, b and c.
25. Most antibiotics for human use are obtained from:

a. bacteria
b. archaea
c. fungi
d. plants
e. chemical factories
T/F
26. The decline of forest mushroom growth in Europe is probably due to overhunting of
edible mushrooms.
27. Poisonous mushrooms are easily identified in the field.
28. Mushrooms are a convenient source of marijuana.
F/B
MATCHING
a. Psilocybe
b. Rhizopus
c. Claviceps
d. Phlobolus
e. Amanita
29. Very poisonous, commonly known as the death cap.
30. Hallucinogenic mushrooms are included in this genus.
31. The source of ergot, a vasoconstrictor drug.
32. Commonly known as "bread mold" although this is not the only fungus that grows on
bread.
M/C
33. Some fungi are predators (not parasites) on what kind of animal?
a. humans
b. wheat
c. chestnut and elm trees
d. nematodes (roundworms)
e. spiders
34. An end product of yeast fermentation is:

a. carbon dioxide
b. carbon monoxide
c. sugar
d. oxygen gas
e. more than one of these
35. The holes in bread are filled with what?

a. air
b. alcohol
c. yeast
d. oxygen gas
e. carbon dioxide
36. In bread making, what happens to the alcohol produced as the result of yeast
fermentation?
a. It is respired into carbon dioxide and water by the yeast
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b. It evaporates
c. It is contained in the holes of the bread
d. It is consumed by the human who eats the bread
e. It is converted to sugar by the yeast
37. Wood rot is most commonly due to:

a. fungi
b. slime molds
c. bacteria
d. archaea
e. termites
38. Which of these human diseases is not caused by a fungus?

a. Typhoid
b. Ringworm
c. Athlete's foot
d. Vaginal yeast infection
e. Histoplasmosis
39. An example of a parasitic fungal disease is:

a. Herpes
b. Malaria
c. Trichinosis
d. Athelete's foot
e. Sleeping Sickness
40. The importance of fungi to ecosystems is mostly as a

a. parasite
b. herbivore
c. omnivore
d. producer
e. decomposer
41. Which of the following is not a phylum within Kingdom Fungi?

a. Zygomycota
b. Basidiomycota
c. Ascomycota
d. Zooflagellate
e. Deuteromycota
42. The name "sac fungi" is appropriate for the Ascomycetes because:
a. They produce seeds in sac-like structures
b. They grow well in closed bags
c. The body of the fungus is a sac-like shape
d. It is best to carry them in a sack
e. They produce spores in sac-like structures
43. Ascomycetes and unicellular green algae living in close relationship with each
other form a:
a. Mycorrhizal association
b. Lichen
c. Rhizopus
d. Myxomycota
e. Green plant
44. Some of the first organisms to colonize barren habitats are:

a. Fungi
b. Plants
c. Mushrooms
d. Lichens
5 of 10 2/8/2009 1:43 PM
e. Small mammals
45. A very common mutualistic, symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the roots of
a plant is:
a. Lichen
b. Nitrogen-fixing
c. Ascomycete
d. Saprophyte
e. Mycorrhizal
46. Often the first to colonize bare rock or lava flows are...
a. algae
b. fungi
c. lichens
d. ferns
e. bryophytes
47. Which common type of fungus is known for its ability to produce diploid zygospores?
a. Deuteromycota
b. Ascomycota
c. Oomycota
d. Zygomycota
e. Diplomycota
48. Mycorrhizae are closely associated with which parts of vascular plants?
a. Roots
b. Stems
c. Leaves
d. Flowers
e. All of the above
49. Mychorrhizae are...

a. root parasites
b. nitrogen fixers
c. root-dwelling mutualists
d. photosynthetic nodules
e. bread molds
50. Claviceps purpurea is an organism from phylum __________. It infects rye plants and
produces toxins (including LSD) that can produce convulsions, hallucinations, and death if
consumed by a person.
a. ascomycota
b. oomycota
c. basidiomycota
d. deuteromycota
e. zygomycota
51. Mycorrhiazae associations are:

a. Very unusual
b. Common; at least 80% of the species of plants form these associations
c. Common only to species like grasses
d. Absolutely necessary for survival
e. Common only in nutrient-rich environments
52. Mushrooms form specialized reproductive structures called:

a. Asci
b. Toadstools
c. Mycelia
d. Flagellated zoospores
e. Basidia
6 of 10 2/8/2009 1:43 PM
53. How are Zygospores produced?

a. meiosis of hyphae
b. mitosis of hyphae
c. union of egg and sperm
d. meiosis of megaspore
e. union of 2 haploid hyphae
54. The fungal group distinguished by a simple life cycle without sexual reproduction
is:
a. Ascomycota
b. Basidiomycota
c. Zygomycota
d. Deuteromycota
e. Oomycota
55. Ascomycetes can damage cotton garments because they produce __________.
a. disease-causing sprees
b. smuts
c. cellulase enzymes
d. as ascus
e. fruiting bodies
56. The ascus functions in __________.

a. sexual reproduction
b. digestion
c. vegetative growth
d. asexual reproduction
e. photosynthesis
57. Yeasts are __________.

a. bacteria
b. protists
c. unicellular fungi
d. phytoplankton
e. algae
58. A fairy ring is...

a. a ring of mushrooms
b. a ring of basidiomycota spores
c. a cluster of basidiomycota mycelia
d. a circle of basidia
e. a ring of gills on the underside of a mushroom
F/B
MATCHING
a. Zygote fungi
b. Sac fungi
c. Club fungi
d. Imperfect fungi
e. More than one of these is correct
59. Ascus
60. Common bread mold
61. Penicillin is made from a member of this group
62. Gives flavor to Roguefort and Camembert cheeses
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63. Puffball
64. Mushroom
65. Most of the fungus plant in this group is a mycelium
66. Morel
67. Basidium
68. Zygosphore
69. Rhizpous
70. Infects rye plants and produces LSD and the drug ergot
71. Alcoholic fermentation involves fungi from this group
MATCHING
a. lichen
b. mycorrhiza
c. mycelium
d. hypha
e. basidium
72. Contains sexual haploid spores.
73. A string-like group of fungal cells.
74. The plant body of a fungus.
75. Symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant root.
76. Symbiotic association between a fungus and a green alga.
(c) 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
M/C
1. a
2. d
3. a
4. e
5. e
6. b
7. a
8. c
9. b
10. c
Essay
11. Analyze DNA from the fungus in various parts of the range. If the DNA is identical
then there may be only one organism.
M/C
8 of 10 2/8/2009 1:43 PM
12. e
Essay
13. Measure the diameter of the fairy ring over a period of a few years and determine
the annual increase in diameter. Divide this number into the total diameter to estimate the
age of the ring in years.
M/C
14. e
15. e
16. a
17. b
18. e
19. c
20. b
21. e
22. a
23. e
24. e
25. c
T/F
26. False
27. False
28. False
F/B
29. e
30. a
31. c
32. b
M/C
33. d
34. a
35. e
36. b
37. a
38. a
39. d
40. e
41. d
42. e
43. b
44. d
45. e
46. c
47. d
48. a
49. c
50. a
51. b
52. e
53. e
54. d
55. c
56. a
57. c
58. a
F/B
59. a
60. a
61. d
9 of 10 2/8/2009 1:43 PM
62. d
63. c
64. c
65. e
66. b
67. c
68. a
69. a
70. b
71. b
72. e
73. d
74. c
75. b
76. a
10 of 10 2/8/2009 1:43 PM
--Chapt. 22 -- Plants http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk21.htm
M/C
1. Members of Kingdom Plantae are:
a. Photosynthetic
b. Eukaryotic
c. Multicellular
d. a and c
e. All of these
2. With respect to plant reproduction, there has been an evolutionary trend toward...
a. increased pollen production
b. smaller flowers
c. larger fruits
d. sporophyte dominance
e. greater seed production
3. A diploid plant is a(n) __________.

a. egg
b. sperm
c. spore
d. gametophyte
e. sporophyte
4. The gametophyte produces __________ by __________.

a. spores; mitosis
b. gametes; mitosis
c. spores; meiosis
d. gametophytes; mitosis
e. sporophytes; meiosis
5. The first cell after fertilization is the:

a. Spore
b. Sporophyte
c. Embryo
d. Seed
e. Zygote
6. Spores develop into __________.

a. Haploid gametophytes
b. Diploid gametophytes
c. Haploid sporophytes
d. Haploid gametes
e. Diploid sporophytes
7. Where do spores come from?

a. gametes
b. gametophytes
c. sporophytes
d. zygotes
e. other spores
F/B
MATCHING
a. Sporophyte
b. Gametophyte
c. Zygote
d. Spore
e. Gamete
1 of 12 2/8/2009 1:44 PM
8. A fertilized egg
9. Diploid, multicellular
10. Haploid, multicellular
11. Plants make this by meiosis
12. Haploid, single cell, the product of mitosis
13. Diploid, single cell
14. Dominant generation of Bryophytes
15. Dominant generation of vascular plants
M/C
16. Which evidence supports the concept of green algae as ancestral to the Plant
Kingdom?
a. DNA studies
b. Similar kinds of chlorophyll in both groups
c. Similar kinds of cell wall chemicals in both groups
d. Similar kinds of reserve food in both groups
e. All of these are correct
F/B
MATCHING
a. Seedless vascular plant
b. Gymnosperm
c. Angiosperm
d. Bryophyte
e. None of these
17. Cycads
18. Horse tails (scouring rush)
19. Tulip
20. Moss
21. Green algae
M/C
22. Green algae are assumed to be ancestors of plants because
a. the fossil ancestors have been discovered
b. green algae make chitin and laminarin
c. green algae make cellulose and starch
d. green algae are almost exclusively marine
e. lignin is known to occur in some green algae
23. You examine a 1 inch tall plant you collect in the woods. This plant was part of a
several square feet mass of similar small plants. It is very flexible and does not easily
stand upright by itself. Upon examining the tiny flat leaf-like structures of this plant
you see no veins. There is no evidence of seeds, but at the end of a little stalk on the
end of the plant there is some sort of spore bearing structure. To which of these groups
does this plant likely belong?
a. angiosperm
b. gymnosperm
c. fern
2 of 12 2/8/2009 1:44 PM
d. algae
e. bryophyte
24. Land plants are believed to have evolved from __________.

a. green algae
b. fungi
c. lichens
d. bacteria
e. Euglena
25. Terrestrial plants are believed to have evolved from:

a. Bryophytes
b. Green algae
c. Red algae
d. Brown algae
e. Blue-green bacteria
26. Which of the following does not support the theory that terrestrial plants have an
algal ancestor?
a. The same type of chlorophyll is present in both
b. Both have starch energy storage molecules
c. Both have the same accessory pigments
d. Vascular tissues are found in both groups
e. Both are autotrophic
27. The common name for members of Division Chlorophyta is:

a. Green algae
b. Flowering plants
c. Brown algae
d. Red algae
e. Green plants
28. Which of the following is NOT good evidence that land plants arose from green
algae?
a. both photosynthesize
b. both use the same kind of chlorophyll
c. green algae live in fresh water environments
d. both contain similar accessory pigments
e. green algae live in many temporary habitats
29. Which of the following is true for most members of Division Chlorphyta?
a. Produce free swimming gametes.
b. Some have life cycles dominated by haploid forms.
c. Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular species are all in this division.
d. a and b.
e. All of the above.
30. Which of these are reasons why biologists believe some type of ancestral green
algae may have evolved into the first terrestrial plants?
a. They are all adapted to highly variable environments (can withstand
extremes of temperature and moisture) and are adapted to use freshwater.
b. They have the same types of photosynthetic pigments.
c. Plants from both groups have complex structure like roots and leaves.
d. a and b.
e. All of the above.
31. When walking in a forest you find a plant with what appear to be unfertilized seeds
on little scales exposed to the air. Yellow dust-like particles are on the surface of the
unfertilized seeds. To what group does this plant belong?
a. angiosperms
3 of 12 2/8/2009 1:44 PM
b. gymnosperms
c. bryophytes
d. seedless vascular plants
e. algae
32. When walking in a tropical forest you come upon a 6 meter tall plant that shows no
evidence of seed production. In which of these groups does the plant most likely belong?
a. gymnosperms
b. angiosperms
c. bryophytes
d. ferns
e. algae
33. A fossil plant is found that appears to have several seeds all completely enclosed
in a single outer covering. This plant probably belongs to what group?
a. gymnosperms
b. angiosperms
c. bryophytes
d. ferns
e. algae
34. What is/are advantages to producing broad leaves compared to narrow needle-like
leaves?
a. increased water loss
b. increases gas exchange
c. increases surface area for light capture
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
35. Which of the following weather conditions would you expect to have the greatest
NEGATIVE IMPACT on sexual reproduction of ferns and mosses?
a. excessively wet and raining conditions
b. above average temperatures for several days
c. excessively dry period for several days
d. moderate temperatures and rainfall
e. the shade of a forest
36. Which of the following weather conditions would you expect to have the greatest
POSITIVE IMPACT on sexual reproduction of ferns and mosses?
a. excessively wet and raining conditions
b. above average temperature for several days
c. excessively dry period for several days
d. below average temperatures for a few days
e. the shade of a forest
Essay
37. In some areas of the world where there are large numbers of pines, in the spring
everything is covered with a yellow dust that turns out upon examination to be pine pollen.
Why must conifers produce so much pollen and why do we not see as much pollen produced by a
field of flowers?
38. In addition to aiding in seed dispersal, what are other possible functions of
fruits that give advantages to plants that make fruits as compared to seed plants that do
not make fruits?
M/C
39. Which evolutionary plant innovation eliminated the need for sperm to swim through
water in order to fertilize an egg, resulting in plants being truly adapted for
reproduction on land?
a. rhizoids
4 of 12 2/8/2009 1:44 PM
b. fruit
c. roots
d. independent gametophyte
e. pollen
40. If you were hiking and wanted to show off your understanding of the differences
between gymnosperms and angiosperms, what characteristics could you see with your naked eye
that would help you impress your friends?
a. flowers or cones
b. presence or lack of vascular tissues
c. presence or lack of seeds
d. presence or lack of tree sized stems
e. size of the male gametophyte
41. Leaves are covered on the outside with this to reduce water loss.
a. cuticle
b. stomata
c. petiole
d. endosperm
e. root hairs
42. Vessel tubes are rigid because they include this chemical in their cell walls:
a. DNA
b. lignin
c. ribose
d. nitrogen
e. starch
43. Bryophytes
a. lack eggs and sperm
b. lack vascular tissue
c. lack seeds
d. lack gametes
e. two of these are correct
44. Gymnosperms
a. lack flowers
b. lack seeds
c. lack eggs and sperm
d. lack leaves
45. Ferns
a. lack vascular tissue
b. have an alternation of sporophyte and gametophyte generations
c. lack eggs and sperm
d. make seeds
Essay
46. Describe the adaptations plants underwent in the transition from water to land.
M/C
47. When making the move from water to land, plants made modifications in all of the
following except...
a. cell wall composition
b. conducting tissues
c. cell surface coverings
d. mode of reproduction
5 of 12 2/8/2009 1:44 PM
e. method of gas exchange
48. Pollen and seeds evolves in response to...

a. an increase in pollinators
b. flower evolution
c. moist environments
d. seed predators
e. dry land environments
49. In flowering plants, what is the relationship of the sporophyte generation to the
gametophyte generation?
a. Sporophyte is dominant, but begins development attached to gametophyte
b. Gametophyte is dominant, and sporophyte is retained on gametophyte
c. Sporophyte is dominant, and gametophyte is microscopic
d. Members of this division do not produce sporophytes
e. Members of this division do not produce gametophytes
50. An oak tree is a __________.

a. gametophyte
b. zygote
c. sporophyte
d. spore
e. all of these
51. The evolutionary trend from the ancestral algae to the more recently evolved seed
plants shows:
a. Decreased size of the gametophyte
b. Increased prominence of the sporophyte generation
c. Decreased duration of the gametophyte generation
d. a and b
e. All of the above
52. Which of these is an advantage to a plant that moved onto land?

a. increased CO2 availability
b. dry environment
c. less support
d. increased heat
e. decreased water availability
53. Which was not an advantage of the terrestrial environment to the first plants?
a. Carbon dioxide concentration was higher in air than water.
b. Minerals and other nutrients were more abundant in the soil than in water.
c. More energy for photosynthesis was available.
d. There were more pollinators on land.
e. All of these were benefits.
54. Which group of land plants is most restricted to moist environments?

a. Vascular plants
b. Tracheophytes
c. Bryophytes
d. Anthophyta
e. Angiosperms
Essay
55. Explain how bryophytes are an intermediate between aquatic and terrestrial plants.
M/C
56. Bryophytes:
a. Are mosses and liverworts
b. Lack true roots and leaves
6 of 12 2/8/2009 1:44 PM
c. Have poorly developed conducting tissues

d. a and b
e. All of the above
57. Bryophytes have simple structures, called __________, that anchor the plant and
absorb water.
a. Roots
b. Mycorrhizae
c. Rhizomes
d. Tracheophytes
e. Rhizoids
58. Archegonia and antheridia are:

a. Water conducting tissues found in Bryophytes
b. Reproductive structures found in Bryophytes
c. Reproductive structures found in flowering plants
d. Spores produced by flowering plants
e. Vascular tissues in ferns
59. Archegonia are __________.

a. floatation bladders
b. reproductive structures
c. conducting tissues
d. flowers
e. root symbionts
60. Which of the following are important reproductive adaptations that allow plants to
inhabit terrestrial environments?
a. Leaves and stems
b. Seeds and pollen
c. Roots and leaves
d. Gametophytes and sporophytes
e. Flowers and leaves
61. How do seeds improve the chances of survival of a young plant?

a. Seeds attract pollinators.
b. Seed coats prevent desiccation.
c. Seeds retain food reserve for embryo.
d. a and b.
e. a, b, and c.
62. What is the benefit of having a tall stem?

a. ease of water movement
b. more nutrients available
c. greater support
d. easier reproduction
e. less competition for light
63. Which of the following types of plants produce seeds?

a. Horsetails
b. Ferns
c. Ginkgo
d. Pines
e. c and d
64. Which of the following groups of plants was the first to produce seeds?
a. Angiosperms
b. Bryophytes
c. Gymnosperms
d. Lycophytes
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e. Chlorophytes
65. Which of the following are Gymnosperms?

a. Cycads, ginkgoes, and ferns
b. Cycads, conifers, and ferns
c. Ginkgoes, conifers, and horsetails
d. Conifers, ginkgoes, and ferns
e. Cycads, ginkgoes, and conifers
66. Which division has been reduced to one remaining species?

a. conifers
b. cycads
c. ginkgos
d. bryophytes
e. liverworts
67. What group dominated the Carboniferous period and is now burned as coal?
a. angiosperms
b. conifers
c. cycads
d. seedless vascular plants
e. algae
68. Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of conifers to cold, dry habitats?
a. production of "anti-freeze" resin
b. year-round photosynthesis
c. reduced leaf size
d. thick cuticle
e. copious pollen production
69. Pines are primarily __________ pollinated.

a. bee
b. wind
c. moth
d. water
e. beetle
70. What is one major difference between ferns and the other seedless vascular plants?
a. reproductive cycle
b. dominant stage of life
c. leaf shape
d. flower structure
e. vascular system
71. Which group does not depend on water for reproduction?

a. ferns
b. byophytes
c. algae
d. club mosses
e. flowering plants
72. Which group of plants has the greatest diversity (i.e., the most species) living
today?
a. Chlorophytes
b. Bryophytes
c. Gymnosperms
d. Angiosperms
e. Ferns
73. What is the main function of flower petals?
8 of 12 2/8/2009 1:44 PM
a. produce gametes
b. photosynthesize
c. provide support
d. attract pollinators
e. discourage herbivores
74. All of the following contributed substantially to the success of angiosperms

except:
a. pollinators
b. broad leaves
c. vascular system
d. flowers
e. fruits
75. What single feature is probably most responsible for the success of angiosperms?
a. Seeds
b. Fruit
c. Broad leaves
d. Flowers
e. Tap roots
76. In angiosperms, the male gametophyte is ___________.

a. pollen
b. the anther
c. a flower
d. sperm
e. a seed
Essay
77. Explain the evolutionary relevance of the seed.
M/C
78. A fruit is:
a. a seed
b. a mature ovary
c. a mature ovule
d. the female gametophyte
e. a plant embryo
79. Fruit production requires precious resources; what important benefit do they
confer?
a. feed the embryo
b. keep the seed moist
c. means of dispersal of seeds
d. attract seed eater
e. prevent herbivory
80. What is/are the disadvantages to production of broad leaves?

a. increased water loss
b. increases gas exchange
c. increased surface area for light capture
d. a and b
e. a and c
F/B
MATCHING
a. Angiosperm
b. Gymnosperm
c. Fern
d. Bryophyte
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e. Two of the above
81. Need free standing water for fertilization to occur.
82. No vascular tissue
83. Male gametophyte is pollen
84. Male and female cones
85. Non-flowering seed plants
86. An apple tree
87. Monocots and Dicots
88. Cycads and Conifers
M/C
89. Most gymnosperms are pollinated by:
a. insects
b. birds
c. small mammals
d. wind
e. their own eggs
90. The anti cancer drug Taxol is extracted from which type of plant?
a. bryophyte
b. fern
c. seed
d. horse tail
e. more than one of these is correct
(c) 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
M/C
1. e
2. d
3. e
4. b
5. e
6. a
7. c
F/B
8. c
9. a
10. b
11. d
12. e
13. c
14. b
15. a
M/C
16. e
10 of 12 2/8/2009 1:44 PM
F/B
17. b
18. a
19. c
20. d
21. e
M/C
22. c
23. e
24. a
25. b
26. d
27. a
28. a
29. e
30. d
31. b
32. d
33. b
34. d
35. c
36. a
Essay
37. Pines are wind pollinated and must produce large excesses of pollen. Field flowers
are insect pollinated and therefore don't have to produce so much pollen.
38. Fruits provide an extra layer of protection to the seeds. Also it is logical to
hypothesize that fleshy fruits provide nourishment to their seeds, although most
experiments do not support this hypothesis.
M/C
39. e
40. a
41. a
42. b
43. e
44. a
45. b
Essay
M/C
47. a
48. e
49. c
50. c
51. e
52. a
53. d
54. c
Essay
M/C
56. e
57. e
58. b
59. b
60. b
61. e
62. e
63. e
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64. c
65. e
66. c
67. d
68. e
69. b
70. c
71. e
72. d
73. d
74. c
75. d
76. a
Essay
M/C
78. b
79. c
80. a
F/B
81. e
82. d
83. e
84. b
85. b
86. a
87. a
88. b
M/C
89. d
90. c
12 of 12 2/8/2009 1:44 PM
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Location on Site: Home > The Diversity of Plants > Self Test 18 incorrect: 29%
Date/Time February 8, 2009 at 10:09 PM (EST) 6 questions contain multiple pairs, scored for a total of 29
Submitted: questions. More information about scoring.
1. Which of the following supports the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algal ancestors?
Your Answer: Plants and green algae both use the same type of chlorophyll and accessory
pigments during photosynthesis.
Correct.
2. Early plant evolution most likely occurred in freshwater habitats because _________.
Correct.
3. __________ algae presumably gave rise to land plants.
Your Answer: green
There are many similarities between modern green algae and ancestral land plants.
4. Sporophytes produce haploid spores via _________.
Your Answer: mitosis

Correct Answer: meiosis
Incorrect. The sporophytes are diploid, so mitosis would yield diploid spores, not the haploid that
are produced.
5. When haploid spores divide by mitosis, multicellular haploid plants called __________ form.
Your Answer: gametophyte

Correct Answer: gametophytes
6. In the diploid generation, the plant body is known as the __________.
1 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM
Your Answer: sporophyte
This generation produces spores.
7. Which plant generation is responsible for the production of haploid gametes?
Your Answer: gametophyte
Correct. The gametophyte generation produces haploid gametes that then fuse to form a diploid
organism.
8. All plants produce _________.
Your Answer: seeds

Correct Answer: spores
Incorrect. Only gymnosperms and angiosperms produce seeds.
9. Plants show an alternation of generation between sporophytes and gametophytes. Label these
generations correctly on the diagram below.

Answer Answer
2 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM
9.1 gametophyte A. B. Sporophytes produce spores and are diploid.
9.2 sporophyte B. A. Gametophytes produce gametes and are

haploid.
10. The presence or production of ________ distinguishes plants from their nearest relatives, the green
algae.
Your Answer: multicellular, dependent embryos
Correct.
11. Based on the characteristics of plants, which of the following "jobs" in an ecosystem is performed
by plants?
Your Answer: producer
Correct. Plants make glucose via photosynthesis and pass on that energy when they are consumed
by another organism. Plants provide an entrance for energy into an ecosystem.
12. The rigors of the terrestrial environment led to many adaptations among terrestrial plants. Which
of these is NOT a necessary adaptation to dry land?
Your Answer: separate gametophyte stage
Correct. The separate gametophyte stage, already present in the algae, was not required for
becoming terrestrial. Actually, it is more of a hazard than a benefit to terrestrial plants.
13. What structural adaptation of land plants functions to deliver water and minerals from the roots to
the rest of the plant?
Your Answer: conducting vessels
Correct. Hollow like long straws, these are a different type of conducting vessel, transporting
sugars produced during photosynthesis to the rest of the plant.
14. Photosynthesis stops during very hot and dry weather because _________.
Your Answer: the stomata close, which cuts off the plant's supply of carbon dioxide needed to
perform photosynthesis
Correct.
15. Which of the following is NOT an example of the sporophyte stage of the alternation of
generations?
3 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM
Your Answer: moss
Correct. The nonvascular plant's dominant stage of the alternation of generations is the
gametophyte, so when you see moss, you're observing an organism composed of haploid cells!
16. What is the reproductive structure of bryophytes and of seedless vascular plants that encloses eggs
and protects them from drying out?
Your Answer: antheridium

Correct Answer: archegonium
Incorrect. The antheridium protects the sperm.
17. The relatively small size of the bryophytes is probably due to __________.
Your Answer: the dependence on water for reproduction

Correct Answer: the absence of vascular tissue
Incorrect. The bryophytes' dependence on water for reproduction is likely to limit their choice of
habitat, but not their size.
18. Bryophytes have __________, which are similar to roots.
Your Answer: rhizoids
Bryophytes don’t have true roots, leaves, or stems. That means bryophytes require a moist
environment to reproduce.
19. Label the indicated structures on this diagram of the life cycle of a typical moss.
4 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM
Label Your Answer
19.1 spores D.
19.2 archegonium B.
19.3 sperm A.
19.4 antheridium C.
20. Even though they are vascular plants, and thus moderately advanced terrestrially, the ferns have
not solved all of the problems of terrestrial life. How is this so?
Your Answer: They lack advanced vascular tissue.

Correct Answer: Their zygotes remain unprotected from desiccation.
Incorrect. Advanced vascular tissue relates to woody stems but does not prevent complete
terrestrial adaptation.
21. The silica deposits in the outer layer of cells in Equisetum gave it its nickname: __________.
Your Answer: horsetails

Correct Answer: scouring rushes
5 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM
22. Complete this diagram of the life cycle of a typical fern.
Label Your Answer
22.1 gametophyte C.
22.2 haploid spores B.
22.3 archegonium D.
22.4 antheridium E.
22.5 masses of sporangia A.
22.6 sporophyte F.
23. Seed plants produce male gametophytes known as _________.
Your Answer: seed

Correct Answer: pollen
Incorrect. The seed is a structure that protects and feeds the embryo.
24. Which of the following is best adapted to a dry habitat?
Your Answer: crabgrass
6 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM
Correct. Crabgrass is an angiosperm, so it does not need water for moving its sperm to an egg.
You may also remember that crabgrass performs the C4 cycle during photosynthesis, which is
suited to dry and hot conditions, hence a yard full of crabgrass in the heat of the summer.
25. Why has the evolution of reproductive adaptations, the development of pollen and seeds, proven
so successful for the gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Your Answer: Both the second and third answers are correct.
Correct. Eliminating the requirement that sperm swim to the egg through water and that dispersal
of seeds occurs through water permitted an unparalleled evolutionary advantage previously
unknown among land plants.
26. Which of the following protects the plant embryo?
Your Answer: seed
Correct.
27. Label the structures indicated on these two seed types.
Label Your Answer
27.1 stored food B.
7 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM
27.2 seed coat A.
27.3 embryo C.
28. The sperm of conifers _________.
Your Answer: is carried in a pollen grain that has tiny wings
Correct.
29. Label the indicated portions of the life cycle of a typical conifer.
Label Your Answer
29.1 mature sporophyte F.
29.2 ovule A.
29.3 embryo D.
29.4 female gametophyte G.
29.5 seed E.
29.6 pollen B.
29.7 fertilization C.
8 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM
30. The adaptations that attract potential pollinators are __________.
Your Answer: pollen

Correct Answer: flowers
31. Which of the major adaptations does your textbook suggest is most vulnerable to herbivore attack,
especially by insects?
Your Answer: fruits

Correct Answer: broad leaves
Incorrect. While fruits are certainly vulnerable to herbivores, they are transiently present
compared to leaves. When fruits are eaten, seed dispersal follows.
32. Successful (with regards to land dwelling) and accurate delivery of the sperm to the egg occurs
when land dwelling plants produce _________.
Your Answer: attractive, sweet-smelling flowers
Correct. Attractive and sweet-smelling flowers will entice a pollinator to visit, and pollen
transported by a pollinator is more likely to find its way to an egg than pollen that is windblown.
33. Flowering plants such as roses and geraniums belong to which group of plant?
Your Answer: angiosperms
Correct.
34. Label the indicated portions of the life cycle of a typical flowering plant.
9 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM

Answer Answer
34.1 spore-forming C. C. Correct!

cell
34.2 anther A. B. The stigma is the center of the flower that

serves as a "docking" site for pollen.
34.3 stigma B. A. The anther carries the pollen.
34.4 pollen D. D. Correct!
34.5 spore E. E. Correct!
34.6 pollen tube F. F. Correct!
34.7 female G. G. Correct!

gametophyte
35. Which of the following organisms bear fruit?
Your Answer: maple trees
36. In which of the following plants is the gametophyte the dominant generation?
Your Answer: sunflowers

Correct Answer: mosses
10 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM
37. What is the function of a fruit?
Your Answer: It provides food for the developing embryo.

Correct Answer: It helps ensure seed dispersal from the parent plant.
38. What is the function of lignin?
Your Answer: It provides support for the plant.
39. Which of the following plants produces sperm that swim to the egg?
Your Answer: none of the above

Correct Answer: rattlesnake fern
40. Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of generations?
Your Answer: sporophyte—haploid gametes—gametophyte— diploid spores

Correct Answer: sporophyte—haploid spores—gametophyte—haploid gametes
E-mail Your Results
Me:
Instructor:
TA:
Other:
Help
11 of 11 2/8/2009 9:09 PM
QUESTIONS
<#>CH 19
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 19: The white cliffs of Dover, England were formed over millions of years by
accumulation of calcium carbonate shells from ________?
<D>Audesirk testbank CH 19-76
<C> zooflagellates
<C> euglenoids
<C> foraminiferans
<C> cyanobacteria
<C> ciliates
<#>CH 19
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 19: Which group has silica shells similar to those of diatoms?
<C> sporozoans/apicomplexans
<C> dinoflagellates
<C> zooflagellates
<C> euglenoids
<C> radiolarians
<#>CH 19
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 19: Which of the following is considered to be most closely related to the
plants?
<C> brown algae
<C> slime molds
<C> euglenoids
<C> green algae
<C> diatoms
<#>CH 19
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 19: You've just discovered a previously unidentified organism and will now be
famous! After testing it with the list of chemicals below, you find out it glows, doesn't
turn blue, and doesn't fizz. How will you classify this organism? Glowing = the presence
of a nuclear envelope. Blue = the presence of chloroplasts. Fizzing = the presence of
flagella. How will you classify this organism?
<C> bacterium
<C> slime mold
<C> diatom
<C> virus
<C> zooflagellate
<#>CH 19
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 19: Which of the following is TRUE?
<C> Viruses are a kingdom of the Bacteria domain.
<C> Amoebas use cilia to move around.
<C> Zooflagellates are autotrophic and move by means of flagella.
<C> All bacteria are pathogens (disease causing).
<C> Prokaryotic organisms are classified as Bacteria or Archaea.
<#>CH 19
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 19: Which of the following is FALSE?
<C> Viruses are classified in the domain Archaea.
<C> Amoebas move by means of pseudopods.
<C> Zooflagellates are heterotrophic and move by means of flagella.
<C> Antibiotics should not be taken to prevent or treat the flu.
<C> The DNA of the organisms classified as Archaea is not contained in a nucleus
____________________________________________________________________________________
<#>CH 20
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 20: Which of the following human jobs BEST illustrates the importance of some
fungi's ability to liberate nutrients from dead or discarded tissues?
<C> gardener
<C> bread baker
<C> brewmeister
<C> undertaker
<C> truffle hunter
<#>CH 20
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 20: Which of these statements about fungi are TRUE?
<C> Fungi are important in the production of bread, wine, and cheese.
<C> Ascomycetes and unicellular green algae may form symbiotic relationships.
<C> Most of the fungal life cycle is in the haploid form.
<C> A and B
<C> A, B, and C
<#>CH 20
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 20: Some fungi are predators (not parasites) on what kind of organism?
<C> humans
<C> wheat
<C> chestnut and elm trees
<C> nematodes (roundworms)
<C> spiders
<#>CH 20
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 20: The decline of forest mushroom growth in Europe is probably due to
overhunting of edible mushrooms. True or False?
<C> TRUE
<C> FALSE
<#>CH 20
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 20: Poisonous mushrooms are easily identified in the field. True or False?
<C> TRUE
<C> FALSE
____________________________________________________________________________________
<#>CH 21
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q> CHAPTER 21: Which of the following is least like you?
<C> fern
<C> tomato plant
<C> maple tree
<C> moss
<C> pine tree
<#>CH 21
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q> CHAPTER 21: The ________ of a fern gametophyte imply that it can be found living in
the soil independent of a fern sporophyte.
<C> roots
<C> pollen
<C> swimming sperm
<C> archegonia
<C> rhizoids
<#>CH 21
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q> CHAPTER 21: Which of the following must produce copious amounts of pollen to ensure
successful pollination?
<C> tulip
<C> stinking corpse lily
<C> magnolia tree
<C> pine tree
<C> gardenia
<#>CH 21
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q> CHAPTER 21: Your friend has asked you to make a fruit salad with the following: a
pumpkin, cucumber, tomato, broccoli, and kiwi. Which of them will you leave out because
it's not a fruit?
<C> pumpkin
<C> cucumber
<C> tomato
<C> broccoli
<C> kiwi
<#>CH 21
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q> CHAPTER 21: Which of the following depends on a method of seed dispersal other the
consumption of its fruits?
<C> apple
<C> oak
<C> maple
<C> pine
<C> moss
ANSWERS
<#>CH 19
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 19: The white cliffs of Dover, England were formed over millions of years by
accumulation of calcium carbonate shells from ________?
<C> zooflagellates
<C> euglenoids
<C+> foraminiferans
<C> cyanobacteria
<C> ciliates
<#>CH 19
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 19: Which group has silica shells similar to those of diatoms?
<C> sporozoans/apicomplexans
<C> dinoflagellates
<C> zooflagellates
<C> euglenoids
<C+> radiolarians
<#>CH 19
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 19: Which of the following is considered to be most closely related to the
plants?
<C> brown algae
<C> slime molds
<C> euglenoids
<C+> green algae
<C> diatoms
<#>CH 19
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 19: You've just discovered a previously unidentified organism and will now be
famous! After testing it with the list of chemicals below, you find out it glows, doesn't
turn blue, and doesn't fizz. How will you classify this organism? Glowing = the presence
of a nuclear envelope. Blue = the presence of chloroplasts. Fizzing = the presence of
flagella. How will you classify this organism?
<C> bacterium
<C+> slime mold
<C> diatom
<C> virus
<C> zooflagellate
<#>CH 19
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 19: Which of the following is TRUE?
<C> Viruses are a kingdom of the Bacteria domain.
<C> Amoebas use cilia to move around.
<C> Zooflagellates are autotrophic and move by means of flagella.
<C> All bacteria are pathogens (disease causing).
<C+> Prokaryotic organisms are classified as Bacteria or Archaea.
<#>CH 19
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 19: Which of the following is FALSE?
<C+> Viruses are classified in the domain Archaea.
<C> Amoebas move by means of pseudopods.
<C> Zooflagellates are heterotrophic and move by means of flagella.
<C> Antibiotics should not be taken to prevent or treat the flu.
<C> The DNA of the organisms classified as Archaea is not contained in a nucleus
____________________________________________________________________________________
<#>CH 20
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 20: Which of the following human jobs BEST illustrates the importance of some
fungi's ability to liberate nutrients from dead or discarded tissues?
<C> gardener
<C> bread baker
<C> brewmeister
<C+> undertaker
<C> truffle hunter
<#>CH 20
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 20: Which of these statements about fungi are TRUE?
<C> Fungi are important in the production of bread, wine, and cheese.
<C> Ascomycetes and unicellular green algae may form symbiotic relationships.
<C> Most of the fungal life cycle is in the haploid form.
<C> A and B
<C+> A, B, and C
<#>CH 20
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 20: Some fungi are predators (not parasites) on what kind of organism?
<C> humans
<C> wheat
<C> chestnut and elm trees
<C+> nematodes (roundworms)
<C> spiders
<#>CH 20
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 20: The decline of forest mushroom growth in Europe is probably due to
overhunting of edible mushrooms. True or False?
<C> TRUE
<C+> FALSE
<#>CH 20
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 20: Poisonous mushrooms are easily identified in the field. True or False?
<C> TRUE
<C+> FALSE
____________________________________________________________________________________
<#>CH 21
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q> CHAPTER 21: Which of the following is least like you?
<C> fern
<C> tomato plant
<C> maple tree
<C+> moss
<C> pine tree
<#>CH 21
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q> CHAPTER 21: The ________ of a fern gametophyte imply that it can be found living in
the soil independent of a fern sporophyte.
<C> roots
<C> pollen
<C> swimming sperm
<C> archegonia
<C+> rhizoids
<#>CH 21
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q> CHAPTER 21: Which of the following must produce copious amounts of pollen to ensure
successful pollination?
<C> tulip
<C> stinking corpse lily
<C> magnolia tree
<C+> pine tree
<C> gardenia
<#>CH 21
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q> CHAPTER 21: Your friend has asked you to make a fruit salad with the following: a
pumpkin, cucumber, tomato, broccoli, and kiwi. Which of them will you leave out because
it's not a fruit?
<C> pumpkin
<C> cucumber
<C> tomato
<C+> broccoli
<C> kiwi
<#>CH 21
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q> CHAPTER 21: Which of the following depends on a method of seed dispersal other the
consumption of its fruits?
<C> apple
<C> oak
<C+> maple
<C> pine
<C> moss
Chapter 19:
The Diversity of Viruses,
Prokaryotes, and Protists
Viruses
Characteristics of a virus:
• No cell membrane, no cytoplasm, no
ribosomes – not a living thing
• can only reproduce inside a host cell
• very small size (0.05-0.2 micrometers)
2 major components constitute a virus:

• single or double-stranded DNA or RNA
• protein coat (may be surrounded by an
envelope)
Relative Sizes of Microorganisms
Additional Viral Characteristics
• Viruses:
– Cannot grow or reproduce on their own
– Lack complex cellular organization
– Have a specialized protein coat
– Viral genetic material “hijacks” host cell to
produce new viral components
– Viral components assemble rapidly into new
viruses and burst from host cell
– Come in a variety of sizes and shapes
Viruses Are Host-Specific
• Each viral type specialized to attack
specific host cell
• Bacteria are infected by bacteriophage
viruses
• Bacteriophages are actually a virus that
specifically attacks bacterial cells
Treating Diseases With Viruses
Bacteriophages
• Bacteriophages can treat bacterial diseases
– Rise in bacterial antibiotic resistance
makes standard drugs less effective
– Bacteriophages specifically target host
bacteria
– Bacteriophages are harmless to human
body cells
Bacterial cell
Viruses of Multicellular
Organisms Are Specific
• Cold viruses attack membranes of

respiratory tract
• Measles viruses infect the skin (chicken

pox)
• Rabies viruses attack nerve cells

Viruses of Multicellular
Organisms Are Specific
• Some viruses linked to cancer (leukemia-

blood, liver cancer, cervical cancer)
• Herpes virus attacks mucous membranes
of mouth and lips (causing cold sores)
– Other herpes virus type causes genital
sores
• HIV virus attacks specific white blood cell
type, causing AIDS
HIV virus
Viral Infections Are Difficult to Treat
• Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses

• Antiviral drugs may also kill hosts
• Viruses “hide” within cells, are hard to detect
• Viruses have high mutation rates (changes
DNA or RNA)
– Mutations can create resistance to antiviral
drugs
– Resistant viruses spread and multiply,
rending drug ineffective
Viruses as Biological Weapons
• Difficulty in treating viral infections makes
viruses devastating weapons
• Limited smallpox stocks saved to develop

future vaccine against unknown stocks
• Ebola hemorrhagic fever kills 90% of

victims (no treatment or vaccine known)
symptoms – bleed to death from inside out
Viroids
• Viroids are infectious particles with only

short RNA strands (no protein coat)
• Able to enter host cell nucleus and direct
new viroid synthesis
• A number of crop diseases are caused by
viroids
– cucumber disease, avocado sunblotch
Prions
• The Discovery of Kuru

– Fatal degenerative disease discovered
in New Guinea tribe (Fore) in 1950
– Kuru causes loss of coordination,
dementia, death
– Kuru in the Fore tribe was transmitted
by ritual cannibalism of the dead
Kuru Is Similar to Other Diseases
• Other diseases like Kuru include:

– Creutzfeldt-Jacob (CJD) disease in
humans
– Scrapie in sheep
– Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE or “Mad Cow Disease”) in cattle
• These diseases create holes in brain
tissue
Where Did Viruses, Viroids, and
Prions Come From?
• Evolutionary remnants of life’s early
history?
– Self-replicating mechanisms similar to
proposed pre-DNA world
• Degenerate descendants of parasitic cells?

– Ancient parasites may have become
dependent on hosts biochemical machinery
Organisms of the Prokaryotic Domains
• Similarities Between Bacteria and Archaea

– Both are prokaryotic
– Both contain single-celled organism
– Both have small sized organisms (0.2-10um)
• Differences Between Bacteria and Archaea

– Structural and biochemical features
• Differences in cell walls, plasma membrane
composition, ribosomes, and RNA
polymerases
Classifying Prokaryotes Is Difficult
• Prokaryotes are structurally simple

• No easily observed anatomical or developmental
differences
• Features used in prokaryotic classification:
– Shape (most common way)
– Locomotion (movement
– Nutrient requirements (oxygen)
– Colony appearance (cells clumped together)
– Gram staining characteristics (pink and purple)
– DNA sequences (differences)
Prokaryotic Shapes and Structure
• 3 Common Shapes
– Spherical (cocci)
– Rodlike (bacilli)
– Corkscrew-shape (spirilli)
Spherical (cocci)
Rodlike (bacilli)
Corkscrew-shape (spirilli)
Prokaryotic Shapes and Structure
• Means of Locomotion (move around)
– Flagella (tail)
• Found singly, in pairs, at different
locations
• See the wheel and axle arrangement
of prokaryotic flagellum
Bacterial Films: Biofilms
• Polysaccharide (sugar) or protein cell
walls of some bacteria are sticky
• Embedded biofilm bacteria are protected
from disinfectants and antibiotics
• Aggregates (communities) of slim
secreting bacteria are called biofilms
– Dental plaque is a biofilm – can cause tooth
decay, bad breath
– See biofilm under attack by a toothbrush
in following slide…
biofilm under attack by a toothbrush
Bacterial Endospores
• Endospores form inside some bacteria under

extreme environmental conditions
• Endospores are thickly-wrapped particles of
genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a few
enzymes
• Endospores are resistant to extremes
– Survival in boiling water
– Stable and long-lived (>250 million years)
– Ideal bio-terror agent (ex: anthrax spores)
Prokaryotes Reproduce By
Binary Fission
• Asexual cell division produces identical
copies or clones
• Binary fission can occur every 20 minutes
• Rapid reproductive rate allows for rapid
evolution
– Mutations in DNA replication are rapidly
spread
– Binary fission and an E. coli cell in next
slide…
Binary fission of an E. coli cell
Exchange of Genetic Material
• Conjugation allows for DNA transfer

between donor and recipient
• Sex pilus connects donor to recipient cell
forming a cytoplasmic bridge
• Conjugation can occur between different
species (may create new species)
• Small circular DNA molecules (plasmids)
carry genes from donor to recipient
Conjugation between two bacteria
Sex pilus
Habitat Specialization of Prokaryotes
• Each species is specialized for certain

environmental conditions
• Prokaryotes occupy a wide range of
habitats
– High pressure environments (1.7 miles
underground)
– Cold environments (Antarctic sea ice)
– High salt environments (Dead Sea)
– Acidic or alkaline environments (coal mine
drainage – bleak appearance)
– Hot environments (deep-sea vents, hot springs)
Prokaryotes Exhibit Diverse
Metabolisms
• Anaerobic Metabolism
– Some bacteria live without oxygen (and

are poisoned by it)
– Some bacteria can switch between

aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Prokaryotes Exhibit Diverse
Metabolisms
Where bacteria get their energy:
• Familiar organic compounds
– Sugars, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
• Compounds poisonous to humans
– Petroleum - bacteria’s food source
• Inorganic molecules – don’t have carbon
– Hydrogen, sulfur, ammonia
• Some bacteria get energy from sunlight - autotrophs
– Cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis
– Sulfur bacteria use H2S instead of water in photosynthesis
Prokaryotes Perform Functions
Important to Other Organisms
• Leaf-eating animals depend on bacteria to
break down cellulose (ex: rabbits, cattle)
• Many human foods are produced by

bacteria action (ex: yogurt and cheese)
• Bacteria in our intestines produce

vitamins (ex: vitamins K and B12)
Prokaryotes Capture Nitrogen
Needed By Plants
• Nitrogen is unavailable to plants as a gas
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric
N2 (gas) to water-soluble NH4+ (ammonium)
in the soil…then plant can use it
• Nitrogen fixers live in specialized root
nodules
– Found in alfalfa, soybeans, lupines, clover
– Figure 19-14 shows nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in root nodules..
nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules
Prokaryotes Are Nature’s Recyclers
• Many prokaryotes obtain energy by

breaking down organic molecules
• Nearly all human-made substances (save
plastic) are biodegradable by some
bacteria
• Oil-eating bacteria were used in clean up
of Exxon Valdez oil-spill disaster
• Bacteria break down organisms and free
nutrient for reuse by new life
Some Bacteria Pose a
Threat to Human Health
• Disease-producing bacteria are pathogenic
• Some anaerobic bacteria produce
dangerous poisons:
– Clostridium tetani causes tetanus
• Enters body through puncture wound
• Produces paralyzing poison
– Clostridium botulinum causes botulism
• Reproduces in under-sterilized canned food
• Botulism toxin is very potent
Humans Have Battled Bacterial
Diseases Throughout History
• Bubonic Plague (Black Death)
– Caused by Yersinia pestis, spread by rat fleas
– Killed 100 million people in the 1300s
• Lyme Disease (emerged in 1975)
– Carries by deer ticks which bite humans
– Flu-like symptoms can lead to arthritis and nervous system
problems
• Other historical bacterial disease disappear/reoccur
– Tuberculosis (once thought to be eliminated from the U.S.)
– Gonorrhea and syphilis (sexually transmitted)
– Cholera (water-transmitted in contaminated drinking water)
Most Bacteria Are Harmless
• The majority of bacteria are harmless
• Bacterial communities can be beneficial

– Create environment hostile to pathogenic
infection in vaginal tract
– Produce vitamin K in our intestines
What Are Protists?
• Mostly single-celled eukaryotes

• Mostly microscopic in size
• Use diverse modes of reproduction
– Asexual reproduction by mitosis
– Sexual reproduction - meiosis
• Use diverse modes of nutrition
– Photosynthesis (ex: algae)
– Predatory (ex: protozoans)
– Parasitic (ex: protozoans)
Protist Systematics Are in Transition
• Genetic comparison reveals evolutionary

history of organisms
• Genetic instead of physical features now

separate protist species into different
lineages
• Some physically dissimilar species are

now place in a common lineage
The Chromists
• Have fine, hair-like projections of flagella

• Mostly single-celled but some multicellular
• Some are photosynthetic species
• Major chromist group
– Water molds
– Diatoms
– Brown algae
Chromists: Water Molds
• aka oomycetes
• Long filaments aggregated into cottony tufts
• Many are soil and water-based decomposers
• Profound economic impacts caused by water
molds
– Late blight attacks potato plants (caused Irish
potato famine in 1845)
– One species causes downy mildew (nearly
destroyed French wine industry in 1870s)
downy mildew
Chromists: Diatoms
• Found in both fresh and salt water
• Photosynthetic
• Produce shells of silica that fit together
• Diatomaceous earth is deposits of diatom shells
(mined and used as an abrasive) - toothpaste
• Part of floating phytoplankton community
– Important in absorbing CO2 and producing 02
– Phytoplankton perform 70% of all photosynthesis
• Diatoms are important as food in marine food webs
– Herbivorous organisms “graze” on these “pastures of the
sea”
Diatoms
Chromists: Brown Algae
• Form multicellular aggregates (seaweeds)
• Superficially similar but not closely related to
plants, more related to fungus
• Contain brownish-yellow and green
(chlorophyll) pigments
• Nearly all marine
– Found along rocky shores of temperate oceans
– Include giant kelp with gas-filled floats
• Giant kelp forests provide food and shelter for
sea animals
seaweeds
Giant kelp forests
The Alveolate Protists
• Single-celled protists with small cavities

beneath cell surface (alveoli)
• Comprise a distinct lineage
• Nutritional modes include photosynthetic,
parasitic, and predatory activity
• Major alveolate groups
– Dinoflagellates
– Apicomplexans
– Ciliates
Alveolates: Dinoflagellates
• Mostly photosynthetic
• 2 whip-like flagella; 1 encircles the cell; the
other projects behind it
• Most species live in salt water
• Some species bioluminescent - glow
• Certain specialized dinoflagellates live
within coral, clam, and other protistan hosts
• Nutrient-rich water causes population
explosion called “red tides”
“red tides”
Alveolates: Apicomplexans
• Aka sporozoans
• All members are parasitic
• Forms infectious spores
• Spores transmitted between hosts by
food, water, or insect bites
• Complex life cycle (ex: Plasmodium-
malarial parasite)
Alveolates: Ciliates
• Inhabits both fresh and salt water

• Highly complex unicellular organization
– Specialized organelles
– Cilia that propel cells through water quickly
• Examples of ciliate complexity
– Paramecium (contractile vacuoles, nervous
system)
– Didinium (predator of other microbes)
The Slime Molds
• Distinctly unique lineage among protists
• 2-phase life cycle
– Mobile feeding stage – brings nutrients in
– Stationary, reproductive stage forming a fruiting
body
• 2 main types
– Acellular – lack true cells
– Cellular
Slime Molds
The Euglenoids
• Single-celled, fresh-water protists

• Best know examples is Euglena
– Moves by whipping single flagellum
• Some euglenoids photosynthetic, others
absorb/engulf food
• All euglenoids lack a rigid outer covering
which allows for wriggling movement
• Photoreceptor (eyespot) found in some
euglenoids – senses levels of light
Euglena
The Red Algae
• Multicellular, photosynthetic seaweeds
• Pigments combined with chlorophyll produce
bright red to black appearances
• Found exclusively in marine environments
• Very common in deep, clear tropical waters
• Diversity of forms and uses
– Carrageenan (stabilizing agent) = ice-cream
– Agar (substrate for bacteria in petri dishes)
The Zooflagellate Protists
• All species have one or more flagella
– Used for propulsion, sensing, food gathering
• Many are free-living in soil and water
• Some species live in a symbiotic
mutualism inside another organism
– Some species digest cellulose in termite guts
– Trypanosomes live within tsetse flies and
cause African sleeping sickness in fly-bitten
mammals
RBC
Trypanosomes
Zooflagellate Protists: Giardia
• Giardia: a parasitic zooflagellate
– Acquired by hikers who drink from infected
streams
– Resulting intestinal infection causes severe
symptoms
• Diarrhea and nausea
• Vomiting, cramps, and dehydration
– Giardial infections can be successfully treated
with drugs
Giardia in the human
small intestine
Various Protists Move by Means of
Pseudopods
• Amoebas
– Found in freshwater lakes and ponds
– Predators that stalk and engulf prey
– One species causes amoebic dysentery
• Heliozoans “sun animals”
– Found in freshwater
– Floats or attaches the plants or rocks
– Have stiff, needle-like pseudopods supported
by microtubules
Pseudopods of amoebas
Heliozoans have
needle-like
pseudopods
Various Protists Move by Means of
Pseudopods
• Foraminiferans and radiolarians/
radiozoans
– Produce elaborate, perforated shells
• Foraminiferans have calcium
carbonate shells
• Radiolarians have silica shells
– Pseudopods extend outwards through holes
Foraminiferans
Radiolarians
The Green Algae
• All species photosynthetic

• Both multicellular and unicellular species
• Found in both freshwater and marine
environments
• Some form long filamentous chains of cells
such as Spyrogyra (on next slide)
Spyrogyra green algae
The Green Algae
• Green algae are closely related to plants

• The earliest plants may have been similar
to todays’ multi-cellular green algae
• Some form colonies of clustered cells
• Most microscopic forms but Ulva (sea
lettuce) is a multicellular leaf-sized green
algal seaweed
THESE ARE SOME OF THE
MORE IMPORTANT
PICTURES TAKEN FROM
THE NOTES ON CH 19, CH
20, AND CH 21
for EXAM #1 BIOL 1002
Spring 2009
Use the web site below for review questions:
http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_audesirk_bloe_7/1,8753,1139971,.html
Chapter 19:
The Diversity of Viruses,
Prokaryotes, and Protists
Relative Sizes of Microorganisms
Rank each of these in

terms of size relative
to eachother
What are these?
Treating Diseases With Viruses
What are these
Bacteriophages specifically? What is
a “ghost”? Where is
• Bacteriophages can treat bacterial diseases
the DNA in this
picture?
– Rise in bacterial antibiotic resistance

makes standard drugs less effective
– Bacteriophages specifically target host
bacteria
– Bacteriophages are harmless to human
body cells
Bacterial cell
Unique type of virus:
Lyse: cell pops open
HIV virus
Shape???
Common name
Scientific name
Spherical (cocci)
Shape???
Common name
Scientific name
Rodlike (bacilli)
Shape???
Common name
Scientific name
Corkscrew-shape (spirilli)
Where might you find
this thing? What is
the name of this
specifically? What
are the green, brown,
and white structures?
Why is an endospore
important? When
would this form?
What is the orange
dot composed of?
What is the yellow
stuff?
What is the mode of
bacterial
reproduction?
Binary fission of an E. coli cell

Conjugation between two bacteria
Sex pilus
Sexual form of
bacterial reproduction
Common name of
these organisms
Diatoms
Common name of
these organisms.
What do these cause?
How do they kill other

organisms?
RBC
What disease is
associated with these
organisms?
Trypanosomes
Giardia in the human
small intestine
Pseudopods of amoebas
What is the structure
labeled called?
Heliozoans have More psuedopods,
needle-like but very different

from the amoebas
pseudopods
Common name? Shell
is made of what?
Foraminiferans
Common name? Shell
is made of what?
Radiolarians
Chloroplasts have a
Spyrogyra green algae unique “curly”

appearance
Chapter 20:
The Diversity of Fungi
What is the name of
these structures?
hyphae
Label each part of the
hyphae shown here
cell wall
cytoplasm
pore
septum
two haploid
nuclei
Fungal Spores
Responsible
for loss of
species?
What is the name of
these structures
specifically? Mode of
reproduction?
Sporangia (asexual)
What is the name of
these structures
specifically? Mode of
reproduction?
Zygospore (sexual)
Common name? What group do
they belong to? (sac fungi or
Ascomycetes/Ascomycota)
Morels
Common name?
Fairy Ring
The Imperfect Fungi
Label each part? What are they called the
Imperfect fungi?
roundworm
part of a
hypha that
formed a
noose-like
ring around
the worm
Layered
structure of a
lichen
algal layer
fungal hyphae
Label each part of the

lichen
attachment
structure
Crustose lichens (“crusty”) Scientific/Common
name of the shape?
Foliose lichens (“leafy”)
Scientific/Common
name of the shape?
Fruticose lichens (“bushy”)
Scientific/Common
name of the shape?
Mycorrhizae
Where find these?
How do they work?
Who benefits?
Fungi Cause Human Diseases
What causes this?

Ergots
What do ergots have
in terms of historical
importance?
Salem Witch
Trials
Chapter 21:
The Diversity of Plants
Bryophytes Tracheophytes
seed plants
Liverworts Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Arrange the pictures

for each branch of
this tree. Also place
the words where they
belong.
Ancestral green alga

Evolutionary tree of plants
Figure 21-1, p. 406
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Size vs. Age of Plants
Arrange the
pictures for each
zygote branch of this
tree. Also place
the words where
they belong.
GREEN ALGA BRYOPHYTE FERN GYMNOSPERM ANGIOSPERM

gametophyte
Basically, what does (n)
alternation of
generations mean?
n sperm
n
egg
Haploid
spores n n n n
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
spore mother cell 2n
Diploid 2n zygote
2n
embryo
haploid sporophyte
(2n)
diploid
Name of these
structures?
What do they do?
Liverworts
thallus (leaflike part)

Label the structures gemmae cup close-up of
gemmae (spores)
Club Moss releasing spores
Horsetails
What is the common

name of these?
(horsetails or
scouring rush). What
is another “odd”
feature of these
plants?
Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns
• Largest and most diverse group of
seedless vascular plants
• Have well developed, broad leaves
• Leaves emerge from coiled “fiddleheads”
What is the name of

the structure shown
here?
Ferns: Reproduction
• Sporophyte produces
haploid spores within
sporangia
• Sperm swim to egg
What is the name of

the structure shown
here?
embryo embryo
stored stored
food food
seed
seed
coat
coat
Pine seed
(gymnosperm) Bean seed
(angiosperm)
Label the parts in
these seeds
Which cone is male
and which one is
female?
MALE FEMALE
CONE CONE
The “gas bladders”
that are ‘odd’. How
do these bladders
help?
pine
pollen
grains
Sex of this plant?
Odor? Why the odor?
Fan-shaped leaves
petal
stamen (male)
sepal
carpel (female) ovule in an

ovary
Label the parts of this

“idealized” flower.
Chapter 20:
The Diversity of Fungi
Key Features of Fungi
1. Fungi obtain their nutrients

from other organisms
2. Fungi propagate by spores
3. Most fungi can reproduce both
sexually and Asexually
Body Structure
• Most fungi are multi-cellular
• Cells are surrounded by cell walls
composed of chitin, a nitrogen- containing
polysaccharide
• Body of almost all fungi is a mycelium,
an interwoven mass of thread like
filaments called hyphae (singular, hypha)
• Figure 20-1 pg 388 illustrates the filam
hyphae
Hyphae
• Hyphae of most species are divided into
many cells by partitions called septa
(singular, septum); each cell possesses one
of more nuclei
– Pores in the septa allow cytoplasm to steam
from one cell to the next
• Hyphae of some fungi lack septa, consisting
of single elongated cells with hundreds or
thousands of nuclei
• The nuclei of most species are haploid
cell wall
cytoplasm
pore
septum
two haploid
nuclei
Nutrition and Fungal Lifestyles
• All are heterotrophic (secret enzymes
outside their bodies and absorb the digested
nutrients)
• Have diverse lifestyles
– Fungal decomposers (saprobes) feed on dead
organic material and wastes
– Fungal parasites absorb nutrients from cells of
living hosts and may cause disease
– Some symbiotic fungi live in mutually beneficial
relationships with other organisms
– Fungal predators consume living organisms
Fungi Reproduce by Means of
Spores
• Spores are haploid reproductive cells
capable of developing into an adult fungus
– usually produced in large numbers
– Dispersed by animals or air currents
• Most fungi can reproduce both sexually
and asexually
• Both asexual and sexual reproductions
involve the production of spores within
bodies
Spores being
dispersed
after a drop of
water hits the
fungus
Asexual Reproduction
• Typically occurs under stable conditions
• Can occur either by:
– Fragmentations of the mycelium
– Asexual spore formation
• Spores germinate and develop into a new
mycelium by mitosis
• Result in the rapid production genetically
identical clones
Sexual Reproduction
• Typically occurs under conditions of
environmental change or stress
– Two different hyphae fuse so that the nuclei share
a common cell
– The different haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid
zygote
– Zygote undergoes meiosis to form haploid sexual
spores
– Spores germinate and develop into a new
mycelium by mitosis
• Results in the productions of genetically
diverse fungal bodies
Classification of Fungi
• Fungi have been assigned to four phyla
based upon the way they produce sexual
spores
– Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
– Zygomycota (zygote fungi)
– Ascomycota (sac fungi)
– Basidiomycota (club fungi)
*Species that cannot be readily classified are
placed in a group known as the
deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi)
Table 20-1, p. 390 An overview of fungal phyla…
Classification of Fungi
zygomycetes sac fungi club fungi
chytrids
microsporidians
FUNGI
amoeboid ancestors
The Chytrids
• The Chytids
– Most are aquatic, reproduce asexually & sexually
– Form flagellated spores that require water for
dispersal
• Most are saprobes, but some species are
parasites of pants and animals
– Batrachochytrium is a frog pathogen believed to
be a major case of worldwide die-off of frogs
• Primitive chytrids are believed to have given
rise to the other groups of modern fungi
Fungal Spores
Responsible
for loss of
species?
fungus Allomyces
The Zygote Fungi
• Most live in soil or on decaying plant or
animal material
• Reproduce both sexually and asexualy
– Sexual spores are thick-walled zygospores
• During asexual reproduction
– Haploid spores are produced via mitosis in
black spore cases called sporangia
– Spores disperse and germinate to form new
haploid hyphae
• Rhizopus, black bread mold, good
example
The Zygote Fungi
• During sexual reproduction hypae of different
mating types come into contact and fuse
– Two hyphae of different mating types come into
contact and fuse
– Nuclei to form a diploid zygospore, a tough,
resistant structure that can remain dormant for
long periods of time until condition are favorable
– Meiosis occurs as the zygospore germinates
– Resulting spores disperse and geminate to form
new haploid hyphae that can enter either the
sexual or asexual cycle
Sporangia (asexual)
Zygospore (sexual)
hypha, (–) mating type
(haploid)
spores spores sporangia
(haploid) (haploid)
sporangia
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION sporangia
hypha, (+) mating

type (haploid)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Meiosis occurs as Nuclei in common

zygospore germinates. cell fuse.
zygospore
(diploid)
haploid
diploid
The Sac Fungi
• Live in SW, FQ, and terrestrial habitats
• Reproduce both asexually and sexually
– Sexual spores form in a saclike asci
• During asexual reproduction:
– Haploid spores are produced at tips of specialized
hyphae
– Spores germinate to form new haploid hyphae
• During sexual reproduction:
– Two hyphae of different mation types come into
contact and fuse, resulting in the formation of a
fruiting body
The Sac Fungi
• Better known examples included:
– Most of the food- spoiling molds
– Morels and truffles (edible delicacies)
– Penicillum, the mold that produces
penicillin (the fist antibiotic)
– Yeasts (single-celled fungi)
Morels
The Club Fungi
• Live in SW, FW and terrestial habitats

• Usually reproduce sexually
– Sexual spores form in club-shaped basidia
• Zygote divides by meiosis producing four
basidiospores (haploid sexual spores)
• Basidiospores disperse and germinate to
form new haploid hyphae that enter the
sexual cycle (asexual reproduction is rare)
The Club Fungi
• Better known examples include:
– Mushrooms (some are edible, others are
poisous)
– Puffballs
– Shelf fungi (decomposers of wood)
– Stinkhorns
– Rusts and smuts (plant parasites)
– Yeats
– “Birds nests fungi”
“Birds Nest Fungi”
Fairy Rings
• A fairy ring is a circular pattern of
mushroom growth
• Fairy rings form at the leading edge of an
expanding underground fungal mycelium
– The wider the diameter of the ring, the older
the mycelium
– Some fairy rings are estimated to be 700
years old
Fairy Ring
The Imperfect Fungi
• The imperfect fungi contain species that
cannot be placed into one of the four fungal
phyla (sexual reproductive structures have not
been observed)
– All lack a sexual stage
– Most are believed to belong to one of the four
main phyla
The Imperfect Fungi
roundworm
part of a
hypha that
formed a
noose-like
ring around
the worm
Some Fungi Form Symbiotic
Relationships
• A symbiosis is a close interaction between
organisms of different species over an
extended period of time
• The fungal member of a symbiotic relationship
may be harmful (a parasite of plants or anumals)
or beneficial (lichens and mycrrhizae)
Lichens
• Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi
and an algae or cyanobacteria
– Fungus provides photosynthetic partner with shelter and
protection
– Photosynthetic partner provides fungus with food
• Grow on a wide variety of materials(soils, trees,
rocks, fences, roofs, and walls)
• Able to survive environmental extremes
• Used as indicators of pollution levels
• 3 shapes(crustose, foliose fruiticose)
Layered
structure of a
lichen
algal layer
fungal hyphae
attachment
structure
Crustose lichens (“crusty”)
Foliose lichens (“leafy”)
Fruticose lichens (“bushy”)
Mycorrhizae
• Mycorrhizae(singular, mycorrhiza) are
symbiotic associations between fungi and
plant roots
– Fungus provides plant with water, minerals,
and organic nutrients it absorbs from the soil
– Plant provides fungus with food(sugar)
• 80% of plants with roots mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae
Fungi Attack Plants That Are
Important to People
• Fungal parasites cause the majority of plant
diseases
– Ascomycete parasites cause Dutch elm
disease and Chestnut blight
– Rusts and smuts are basidiomycete parasites
that cause considerable damage to grain crops
• Fungi can destroy plant material hat has
been harvested for human use
– Cause wooden structures to rot
– Damage to cotton and wool fabrics
Rusts and smuts
Fungi Attack Plants That Are
Important to People
• Some fungi benefit agriculture
– Used to control insect pest such as rice weevils,
caterpillars, aphids, and grasshoppers
• Athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm are
caused by fungi that attack the skin
• Valley fever and histoplasmosis are
caused by fungi that attack the lungs
– Infection occurs when victim inhales spores
• Most caginal infections are caused by the
yeast Candida albicans
Fungi Produce Toxins
• Molds of the genus Asoergillus produce
aflatoxins, highly toxic, carcinogenic
compounds
– Infect foods such as peanuts
• Claviceps pupurea (an ascomycete)
produces several toxins
– Infects rye plants and causes ergot disease
– Symptoms of ergot poisoning include
vasoconstriction of blood vessels, vomiting,
conclusive twitching, hallucinations, and death
Ergots
Salem Witch
Trials
Fungi Produce Antibiotics
• Cyclosporin
– Used to suppress the
immune response during
organ transplants
• Penicillin
– First antibiotic to be
discovered
– Used to combat bacterial
diseases
Fungi Contribute to Gastronomy
• Some fungi are consumed directly
– Mushrooms (a basidiomycete)
– Morels (an ascomycete)
– Truffles (an ascomycete)
Fungi Contribute to Gastronomy
• Certain molds give flavor to some of the world’s most
famous cheeses (Roquefort, Gorgonzola…)
• Yeasts are used to produce wine, beer, and bread
• Wine: Yeats ferment fruit sugars; ethyl alcohol is
retained, while CO2 is released
• Beer: Yeast ferment sugars in germinating grains
(i.e. barley); ethyl alcohol and CO2 are retained
• Bread: Yeast ferment sugar that has been added to
dough; ethyl alcohol and CO2 escape during baking
Fungi Play a Crucial Ecological
Role
• Like bacteria, most fungi are decomposers
of organic material
• Fungal decomposers help recycle
nutrients by degrading wastes and dead
organsims
• Without decomposers, and wasteorganic
debris would accumulate and nutrients
would be unavailable for use by new
generations of organisms
Chapter 21:
The Diversity of Plants
The Plant Evolutionary Tree
• Certain anatomical features represent

milestones in the evolution of plants
– Appearance of vascular tissue and lignin
– Appearance of pollen and seeds
– Appearance of flowers and fruits
Bryophytes Tracheophytes
seed plants
Liverworts Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Ancestral green alga

Evolutionary tree of plants
Figure 21-1, p. 406
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Size vs. Age of Plants
zygote
GREEN ALGA BRYOPHYTE FERN GYMNOSPERM ANGIOSPERM

The Evolutionary Origin of Plants
• Several lines of evidence support the
hypothesis that green algae gave rise to
plants
– DNA comparisons show green algae are
plants’ closest living relatives
– Both use the same type of chlorophyll and
pigments in photosynthesis
– Both store food as starch
– Both have cell walls made of cellulose
Characteristics of Plants
• Multicellularity
• Ability to photosynthesize (most)
• Exhibit alternation of generations (a
multicelullar diploid generation alternates with a
multicellular haploid generation)
Alternation of Generations
– Diploid (2N) sporophyte plant produces
haploid (N) spores through meiosis
– Spores divide by mitosis and develop into
haploid gametophyte plants
– Haploid gametophyte plant produces
haploid gametes through mitosis
– Gametes fuse to form diploid zygotes, which
divide by mitosis and develop into diploid
sporophytes
gametophyte
(n)
n sperm
n
egg
Haploid
spores n n n n
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
spore mother cell 2n
Diploid 2n zygote
2n
embryo
haploid sporophyte
(2n)
diploid
Characteristics of Plants
• Have multicellular, dependent embryos
– Zygotes develop into multicellular embryos
– Embryos are retained within and receive
nutrients from the gametophyte parent
• Most have adaptations that allow them to
live on land
Terrestrial Adaptations
• Roots or rootlike structures
– Anchor plant
– Absorb water and nutrients from soil
• Waxy cuticle covers leaves and stems
– Reduces evaporative H2O loss
• Stomata (singular, stoma)
– Allow gas exchange when open
– Reduce evaporative H2O loss when closed
• Conducting vessels
– Transport H2O and nutrients throughout plant
• Lignin
– Stiffening agent found in cell walls; supports
plant body
• Pollen
– A reduced male gametophyte that allows wind
(instead of water) to carry sperm to eggs
• Seeds
– Nourish, protect, and help disperse
developing embryos
• Flowers
– Attract pollinators
• Fruits
– Attract animals to disperse seeds
Major Groups of Plants
• Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)

– Lack well-developed structures for
conducting water and nutrients
• Tracheophytes (vascular) plants
– Have a complex vascular system
The Bryophytes
• Lack true roots, stems, or leaves
• Have rhizoids, rootlike anchoring
structures
• Limited body size b/c no vascular tissue
• Most are restricted to moist habitats
– Motile sperm must swim to egg
• Include liverworts and mosses
Liverworts
Mosses
Liverworts
thallus (leaflike part)

gemmae cup close-up of
gemmae (spores)
The Bryophytes: Reproduction
• Gametes develop within protected structures
on gametophyte
– Archegonia produces eggs
– Antheridia produce sperm
• Water is required for reproduction
• Sperm “swim” to egg
• Without water, reproduction ceases
The Vascular Plants
• Have roots, stems, and leaves
• Have vessels impregnated with the
stiffening agent lignin
• Sporophyte generation is dominant
• Include two groups
– seedless vascular plants
– seed plants
The Seedless Vascular Plants
• Gametes develop within archegonia and
antheridia
• Motile sperm swim to egg
• Formed the first forests
– Gave rise to present-day coal deposits
• Include club mosses, horsetails, and ferns
Seedless Vascular Plants: Club
Mosses
• Present-day club mosses are only a few
inches tall
• Leaves are small and scalelike
• Lycopodium (ground pine) grows on
temperate forest floors
Club Moss releasing spores
Seedless Vascular Plants:
Horsetails
• Present-day horsetails (Equisetum) rarely
exceed a meter in height
• Leaves reduced to scales on branches
• Outer layer of cells contain silica (glass)
– Abrasive texture led early European settlers
to call them “scouring rushes”
Horsetails
Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns
• Largest and most diverse group of
seedless vascular plants
• Have well developed, broad leaves
• Leaves emerge from coiled “fiddleheads”
Ferns: Reproduction
• Sporophyte produces
haploid spores within
sporangia
• Sperm swim to egg
The Seed Plants
• Produce pollen and seeds
– Pollen grains contain sperm-producing cells
• Dispersed by wind or pollinators
• Eliminate need for sperm to swim to egg
– Seeds consist of:
• Embryo
• Seed coat (protects embryo)
• Food supply (nourishes emerging plant)
• May remain dormant for days, months, or years
• Dispersed by wind, water, animals
embryo embryo
stored stored
food food
seed
seed
coat
coat
Pine seed
(gymnosperm) Bean seed
(angiosperm)
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
• Non-flowering seed plants
• First fully terrestrial plants to evolve
• Includes conifers, ginkgos, and cycads
Gymnosperms: Conifers
• Include pines, firs, spruce, hemlocks, and
cypresses
• Most abundant in cold latitudes and at
high elevations
• Adapted to dry, cold conditions:
– Retain green leaves throughout the year
(evergreen)
– Thin, needle-like leaves covered with
waterproofing material (reduces evaporation)
– Produces an “antifreeze” in sap
Conifer Seeds Develop in Cones
• Trees produce both male and female
cones
– Male cones are relatively small
• Produce pollen
• Pollen dispersed by wind
– Female have woody scales (“pinecones”)
• Produce seeds a base of each scale
MALE FEMALE
CONE CONE
pine
pollen
grains
Gymnosperms: Ginkgos
• Represented by a single species, Ginkgo
biloba
• Trees are either male or female
– Female trees bear foul-smelling, fleshy seeds
– Male trees extensively plants in U.S. cities
(resistant to pollution)
• Ginkgo extract supposedly improves
memory
Fan-shaped leaves
Gymnosperms: Cycads
• Probably evolve from ferns
• Most abundant in tropical or subtropical
climates
• Are either male or female
• Grow slowly and live for a long time
– One Australian specimen estimated to be
5000 years old
Sago Palm
Seed Plants: Angiosperms
• Seed plants that produce flowers and
fruits
• Most diverse and widespread of all plants
• Have broad range in size
– Smallest is duckweed (3 mm in diameter)
– Largest is eucalyptus tree (100 meters in
height)
Seed Plants: Angiosperms
• Three major adaptations have contributed
to dominance of angiosperms:
– Flowers
– Fruits
– Broad leaves
Flowers
• Flowers have reproductive male and
reproductive female structures on them
• Believed to have evolved from
gymnosperm ancestors
– Animals: eat protein-rich pollen
– Plants: using animals as pollinators
• Most flowers are showy and attract pollinators
• Some flowers are inconspicuous and rely
on wind for pollination
petal
stamen (male)
sepal
carpel (female) ovule in an

ovary
Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
• Flower development
– Male (pollen) develop inside anthers
– Female (ovule) develops inside the ovary
• Pollination occurs when pollen grain lands
on the stigma of the flower
• Fertilization occurs when growing pollen
tube releases sperm into the ovule
• Fertilized ovule develops into a seed
Fruits Encourage Seed Dispersal
• Fruits are mature ovaries that contain
developing seeds
• Various fruit adaptations help disperse
seeds
– Fleshy fruits entice animals to eat them
(seeds pass through digestive tract
unharmed)
– Burrs cling to animal fur
– Winged fruits are carried through the air
Broad Leaves
• Collect more sunlight for photosynthesis
than narrow leaves of gymnosperms
• Photosynthetic advantage is offset b/c
broad, tender leaves are more appealing
to herbivores than tough, waxy needles of
conifers
– Angiosperm defenses include:
• Physical defenses (thorns, spines, resins)
• Chemical defenses (make plant tissue
poisonous or distasteful)

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--Chapt. 20 and 21 (part)-- Prokaryotes & Protists http://www.valdosta.edu/~bergstrm/audesrk19.

Chapter 20, part of 21

3. mad cow disease

6. potato spindle tuber disease

10. strep throat

12. identified by mainly shape and chemical stains

14. includes the ancestors of the plant kingdom

18. A virus basically consists of...

21. Which virus attacks nerve cells?

22. Viroids are different than viruses in that they...

23. Prions are...

24. Prions are remarkable because...

grow and reproduce as an intracellular parasite is a(n):

26. Which of these is not a cell?

30. Cells occur singly and have no evidence of a nucleus.

37. Which of these would NOT be found in a moneran?

39. The bacterial cell wall contains...

40. Why is a capsule advantageous to a bacterium?

41. Bacterial infections cause which of these diseases?

42. Some diseases caused by bacteria are:

45. Peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of:

46. A rod-shaped bacterium is called a:

47. What is taxis?

49. Pili are used for:

52. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are mostly associated with:

a. All flowering plants

53. Which of the following plants contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

54. Bacteria capable of causing disease are called:

55. What important role do bacteria play in ecosystems?

56. Why are oil spills sprayed with bacterial cultures?

57. In which of these situations would you find bacteria?

59. Which of these is NOT caused by bacteria?

60. Cyanobacteria are

62. Antibiotics adversely affect:

65. Which of the following groups is eukaryotic?

66. Free-floating, photosynthetic, microscopic members of Kingdom Protista are:

68. Phytoplankton are...

69. Which group is responsible for 70% of the photosynthesis on Earth?

72. Which group would be gritty if you had a handful?

73. Which group is the foundation of most marine food webs?

80. Amoebic dysentery is caused by a parasitic form of __________ common in warm

84. Which group is most similar to diatoms in its external covering?

85. The most complex group of protists is the __________.

88. Euglena's eyespots allows it to:

89. Which protozoan group consists of entirely parasitic forms?

90. Plasmodial slime molds are described as acellular because they...

91. A pseudoplasmodium is...

92. "Protozoa" literally means:

93. Beavers are major carriers of Giardia, a __________.

96. fungus-like protist

97. makes pseudopodia

98. life cycle involves mosquitoes

100. Phytoplankton are these.

101. Causes AIDS.

102. The explosive growth of these cause "red tide."

103. Short strands of RNA that can cause plant disease.

104. Form a multinucleate cell called a plasmodium.

(c) 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Your Answer: virus

Label Your Answer

2.1 eukaryotic cell (plant) C.

2.3 prokaryotic cell (spherical) D.