‫ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺧﺪﺍ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﭼﻨﺪﻫﺪﻓﻪ ﻓﺎﺯﯼ‬

‫**‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﺍﻡ ﻗﺒﺎﺩﯼ* ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺎ* ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺑﮏ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯﯼ‬
‫* ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫** ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺯﻧﺪﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫ﭼﮑﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ‪ ١‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﮐﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‪ ٢‬ﻭ ﮐﺴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﮐﻼﺳﻴﮏ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﯽ‪ ٣‬ﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻫﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﮑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﯽ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﮐﺜﺮﹰﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﺎﺯﯼ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺎﺯﯼ‪ ٤‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻳﮑﺴﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ)ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ( ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ,‬ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﺭﺍﻧﺲ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺪﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻮ ﹰﻻ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ٥‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﮐﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﮑـﺎﺭﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮏ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺎﺯﯼ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﻜﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺎﺯﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﺁﻝﺷﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮏ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﭼﻨﺪﻫﺪﻓﻪ ﻓﺎﺯﯼ‪ ٦‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣﻞ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﯼ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺎﺯﯼ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﭼﻨﺪﻫﺪﻓﻪ ﻓﺎﺯﯼ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪Design of Experiments(DOE‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Orthogonal array‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Crisp‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Fuzzy response‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪Lingual variables‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫)‪Fuzzy multi-objective decision making(MODM‬‬
 ‫‪ .۱‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺁﻣـﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻨـﺸﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﺮﻱ ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ ﻛﻴﻔـﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺑـﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳـﺪ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺘﺨـﺼﺺ ﺑﻴـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻳـﻚ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻌﻴـﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺍﺭﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﺍﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﻴـﺎﻥ ﻧﻤـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣﺎﺗﻲ ﺯﺑـﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﻛـﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺧـﻮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺪ ﻭ … ﺑـﺪﺍﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﺭﻭﺷـﻲ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴـﺪﻱ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﺍﺛﺮﮔـﺬﺍﺭ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶﻫـﺎ ﺍﺯﻓﻴـﺸﺮ ‪١‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۹۳۰‬ﻧـﺸﺎﺕ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻴـﺸﺮ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺁﺭﺍﻳـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮﻱ ﺗﻘﻠﻴـﻞ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪﺍﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﻃـﺮﺡﻫـﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﻛـﺴﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨـﺎ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﭘـﺲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﺗـﺎﮔﻮﭼﯽ‪ ،٢‬ﺑـﺎﮐﺲ‪ ٣‬ﻭ ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﻟﻴــﻪ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻧـﺎﻥ ﺍﻳـﺪﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻓﻴـﺸﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻜﻨﻴـﻚﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻲ ﻭ ﺳـﻨﺘﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﻣـﺪﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺡﻫـﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﻛـﺴﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻴـﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺎﮔﻮﭼﯽ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﮐﺲ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻛـﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﻣـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻘـﺶ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺎﺯﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻓﻨـﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶﻫـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﻔـﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻳـﺖ ﭘـﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣـﻮﻥ ﺭﮔﺮﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺁﻧﻬـﻢ ﺑـﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﻨﺒـﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴـﻖ ﺧـﻼﺀ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﺣـﺴﺎﺱ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﺌـﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻓـﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳـﺸﻬﺎ ﻛـﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - ۲‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴـﺪﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﻬﻨﻴﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺰﺍﻳـﺎﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺗﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣـﻮﻥ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻫﻤﺰﻣـﺎﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﮐـﺴﺐ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻛـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﻭ ﺍﺛـﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺁﻧـﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Fisher 1‬‬
‫‪Taguchi 2‬‬
‫‪Box 3‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺟﻤــﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺳــﺮﻳﻊ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﺗــﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴــﺮﻱ ﺳــﺮﻳﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘــﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﻳــﺮﺍ ﺗﻌــﺪﺍﺩ ﻣــﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴــﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ ‪ -‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺪﻝ ﺭﻳﺎﺿـﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣـﻲﺳـﺎﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻒ ﺧـﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻲﭘـﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﺪﻝ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﻴـﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻬـﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺖ‪.‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱- ۲‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴــﻚﻫــﺎﻱ ﻛﻼﺳــﻴﻚ ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﻲ ﺁﺯﻣــﺎﻳﺶﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳــﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴــﺎ ) ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻓﻴــﺸﺮ( ﺩﺭ ﺧــﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺳــﺎﻝﻫــﺎﻱ ‪ ۱۹۲۰‬ﺗــﺎ ‪ ۱۹۳۰‬ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛــﻪ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﻃــﺮﺡﻫــﺎﻱ ﻋــﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣــﻞ‪ ،‬ﻃــﺮﺡﻫــﺎﻱ ﻋــﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪ ١‬ﻭ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻱ ‪ D-Optimal‬ﻭ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -۲-۲‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﮔﻮﭼﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻃــﺮﺡ ﺁﺯﻣــﺎﻳﺶﻫــﺎﻱ ﺗــﺎﮔﻮﭼﻲ ) ﺁﺭﺍﻳــﻪﻫــﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣــﺪ ( ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻣﻬﻨــﺪﺱ ﺗــﺎﮔﻮﭼﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۹۵۰‬ﺗــﺎ‬
‫‪ ۱۹۶۰‬ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓــﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ ﻗــﻮﺕ ﻃــﺮﺡﻫــﺎﻱ ﺗــﺎﮔﻮﭼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺭﺍﻳــﻪﻫــﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣــﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑــﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳــﻒ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴــﺖ ﻭ ﻓﻠــﺴﻔﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴــﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫــﺎﻱ ﺗــﺎﮔﻮﭼﻲ ﻛــﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱﺗــﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐﺗﺮﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴــﺖ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺗــﺎﮔﻮﭼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻠــﺴﻔﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴــﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺘ ـﺪﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛــﻪ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﺗــﺎﺑﻊ ﺿــﺮﺭ ﻭ ﻃــﺮﺡﻫــﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻣﻨــﺪ‪) ٣‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - ۳‬ﺑﮑﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺭﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻝﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﯽ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌـﺪﻭﺩ ﻛـﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﻛـﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧـﺪ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﮔﻠﻮﺷﮑﻮﺳﮑﯽ‪ ٤‬ﻭ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﮑﻮ‪ (۱۹۹۶) ٥‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞﺩﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - a‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫‪ - b‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞﺩﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - c‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Central Composite Designs‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Response Surface Design‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Robust‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Gloshkovsky‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪Felorescu‬‬
 ‫ﻼ ﺷــﺮﺡ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴــﻖ ﻧﺤــﻮﻩ ﺑﻜــﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻔــﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻓــﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﻲﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳــﺸﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻔــﺼ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻳﻜـﺮﺩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﺧﻼﺻـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟـﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪ ﺑﺨـﺶ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻑ ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﯽ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫‪ANOVA‬‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪MODM‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬
‫) ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﯽ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫(‬ ‫‪RSM‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﹰﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ » ﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻭ … « ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - ۱- ۳‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ‬

‫ﮔﺎﻡ ‪ -۱‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﻫﻠﺔ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ؟ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺟﻮﺵ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺎﻡ ‪ -۲‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﺑـﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺿﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ …‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺟﻮﺵ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺎﻡ‪ - ۳‬ﮔﺎﻡ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ‪ U‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮ ﺯﺑـﺎﻧﻲ ‪،Y‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻛﻤﻲ ) ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ( ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺎﻡ ‪ -۴‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻟﻮﺣﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ y‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ ﻓـﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ‪ U‬ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺳـﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻳﻚﻓﺮﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺧﺒﺮﻩ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺟﺴﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪- ۲- ۳‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ) ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲﻫﺎ (‬

‫ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ) ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ( ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺘﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺧﺒﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻭﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﺧﺒﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺟﻮﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺏ ﻭ … ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - ۳- ۳‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ANOVA‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻧﺎﻧﺮﺍ ﻧﺎﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺑﺪﻝ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﺎﻓﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺭﻭﺵ ﭼﻦ‪ ١‬ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﻧﮓ‪ ٢‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻌﻴﻢ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ » ﭼﻦ« ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫـﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑـﺎﺯﻩ ﺳـﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭼﭗ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﭼﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ Xmax‬ﻭ ‪ Xmin‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Xmax‬ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ‪ Xmin‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪X max = ∀x > sup U sup p(M i )‬‬
‫‪i −1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪X min = 0‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ -۱‬ﻧﺎﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ » ﭼﻦ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﻧﮓ«‬

‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﭼﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ x x max‬‬ ‫‪0 ≤ X ≤ x max‬‬
‫‪µ max (x ) = ‬‬
‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻧﻘﺎط‬

‫‪Chen 1‬‬
‫‪Hwang 2‬‬
 ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪0 ≤ x ≤ x max‬‬
‫‪1 −‬‬
‫‪µ min ( x ) =  x max‬‬
‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻧﻘﺎط‬

‫{‬
‫) ‪M iL = sup min µ min ( x L ), µ M i ( x L‬‬ ‫}‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫{‬
‫‪= sup min µ max ( X‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫}) ‪), µ M ( X R‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫(‬
‫‪M *i = M iR + 1 − m iL / 2‬‬ ‫)‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ )ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺗﻮ ﻭ ‪ ( . . .‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ‪ ANOVA‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻤﻚ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - ۴- ۳‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻩ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯽ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺑـﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ y‬ﻭ ‪ k‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ‪ xk ,.., x2 , x1‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Y = β o + β 1 x1 + β 2 x 2 + ... + β k x k + e‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻨﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪x‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ‪ y‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ‪ βi‬ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﺑﺒﻨﺪﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪β = (x′x )−1 x′y‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪ x‬ﻭ ‪ y‬ﻭ ‪ β‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ y1 ‬‬ ‫‪1 x11‬‬ ‫‪x k1 ‬‬ ‫‪β o ‬‬
‫‪y ‬‬ ‫‪1 x‬‬ ‫‪x k2 ‬‬‫‪‬‬ ‫‪β ‬‬
‫‪ 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬
‫‪Y= M ‬‬ ‫‪X = M M‬‬ ‫‪M  β= M ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪M ‬‬ ‫‪M M‬‬ ‫‪M ‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪ y k ‬‬ ‫‪1 x1n‬‬ ‫‪x kn ‬‬ ‫‪β k ‬‬

‫‪ -۵-۳‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﺪﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪ ،١‬ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ‪ y‬ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻌـﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺳﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻟﺤـﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -۶-۳‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﺪﻓﻪ ‪( MODM) ٢‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﻜﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻫـﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﺁﻝ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﻤﺮﻣﻦ‪ ٣‬ﻭ ﻫﺎﻧﺎﻥ‪ ٤‬ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ‪ ۳‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ‪ -۱‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳـﺖ ﻣـﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳـﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ‪i‬ﺍﹸﻡ = ) ‪y i = f i (x‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ‪i‬ﺍﻡ = ) ‪f i* (x‬‬
‫~‬
‫ﺑﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ‪i‬ﺍﻡ = ) ‪fi (x‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ‪ -۲‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻫﺪﻑ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ) ‪ y i‬ﻫﺎ ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺬ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺘﺶ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ۱‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺩﺍﺷـﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪RSM 1‬‬
‫‪Multi-Objective Decision Making 2‬‬
‫‪Zimmermann 3‬‬
‫‪Hannan 4‬‬
 ‫‪xj‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻲﺑﺨﺸﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻫـﺪﻑ ﺑـﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺫﻳـﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫~‬
‫) ‪f i (x ) − f i ( x‬‬
‫* = )) ‪U i ( f i (x‬‬ ‫~‬ ‫‪i = 1,..., k‬‬
‫) ‪f i (x ) − f i (x‬‬
‫~‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ) ‪fi (x‬‬

‫(‬
‫~‬
‫)‬
‫‪U i fi (x ) = 0‬‬

‫) (* ) (‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻣﻴﻜﻪ ‪ f i x = f i x‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪U i f i* (x ) = 1‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺧﺬ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺿـﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ ﻫـﺪﻑ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺧﺬ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫) ‪f i ( x ) = f i* ( x‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫~‬
‫) ‪ f i (x ) − f i ( x‬‬ ‫~‬
‫* ‪U i ( f i (x )) = ‬‬ ‫~‬ ‫) ‪f i ( x ) ≤ f i ( x ) ≤ f i* ( x‬‬
‫) ‪ f i (x ) − fi ( x‬‬ ‫~‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫) ‪f i (x ) = f i (x‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ‪ -۳‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﺁﻝ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ k‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ‪ γ i‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ) ﻭﺯﻥ ( ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻫـﺪﻑ‪i‬ﺍﹸﻡ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪،‬‬

‫) ‪ ( γ i > 0‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻤﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ‪ L.P‬ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫‪p p‬‬
‫‪Minimize‬‬ ‫‪F = ∑ [γ i (1 − U i (f i (x )))] ‬‬
‫‪ i=1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ (1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ ) p‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ‪ p‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺗﺄﻛﻴـﺪ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ∞ = ‪ p‬ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪،‬‬
‫‪ F‬ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ 1‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ p=1‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻓﺪﺍ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺤﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
 ‫) (‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ‪ γ i‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ‪ p‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤـﻮ ﹰﻻ‬
‫)) ( (‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻬﺎﻱ ‪ p=1‬ﻭ ‪ p=2‬ﻭ ∞ = ‪ p‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ‪ U i f i x‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ k   f * ( x ) − f ( x )  p  p‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Min‬‬ ‫* ‪F = ∑ γ i  i‬‬ ‫‪~  ‬‬
‫‪i‬‬

‫‪ i=1   f i (x ) − f (x )  ‬‬

‫‪g h (x ) ≤ 0‬‬ ‫‪h = 1,2,..., m‬‬

‫‪ - ۴‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﮐﺎﻭﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ » ﺷﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ « ﻭ » ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ « ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ » ﻧﻮﻉ ‪« NK‬‬
‫ﻭ » ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ « EC‬ﻭ » ﻭﺯﻥ ‪ « EC‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ » ﺷﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ « ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻗـﻢ ﺑﻴـﺎﻥ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ » ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ « ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﮐﺜﺮﺕ ﻭ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺮ ﺣـﺴﺐ ﻣﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺯﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺯﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﮐﻴﻔﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻒ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻬـﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺛﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﻃﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ » ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ « NK‬ﻭ » ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ « EC‬ﻭ » ﻭﺯﻥ ‪ «EC‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻭ ‪C‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ A‬ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ B‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ‪ C‬ﺳـﻪ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪Y1‬‬ ‫‪Y2‬‬ ‫‪Y3‬‬ ‫‪Y4‬‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪Z1‬‬ ‫‪Z2‬‬ ‫‪Z3‬‬ ‫‪Z4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪-۱‬ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻖﻫﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺣﺘﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺟﺴﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،y‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ -۲‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ‪) y‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ(‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪-۳‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ) Z‬ﺟﺮﻗﻪ (‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻓﺎﺯﯼ ﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪Y1‬‬ ‫‪Y2‬‬ ‫‪Y3‬‬ ‫‪Y4‬‬

‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬
‫‪۲‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬
‫‪۳‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬
‫‪۴‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬
‫‪۵‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬
‫‪۶‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬
‫‪۷‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬
‫‪۸‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬
‫‪۹‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۶‬‬ ‫‪۰/۶‬‬ ‫‪۰/۶‬‬ ‫‪۰/۶‬‬
 ‫اﺟﺮا‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪Z1‬‬ ‫‪Z2‬‬ ‫‪Z3‬‬ ‫‪Z4‬‬

‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬

‫‪۲‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬
‫‪۳‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬
‫‪۴‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰‬‬
‫‪۵‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰‬‬ ‫‪۰/۰‬‬
‫‪۱۰‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪۰/۶‬‬ ‫‪۰/۶‬‬ ‫‪۰/۶‬‬ ‫‪۰/۶‬‬
‫‪۶‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۷۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬
‫‪۱۱‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۶‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۰/۴۲‬‬
‫‪۷‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۷۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬
‫‪۱۲‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬
‫‪۸‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۷۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬
‫‪۹‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۷۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۷۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۷۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۷۵‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻓﺎﺯﯼ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪۱۰ -۲‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۷۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۷۵‬‬
‫‪۱۱‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬
‫‪۱۲‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۲۵‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪ Minatab‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪-۴‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪y‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪α = 0.05‬‬
‫) ‪ ( i = B , C‬ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ i‬ﺍﻡ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ‪H 0 :‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ i‬ﺍﻡ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪H1 :‬‬

‫‪= 3.25 F0.05,1,38 = 4.1‬‬

‫‪ 0.05, 2,38‬ﻭ ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻮﺟــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜــﻪ ‪ FB = 30.41‬ﻭ‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻮﺟــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮑــﻪ ‪،‬‬

‫‪ FC = 40.54‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻋــﺪﺩ ‪ ۴/۱‬ﻭ ‪ ۳/۲۵‬ﻣــﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﻳــﺎ ‪ Pvalve‬ﻣﺮﺑــﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻋﺎﻣــﻞ ‪ B‬ﻭ ‪ C‬ﻛــﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ α = 0.05‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺽ ‪ H 0‬ﺭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ‪ y‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -۵‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪z‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪α = 0.05‬‬
‫) ‪ (i = A,B‬ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ i‬ﺍﻡ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ‪H 0 :‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ i‬ﺍﻡ ﺍﺛﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪H1 :‬‬

‫‪= 4.1‬‬
‫‪ 0.05,1,38‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ‪ FA = FB = 20.85‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۴/۱‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ Pvalve‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ α = 0.05‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ‪ H 0‬ﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺑﮑﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﯼ ‪ MODM‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﯼ ﻓـﺎﺯﯼ ﻣـﯽ ﭘـﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ ‪.‬ﭼـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﻬﻨﻴﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺿﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ‪ : ۱‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎ‬

‫‪y = f1 = 0.4656 − 0.0058A − 0.0510B − 0.0756C‬‬
‫‪+ 0.0514AB + 0.0331BC − 0.01187CC − 0.0437ABC‬‬
‫‪f1* = 0.6102‬‬
‫~‬
‫‪f1 = 0.2518‬‬

‫‪z = f 2 = 0.3333 − 0.1146A − 0.1146B − 0.0391C + 0.0859BC‬‬

‫‪f 2* = 0.1041‬‬
‫~‬
‫‪f2 = 0.6857‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ‪ : ۲‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﺎﻳﻊ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻫﺪﻑ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪f1 = 0.6102‬‬
‫‪ f1 − 0.2518‬‬
‫‪U1 (f1 ) = ‬‬ ‫‪0.2518 ≤ f1 ≤ 0.6102‬‬
‫‪ 0.3584‬‬ ‫‪f1 = 0.2518‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪f 2 = 0.1041‬‬

‫‪ f 2 − 0.6857‬‬
‫‪U 2 (f 2 ) = ‬‬ ‫‪0.1041 ≤ f 2 ≤ 0.6102‬‬
‫‪ − 0.5834‬‬ ‫‪f 2 = 0.6857‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪ U1‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ f1‬ﻭ ‪ U 2‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ‪ f 2‬ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻧﺒـﺎﻝ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ +۱‬ﻭ‬

‫‪ -۱‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ C‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ]‪ [− 1,+1‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫‪ P = 1‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ DM‬ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ γ = 1‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ‪ L-1‬ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪F = 0.797 − 1106A − 0.008B + 0.1439C −‬‬

‫‪1.4341AB + 0.0594BC + 0.3312C 2 + 0.1219ABC‬‬

‫‪A = -1 o r +1‬‬

‫‪B = -1 or +1‬‬
‫‪−1≤ C ≤ +1‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﯽ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = China‬ﻧﻮﻉ ‪A = 1 ⇒ NK‬‬
‫‪ = New‬ﻧﻮﻉ ‪B = 1 ⇒ EC‬‬
‫‪ = ۲۶۵‬ﻭﺯﻥ ‪C = 0 ⇒ EC‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ‪ DM‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ‪ %۷۴‬ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ = ‪Z* = 0.1041 ⇒ Z‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ P = 2‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ P = 1‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ‪ : ۳‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﺁﻝ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ) ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ‪ y‬ﻭ ﻛﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ‪ ( z‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ‪ DM‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑـﺎ‬

‫‪ γ i‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ‪ L-P‬ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‬
‫‪:‬‬

‫{‬ ‫}‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫]) ‪min F = γ1 [1 − U1 (f1 )] + γ 2 [1 − U 2 (f 2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P P‬‬
‫∞ ≤ ‪1≤ P‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ‪ L-P‬ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪  0.61005 − (0.4656 − 0.0058A − 0.0510B − 0.0756C +‬‬

‫‪min‬‬ ‫‪F =  γ1 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪0.3584‬‬

‫‪+ 0.514AB + 0.0331BC − 0.1187CC − 0.04 ) ‬‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪0.3584‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P P‬‬
‫‪ 0.1041 − (0.3333 − 0.1146A − 0.1146B − 0.0391C + 0.0859BC) ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪+ γ2 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪− 0.5834‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪S.t.‬‬

‫‪A = +1 , -1‬‬

‫‪B = +1 , -1‬‬
‫‪− 1 ≤ C ≤ +1‬‬

‫‪-۵‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﮐـﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﮐـﻪ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﺭﺍﻧﺲ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺻﻮﻻ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﮐﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﺧﺬ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻓﺎﺯﻱﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﺎﻓﺎﺯﻱﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ‪ DM‬ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ) ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ( ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝﻧﻈﺮ ‪ , DM‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -۶‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﻮﻝ‪» .‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ«‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‪.۱۳۷۶ ،‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻭﺍﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻲ‪» .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ«‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺗﺸﻨﻪ ﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻤﺎ ﺻﻔﺎﭘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻮﺵ ﺍﻓﻴﻮﻧﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻧﺼﻴﺮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﺳﻲ‪.۱۳۷۸ ،‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﺮﺩﺳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻥ ﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻣﭽﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺱ ﻧﻴﺰ‪» .‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ«‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺭﺿﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺑﻠﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﺯﻧﺪﺭﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۲ ،‬‬

‫‪ -۴‬ﺗﺎﻧﺎﮐﺎ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺯﻭﺋﻮ‪» .‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ«‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﻳﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﻣﻴﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻣﺪ‬
‫ﺭﺿﺎ ﻃﺎﺭﻗﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪.۱۳۸۱ ،‬‬

‫‪ -۵‬ﻟﻴﺒﺮﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﻟﺪ ﺝ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻭﮐﺮ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﺒﺮﺕ ﻫـ ‪» .‬ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ«‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻫﺎﺷﻢ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪.۱۳۷۵ ،‬‬

‫‪ -۶‬ﮐﺎﺭﺗﺎﻟﻮﭘﻮﻟﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻮﺱ‪» .‬ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ )ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎ(«‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺭﺍﺑﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﺣﻤﺖ ﺍ ‪ . . .‬ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻮﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﭼﻤﺮﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۱ ،‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﺻﻐﺮﭘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﺩ‪» .‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻩ«‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۱ ،‬‬
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‫‪New York, 1997.‬‬
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‫‪440, (2000).‬‬
10- Kiang-Meng.Tay and Cilver Butler , “ Methodologies For Experimental Design : A
Survay , Comparison , And Future Predictions “ , Quality Engineering , 11(3) , 343-
356(1999) .
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Exprimental Design “ , Quality Engineering , 10(1) , 75-83 (1997-98) .
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Springer-Verlog, 1991