THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN THE STUDY OF VALUES

I.

Meaning and Nature Values Refers to the major priorities that man chooses to act on, and that creativity enhances his life and the lives of those with whom he associates with. Is being itself or the richness of being in as much as it has the power to attract the cognitive and appetitive potentials of men.

1. Carter V. Good

2. Jung and Piaget

3. Anthropologists and Sociologists

4. Karl Marx

5. G.E. Moore

6. Olden times 7. Homans

Any characteristics deemed important because of psychological, socila, moral or aesthetic considerations Refer to the stance that the self takes to the total environment as expressed through behaviors, ideas, body and feelings and imagination Refer to those criteria according to which a community judges the importance of persons, patterns, goals, and other sociological aspects of the community Labor Theory of Value Value of a thing is determined by the labor time it contains Is a simple, unanalyzable term comparable in respect to yellow or any other term of the kind. The indicator of value is usually Price. Refer to what were good Value Proposition Theory: 1. Actor 2. Rewarding Result 3. Repetition

II. The Process of Valuing - Could be termed as Values Clarification

a. Louis Raths unless all of the seven are present, then what the person has chosen is not a value.
to choose freely to choose from alternatives to choose from alternatives after thoughtful considerations of consequences 1. Choosing of such alternatives

2. Prizing

to cherish and be happy with the choice to be willing to affirm the choice publicly

3. Acting

to do something about the choice to act repeatedly to affirm the choice publicly

b. Tomas Andres 1. Was the values chosen from a range of alternatives that I was aware of? 2. Did I consider the consequences of the alternatives? 3. Is the value evident in my behavior? Have I acted on it? 4. Do I act on this repeatedly in some fashion through a variety of similar experiences? 5. Am I happy and pleased with the choice? 6. Am I willing to state it publicly? 7. Does the value enhance and not impede the development of my emotional and spiritual well-being? III. Indicators of Values 1. Ideas 2. Body 3. Feelings 4. Outer Behavior

IV.

Four Large Areas of Values (Fr. Jaime Bulatao)

1. Emotional Closeness and security in a family

2. The authority value

3. Economic and social betterment

4. Patience, Suffering and endurance

V.

The Phase Theory of Values

Phase One: Self Centered and world is perceived as a mystery

Stage 1. Satisfaction from daily survival Stage 2. The person has moved from purely physical to emotional needs that are physically related

Phase Two: Choices are now based on social, rather than phycial needs Stage 1. Values are marked by the need to belong. Authority is direct authority Stage2. Personal Values become institutionalized.

Phase Three: World is perceived as a "creation process" to which persons are invited to make contributions Stage 1. Highly independent and selfseeking Stage 2. Heavy atmosphere of institutional duties and obligations

Phase Four: Consciosenss of self has expanded so that a person think globally, even cosmically Stage 2. Chanes are experienced. Stage 1. Indiviual's perception of the Choices and actions are based on "we" world changes drastically rather than "I"

VI.

Value Skills and Development a. Instrumental Skills ability to perceive self and others accurately in ways that facilitate communication, mutual understanding and cooperation. b. Interpersonal Skills Ability to perceive self and others accurately in ways that facilitate communication, mutual understanding and cooperation. c. Imaginal Skills Ability to imitate new ideas and to take data beyond quantificatio and logic to the development of new concepts. Integrating instrumental and interpersonal skills d. System Skills Ability to see the various parts of a system as they relate to the whole and to plan for systematic change. Ability of the individual to plan and design change in the whole system to act as a whole based on tha capacity to see how parts relate to the entire unit. Characteristics of Values A. Max Scheler: 1. They are pire valuable essences or qualities. 2. They are objcetive and transcend the sentimental perception to which they appeal. 3. They are hierarchically give, dependent and relativr among themselves and with the perceiver. 4. They are always given in pairs. B. Tomas Andres 1. Value is relative. 2. Value is subjective. 3. Value is objective. 4. Value is bipolar. 5. Value is heirarchical. Classifications of Values A. Ancient Philosophers: 1. Useful or utilitarian good. 2. Pleasurable and delectable good 3. Befitting or becoming good B. According to Nature of Occurence

VII.

VIII.

1. Accidental befits a man with resepct to the accidents found in him. 2. Natural befits a man with regard to permanent force found in him or his nature C. Three Main levels as the Foundation for the Moral, sociopolitical and religious Rights of Man 1. Physical or biological life lowest level 2. Sentiency middle level 3. Level of Reason highest level D. Other Classifications: 1. Primary and Secondary Values a. Primary Values chosen, acted upon and are necessary for the authentic development of man. b. Secondary Obligatory values determined by society through long experience and practice which are consistently necessary for the well-being of its members. 2. Moral or ethical Values Basic and are urgent in the life of man. ought to be 3. Religious Values Refer to that inner achievement and a hopeful transition into a domain of suprasensible forces which are more elevated in the hierarchy of values. 4. Cultural Values As a question of spiritual production which already possosses an immediate relationship to human personal being and its inner existential states, insofar as man is open to them. 5. Social Values Perfection assigned to an object or attitude in virtue of a relationship between means ans ends in society.