Θεωρία- Απαντήσεις Μαθηματικά Κατεύθυνσης

1 5
:
-
.
1. 0 ;
i i , .
:
.
i i
0 0 0i ,
0 .
i 0 0
2. ;
i :
( i ) ( i ) ( ) ( )i
i ,
i i , :
( i ) ( i ) ( i ) ( i ) ( ) ( )i .
( i ) ( i ) ( ) ( )i .
i :
( i)( i) ( i) i( i) i i (i)(i)
i i i 2 i i ( ) ( )i
:
( i )( i ) ( ) ( )i
i
i
, i 0 , i ,
23/2/2012
- 2012
2 5
i ( i )( i ) ( ) ( )i
i.
( i )( i )
i
2 2
2 2 2
,
i
i
i 2 2 2 2
3. z i ;
z i z i .
z i . :
i i
i i , i , i .
4.
M (, ) M (, )
z i z i
.
z1 z 2 z1 z 2 .
y
M(z)
M (z )
z i , , :
z i
z z 2
z z 2 i .
z1 i
z 2 i , :
1.
z1 z 2 z1 z 2
2.
z1 z 2 z1 z 2
3.
z1 z 2 z 1 z 2
4.
z1
z2
z1

z2
5. z 1 z 2 z z 1 z 2 z
6. z 1 z 2 ... z z 1 z 2 ... z
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- 2012
3 5
5. :
z1 z 2 z1 z 2
z1 z 2 z1 z 2 :
z1 i z 2 i , :
z1 z 2 ( i ) ( i ) ( ) ( )i
( ) ( )i ( i ) ( i ) z1 z 2
6. i ;
i ,
4 ,
4, :
i i 4
1
i
i 4 i (i 4 ) i 1 i i
-1
i
, 0
, 1
, 2
3
( ) ( )i ( i ) ( i ) z1 z 2 .
7. z 2 z 0
, , R 0 .
z 2 z 0 , , , R 0 .
, , :
2
z

2
4 2
2 4 . , :
0,
: z1, 2
, : z
2
2
(1)() i 2 ( ) 2 i
0
,
,

, :
4 2
4 2
(2) 2
2
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4 5
2
i

2
2
z1, 2
i
2
, .
z :
z , z z
z , z z .
8. ;
M ( x, y ) z x yi
. z
M O ,
| z | | OM | x y
2
5
M(x,y)
|z|
9. .
| z | | z | | z |
| z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |
| z |2 z z
z1
z
1
z2
z2
| z | | z | .
| | z1 | | z 2 | | | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |
10. : | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |
23/2/2012
- 2012
5 5
:
| z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 | | z1 z 2 | 2 | z1 | 2 | z 2 | 2
( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 ) z1 z1 z 2 z 2
z1 z 2 z1 z 2 z1 z1 z 2 z 2
, .
11.) ,
| z1 z 2 |
) | z z 0 | , 0;
) | z z1 | | z z 2 | ;
)
.
:
( M 1 M 2 ) | z1 z 2 |
| z z 0 | , 0
K ( z 0 ) .
)
| z z1 | | z z 2 |
A( z1 ) B( z 2 ) .
23/2/2012
- 2012
1 8
:
-
.
1. f A ;
f f
:
xA
f ( A) { y | y f ( x) x A} .
f A
f ( A) .
2. f A ;
f M ( x, y ) y f (x) ,
M (x, f ( x)) , x A .
- f C f .
- , , y f (x) C f . , y f (x)
f .
- C f f , :
) f C f .
) f f ( A) C f .
) f x 0 A x x 0 C f (.
8).
y
y
Cf
26/2/2012
()
Cf
f ()
x=x0
f (x0)
Cf
x
O
()
A(x0,f (x0))
x0
()
2 8
- C f , f , ,
f | f | .
) f ,
x x , f ,
M ( x, f ( x))
M ( x, f ( x)) , x x . (. 9).
y=f (x)
(x,f (x))
O
(x,f (x))
y=f (x)
10
) | f |
C f x x
y=f (x)
y=| f (x)|
, x x , C f
. (. 10).
3.
) f ( x ) x
) f ( x )
) f ( x ) x 2 ,
, 0
x
) f ( x ) x 3 , 0
) f ( x ) x , g( x ) | x | .
) f ( x ) x
11
a>0
a<0
a=0
) f ( x ) x 2 , 0 .
y
12
y
x
>0
<0
) f ( x ) x 3 , 0 .
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3 8
>0
13
<0
, 0.
x
) f ( x )
14
x
x
<0
>0
) f ( x )
x , g( x ) | x | .
15
y
y | x|
y x
4. :
) f ( x) x ,
) f ( x ) x , 0 1
f ( x) x ,
f ( x) x
) f ( x ) log x , 0 1
) : f ( x ) x , f ( x ) x , f ( x ) x
26/2/2012
4 8
16
1
O
y=x
()
y
1
O
y=x
()
/2
/2
3/2
y=x
()
, f ( x) x f ( x) x T 2 ,
f ( x) x T .
) f ( x ) x , 0 1 .
y
17
()
>1
O
0<<1
()
1 ,
x1 x 2 x1 x 2
0 1 ,
x1 x 2 x1 x 2 .
) f ( x ) log x , 0 1
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5 8
18
1
O
>1
()
()
0<<1
1) log x y y x
4) log ( x 1 x 2 ) log x 1 log x 2
2) log x x log x x
5) log 1 log x 1 log x 2

x2
3) log 1
6) log x 1k log x 1
log 1 0
7) 1 , : log x 1 log x 2 x 1 x 2 ,
0 1 ,
log x 1 log x 2 x 1 x 2 .
8) x e xln , e ln .
5. f ,g ;
f g :

x A f ( x) g ( x) .
6. , ,
f , g ;
f g , f - g , fg
f
f, g
g

( f g )( x) f ( x) g ( x) ,
( fg )( x) f ( x) g ( x)
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( f g )( x) f ( x) g ( x)
f
f ( x)
( x)
g
g
( x)

6 8
f g , f g fg A B f
g ,
f
A B , x
g
g ( x) ,
{x | x A x B , g ( x) 0} .
7. f g ;
f, g , , f g,
g f ,
( gof )( x) g ( f ( x)) .
gf
x f f ( x)
g.
A1 {x A | f ( x) B} .
gof , A1 , f ( A) B .
) ,
f, g gof fog ,
.
f , g , h ho( gof ) , (hog )of
ho( gof ) (hog )of .
f, g h hogof .
.
8. f
;
f ,
x1 , x 2 x1 x 2 :
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )
f ,
x1 , x 2 x1 x 2 :
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )
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7 8
9. f A x o A
;
f :
x 0 A () , f ( x 0 ) ,
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) x A
x 0 A () , f ( x 0 ) ,
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
x A
10. f A 1 1 ;
f :A R 1 1 , x1 , x 2 A
:
x1 x 2 ,
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .
) f :A R 1 1 , x1 , x 2 A
:
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) ,
x1 x 2 .
f (x1 ) f (x 2 ) x1 x 2
) f 1 1 , :
- y f ( x) y x .
- .
f .
- , "1 1" .
. 1 1 .
11. f A ;
f :A R , 1 1 . f
1
f :
f (x) y f 1 (y) x
) :
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8 8
( f ( x )) x ,
xA
f(f
( y )) y ,
y f ( A) .
f ( A) f ,
f .
) C C f f
y x xOy x Oy .
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1 5
:
-
.
1. f x o f x o ;
:
f (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) ,
:
lim f ( x)
x x0
lim f ( x) lim f ( x)
x x0
x x0

) :
()
()
lim f ( x)
lim f ( x)
x x0
x x0
lim ( f ( x) ) 0
x x0
lim f ( x 0 h)
h 0
) 1 lim f ( x) 2 lim f ( x)
x x0
x x0
x 0
1 f x 0 , 2 f x 0 .
) f x0 , f x0 ,
f
( , x 0 )
( x0 , ) .
( , x 0 ) ( x 0 , )
x 0 (. 39, 39) .
f x 0 , , x 0
.
lim x x 0
x x 0
(. 39)
lim c c
x x 0
2. f x o
x 0 ,
:
)
(, x 0 ) ( x 0 , )
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2 5
(, x 0 ) , ,
( x 0 , ) .
)
( x 0 , ) , ,
(, x 0 ) .
3. x o .
:
) 1
lim f ( x) 0 ,
x x0
f ( x) 0 x 0
lim f ( x) 0 , f ( x) 0
x x0
x 0
) 2
f , g x 0 f ( x) g ( x) x 0 ,
lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
x x0
x x0
) 3
f g x 0 , :
1. lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
x x0
x x0
x x0
2. lim (f ( x)) lim f ( x) ,

x x0
x x0
3. lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x x0
x x0
x x0
5. lim | f ( x) | lim f ( x)
x x0
4. lim
6. lim
x x0
x x0
x x0
R
lim f ( x)
f ( x ) x x0
,
g ( x) lim g ( x)
x x0
f ( x) k lim f ( x) ,
x x0
lim g ( x) 0
x x0
f ( x) 0 x 0 .
) 4
1
P ( x) x 1 x 1 x 0
x 0 R . :
lim P ( x) P ( x 0 )
x x0
f ( x)

Q( x 0 ) 0 .
lim
x x0
P( x)
Q( x ) , P (x) , Q(x) x
x0 R
P( x) P( x 0 )
Q( x) Q( x 0 ) , Q( x 0 ) 0
27/2/2012
3 5
.
) 5

f ,g,h
h(x) f (x) g(x)
x0
lim h(x) lim g(x) ,
x x 0
x x 0
lim f (x)
x x 0
.
)
| x | | x | ,
x R .
lim x x 0
x x 0
x
1
x 0 x
lim
x 0.
lim x x 0
x x 0
x 1
0
x 0
x
lim
4 .
f g
xo .
f g x 0 ,
lim f ( g ( x)) , :
x x0
1. u g (x) .
2. ( ) u 0 lim g ( x)
x x0
3. ( ) lim f (u ) .
uu 0
g ( x) u 0 x 0 , , :
lim f ( g ( x )) lim f ( u) .
x x0
u u0
5 . x o .
,
(, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , :
) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) lim f ( x)

x x0
x x0
x x0
) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .

x x0
x x0
x x0
) xlim
f ( x) , f ( x) 0 x 0 , lim f ( x) , f ( x) 0 x 0 .
x
x x
0
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4 5
) xlim
f ( x) , lim ( f ( x)) , lim f ( x) , lim ( f ( x)) .
x
x x
x x
x x
0
1
0.
f ( x)
) xlim
f ( x) , lim
x
x x
1
, lim f ( x) 0
x x0
f ( x)
) xlim
f ( x) 0 f ( x) 0 x 0 , lim
x
x x
f ( x) 0 x 0 , lim
x x0
1
.
f ( x)
) xlim
f ( x) , lim | f ( x ) | . ) lim f ( x) , lim k f ( x) .
x
x x
x x
x x
0
) i) lim
x 0
ii)
1
1
lim 2 ,
2
x
0
x
x
lim
x 0
1
x
2 1
lim
x 0
1
x
2 1
N*
N
) :
1 ( )
x0
f :
g :

f g
2 ( )
x0 R ,
f
:
g
:

fg :
>0
<0
>0
<0
:
( ) ( ) , 0 ( ) , ( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( ) ,
0
,
0
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5 5
6 . .
)
:
lim x
lim
1
0,
x
,
lim x
x
- ,
N*
lim
1
0,
x
* .
) P( x) x 1 x 1 0 , 0 :
lim P( x) lim ( x )
) f ( x)
lim P( x) lim ( x )
x 1 x 1 1 x 0
x 1 x 1 1 x 0
, 0 , 0 :
x
x
lim f ( x ) lim
lim f ( x) lim
x
x x
x
x x

-
1 (. 60),
lim x 0 ,
lim log x ,
x 0
lim x
60
y=a x
lim log x
y=loga x
O
0 1 (. 61),
lim ,
lim log x ,
x 0
61
y=a x
x
lim 0
x
lim log x
1
O 1
x
y=loga x
f , f
(,) .
f f
(, ) .
, x 0 :

.
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1 5
:
-
1.
()
f x 0 ;
1.
f x0 x0 . f
x 0 ,
lim f(x) f(x0 )
x0
: , f x 0 , lim f(x) f(x0 )

x
x0
f x 0 ;
2.
M f x0 :
) x0
) x0 , , f(x 0 ) x0 .
3.
f ;
f , ,
, .
4.
, x0
lim P( x)

lim
x0
P( x)
Q( x)
x0
P( x0 ) .
P
, x0
Q
P( x 0 )
.
Q( x 0 )
f ( x) x g( x) x , x0
lim x
x0
x 0
lim x x0 .
x0
, ( ) :
f ( x) x
g( x ) log x , 0
1 .
2 5
5.
x 0 :
f g x 0 , x 0
: f
g,
c f,
f g,
f
,
g
|f |
x 0 .
6.
f x 0 g f ( x0 ) ,
gof x 0 .
7.
f (, ) ;
f (, ) ,
(, ) . (. 63)
8.
f [, ] ;
[, ] ,
(, )
lim f ( x)
x
f ( )
f ( ) (. 63)
lim f ( x)
x
(
a
()
63
[
a
()
[,]
x0
3 5
2.
9.

Bolzano
f , [, ] . :
f [, ] , ,
f () f ( ) 0 ,
, , x0
(, ) ,
f ( x0 )
, , , f (x) 0 (, ) .
,
f .
Bolzano :
f ,
x x ,
. (. 65)
y
65
y
f (x)>0
a
O
f (x)<0
()
()
f
f .
66
2
3
10. f ;
) f.
) ,
f .
f .
4 5
11. ( Bolzano)
f, [, ] . :
f [, ]
f ( )
f ( )
, f ( ) f ( ) , x0
(, )
,
f ( x0 )
f () f ( ) . f ()
g ( x) f ( x) , x [, ] , :
f ( ) (. 67).
g [, ]
g () g ( ) 0 ,
67
f ()
B(, f ())
g ()
f () 0
g ( )
f ( ) 0 .
y=
f (a)
, Bolzano,
x0 (, ) , g ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) 0 , f ( x 0 ) .
( , f ())
a x0
x0
x0
68
f()
f [, ] , ,
,
.
y=
f(a)
O
12.
f () f
.
(
a
()
69
(
a
()
[
a
()
[, ] ,
.
5 5
13. ( )
f [, ] , f [, ]
m. (. 69)
y
m
m
O
[
a
x2
()
x1
, x1 , x 2 [, ] , , m
m
f ( x) M ,
f ( x1 ) M
f ( x 2 ) ,
x [, ] .

f [, ] [m, M ] , m
.
, f ( x) x , x [0, 2]
[ 1,1] , [0, 2] m 1 M 1 .
70
1
3/2
/2
x
2
1
14. f (, ) ,
( , ) (. 71),
lim f ( x)
x
lim f ( x) .
x
, , f (, ) ,
( B, A) (. 71).
y
B
(
a
()
71
(
a
()
1 16
:
-
1.
( )
1. f x 0 ;
f x 0 ,

lim
x x0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
x x0
.
f x 0 f ( x 0 ) . :
f ( x 0 ) lim
x x0
) , , f ( x 0 ) xlim
x
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
.
x x0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
x x0
f ( x 0 ) lim
h0
x x 0 h ,
f ( x 0 h) f ( x 0 )
.
h
) x 0 f, :
f x 0 , R
lim
x x 0
f (x) f (x 0 )
,
x x0
lim
x x 0
f (x) f (x 0 )
x x0
2.
C f A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) .
()
C f A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) :
y f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 )
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f ( x 0 ) A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) C f
f x 0 .
3. f
x0 ,
x x 0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
( x x0 ) ,
x x0
:
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
( x x 0 )
lim [ f ( x) f ( x 0 )] lim
x x0
x x0
x x0
lim
x x0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
lim ( x x 0 )
x x0
x x0
f ( x 0 ) 0 0 ,
f x0 . , xlim
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) , f
x
0
x0 .
. :
f x 0 , ,
, x 0 .
4. f :
)
) ( , )
) [ , ]
f . :
) H f , , ,
x 0 A .
) f ( , ) ,
x 0 (, ) .
) f [, ] ,
(, )
22/2/2012
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lim
f (x) f ()
R
x
lim
f (x) f ()
R .
x
5. :
)
f (x) c , f (x) 0
f (x) x , N {0,1} , f (x) x 1
f (x) x , f (x)
1
2 x
f ( x) x , f (x) 1
, x 0
x x0
:
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
cc
0.
x x0
x x0
,
lim
x x0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0,
x x0
(c) 0 .
x x0
:
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) x x 0
1.
x x0
x x0
,
lim
x x0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
lim 1 1 ,
x x0
x x0
( x) 1 .
) x0 ,
x x0
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) x x 0 ( x x 0 )( x 1 x 2 x 0 x 0 1 )
x 1 x 2 x 0 x 0 1 ,
x x0
x x0
x x0
:
lim
x x0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
lim ( x 1 x 2 x 0 x 0 1 ) x 0 1 x 0 1 x 0 1 x 0 1 ,
x x0
x x0
( x ) x 1 .
) x0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
x x0
(0,) ,
x x0
x x0
x x 0 :
x x0
x x0
( x x0 ) x x0
x x0
( x x0 ) x x0
1
x x0
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lim
x x0
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
lim
x x0
x x0
1
x x0
1
2 x0
1
.
x
2 x
f ( x) x . f R
f ( x) x ,
(x) x
f (x) x . f R
f ( x) x ,
(x) x
x
f (x) e . f R
f ( x) e x ,
(e x ) e x
f (x) ln x . f
f (x)
(0,)
1
,
x
(ln x)
1
x
6.

x 0 :
f ,g
x0 ,
f g
( f g ) ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 )
x x 0 , :
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( f g )( x) ( f g )( x 0 ) f ( x) g ( x) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ) f ( x) f ( x 0 ) g ( x) g ( x 0 )
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
f , g x 0 , :
lim
x x0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
g ( x) g ( x 0 )
( f g )( x) ( f g )( x 0 )
f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ),
lim
lim
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
( f g ) ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ) .

. f , g x 0 , f g
x 0 :
( f g ) ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 )
:
- f , g , x :
( f g ) ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) .
- f c R , (c) 0 ,
(2) :
(cf ( x )) cf ( x)
. f , g x 0 g ( x 0 ) 0 ,
f
g
x 0 :
f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 )
f
( x 0 )
[ g ( x 0 )] 2
g
:
f , g x
g ( x) 0 , x :
f
f ( x ) g( x ) f ( x)g ( x )
( x )
.
[ g ( x )] 2
g
f ( x) x
f (x) x , N* .
f R *
(x ) x 1
, x N * :
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1 (1)x 1(x ) x 1
2 x 1 .
(x )
2
(x )
x
x
f (x) x .
1
R {x|x 0} f (x)
,
2 x
(x)
1
2 x
, x R {x|x 0} :
(x) x x(x) xx xx
x
(x)
x
2 x
2 x
2 x 2 x
2

f ( x)
1
2 x
f ( x) x .
1
,
2 x
f R {x|x 0}
(x)
1
2 x
7.
g x 0 f g ( x 0 ) ,
f g x 0
( f g ) ( x 0 ) f ( g ( x 0 )) g ( x 0 )
, g f
g () , f g
( f ( g ( x ))) f ( g ( x )) g ( x ) .
, u g( x ) ,
( f ( u)) f ( u) u .
Leibniz, y f (u ) u g (x) ,
dy dy du
dx du dx
22/2/2012
7 16
8.
:
)
f (x) x , R Q
(0, )
f (x) x 1 ,
f (x) x ln .
f (x) x ,
f (x) ln | x | , x R * x R *
(ln | x |)
1
x
ln x
u
u ln x , y e . ,
) , y x e
x x 1 .
x
x
u
u x ln , y e . ,
y (eu ) eu u e ln x
x
x ln
) , y e
y (eu ) eu u e x ln ln x ln .
) .
1
,
x
x 0 ,
(ln | x |) (ln x)
x 0 ,
ln | x | ln( x) , , y ln( x) u x ,
y ln u . ,
y (ln u)

1
1
1
u
(1)
u
x
x
1
(ln | x |) .
x
.
.
2.
( - - )
9. y x x x 0 ,
y f (x) ;
22/2/2012
8 16
x, y y f (x) , f
x 0 , y x
x 0 f ( x 0 ) .
10. Rolle .
Rolle :
f :
[, ]
(, )
f ( ) f ( )
, , (, ) , f ( ) 0
y
, ,
, (, ) ,
C f M ( , f ( ))
x.
18
(,f ())
(,f ())
(,f ())
11.
.
:
f :
[, ]
(, )
, , (, ) , :
f ( )
f ( ) f ( )

, ,
, (, ) ,
f
M ( , f ( )) .
(,f ())
M(,f ())
A(a,f (a))
20
22/2/2012
9 16
12.
f .
f
f ( x) 0 x ,
f .
x1 , x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .
x1 x 2 , f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .
x1 x 2 , [ x1 , x 2 ] f
. , ( x1 , x 2 ) ,
f ( )
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 )
.
x 2 x1
(1)
, f ( ) 0 ,, (1),
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) . x 2 x1 , f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) . , ,
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .
13.
f , g .
f , g
f ( x) g ( x) x ,
c , x :
f ( x) g ( x) c
f g
x
( f g ) ( x) f ( x) g ( x) 0 .
, ,
f g . ,
C , x
f ( x) g ( x) c ,
f ( x) g ( x) c .
22
y=g(x)+c
y=g(x)
O
(3 4) .
14.( )
22/2/2012
10 16
f
f ( x ) f ( x )
x R ,
f (x) ce x R . R .
x
15.
f, .
f ( x) 0 x , f
.
f ( x) 0 x , f
.
f ( x) 0 .
x1 , x 2 x1 x 2 . f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) . , [ x1 , x 2 ] f
... , ( x1 , x 2 ) ,
f ( )
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 )
,
x 2 x1
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) f ( )( x 2 x1 )
f ( ) 0 x 2 x1 0 , f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) 0 , f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .
f ( x) 0 .
. , f
( ) ,
( ) .
3.
(-
- de LHospital)
16. f
x 0 A
) f, , x 0 A
, 0 , :
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) x A ( x 0 , x 0 ) .
x0 , f ( x 0 ) f.
22/2/2012
11 16
) f, , x 0 A
, 0 , :
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) , x A ( x 0 , x 0 ) .
x0 , f ( x 0 ) f.
f ,
, , , .
.

.
Fermat
17. f
x 0
. f x0 ,
: f ( x 0 ) 0
f x0 .
x0 f
, 0 ,
( x 0 , x 0 )
33
f (x0)
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) , x ( x 0 , x 0 ) .
(1)
, , f x0 ,
f ( x 0 ) lim
x x0
x0 x0 x0+
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
.
lim
x x0
x x0
x x0
,
x ( x 0 , x 0 ) , , (1),
f ( x 0 ) lim
x x0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0
x x0
x ( x 0 , x 0 ) , , (1),
f ( x 0 ) lim
x x
0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0 ,
x x0
(2)
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0 ,
x x0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0.
x x0
, (2) (3) f ( x 0 ) 0 .
.
(3)
18. ) f ;
) f ;

22/2/2012
12 16
) f ,
f .
) f
:
1. f .
2. f .
3. ( ).
19. f ;
f
:
1. f.
2. f .
3. f.
20.
f (, ) ,
x0 , f .
i) f ( x) 0 (, x 0 ) f ( x) 0 ( x 0 , ) , f ( x 0 ) f.
ii) A f (x) (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , f ( x 0 )
f (, ) .
i) f ( x) 0 x (, x 0 ) f x0 , f
(, x 0 ] .
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) , x (, x 0 ] .
(1)
f ( x) 0 x ( x 0 , ) f x0 , f
[ x 0 , ) . :
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) , x [ x 0 , ) .
(2)
22/2/2012
13 16
y
35a
f <0
f >0
f (x 0 )
f <0
f >0
f (x 0 )
x0
x0
, (1) (2), :
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) , x (, ) ,
f ( x 0 ) f (, ) .
ii)
f ( x) 0 , x (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) .
y
f >0
35
f >0
f >0
f >0
x0
x0
f x0
(, x 0 ] [ x 0 , ) . , x1 x 0 x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 0 ) f ( x 2 ) . f ( x 0 )
f. , , f (, ) . ,
x1 , x 2 (, ) x1 x 2 .
x1 , x 2 (, x 0 ] , f (, x 0 ] , f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .
x1 , x 2 [ x 0 , ) , f [ x 0 , ) , f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .
, x1 x 0 x 2 , f ( x1 ) f ( x 0 ) f ( x 2 ) .
, f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) , f
( , ) .
, f ( x) 0 x (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) .
21. f ;
f
f .
f ,
f .
22/2/2012
14 16
22.
f .
:
f
.
f ( x) 0 x , f .
f ( x) 0 x , f .
23.
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f ;
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f , :.
f (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , ,
C f A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) .
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) C f , f x 0
x0 .
24. f ;
:
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f f
, f (x 0 ) 0
:
f ;
f :
i)
f .
ii)
f .
:
f o (, ) x 0 (, ) .
22/2/2012
15 16
f x0
C f A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) ,
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) Cf .
25.
x x 0
C f ;
x x 0 f. ,
lim f ( x) , lim f ( x)
x x0
x x0
26.
f ( ).
y f
( ), xlim
f ( x) ( lim f ( x) ) .

x
27.
y x f ,
y x f ,
[ f ( x) ( x )] 0 , lim [ f ( x) ( x )] 0 .
, xlim

x
28. ()
y x ;
y x f ,
,
f (x)
R lim [f (x) x] R ,
x x
x
lim
:
f (x)
R lim [f (x) x] R .
x x
x
lim

1. :
2 .

P( x)
, P(x)
Q( x)
, .

22/2/2012
16 16
2. ,
f :
f .
, f .
, , (,) ,
(, ) .
29. de LHospital .
1o
lim f (x) 0 , lim g(x) 0 , x 0 R {, } lim

x x0
x x0
x x0
f (x)
(
g(x)
), :
f (x)
f (x)
lim
.
x x 0 g(x)
x x 0 g(x)
lim
2o
f (x)
(
x x 0 g(x)
lim f (x) , xlim

g ( x) , x 0 R {, } lim
x
x x0
), :
lim
x x0
f (x)
f (x)
lim
.
x
x
0 g (x)
g(x)
:
) .
.
) .
22/2/2012
1 6
:
-
.
1. f ;
F'(x) f (x) ,
x .
2.
f . F f ,
:

G(x) F(x) c , c R ,
f .
G f
G(x) F(x) c , c R .
G(x) F(x) c , c R ,
f ,
G '(x) (F(x) c)' F '(x) f (x) ,
x .
G f . , x
F(x) f (x)
G(x) f (x) , :
G ' (x) F'(x) ,
x .
c ,
G(x) F(x) c ,
x .
7/3/2012
2 6
3*. f
[ , ] .
f [, ] .
x 0 x1 x 2 ... x
[, ]
x
10
y=f(x)

[ x 1 , x ] , {1, 2, ..., } ,

k
O a=x0 1 x1 2 x2
xv-1 v xv=
S f (1 )x f (2 )x f ( )x f ( )x
, , :
S f ( )x
S , lim f ( ) x

f ,

f (x)dx
f . ,
f (x)dx lim f ( )x
4.
f (x)dx .
) :
f (x)dx f (x)dx
f (x) 0 x [, ]
f (x)dx 0
f (x)dx 0 .
) f , g [, ] , R .
f (x)dx f (x)dx
7/3/2012
3 6
[f (x) g(x)]dx f (x)dx g(x)dx
[f (x) g(x)]dx f (x)dx g(x)dx
) f , , ,
f (x)dx f (x)dx f (x)dx
) f [, ] . f ( x) 0 x [, ]
f ,
f (x)dx 0 .
x
5. F(x) f (x)dx , x , f
x
F'(x) f (t)dt f (x) ,
a
x .
) :
f ,
x
F(x) f (t)dt ,
x ,
f . :
x f (t)dt f (x) ,
a
x .
) :
g(x) f (t)dt f '(g(x) g '(x) ,

a
7/3/2012
4 6
5.
f [, ] . G f
[, ] , :
f (t)dt G() G()
F(x) f (t)dt
[, ] . G f [, ] , c ,
G(x) F(x) c .
(1), x ,
(1)
G() F() c f (t)dt c c ,
c G ( ) .
G(x) F(x) G() ,

, x ,
G() F() G() f (t)dt G()
f (t)dt G() G() .

6.
) :
f (x)g(x)dx [f (x)g(x)] f (x)g(x)dx ,
f , g [, ] .
) :
u2
f (g(x))g(x)dx f (u)du ,
u1
f , g , u g ( x) , du g ( x)dx u1 g ( ) , u 2 g ( ) .
7/3/2012
5 6
7.)
f , x , x x x , f ( x) 0
x [, ] f .
) f ,g
f ( x) g ( x) x [, ] ,
f , g
x , x :
E() (f (x) g(x))dx
) f [, ] f ( x) 0 x [, ] ,
f , x ,
x x x
E() f (x)dx
) f , g [, ] , c R ,
f ( x) c g ( x) c 0 , x [, ] . (. 20)
.
y
y=f (x)+c
20
y=f (x)
y=g (x)+c
y=g (x)
()
()
, (1), :
() () [(f (x) c) (g(x) c)]dx (f (x) g(x))dx .
E() (f (x) g(x))dx
7/3/2012
6 6
) f ( x) g ( x) [, ] ,
f , g x
x
E() | f (x) g(x) | dx
)
x x , g, g ( x) 0
x [, ] x x :
E ( ) g ( x)dx
21
, x x
f ( x) 0 ,
y=g (x)
E() (f (x) g(x))dx
[g(x)]dx g(x)dx .
, g g ( x) 0 x [, ] ,
E() g(x)dx
7/3/2012

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1 5

4) log ( x 1 x 2 ) log x 1 log x 2

5) log 1 log x 1 log x 2

2. lim (f ( x)) lim f ( x) ,

3. lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

h(x) f (x) g(x)

lim h(x) lim g(x) ,

) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) lim f ( x)

) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .

lim f(x) f(x0 )

: , f x 0 , lim f(x) f(x0 )

f (x) x , N {0,1} , f (x) x 1

lim f (x) 0 , lim g(x) 0 , x 0 R {, } lim

lim f (x) , xlim

G '(x) (F(x) c)' F '(x) f (x) ,

G ' (x) F'(x) ,

[f (x) g(x)]dx f (x)dx g(x)dx

[f (x) g(x)]dx f (x)dx g(x)dx

f (x)dx f (x)dx f (x)dx

g(x) f (t)dt f '(g(x) g '(x) ,

f (t)dt G() G()

G() F() c f (t)dt c c ,

G(x) F(x) G() ,

G() F() G() f (t)dt G()

f (t)dt G() G() .

f (x)g(x)dx [f (x)g(x)] f (x)g(x)dx ,

E() (f (x) g(x))dx

() () [(f (x) c) (g(x) c)]dx (f (x) g(x))dx .

E() (f (x) g(x))dx

E() | f (x) g(x) | dx

E() (f (x) g(x))dx

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