An electrical Generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy (or power) into electrical energy (or power).

It is based on the principle of production of dynamically induced e.m.f (Electromotive Force). Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in it according to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction. This e.m.f. causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed. Basic essential parts A magnetic field and A conductor Relative velocity

E=4.44*m*f*N*kp*kd
Where kp= Pitch factor. kd= Distribution factor. m= Maximum flux per pole. f= frequency. N= No. of turns per phase.

1.

CYLINDRICAL

ROTOR

2. SALIENT POLE

CYLINDRICAL TYPE 1.UNIFORM AIR GAP. 2. NON PROJECTING POLE.

SALIENT POLE TYPE 1. NONUNIFORM AIR GAP. 2. PROJECTING POLES.

3. SMALL DIAMETER.& LARGE AXIAL LENGTH.

4. USED IN HIGH SPEED ALTERNATORS. 5. PRIME MOVERS ARE STEAM TURBINE.

3. HIGHER DIAMETER & SMALL AXIAL LENGTH.

4. USED IN LOW SPEED ALTERNATOR. 5. PRIME MOVERS ARE WATER TURBINE.

Lap winding

Wave winding

LAP WINDING 1. NO. OF PARALLEL PATH = NO. OF POLES. 2. NO. OF BRUSH SETS = NO. OF POLES. 3. USED FOR HIGH CURRENT & LOW VOLTAGE CAPACITY GENERATORS.

WAVE WINDING 1. NO. OF PARALLEL PATH = 2. 2. NO. OF BRUSH SETS =2. 3. USED FOR LOW CURRENT & HIGH VOLTAGE CAPACITY GENERATOR. 4.GENERATOR CAPACITY < 500 AMP.

4. GENERATOR CAPACITY > 500 AMP.

Vdc

If

Ef

Ia
field flux or rotor axis

Vt

Air gap flux

Output power (P) = Ef * Vt * Sin Xs

Voltage equation :Ef = Vt + Ia *Za Ef = Induced e.m.f in stator. Vt = Terminal voltage . Ia = Armature current. Za = Armature impedance . f = Field flux . If = Field current .

Ef

IaXs

Vt

Iara

Ia

SCR=

If required to generate rated voltage under o/c If required to generate rated current under s/c.

= =

0.6 0.9 for turbo alternators (cylindrical rotor). 0.9 - 1.5 for salient pole m/c. For Lanco 300 MW alternator SCR = .6271

SCR 1/Xs 1/(Armature reaction) Air gap length Synchronizing power Stability.

 Faradays

induction

law of electromagnetic

E= - N*d dt

Flux can be generated by two methods 1. By permanent magnet. 2. By an electromagnet.