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55 ....................................................................... seranimilerp searedisnoC 1.2 55 ............................................................... sodacrem sod oartnecnoc a moc oapucoerp a :aicnrrocnoc ad ohnepmesed-atudnoc-aruturtse megadroba A 2 05 ..... ratnerfne a setseuq e sanucal :setnaveler socitlana sotnemarbodseD 3.3.1 84 .............................. saserpme saneuqep sad odacrem ed redop o :avitanretla megadroba amu arap )sotelpmocni e sosrepsid adnia( sotnemelE 2.3.1 54 .... sodacrem sod lanoicidart megadroba ad acitrc esilna ad sesulcnoC 1.3.1 54 .......................... sodacrem son aicnrrocnoc a erbos )siaicrap( sesulcnoC 3.1 34 ............... laudividni adnamed ed avruc e setnerrocnoc ertne aicndnepedretnI 04 ............................................ nosniboR ed acitrcotua a e rodlaK ed sacitrc sA 83 .......................................................................... acitsloponom uo atiefrepmi aicnrrocnoc ed oledom od adubirtsid etnemavitatiqe edadilavir A 3.2.1 43 ................................................................. affarS ed seisoporp e sacitrc sA 13 .............................. atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ed oledom on edadilavir-on A 2.2.1 62 .......................................................................................... siareg soarT 1.2.1 62 ............. acitrc esilna :sodacrem sod lanoicidart acisslcoen megadroba A 2.1 32 ................................................. lairtsudni aimonoce onaillahsram odagel O 12 ................................ oirbliuqe ed oerp susrev saserpme ad edadienegoreteH 91 ............................ aserpme ad osnapxe setimil susrev alacse ed saimonocE 81 ........ aicnrrocnoc ad e aserpme ad ,sodacrem sod anaillahsram osiv A 2.1.1 11 .............................................................................. lareg oailava amU 1.1.1 11 ............................................................................. anaillahsram anareh A 1.1 11 .... )sodaicnerefid etnemaenegomoh uo( soengomoh e socitsmota sodacrem rop aicnreferp a :aicnrrocnoc ad lanoicidart acisslcoen megadroba A 1 7 ........................................................................ sacitslopogilo seidnoc bos aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp o erbos siareg searedisnoC 2 3 .................................................. sodacrem sod oartnecnoc/oazimota ed uarg on sadartnec sesilna sad socitslopogilo sodacrem me aicnrrocnoc ad odutse o arap oiubirtnoc ad oailava :eset ad ovitejbO 1 3 ......................................................................................................... oudortnI 1 .................................................................................................... oatneserpA
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x 821 ........................................ alacse ed saimonoce sartuo e sacinct saimonocE 721 ................................................ aserpme ed ohnamat e alacse ed saimonocE 521 ............................... sacitslopogilo saruturtse sad adacifilpmis aigolopit amU 521 .......................... odaicnerefid oilpogilo susrev odartnecnoc oilpogilO 2.3.2 321 ........................................................ siaruturtse seidnoc san seacifidoM 021 ................................. sozarp ognol e otruc ed sesilna sad oazilibitapmoC 011 ................................................................... sodacrem sod oaruturtse an 501 ................ sotsuc son e adnamed an sadaredom seairav ed ecaf me soerP 501 .............................................................................. oilpogilo ed seidnoc me )orcul ed megram e( oerp ed oanimreted ad amelborp O 1.3.2 201 ......................................................................... sacitslopogilo saruturtse ed aigolopit e )orcul ed megram e( oerp ed oanimreted :inibaL-solyS 3.2 001 ........................ ohnepmesed-atudnoc susrev ohnepmesed-aruturtse sealeR 99 .......................................................... ohnepmesed susrev adartne sarierraB 99 ............ sadnev ed oomorp/edadicilbup ed edadisnetni susrev oartnecnoC 89 ..................................................................... etneicifeni omsimota od ocsir O 69 ..................................................... aucforp e etneicife oartnecnoc setimiL 59 ................. odatsE od lepap e ohnepmesed-aruturtse sealer sad esetnS 6.2.2 78 ...................... acitslopogilo oartnecnoc bos adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefE 68 ...................................................... )aviteloc oa moc( adartnecnoc aruturtsE 38 ................................................ )etnednepedni oa moc( acitsmota aruturtsE 08 .......................... saserpme sad aicndnepedretni ed e oartnecnoc ed suarG 97 ............................................................... adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefE 5.2.2 67 ......................................... adartne ed oidnoc ad serolav ed lareg aigolopiT 57 ..................................... avissergorp adartne ed lareg oidnoc moc aigolopiT 47 ....................................... etnatsnoc adartne ed lareg oidnoc moc aigolopiT 37 .............................. niaB ed adartne ed oidnoc ad serolav ed aigolopiT 4.2.2 07 .................... adartne ed oidnoc ad roiam etnanimreted:alacse ed aimonocE 76 ............................ sadicelebatse saserpme sad snegatnav ed siapicnirp setnoF 76 ................................................... adartne ed oidnoc ad setnanimreteD 3.2.2 66 ................................................................. adartne ed sedrater sod otseuq A 46 .............................. setnartne ertne e sadicelebatse saserpme ertne sanerefiD 36 ........................................................ etimil-oerp e adartne ed oidnoC 2.2.2 26 ........................................ laicnetop aicnrrocnoc e adartne ed oidnoC 1.2.2 26 ............... siaruturtse sotnemele ed esetns omoc adartne ed oidnoc :niaB 2.2 06 ..................... oaziroet amu ed oerid an sonava :inibaL-solyS e niaB 2.1.2 06 ................................................................... anainosam esilna ad seatimiL 85 .......................................... siaruturtse sotnemele sod lartnec lepap o e nosaM 65 ............................................................... lairtsudni oazinagro ed socirpme sodutse :ohnepmesed-atudnoc-aruturtse megadroba ad snegirO 1.1.2 avliS ad sevlanoG aicuL anA
27 .................................... adartne ed laruturtse oidnoc ad rolav on sanaduM adartne sarierrab sad lepap :ozarp ognol ed orcul ed megram e oerP
ix 612 ................ seicpse sad oulove ed ossecorp o moc acigloib aigolanA 1.3.4 512 ................................................................ atsinoiculove avitcepsrep amu me seavoni ed oeles e acsub ed ossecorp mu omoc aicnrrocnoC 3.4 112 ................. aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp on savitirtser sacitrp sad lepap O 4.2.4 012 .................................................................................. seavoni sad lartnec lepap o e savititepmoc snegatnav rop etnassecni acsub ed ossecorp O 3.2.4 902 ............................................................................ latipac od oazirolav ad acsub a :atsilatipacretni aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp od lareg acigl A 2.2.4 702 ................................... saserpme sad oazinagro ed amrof ad e siairtsudni saruturtse sad oatum etnenamrep :aicnrrocnoc ad socimnid sotiefE 1.2.4 602 ... socimnid sotiefe sues e seavoni ed acsub a :retepmuhcS ed seil sA 2.4 302 ..................................................................... seranimilerp searedisnoC 1.4 302 ........................................................................ socitslopogilo sodacrem me aicnrrocnoc ad acimnid an sadartnec sesilna sad odutse o arap satoN 4 891 ......................................... ldnietS ed oiubirtnoc a erbos searedisnoC 3.3 491 ..................................................................... adajenalp asoico edadicapaC 291 ........................................................................................ soerp ed zedigiR 291 ............. asoico edadicapac e oerp ed zedigir :setnaveler samet sortuO.4.2.3 781 ........... anretni oalumuca a arap soruodaocse sod esilna ad saicnicifusnI 471 ............................ sacipt seautis :anretni oalumuca a arap soruodaocsE 271 ...................... odacrem ed saruturtse sad acimnid ad setnanimreted serotaF 071 ............................................................................................. sodacrem sod omsimanid e avititepmoc osserp ,orcul ed anretni oalumucA 3.2.3 861 ................................................... sodacrem sod oartnecnoc e savitalumuc snegatnav :orcul e otsuc ed siaicnerefid sod socimnid sotiefE 2.2.3 761 .......... sievnimile-on siaicnerefid sorcul ed etnof :alacse ed saimonocE 1.2.3 661 ........................... acimnid e aicnrrocnoc erbos ldnietS ed siartnec saidI 2.3 461 .................................. sodacrem sod acimnid an sairtemissa sad lepaP 2.1.3 161 ................... sievtse aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc e odacrem ed aruturtsE 1.1.3 161 ..................... sodacrem sod omsimanid susrev edadilibatse ed seidnoC 1.3 161 .......................................................................................... aicnrrocnoc ad acimnid airoet amu a oerid me :ldnietS ed megadroba A 3 451 .......................... IO avoN amu ed acsuB me acisslc IO a moc sotnemipmoR 351 .............................................. D-C-E amgidarap od edadilasuac ad adrep A 151 .................................................................................. sotnemarbodseD 3.4.2 051 ........................ inibaL-solyS e niaB ed saicnicifusni e sanucal siapicnirP 2.4.2 041 ......................................... inibaL-solyS e niaB ed siartnec seiubirtnoC 1.4.2 831 ............................................................................................. oilpogilo me aicnrrocnoc ad airoet amu arap sotnemele :inibaL-solyS e niaB 4.2 431 ........................................................ aserpme ednarg ad redop od azerutaN 031 ............................... oaicnerefid ed sarierrab susrev sacigloncet sarierraB sacitslopogilo seidnoc bos aicnrrocnoC
iix
542 ................................................................................................... aifargoilbiB 342 ...................................................................................... sianif searedisnoC 932 ............................................................................... lanoicutitsni/acirtsih 832 ........ sacimnid alacse ed saimonoce e ocigloncet odazidnerpa ed ossecorP 832 ........................................................................ ocigloncet odazidnerpa od lepap o :saserpme sad savititepmoc snegatnav sad edadivitalumuC 4.4.4 532 ................................................................ lairtsudni oulove ed ordap mU 332 ..................................................... oartnecnoc e savititepmoc snegatnav ed edadivitalumuc :lairtsudni oulove e siaropmetretni serdaP 3.4.4 032 ...................... siairotes sedadicificepse sad sotnemele :siairotes serdaP 2.4.4 922 .................................................................................... edadilibairporpa e 822 .................................................................... socigloncet samgidarap sod
edadivitalumuc ,edadinutropo :seavoni sad acimnoce osnemiD aicnicife susrev edadilibisreverri :ocinct ossergorp od edadivitalumuC e lairotes/acigloncet :sacifcepse sesnemid saus e odazidnerpA
722 ...... sacigloncet sairtejart :oavoni ed serdap e socigloncet samgidaraP 622 . socigloncet samgidarap :samelborp ed oulos omoc acigloncet oavonI 422 .................. sacigloncet sairtejart e samgidarap :oavoni ed serdaP 1.4.4 322 .............................................. siareg serdap ed oacifitnedi :sacigloncet seavoni ed osufid e oareg ed sossecorp son sedadiralugeR 4.4 122 ............................................... )odacrem( tsop xe e )saserpme sad sesiced( etna xe :seavoni ed oeles ed ossecorp od lareg oaziretcaraC 3.3.4 812 ......................................................................... sanitor sad lepap :azetrecni bos seavoni ed acsub ed ossecorp od lareg oaziretcaraC 2.3.4 avliS ad sevlanoG aicuL anA
euq oatsopmi amu omoc airaos oisopxe ed amrof artuo a rerroceR .oaudarg ed onisne on aicnirepxe ed sona ed sioped ,odagiarra etnemadnuforp megaugnil ed oicv mu ,edadrev an ,es-uonrot )otircse rop uo laro( oisopxe ed amrof asse ,atsenoh etnemarietni res araP .acitdid etnemlatisoporp megaugnil alep ,sodaicini so meplucsed em euQ .sadadroba iuqa sacimnoceorcim setseuq sa otrep ed siam matefa euq odotm ed sedadlucifid e sassimerp saleuqa arap euqatsed moc ,odihlocse amet oa sotiefa melever es euq sesetpih e sotiecnoc seleuqad ratart a -es-ratimil otxet O .sesneterp sahnim ed mla etnemaralc ovitejbo ,acisslcoen airoet ad lareg acitrc amu arap oapse h on euq ,siameda ,receralcse ebaC .socitslopogilo sodacrem me aicnrrocnoc ad odutse o arap sodacrem sod oartnecnoc/oazimota ed uarg on sadartnec sesilna sad oiubirtnoc ad oailava a odnaziroirp ,laicrap sanepa edneerpme es iuqa euq acitrc osiver A .sodacrem sessen socipt siairaserpme sotnematropmoc sod e sacitsretcarac sad e socitslopogilo sodacrem sod odutse o rotudnoc oif rop odnet ,satsilatipac sodacrem son aicnrrocnoc ad snegadroba sasrevid sad setnaveler sotcepsa ed acitrc osiver amu sodasseretni siamed e sonula soa essatilibissop euq otxet mu ed atlaf ad oatatsnoc a uotluser aicnirepxe atseD .lairtsudnI aimonocE e aimonoceorciM ed saer san sanilpicsid sa moc acitdid aicnirepxe ahnim alep adatneiro ,etrap ednarg me ,iof ohlabart etsed oarobale A
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.ratievorpa ogla massop sonula suem sonem olep euq ed anarepse an ,arienam ahnim rigider idiced ,ocuop mu ralicav ed sioped ,missA .otxet od aicngele uo rogir roiam ed somret me aditrapartnoc airet on etnemlevavorp
san odnanimluc( saserpme sad osnemid etnecserc an odnatluser ,saserpme sad oazilanoicanretni e oacifisrevid ad otnemua ;)saigoloncet savon salep e ariecnanif oazilabolg e oatnemalugersed alep ,lauta esaf an ,adatilicaf( oriecnanif latipac od edig ;latipac od ariecnanif e lairtsudni sarefse sad oartenepretni ;latipac od oazilartnec e oartnecnoc etnecserc :satercnoc sapate saremni saus ed ognol oa ,omsilatipac od oulove ad siareg soart snugla racifitnedi es-edop ,acirtsih avitcepsrep mE .oaluger aus e ohnepmesed ues madnamoc euq somsinacem sod e laidnum omsilatipac od oarugifnoc avon amu a megiro odnad ,latipac od oazilabolg ed ossecorp odamahc on es-artnocne satsilatipac saimonoce sad oatum ed ossecorp onrete od etnecer oatsefinam amU .etnaid rop missa e siacol sovitudorp sojnarra sod ,aserpme ed sodaicnerefid sohnamat arap aicnvivnoc ed soapse sod ,sele ertne sealer sad ,siairtsudni serotes sod oarugifnoc ad ,sale ertne sealer sad ,saserpme sad oazinagro ed amrof e sedadivita ed opocse ,ohnamat od ,savitudorp sedadinu sad otibm on adavresbo edadienegoreteh an sasserpxe ,sodacrem sod e saserpme sad otibm on seautis ed edadisrevid e edadixelpmoc etnecserc a sanredom satsilatipac saimonoce sad setnacram siam soart sod mU
s o d a c r e m s o d o a rt n e c n o c / o a zi m ot a e d u a r g o n s a d a rt n e c s e sil n a s a d s o cit sl o p o gil o s o d a c r e m m e ai c n r r o c n o c a d o d ut s e o a r a p o i u bi rt n o c a d o ail a v a : e s et a d o vit ej b O 1

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o seled lapicnirp o( enu sa euq siareg soart h ,otaf eD .emon omsem olep sa-odnamahc raunitnoc arap sovitom snob revah ecerap ,otnatne oN .setrop sodairav siam sod saserpme ed aicnvivnoc ad edadilaer an asserpxe es euq ,sotcepsa soirv bos ,saserpme sad edadienegoreteh e edadisrevid acitstnaf a ,olpmexe rop ,mevresbO .cte ,aicnrrocnoc ed e oavoni ed serdap ,sianoicazinagro sojnarra ,sotsuc ,sorcul ed snegram ,soerp ,sotudorp ,sacinct ,aserpme ed sohnamat ed somret me ,saengoreteh e saxelpmoc siairtsudni saruturtse ed edadilaer etemer son euq o ,odacrem o aicnrrocnoc ad odaigelivirp o ,sotercnoc somret mE .lareg siam o aicnrrocnoc ed otiecnoc o ,aimonoceorcim ad atsiv ed otnop oD .esilna ad ortnec on aicnrrocnoc ed otiecnoc o macoloc siairaserpme sesiced sa erbos ecrexe latipac od oazirolav ad acigl a euq aicnnimoderp a e arof a ,otaf eD .atsilatipac aicnrrocnoc a ,)siareg soart racifitnedi edneterp es euq j( res ed raxied airedop on omoc ,oxie omoc odnet ,aciret osiver ed orofse mu ed otibm on ,otnatrop ,es-autis eset atsE .satercnoc seatsefinam saremni saus ed otnemidnetne o arap iubirtnoc osneerpmoc ajuc ,atsilatipac aicnrrocnoc a d es euq me seidnoc sad siareg soart racifitnedi e lairtsudni arefse an satsilatipac sesiced s sadanoicaler setseuq moc adil euq acimnoce arutaretil ad setnatropmi siam serotua sod snugla rerrocrep ,edadrev an ,edneterp eset atse euq o ,siairtsudni saimonoce salep sadiviv seautis ed edadisrevid emrone ad e oatum etnenamrep ad otnemicehnocer od odnitraP .omsilatipac od esaf lauta ad sacitsretcarac sad omsem men ,sapate saus ed amu adac ed sedadicificepse sa odnadicule ,omsilatipac od airtsih ad ratart ed onetni a met on eset atsE .ohlabart od edadivitudorp ad otnemicserc ;)oaziriecret aiv ajes ,otnemitsevni aiv ajes( ovitudorp latipac od evisulcni ,latipac od edadilibom osneporp ;sianoicanitlum saserpme sad sadavirp saigtartse sad aicnlaverp ;).cte ,otnemitsevni ,oicrmoc ed soxulf so erbos seacilpmi moc( ovitaroprocartni oibmcretni od otnemua on e )eder-saserpme sadamahc
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.ariecnanif oazilabolg a arap esab a ,missa ,odnecenrof ,latipac od edadilibom a macifisnetni e mecerovaf ,sacinct sacitsretcarac sairprp saus rop ,oamrofni ed saigoloncet sad adareleca osufid a e otnemivlovnesed O 2 .sedadivita ertne latipac od edadilibom sodairc sevartne seroiam solep ralucitrap me ,aicnrrocnoc ad otnemanoicnuf o arap omoc atsilatipac aserpme ad acigloncet e ariecnanif ,lanoicazinagro aruturtse a arap s on sadnuforp saicnqesnoc moc ,adavele siam otium edutingam ed ominm oxif latipac ed semulov rigixe a odnassap ,sairtsdni savon me e setnetsixe sairtsdni me oudorp ed salacse sa etnemlevaredisnoc marailpma sacigloncet sanadum setnatropmi lauq on ,odassap olucs od oicni od ocirtsih otxetnoc o rarbmeler lit ,oartsuli ed olutt A 1
.latipac od oazirolav ad acsub a erpmes ,res ed raxied airedop on omoc ,oxie O 2.aicnnimoderp etnecserc odahnag met ,eder me saserpme sad oazinagro ed amrof alep adaicnetop e adaiopa ,ariecnanif acigl a ,etnemetnecer siaM .oasnart ed sotsuc ed saimonoce sad e opocse ed saimonoce sad aicntropmi etnecserc a moc odidivid res a uossap lepap esse euq me esaf amu rop adidecus odnes ,saserpme sednarg sad redop od e sodacrem sod oartnecnoc ad arotom arof ednarg omoc alacse ed saimonoce sad etnanimoderp aicntropmi a racifitnedi levssop ,sotercnoc-ocirtsih somret mE .lareg me ,seiutitsni sad acimnid a e 1 aruturtse a erbos sianoicazinagro e sacigloncet seavoni sad otcapmi od aicnveler a ,acirtsih esilna ad aditrap ed otnop omoc ,recehnocer egixe euq e etnanicsaf odutse ed amet mu omsilatipac od sesaf setnerefid sa maiemrep euq satercnoc-ocirtsih seatum sa rasilanA .setnanimod oudorp ad oazinagro ed sodom son satercnoc sanadum sa e sedadiralucitrap sa redneerpmoc ed zapac res arap ta ,lareg o rednetne saM .lasrevinu e laropmeta airoet amu odnednefed tse es oN .)satsilatipac odacrem od e aserpme ad( siareg soart racifitnedi ed edadicapac alep es-measserbos serotua sesse ,socifcepse socirpme e socirtsih sotxetnoc me sodiresni ed rasepA .oacilbup aus edsed ,)olucs mu ed siam uo( sadacd mamos sarbo sajuc serotua ed odutse od aicnnitrep a rednefed a avel son euq otirpse esse .edadisrevid lat rednetne rohlem metimrep ,sodidneerpmoc meb es ,euq e )oingsed omsem oa satiejus meratse ed
.aicnrrocnoc ad acimnid airoet amu ed ourtsnoc oerid me orofse ues o atsiv me odnet ,opurg odnuges on adacifissalc res etnematiefrep airedop oiubirtnoc aus euq odom ed ,opurg odnuges o arap oriemirp od megassap ed rotua mu ldnietS ,edadrev aN 3
.setnega sod etrap rop arodazimixam uo avitnatsbus edadilanoicar ed e odacrem ed oirbliuqe ed seon sa moc arutpur aticlpxe an odaiopa ,ocisslcoen oa ovitanretla acimnoce airoet me amgidarap mu ed ourtsnoc a arap aicntropmi aus atsiv me odnet ,onairetepmuhcs-oen euqofne od sodadnuforpa siam sodutse arap aiug mu rotiel oa recenrof etnemacisab odnasiv ,)4 olutpac on( oatneserpa atnicus ed otejbo res ,edadilauq ed e etnecserc aciftneic oudorp amu ed oiopa o moc atnoc euq ,opurg odnuges O .)3 e 2 ,1 solutpac so odnegnarba( eset atsed otejbo o iutitsnoc ,aicnrrocnoc ad odutse on setnaveler sotnemele rinuer odnasiv ,opurg oriemirp od sesilna sad oiubirtnoc ad oailava A .savititepmoc snegatnav ed )etnassecni( acsub ad socimnid sotiefe son adaesab aicnrrocnoc ad anairetepmuhcs -oen megadroba ad seiubirtnoc odninuer ,socitslopogilo sodacrem me aicnrrocnoc ad acimnid an sadartnec sesilnA )2 .inibaL-solyS e niaB 3 ,nosniboR .J ,rodlaK ,affarS ed seiubirtnoc sasoilav salep odnassap ,acimnoceorcim esilna a arap ldnietS ed odagel o ta sanaillahsram saidi satrec ed etagser o edsed riulcni edop es siauq san ,sodacrem sod oartnecnoc/oazimota ed uarg on sadartnec sesilnA )1 :sopurg sednarg siod me ,sodidneterp iuqa sotiefe so arap ,odom ossorg ,adidivid res edop sacitslopogilo seidnoc bos aicnrrocnoc erbos arutaretil atsav A .)sodassapartlu sodaredisnoc etnematsopus serotua e sotcepsa ,ranodnaba omsem uo ,onalp odnuges a rageler es ed satsuc s evisulcni( acimnoceorcim arutaretil an oapse etnecserc odnahnag mv sotcepsa sessed snugla euqrop ,odnugeS .asoisneterp siamed rop aferat amu aires euqrop ,oriemirP .sotcepsa so sodot rirboc edneterp es on saM .sodacrem sod e saserpme sad oazinagro a erbos socimnid sotiefe sues ratnopa e saserpme sa ertne aicnrrocnoc a assecorp es omoc rednetne arap siaicnesse sotcepsa ratagser arap riubirtnoc es-edneterp ,otirpse esse moC
maertsniam
.)2.3 meti ,3 .pac ,9991( sassoP aivliS .M rev ,omsilatipac od socimnoce setnega sod edadilanoicar a erbos acitdid ossucsid amu araP 5 .)1 .pac ,9991( sassoP aivliS .M rev ,atsilatipac aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp od siareg sotcepsa erbos acitdid ossucsid amu araP 4
oxiab moc otnatrop ,sievssimsnart etnemlicaf on uo/e socifcepse sovita etnematsuj os savititepmoc snegatnav seroiam sa matnetsus euq sovita so euq j ,latipac od oazirolav ed roiam ovitejbo oirprp oa adanoicidnoc tse edadilibixelf ad otnemua aiv azetrecni ad sotiefe so rizuder racsub ed edadilanoicar a euq amelborp O .sadacoviuqe sesiced ed setnerroced sadrep sa rizuder etimrep atse euq me adidem an ,edadilibixelf ed acsub ad oiem rop mbmat adatnerfne res edop azetrecni A .senevnoc 5 e sanitor me adaesab a etnemlaicepse ,edadilanoicar ad oatsefinam ed samrof sartuo me mis sam ,)ocitmetam oditnes on( arodazimixam lamrof edadilanoicar amu me on ,adaiopa zaf es otnemicserc e edadilibatner ed acsub a ,azetrecni ed seidnoc boS .)saserpme sad oazilanoicanretni e oacifisrevid setnecserc e odacrem ed oartnecnoc( setnatluser sossecorp setnatropmi ed lareg acigl a racilpxe e anredom aserpme ednarg ad oulove airprp a rednetne etimrep son euq etnemetnassecni recserc e rarcul racsub rop oslupmi o ,silA .)sorcul sod osrevnier aiv( etnemautum marofer es euq e seratnemelpmoc sovitejbo os ozarp ognol on recserc e rarcul ,)2 .pac ,9591( esorneP uozitafne omoC .)merecerep ed anep bos( meridnapxe es e sorcul meretbo ed rezid reuq ,merecnev ed edadissecen a arap saserpme sa arrupme odacrem ed aimonoce ad aviteles acigl A .recelaverp sele erbos arap setnerrocnoc soa oaler me es-raicnerefid 4 atnet aserpme adac lauq on ,omsilatipac on aicnrrocnoc ad oviteles ossecorp od latnemadnuf oart o savititepmoc snegatnav ed adavoner etnemauteprep acsub a ,aicnviverbos ed otseuq amu roP
s a cit sl o p o gil o s e i d n o c b o s ai c n r r o c n o c e d o s s e c o r p o e r b o s si a r e g s e a r e di s n o C 2
.eset atsed oatneserpa ed aicnqes a e serotua ed oeles a sadidnetne res medop euq missa
.)17 .p ,5891( sassoP rop odatnopa emrofnoC 9 .)6891( nosmailliW reV .)ecnanrevog( onrevog ed aruturtse amu omoc anoicnuf ,oditnes etseN 8 .)5 .p ,5991( sassoP aivliS .M ediV 7 .)3.3 meti ,3 .pac ,9991( sassoP aivliS .M rev ,sodaicnerefid sohnag ed acsub a susrev sosrucer/sovita sod edadilibixelf ed acsub a ertne otnorfnoc etnatropmi esse atnoc me odnavel ,atsilatipac aserpme ad osnapxe ed e osiced ed acigl a erbos acitdid ossucsid amu araP 6
.)52 .p ,9591 ,esorneP( acirtsih e ralugnis airtejart amu atneserpa ale ,otseg aus ad sedadiralucitrap sad e aserpme amu a setnenitrep sosrucer ed ocifcepse otnujnoc od aicnrroced me )b ;)42 .p ,9591 ,esorneP( rimussa etse euq oerid a e ovisnapxe laicnetop ues ranimreted ri avitartsinimda osiced rop opmet od ognol oa e setnerefid sosu ertne oacola ajuc ,)sievirav edadilibixelf ed suarg ed( sovitudorp sosrucer ed oeloc amu omoc aserpme ad oon a )a :9sodnucef e sianigiro sotnemarbodsed ,sadanedrooc e sadanoicaler otse sedadivita sajuc ,ovitartsinimda 8 otnemajenalp ed amontua edadinu omoc aserpme ed oinifed ad riartxe oa ,aserpme ad otnemicserc od sonretni setnanimreted sod otnemidnetne o arap etnemavisiced uiubirtnoc )9591( esorneP .sievgnatni sovita me sadaesab ,sartuo 7 ed sadahnapmoca merof on es aicntropmi aus ed etrap redrep a mednet snegatnav satse sadot euq racatsed ebac ,odom reuqlauq eD .ecnetrep euq a opurg od e aserpme ad oriecnanif oiredop od merroced snegatnav ed sopit sortuO .odacrem od oapuco an aicndecerp ad avired opocse ed e alacse ed saimonoce ed oturfusu o ,olpmexe roP .sovita ed opit essed etnematerid merroced savititepmoc snegatnav sa sadot men euq mbmat edadrev ,odal ortuo roP .megami ,sadicelebatse sealer ,otnemicehnoc ,aicnirepxe me sodadnuf os euq ,sievgnatni sovita sodamahc so esab rop met savititepmoc snegatnav sad etrap aob ,missA .oriehnid e opmet ed oidnpsid etnatropmi mes d es on oatimi ajuc e )siaicnetop e setnetsixe( siavir solep sievtudorper etnemarietni on ,socifcepse os ehl euq ,siaicepse sovita ed amrof a ramot mamutsoc soirnidroartxe sohnag ed onetbo a aserpme metimrep euq sofnurt so ,otaf eD .sodaicnerefid sohnag sosrucer/sovita sod 6 edadilibixelf ertne otnorfnoc otrec mu h ,ajes uO .edadilibixelf ed uarg
susrev
.)821 .p ,9991 ,sassoP aivliS .M( osu olep sovita sessed airohlem a asnetni siam otnauq roiam otnat res euq ,aigrenis amu airc es euq rezid es-edoP .odnahnag meas sodot ,aserpme ad sotnemges soirv rop sodahlitrapmoc meres oa ,orofer ues o lareg me acifingis sievgnatni sovita ed osu o omoC 21 .)721 .p ,9991 ,sassoP aivliS .M( sodatnalpus os euqrop e sodidrep os euqrop ,sodazilitu merof on es magnitxe es euq moc zaf sievgnatni sovita sod edadiremefe ed amrof ralucitrap A 11 .)721 .p ,9991 ,sassoP aivliS .M( sievnacla etnemalpma erpmes men ,sotisiuqer-rp sotrec ed onetbo a moc odroca ed e orofse ednarg mu spa sievriuqda os s e iussop so meuq ed som sad meas acnun etniugesnoc rop ,oazilaicremoc aus a edepmi sievgnatni sovita sod atict osnemid A 01
ed saimonoce ,)sodacrem sodanimreted a odaigelivirp osseca ,samirp -sairtam ed sadavreser setnof ,seronem sotsuc a osseca( oilponom ed snegatnav omoc siat ,savititepmoc snegatnav ed oareg ed setnof sievssop sad odutse olep assap sadidecus-meb savititepmoc saigtartse ed ourtsnoc arap satnemarref siapicnirp sad ossucsid A * .acifcepse ale a aicntepmoc ed oelcn mu odniutitsnoc ,edadiratnemelpmoc aus atnoc me odnavel ,adargetni amrof ed savititepmoc snegatnav saus odnarofer e odnailava ,auta j euq me sodacrem son levrovaf avititepmoc oisop aus etilibed saer savon arap osnapxe a euq rative ed oditnes on ret eved aserpme a euq odadiuc o arap ,otnatertne ,oneta a amahc ,)9591( esorneP ed arienoip oatnemugra a moc ainotnis me ,)821 .p ,9991( sassoP aivliS .M .sievgnatni sovita sues etnemalpma mezilitu euq sedadivita recrexe , 21 otsi ,otnemicserc ed airtejart aus ed ognol oa aicnreoc atrec amu retnam agisnoc aserpme ad oirsiced oproc o euq ed etnemlaicurc edneped ossecus ueS .savititepmoc snegatnav ed ourtsnoc ad setnedneped etnemamitni os ) e edadivitarcul ed sievn setnerefid me saditelfer( saserpme sa ertne edadivititepmoc ed sanerefid sA .edadiremefe 11 ed amrof ralucitrap aus a e 01atict osnemid aus a oduterbos ,siaicepse sedadeirporp saus a odived ,savititepmoc snegatnav ed onetbo an ofnurt omoc aicntropmi ralucitrap aus alep ,sievgnatni sovita sues ed levssop otievorp roiam o rarit ed acsub an ralucitrap me ,epsid euq ed sosrucer sod oazirolav ed etnassecni acsub amu me es-zudart atsilatipac aserpme ad osnapxe ed e osiced ed acigl a ,amus mE
erahs tekram
01
.)eset atsed opocse od arof( atsilatipac oalumuca ad ariecnanif ecaf ad ossucsid a arap etemer euq o ,edadilibixelf ed suarg retnam mbmat racsub etnatropmi res aD 31
.socitslopogilo sodacrem me aicnrrocnoc ad setnanoicidnoc sotnemele sessed snugla sonem olep ritucsid edneterp eset atsE .aserpme 31 ad edadivititepmoc ed seidnoc sad oailpma e onetunam a arap etnanimreted oaticapac amu asse e radum arap es-raticapac osicerp ,otnE .sadatad os e )aserpme airprp e socigloncet ,siairotes somret me( sacifcepse os seaticapac sa sam ,es-raticapac osicerp .).cte ,lanoicutitsni ouobacra ,sacimnoce sedadilanretxe( lareg ocimnoce etneibma o e adaredisnoc airtsdni ad )odacrem ed e savitudorp ,sacigloncet( sacifcepse seidnoc sa e setnerrocnoc so ,)seaticapac e sovita sues me sadizudart ,sedadicificepse saus e( aserpme a ertne oaretni a rednetne reuqer setneicife savititepmoc saigtartse ed oalumrof A .edadivitalumuc ed sotcepsa a sadaicossa siam sedadiraluger ed oacifitnedi alep sadatpac res medop euq e sacigloncet sairtejart sad sedadicificepse e siairotes serdap ed somret me sanerefid sad odutse o arap metemer euq ,laruturtse retrac ed setnanoicidnoc oS .oapse on e opmet on mairav euq e siairotes sacitsretcarac ed medneped euq aserpme ad oauta ad setnanoicidnoc setnatropmi h saM .odacrem omsem mu ed saserpmeretni sanerefid sa ,olpmexe rop ,racilpxe arap lit otium e saicntsnucric reuqsiauq me ,oipcnirp me ,levcilpa ,seaticapac ed ourtsnoc an adaiopa aserpme ad airoet amu arap sotnemele so rinuer levssop aireS .)saserpmeretni sealer ed somret me mbmat sam ,aserpme ad roiretni on sanepa on - oazinagro ed samrof ed ,odacrem ed ,acigloncet :opit reuqlauq ed( oavoni a ,aicnrrocnoc ad samra sad zacife siam ad odutse olep mbmat assap omoc meb ,)socifcepse sovita radraugser e riurfusu rohlem e omsinutropo e azetrecni rizuder ed amrof omoc oazilanretni( oasnart ed sotsuc ed saimonoce e odazidnerpa ed sacimnid saimonoce ,opocse ed saimonoce ,)otnemivlovnesed e asiuqsep ,sadnev ,oiubirtsid ,oudorp ed( alacse
on acitmetam ed roirepus osruc zef llahsraM ,loohcS srolyaT tnahcreM odatuper on )mital e ogerg( sacisslc saugnl e sartel radutse spA .sodacrem sod laicrap oirbliuqe ed seidnoc s es-uocided llahsraM ,lareg oirbliuqe ad od airoet a e uevlovnesed seterprtni
sarlaW
otnauqnE
.acisslc
airoet
seralumrofer
sednarg sod mu ,)0191-4381( sarlaW noL ed odal oa ,iof llahsraM ,atsilanigram acimnoce anirtuod ad ocittse ocram oN .)3781-6081( lliM trautS nhoJ e )3281-2771( odraciR divaD ,)0971-3271( htimS madA aselgni acisslC acitloP aimonocE ad serodadnuf sertsem sednarg sod arutla e oriedreh ,ocimnoce otnemasnep od airtsih an euqatsed ed ragul apuco llahsraM ,egdirbmaC ed acisslcoen alocse adamahc ad aixodotro ahlev ad arugif lapicnirP .acimnoce aicnic ad ossergorp o arap )4291-2481( llahsraM derflA ed oiubirtnoc a levgeni
l a r e g o ail a v a a m U 1. 1. 1 a n aill a h s r a m a n a r e h A 1. 1
)sodaicnerefid etnemaenegomoh uo( soengomoh e socitsmota sodacrem rop aicnreferp a
:aicnrrocnoc ad lanoicidart acisslcoen megadroba A
21
ehT ed arotua ,adacilpa anula ,nosniboR

e ednarg odnecrexe ,odarimda e
naoJ ;egdirbmaC me uiutitsbus
o euq ,uogiP .C .A :sele ertnE .satsimonoce setnenimeorp es-maranrot siauq sod snugla ,solupcsid ed seareg erbos aicnulfni acinmegeh odatoved iof ertsem omoC
.arbo aus adiv ed sona 61 somitl so racided arap ,8091 me es-ratnesopa ta sona 32 rop uopuco euq ardetc ,acitlop aimonoce ed ralutit rosseforp omoc egdirbmaC a uonroter ,5881 ed oicni oN .soirtisrevinu solucrc son oigtserp ednarg odniriuqda ,etnahlirb mrop atruc arierrac amu
evet edno ,drofxO ed edadisrevinU ad ,loillaB me acitlop aimonoce ed etnecod-ervil es-uonrot ,3881 mE .acitlop aimonoce ed rosseforp e od drofxO roterid ed edadisrevinU lotsirB alep iof odicelebatse ,7781 mE oirtisrevinU oigloC
omoc
arap
.ocimnoce
otnemasnep
ues ed sesab sa uorobale euq opmet omsem oa ,acigl e acitlop aimonoce essanoicel ele euq arap etnemlaicepse snhoJ .tS me adairc ,siarom
saicnic ed olucrruc on ariedac avon amu ed aicncod-ervil a uecrexe ,7781-8681 ertnE .elaY e dravraH ed sedadisrevinU otatnoc salep odnassap e sodinU
,setnenimeorp sarugif e satsimonoce
moc
evetnam
sodatsE so uotisiv ,5781 mE .semela satsimonoce sortuo ed e ,mela acirtsih alocse ad ,rehcsoR ed sepecnoc sa moc otatnoc evet ,8681 mE .siaicnerefid seauqe me ,8681/7681 ed ognol oa ,uizudart sepecnoc sajuc ,)8481 ed ,
ymonocE lacitiloP fo selpicnirP(
lliM ed arutiel a moc
ocimnoce opmac on es-uoicini llahsraM ,ocitmetam ednarG .aicnrrocnoc
ad sarof san anerc ahlev aus ad ,)9581 ,
seicpsE sad megirO A(
niwraD ed satsinoiculove saidi sa e )2381-8471( mahtneB ed omsiratilitu o :setnanimoderp otne saidi ed setnerroc saud setneserp otse llahsraM ed otnemasnep od sezar saN .sosruc sortuo ed ecidnpa omoc sanepa aitsixe acop an , lliM e odraciR ,htimS socisslc serotua sednarg solep adanimod ,airtam a euq j ,odazilaicepse e raluger oirtisrevinu osruc ratneqerf otnatertne mes ,aimonoce ad etnemlaudarg es-uomixorpa llahsraM so moc ,lairtsudnI odapucoerp ouloveR alep sodacovorp .aifosolif siaicos samelborp euq opmet
atsiratinamuH
avadutse
omsem oa ,egdirbmaC me acitmetam ed seraluger sosruc son e ,odorep everb mu rop ,egelloC notfilC on airtam asse ranoicel a odnassap
,5681 me odulcnoc ,egdirbmaC ed edadisrevinU ad egelloC snhoJ .tS
31
.airtagirbo aicnrefer ed etnof ,)2891( hcuartS reV .llahsraM erbos ocifrgoilbiboib oiasne etnelecxe mu uorobale hcuartS ymlottO ,odutse essen esab moC .4291 .tpeS ,531 .n ,VIXXX .v ,lanruoJ cimonocE ehT .4291-2481 ,llahsraM derflA 1
.senyeK rop adarobale aifargoilbib ad oacilbuper e setnatropmi siam sosluva sotircse sues ed snugla ed oeles ad mla ,uogiP rop adatide llahsraM erbos soiasne ed aenteloc ,)5291(
ll a h s r a M d e r fl A f o sl ai r o m e M
ranoicnem ebac ,etnemlaniF
. a n aill a h sr a m air t e n o m air o et a d ai c n s s e a o d n et n o c , 3 0 9 1 e 6 8 8 1 ert n e si at n e m a nr e v o g s o gr a s o d at n e s er p a s ot n e mi o p e d e sodnaromem ed aenteloc ,)6291( srepaP laiciffO )6 ;ll a h sr a M e d s air t e n o m s ai di s a er b o s ai c n r ef er et n atr o p mi i utit s n o c , 5 7 8 1 m e s o d at el p m o c e ll a h sr a M r o p s o d a zil a er s o d ut s e soriemirp sod oturf ,)3291( ecremmoC dna tiderC ,yenoM )5 ; 0 9 8 1 e d l e v r a p m o c ,l e v t o n ar b o a m u o m o c a di c e h n o c er , s el pi c ni r P s o d o a u nit n o c a m u ll a h sr a M r o p
; s et n ai pi c nir p ar a p s el pi c ni r P s o ratpada ed avitatnet ,)2981( yrtsudnI fo scimonocE fo stnemelE )3 ; s a ci m n o c e s ai di s a d air t si h a n s o cr a m s e d n ar g s o d m u o m o c air t o n ,etnatropmi siam arbo aus ,)0981( scimonocE fo selpicnirP )2 ;ll a h sr a M y el a P yr a M , a s o p s e a u s moc oarobaloc me otircse ,)9781( yrtsudnI fo scimonocE ehT )1
:setniuges so os sorvil so ,oacilbup ed aciglonorc medro mE .sorvil so socuop odnes ,sotnemioped e sogitra ,sotehlof airoiam a ,sneti 18 egnarba sohlabart sues ed atsil A .sarbo satium ed rotua on llahsraM ,olucs oiem ed siam rop aimonoce odacided es ahnet arobmE .XX olucs od edatem ariemirp an sacimnoce acitlop a e airoet a uonoiculover euq
a d a r e di s n o c , ) 9 1 9 1 ( s n oit a N d n a s e s s al C s u oi r a V f o s n oiti d n o C e ht n o s e c n e ulf nI ri e h T f o d n a , n oit a zi n a g r O s s e ni s u B dna euqinhceT yrtsudnI ydutS A :edarT dna yrtsudnI )4
,ofargib etnenime siam ues e otelid
olupcsid ues ,)6491-3881( senyeK dranyaM nhoJ ;)6291 ,
snoitidnoC
evititepmoC rednu snruteR fo swaL ehT(

rednopser ed avitatnet amu ,)3391(
affarS ed ogitra erbelc on
saditnoc acisslcoen alocse sacitrc sa )raroprocni ,adidem atrec me ,e(
noititepmoC tcefrepmI fo scimonocE
41
.acimnoce esilna ad oelcn omoc oudvidni od oaroprocni a e oudorp ed serotaf so sodot a setnecserced sotnemidner sod oazilareneg a omoc arutpur ed sotnop setnatropmi h ,aimonoceorcim ed siaunam son adargasnoc oaterpretni an ,acisslcoen airoet a arap acisslc airoet ad megassap an ,euq ratlasser ebaC 3 .setnednep avagluj euq acimnoce aicnic ad siartnec setseuq sa ratnerfne odnarucorp ,uocided ohlabart siam llahsraM euq a orvil o essE .3781 a atnomer megiro ajuc ,otniuQ orviL on tse selpicnirP sod oelcn uo enrec O 2
aicnulfni aus ,arretalgnI an adartneC .acisslcoen acimnoce airoet
ad ,sadacd sairv rop ,ainomegeh e oanimessid an osoilav otnemurtsni iof ,ocitdid e ociret rolav ednarg eD .aimonoce ad sotnemadnuf sod sioped
so erbos lareg odatart ednarg oriemirp o ,lliM ed
selpicnirP
,odnes ,atsilanigram esilna ad oisopxe adacitsifos siam a arbo asse ,saditnoc alen saciglodotem e siautiecnoc seavoni sad mlA .rolav od oanimreted an ,lanigram edadilitu e )socisslc sod anareh( oudorp ed otsuc railicnoc uiugesnoc ,esilna an opmet rotaf od oudortni
saarG .sianoicarepo sotiecnoc e soipcnirp me so-odnamrofsnart ,)lliM rop sotsopxe emrofnoc( odraciR etnemlapicnirp e htimS ed sodalutsop so ,acitmetam ad oilxua o moc ,razilareneg e ratelpmoc a es-sporp llahsraM ,otnemasnep ues azitetnis euq arbo ,
selpicnirP
soN
.atsilanigram anirtuod erefer ed mahnet sotiecnoc snugla arobme ,euq es-ebas ,ejoH .)8881 ed ,latipaC 3 od avitisoP airoeT ,krewaB-mhB ;1781 ed ,acitloP aimonocE ad sotnemadnuF ,regneM( acartsua alocse adamahc e )1781 ed ,ymonocE lacitiloP fo yroehT( snoveJ a adived atsilanigram anirtuod a moc socisslc sodalutsop sod esetns a otief airet llahsraM euq ed etnerroc oon uovel sociret sotircse sues ed oacilbup a e oarobale a ertne otaih essE .sotsoporp sotiecnoc so oiefrep e oditaxe moc ratneserpa me iof oapucoerp amertxe arbo aus odnitelfer a ,0781 ,0981 ed me sanepa rop adacilbup es euq on ,soenropmetnoc sues a eved adan llahsraM ,odidecerp ehl otaf
llahsraM
ed
lapicnirp
atlov
sodivlovnesed
etnatsab messevitse lareg airoet aus ed sotnemadnuf so arobme ,missA .sadacilbup meres ed setna otium ,sotirtser solucrc me adatnemgarf
amrof ed sadaluciev uo ,siatnemanrevog sogr etnarep sotnemioped e saicnrefnoc ,salua me satsopxe odis meret ed otaf olep adatlucifid ,saidi saus ed edadilanigiro ed uarg o ralucitrap me ,acimnoce aicnic ad oulove a arap llahsraM ed oiubirtnoc ad oailava A
51
.)3 ,III .pac ,otniuQ orviL( sol-utitsbus massop euq serotaf ed opurg ortuo reuqlauq ed amos a euq od ronem ,arger me , serotaf sessed atrefo ed soerp sod amos A .ovitejbo ues oa sodairporpa siam oudorp ed serotaf so mehlocse osac adac me serotudorp so ,adnia ,E .)1 ,V .pac ,oriecreT orviL( sodot me lanigram edadilitu amsem a ahnet asioc a euq arienam lat ed setse ertne -al-itraper ,setnerefid sosu me ragerpme edop euq asioc amu met aossep amu es ,llahsraM odnugeS .oudorp ed otsuc ronem o serotudorp soa e oafsitas amixm a serodimusnoc soa arugessa oiutitsbus ed oipcnirp O 4
airtenom
airoet
ad
etrap
ednarg
ed
aicntropmi
adicehnocer
a racatsed ebac ,
selpicnirP sod mla arap oailava a odnednetsE
.onredom atsimonoce od ocitlana e ociret latnemurtsni od ejoh etrap mezaf e aimonoce ad etneqesbus otnemivlovnesed on lepap etnatropmi marahnepmesed amrif .cte ,soxif ,lairaserpme e soirmirp oazinagro sotsuc ,avitatneserper sanretni
,adner-esauq
,aserpme
e sanretxe saimonoce ,edadicitsale ed aidi a omoc siat arbo assen saditnoc sarodavoni sealumrof sartuO .)
selpicnirP
sod seiubirtnoc
sievton siam sad amu omoc adicehnocer raluces e ognol ,otruc ,oirropmet opmet ed sodorep sotnitsid ertne acigl oacramed a( acimnoce esilna an ad e omusnoc od
opmet rotaf od oudortni aticlpxe a )5 ;)4oudorp

san ,megram an oiutitsbus ed aidi a
sarefse
asoredop odnes( atrefo e adnamed ertne oirbliuqe od esilna
)4 ;odacrem
ed seidnoc s airtsdni ad e aserpme ad atrefo ad sotnematsuja sod e sotsuc sod esilna
)3
;)adnamed ed avruc ad sotnemacolsed e adnamed
ed onuf amsem amu ed ognol oa adadnamed edaditnauq ad seairav ertne osufnoc agitna odnevloser( meb mu ed adadnamed edaditnauq a e oerp o ertne oaler ad asorogir esilna a an oudorp a ed otsuc od e adnamed siapicnirp ad sues
)2
;rolav od oanimreted od oacificepse ,es-macatsed
lepap
aralc
)1
:serodaterpretni
odnuges
,acimnoce esilna a arap llahsraM ed seiubirtnoc sa ertnE .0391 sona sod osserpeD ednarG a moc euqex me atsop ,)8 .p ,0891( laudarg otnemicserc ed aicndnet amu ,oirbliuqe o arap larutan aicndnet amu ed a ,nosniboR naoJ emuser omoc ,are llahsraM ed lartnec eset a ,ossergorp laudarg e ountnoc rarugessa ed zapac ametsis mu omoc omsilatipac od ralucitrap me ,odnum ed osiv aus odnitelfeR .sodinU sodatsE so uonacla e aporuE ad etrap ednarg rop es-uohlapse
61
dna tiderC ,yenoM
.5781-8681 odorep od sexelfer ed oturf ,)3291( ecremmoC e ,3091 e 6881 ertne sodazilaer sohlabart odnetnoc ,)6291( srepaP laiciffO :os llahsraM ed sairtenom sepecnoc sa erbos aicnrefer ed setnof siapicnirp saud sA 5
odavorpmoc( ocittse aimonoce od osu ad o ocimnid ertne retrac od otnemicehnocer A
me o e
odotm
edadigibma
airton
.odot mu omoc amelborp od atelpmoc sonem uo siam oulos amun siaicrap seulos sad oanibmoc roiretsop a e laicrap oirbliuqe ed odotm o ragul ues me ahnuporp llahsraM ,lareg oirbliuqe ed esilna a onalp odnuges a odnageleR .odacrem ed aimonoce a omoc oxelpmoc ot otejbo ed odaruca siam otart on edadissecen
amu llahsraM rop odagluj ,
subirap siretec
alusulc adamahc ad osu o
moc ,laicrap opit od sesilna a aizudnoc etrocer oriemirp O .)2 ,otniuQ orviL ,
,V .pac
selpicnirP(
es-avaesab
sacimnoce seagitsevni san sedadlucifid
sad sasuac siapicnirp sad amu ,
opmet otnemele od aneserp alep e otejbo

esilna ed odotm O
od edadixelpmoc alep odacifitsuj , opmet on e oapse on etrocer olpud mu me onaillahsram
.acimnoce airoet anredom a odnaicneulfni ,sortuo e senyeK ,uogiP rop adiuges iof aciglodotem oatneiro assE .oisopxe ed on sam aimonoce me esilna ed odilv otnemurtsni mu acitmetam a odnaredisnoc aus rop ,etnemasoinomicrap adarofer ,lauq alep o-avasu ozar ed ,acitdid ,)setnaveler euq oapucoerp saicnulfni avacatsed
anrete
recrotsid ,ralucitrap odnuforp
uo
ritimo
medop e
seauqe
sotnujnoc saus ed
me( ahnit
seatimil llahsraM
sedadilaicnetop ,aviturtsnoc e
otnemicehnoc amrof ed
acitmetsis
ocitlana otarapa esse ragerpme a oriemirP .airtemonoce ad serosrucerp sod mu omoc odit lauq alep ozar ,adicehnocer etnemalpma mbmat acitmetam aimonoce a arap llahsraM ed oiubirtnoc A
.airtenom airoet me egdirbmaC ed megadroba ad rodadnuf o odaredisnoc llahsraM .airtenom
aimonoce ad opmac on euq od setnacram siam os soenropmetnoc sues erbos edadiroirepus aus e onaillahsram otnemasnep od edadilanigiro a aimonoce ad opmac muhnen me euq ednefed senyeK ,etnemroiretna odatic ,llahsraM erbos ocifrgoilbib oiasne ues mE .sairtenom
e siaer soruj ed saxat ertne onitsid a etnemlaicepse
,anaillahsram
71
.sealumrof saus arap otnopartnoc omoc llahsraM uehlocse )5491 ,ssenisuB giB dna llamS( orvil oriemirp ues me ,ldnietS euq osaca rop oN 9 .siaicremoc sacitrp sa e airtsdni ad somar siapicnirp so moc llahsraM ed edadirailimaf ednarg a ratlasser ebaC 8 .uogiP e affarS ed arutiel an esab moc sadubirta ele a saleuqad etnemavitacifingis merefid amrif a erbos llahsraM ed saidi sa euq rartsnomed arucorp ,olpmexe rop ,)0991( saiselgI 7 .llahsraM ed acimnoce esilna ad lamrof e laer sonalp so ratnorfnoc arucorp )9791( azuoS .)301 .p ,1591 ,retepmuhcS( uovresnoc ,ossid rasepa ,euq acittse acigl a moc levtapmoc are ,etnemlaer ,euq od etnemaduima siam ,socimnid sotnemele uiresni sievssop seisaco sa sadot mE .mla siam arap atsiv a uola erpmes llahsraM .)0991( sassoP ediV 6
a oirbliuqe ed oerp od oanimreted a ,etnemacificepse( anaillahsram airoet ad setnaveler seisoporp samugla me socimnid sotnemele
uocifitnedi )0991( sassoP ,etnemetnecer siaM assed acimnid a maramot e saserpme ed
.otejbo omoc aruturtse omoc lairtsudni
ametsis
aruturtse ed anaillahsram opecnoc ad maritrap euq saleuqa etnemataxe marof oilpogilo od airoet a arap ovitanretla ociret oproc mu arap ohnimac rirba e acisslcoen megadroba a rarepus ed orofse on sacir siam seiubirtnoc sA .sodacrem sod anredom airoet ad semreg so avarrecne ,sacittse saicnicifed saus mesep euq me ,anaillahsram osiv a ,nosniboR naoJ a araP .aruturtse alep assed otudorp mu omoc soerp ed oamrof
,zev
ariemirp
,rarbmulsiv
uitimrep
llahsraM
,sodaicnerefid
soirtinu sotsuc moc ,)saidm e sacarf ,setrof( saserpme ed oengoreteh otnujnoc mu ed atsopmoc aruturtse amu omoc al-becrep e airtsdni ad levn oa esilna aus rartnec oa ,euq atnopa )5791( ohnituoC .sotnemarbodsed sues e )acitsloponom uo( atiefrepmi aicnrrocnoc ad omar o odot e )rodatneiro e ertsem iof meuq ed( senyeK odniulcni ,maredecus o euq sociret sotnemivlovnesed ed otnujnoc mu odot erbos edadinretap aus levgeni .orutuf o arap odatnopa ret llahsraM ed arbo ednarg ad sedadilauq sad roiam a euq uecehnocer ,rodarimda odicl e socitrc soduga siam sues sod mu ,)4591( retepmuhcS
.odagel ues uecerbopme sesicerpmi
e sorre sues ragrupxe me serossecus ed orofse O .)oirbliuqesed od e( aicnrrocnoc ad acimnid airoet amu ed otiefe arap otnauq oirbliuqe ed acittse airoet a arap otnat seiubirtnoc ragel llahsraM a uitimrep omsitelce O .soditbo evet e sodatluser llahsraM sod aicngnarba an a arap setnatropmi iutitsnoc
seacilpmi
ed
arbo
etnacram
oart
,sotaf e airoet railicnoc ed avitatnet etnassecni me ,)seatic saremni
81
.)xi .p ,2891 ,hcuartS( laicurc otseuq asse radicule acitlop aimonoce ad edadilanif amerpus omoc odnaredisnoc ,socir meritsixe arap serbop revah airasicerp etnemlaer es erbos etnemetnatsnoc es-agorretni llahsraM 01
.)sadnev ed emulov otrec mu ed ritrap a ,soirtinu sotsuc sod oavele levroxeni alep sotsopmi( otnemicserc ues oa setimil moc mairatnorfed es saserpme sa ,edrat siam uo odec siam ,somar so sodot me ,euq rednefed redneterp ,opmet omsem oa ,e )oarepo ed alacse ad otnemua mu a adived oirtinu otsuc od ouder an sasserpxe( recserc oa snegatnav airetbo laudividni aserpme a ,)llahsraM oirprp o aitimda omoc( edadivita ed somar snugla me sonem olep ,euq ed edadilaer a recehnocer ed edadilibitapmocni a ratnerfne ed ,otnatrop ,es-avatart ,llahsraM ed amelid omoc odicehnoC .ovititepmoc odacrem mu me ozarp ognol a oirbliuqe od onetunam a moc )setnecserced soirtinu sotsuc( alacse ed setnecserc sonroter ed aicnrroco a railicnoc ed edadilibissop a erbos ranoicisop es euq ret me aitsisnoc euq ,aserpme ad otnemicserc
susrev
alacse ed saimonoce amelid od orienoisirp evetse sam ,laer odnum od sodacrem sod otnemanoicnuf ed somsinacem soxelpmoc son zul rp arap es-uorofse llahsraM ,laicrap oirbliuqe od esilna an odaiopA
ai c n r r o c n o c a d e a s e r p m e a d , s o d a c r e m s o d a n aill a h s r a m o si v A 2. 1. 1
.etnedneerprus res edop etnacifide ed mla ,aimonoce ad sotnemadnuf sod sianigiro setnof sad acsub
me ,llahsraM ed arutieler A
01
.edadilauta roiam ad sexelfer odnaticsus
,laicos otseuq ad adangerpmi tse arbo aus ,acimnoce esilna asorogir e asned ad rogir o bos ,ossid mlA .sortuo ed som me recserolf e ranimreg marof euq saidi satium uoemes ,socisslcoen socimnoce sodalutsop sod esetns rohlem a ratneserpa ed mlA .ovitisop etnemacnarf llahsraM derflA ed lautceletni ovreca od ovitejbo e lareg onalab O
.soxodotro-on satsimonoce ertne omsem ,llahsraM ed arbo ad etagser ed orofse mu ed aicnnitrep a odniregus ,)adner-esauq ed otiecnoc o e avitatneserper amrif ed oon a ,siaicnerrocnoc sodacrem me ozarp ognol
91
.)31 .p ,0991 ,saiselgI( siairtsudni sedadivita sad atulosba oartnecnoc a rative arap airiubirtnoc olcic etse euq odom ed ,opmet on sodatimil osnapxe ed sedadilibissop e rogiv sA .atserolf a moc airtsdni ad ,osnetxe rop ,e )merrom e mecerudama ,mecserc ,mecsan sadot( erovr a moc aserpme ad olelarap oirton o ,missa ,avaticilpxE .)662 .p ,IIIX .pac ,VI orvil ,0981 ,llahsraM( sadot me atsefinam es edadi a ,edrat uo odec ,mrop ,)seronem setnerrocnoc soa oaler me snegatnav ,otnatrop ,e( saimonoce sednarg atilibissop alacse agral me oudorp a :atserolf amu ed serovr sad oil amu essednerpa es euq airegus llahsraM ,otnemugra ues raiopa araP .saserpme sad otnemicserc oa setimil erpmes mairitsixe euq aidnefed ,odom reuqlauq ed ,saM .setnecserced sotnemidner ues odnes ,ocigloib olcic mu a ,otnatrop ,satiejus mairatse saserpme
so ,sortuo me ;setnecserc sotnemidner so mairecelaverp ,sosac snugla mE .setnecserced e setnecserc sotnemidner ertne osnet etnenamrep
amu ed ,sodacrem so sodot me ,aicntsixe a avatnopa llahsraM
a s e r p m e a d o s n a p x e s eti mil s u s r e v al a c s e e d s ai m o n o c E
.riuges a sodimuser os amelborp esse erbos llahsraM ed atsiv ed sotnop sO .aicnrrocnoc ad e aserpme ad ,sodacrem sod osiv aus ad setniutitsnoc sotnemele so moc acirpme oavresbo asse railicnoc are llahsraM ed amelborp O .ohnamat roiam ed saserpme ed otix ovitaler od oacilpxe an aicntropmi roiam ed rotaf o etnemlevavorp meutitsnoc alacse ed saimonoce sa euq otieca etnemlareg are ,llahsraM ed acop an J .llahsraM ed amelid od sotcepsa radicule arap iubirtnoc ,aferat a rirpmuc ed orofse on ,e otnussa o erbos llahsraM ed sotircse so aditrap ed otnop omoc ratoda eregus ldnietS ,saserpme sad ohnamat od aicntropmi ad otseuq a odutse ed otejbo rop odneT .amelid odirefer o )rative e ranrotnoc uo( ratnerfne arap llahsraM rop sodirrocrep sohnimac sod asodadiuc esilna amu ecerefo ,)1 .pac ,5491( orvil oriemirp ues me ,ldnietS
02
.rotaf oriemirp o erbos etnemavisulcxe iacer sovititepmoc sodacrem
me aserpme ad otnemicserc oa etimil mu ed aicntsixe a arap oacilpxe a ,aimonoceorcim ed siaunam solep adidnufid osrev aN
.odacrem od oiefrepmi ad oatatsnoc acovuqeni aus mamrifnoc euq llahsraM ed sohcert ldnietS .atiefrepmi aicnrrocnoc odanimoned aires soirv edrat acifitnedi siam euq
od orcluf o arap etemer euq j ,etnedneerprus res ed axied on )aserpme ad odacrem o railpma ed edadlucifid a( rotaf odnuges oa onem selpmis a euq oneta a amahc )31-21 .p ,5491( ldnietS ,)siairaserpme sedadilibah sad ,aserpme ed ohnamat otrec ed ritrap a ,oulovni a( rotaf oriemirp oa esafn roiam uiubirta llahsraM euq aehnocer arobmE
.)sadnev ed oomorp ed sotsuc so essavele me uo( oerp o essizuder euq sonem a euq a ,sadnev
saus alep
ridnapxe
airartnocne maires
laudividni ed
aserpme
edadlucifid ed
sadazilartuen
alacse
saimonoce
sa
,edadivita
somar sotium me ,euqrop odnugeS .)setnecserc mbmat soirtinu sotsuc odnacilpmi( setnecserc siaicnereg sedadlucifid a odived ,avitartsinimda aer an aicnicife ed adrep sadanoicaler alacse ed saimonocesed
mairivda ,edrat siam uo odec siam ,euqrop oriemirP .sacisb sezar saud rop etnemadinifedni raunitnoc airedop on aserpme ad otnemicserc o euq aidnefed mrop , recserc rop saserpme sad snegatnav sa ,ajes uo alacse ed saimonoce sad aicntropmi a aitimda llahsraM .)21 .p ,5491 ,ldnietS( ?oilponom ed oisop amu ed otnemicelebatse on e oudorp ad
oartnecnoc amun odnadnuder etnemlevativeni ,otnemicserc me aserpme amu ed avitalumuc megatnav amu a ravel mairedop on saimonoce sasse es rebas ed a sairtsdni sadanimreted me alacse ed saimonoce ed aicntsixe ad otnemicehnocer o moc egreme euq aivb otseuq A
.) 6 6 2 . p ,III X . p a c , VI or vil , 0 9 8 1 ,ll a h sr a M( oi cr m o c o d e airt s d ni a d s o m ar s oti u m m e a ut a a d ni a s a m ,l ar e g r e s e d e g n ol t s e ] etr o m e a di v , ot n e mi c s a n[ ar g er a s s e , et n e ml a ut A . e d a dili c af m o c m err o m o n s a m , s a d a n g at s e m a cif or ar o n s e a r o p s e d a d ei c o s s e d n ar g

:aicndnet asse ocuop mu mazivitaler saminna sedadeicos sa euq aicehnocer llahsraM
12
e saimonoce ertne onalab od atsiv ed otnop od ,otseuq me odacrem od
saidm seidnoc sad amixorpa es euq aserpme amu a etnednopserroc

.labolg emulov eleuqa arap )
aires avitatneserper aserpme ed oinifed a ,oditnes otrec mE
avitatneserper aserpme uo( ocipt

od odutse o araP
rodednev/rotudorp mu ed sotsag so radutse sporp e osohnegne osrucer mu ed om uonal llahsraM ,airtsdni ad oirbliuqe oa setnednopserroc atrefo ed oerp od e lamron otsuc
?oudorp ed labolg emulov odad mu a etnemavitaler ,airodacrem amu ed oudorp ed lamron otsuc o ranimreted omoc ,sanretni saimonoce s osseca od somret me sadairav ot os saserpme sa es :otseuq etniuges a moc es-avatnorfed ,sarvalap sartuo mE .)sohnamat e sedadi setnerefid ed serovr rop atsopmoc(
atserolf a moc airtsdni ad olelarap o roporp oa aitimda oirprp ele omoc ,oerp e orcul ed megram ,otsuc ,ohnamat ed somret me sanerefid sednarg moc saserpme rop otsopmoc odacrem mu ed atrefo ed oerp o ranimreted ed edadissecen a iof llahsraM rop adatnerfne edadlucifid artuo ,ozarp ognol ed oirbliuqe ed seisop rasilana ed acsub aus aN
oi r bli u q e e d o e r p s u s r e v s a s e r p m e s a d e d a di e n e g o r et e H
.osnapxe me ajetse odacrem o euq edsed ,odnecserc riuges ed satercnoc sedadilibissop met aserpme a anaillahsram osiv aN .airtidartnoc sezev rop e asufnoc otnat mu arobme ,adacitsifos siam oisop amu ednefed llahsraM ,aserpme ad otnemicserc oa levroxeni etimil mu airitsixe euq epus atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ed oledom o aimonoceorcim ed siaunam son otnauqne ,esetns mE .)setnecserc sotsuc a atrefo ed seidnoc salep mis sam ,adnamed ad odal olep mairad es on aserpme ad otnemicserc oa setimil so ,ajes uo( acitsle etnematinifni adnamed ed avruc a e sotudorp sod edadienegomoh atirtse ed esetpih a moc ralucitrap me ,atiefrep aicnrrocnoc
ed odacrem od siaunam solep atief oaziretcarac a moc etnetsisnocni etnemacigol odacrem ed seiefrepmi ed ossimda A
.U ed amrof me ozarp ognol ed otsuc ed savruc me sasserpxe e levroxeni aicnrroco ed omoc sadit os alacse ed saimonocesed sa ,missA
22
a moc )alacse ed saimonoce savon retbo ,missa ,e( ohnamat ed ratnemua aireved avitatneserper aserpme asse euq rop rebecrep licf .erroco euq oirrtnoc o ,ohnamat essed amica ;sadnev sa ridnapxe ed otsuc o marepus alacse ed saimonoce sa ,ovitatneserper ohnamat o tA .)31 .p ,5491 ,ldnietS( avitatneserper aserpme ad osac o .lamron ,amrof atrec ed ,euq aserpme ed ohnamat odanimreted mu riugnitsid es-edop ,levtum etnemetnatsnoc A .otnemicserc saserpme me ed opurg savon essed rop ortned ,otnemom odnes reuqlauq ,merrom
saserpme
sadutitsbus
uo meaced sartuo euq me opmet omsem oa ,mecserc euq saserpme samugla rop odargetni odnes omoc odanigami res eved edadivita ed omar reuqlauq ,anaillahsram osiv an ,euq ravresbo etnasseretni .recserc arap sedadlucifid seronem airatnerfne sanretxe e sanretni saimonoce
s osseca ed edadilicaf roiam essevuoh euq me omar mu ed avitatneserper aserpme a ,odal ortuo eD .recserc arap sedadlucifid seroiam moc aserpme amu otnatrop odnes ,)sietrf sonem sarret ed avissergorp oaroprocni odived( etnemetrof siam odnauta setnecserced sotnemidner sod sotiefe so airerfos azerutan odagil siam edadivita ed omar mu ed avitatneserper aserpme A .omar arap omar ed rairav aived etnemaivbo avitatneserper aserpme ad ohnamat o euq avatnemugra llahsraM ,missa odneS .oslupmi esse mebini euq sarof sa e recserc a aserpme a manoislupmi euq sarof sa ertne oirbliuqe mu aelebatse es euq odom ed ,siamron saimonoce rirefua arap otaxe ohnamat od mis sam ,)setnecserced sonroter sod aicnlaverp moc( siamed ednarg e ahlev men ,)setnecserc sonroter sod adnia oinmoderp moc( siamed aneuqep e mevoj men aserpme amu ed ,otnatrop ,es-atarT .)oerp ed levn omsem oa sadnev sa etnemadinifedni railpma airatilibissop euq ,acitsle etnematinifni
siam on adnamed ed avruc amu moc es-ratnorfed rop ajes ,alacse ed saimonocesed ed aicnrroco alep ajes( laudividni aserpme ad odacrem o railpma ed sedadlucifid sa e alacse ed saimonoce sa ertne onalab od atsiv ed otnop od aserpme
saidm seidnoc sad es-amixorpa :llahsraM rop odanoicnem

otnemicserc od etnatimil rotaf odnuges o raroprocni
ad
arap ,lareg siam amrof ed otid ,uO .assam me oudorp ad saimonocesed
32
.)451 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( sunip uo sotpilacue ed sadatnalp otnematserolfer ed saer sassed amu rof es s ,levssop adnia megami amugla es ;atserolf siam h meN .avaicnuned llahsraM ed osicedni a euq acimnid e omsilaer ed soigtsev somitl so ovitinifed me es-odnagrupxe ,oirbliuqe ed seautis ertne oisnart uo etsuja ed esaf arem omoc sadaetomacse os airtsdni ad edadisrevid a e samrif sad laer osrucrep o odot ,)sotsuc e ohnamat omsem ed samrif moc( arienam assed otsopusserp oirbliuqe o eS .)ominm oirtinu otsuc e oudorp ed amit alacse ed oautis etnednopserroc( ohnamat laugi ed saserpme ed etnemavisulcxe atsopmoc aires airtsdni a ozarp ognol ed oirbliuqe o ranacla oa euq odom ed ,omit ohnamat o arap mednet saserpme sa sadot euq ropus me uitsisnoc euq ,llahsraM ed amelid oa uogiP rop adad oulos a soirpse sogrupxe sessed sovitartsuli siam solpmexe sod mU 11
radilosnoc arap mbmat uiubirtnoc ,sacitrc saus me ,affarS
11
.odagel
ues ed otnemicerbopme levtiveni e etneqesnoc mu moc ,sesicerpmi e sorre sues ragrupxe ed oditnes on serossecus e solupcsid sues rop odidneerpme orofse emrone on ,etnemacinori ,ediser llahsraM ed arbo ad savitisop seiubirtnoc sassed etagser oa ohlicepme roiam O .sodacrem sod anredom airoet ad setnemes sa retnoc ed otirm o mbmat meussop sotcepsa ,mecehnocer moc e j serotua soirv omoc res ,sam ,socitmelborp ,ozar moc
sairtidartnoc
sadaredisnoc
medop
,euq lairtsudni aimonoce ad odutse oa seiubirtnoc uogel ,levilicnocni o railicnoc ed avitatnet an aicntsisrep aus moc ,llahsraM
.sodacrem sod otnemanoicnuf od acimnid edadilaer a e acittse airoet a ertne ,sarvalap sartuo me ;soicgen sod odnum on setnerroc sacitrp sad edadilaer a e siaicnerrocnoc sodacrem me oirbliuqe od oanimreted ad acsub a ertne edadigibma adicehnocer a llahsraM ed arbo ad socitsretcarac soart sod mU
l ai rt s u d ni ai m o n o c e o n aill a h s r a m o d a g el O
.alacse ed saimonocesed ed aicnrroco ed edadilibissop a arolpxe on sam ,sadnev sa ridnapxe ed sedadlucifid sad setnerroced aserpme ad otnemicserc oa setimil so azitafne etnemasoiruc ldnietS rop atsoporp esetns
asse ,anaillahsram osiv ad sotcepsa snugla receralcse arap aubirtnoc arobmE .)41 .p ,5491 ,ldnietS( ednapxe es omar o euq adidem
ohnamat me recserc a ednet avitatneserper aserpme a ,amus mE .alacse ed saimonoce savon mtbo e seroiam manrot es saserpme sA .adnev ed orofse reuqlauq mavlovnesed satse euq mes ,setnetsixe saserpme sad oa atnecserca es odacrem ovon mu ,osac etseN .omar od osnapxe
42
.)41 .p ,0991 ,saiselgI( mecerapased e madum ,mecserc serovr sa ,oisopmoc e ohnamat omsem od ,oirbliuqe me ecenamrep atserolf a euq otnauqne :adiv ed airtejart aus ed ognol oa saserpme sad etnenamrep otnemivom o e airtsdni ad oirbliuqe o railicnoc redneterp ed acitlana aicntsisnocni etnerf )satsilana e serotiel sues rop ,osnetxe rop ,e( llahsraM rop sadatnerfne sedadlucifid semrone sa ratnopa oa ,otnop esse acatsed mbmat saiselgI 31 .llahsraM ed seiubirtnoc sad aicntropmi recehnocer ed oerid amsem an ov ,sortuo ertne ,)0991( saiselgI e )0991( sassoP ,)5791( ohnituoC 21
er p m e s , e c e n a m r e p at s er olf a s a m , s er o vr s a e s- m a v o n er e e s- m a cifi d o M
.mecserc saserpme saus euq adidem rerfos a ednet airtsdni a euq oartnecnoc ed ossecorp o missa odnaetomacse ,airtsdni ad aruturtse ad oamrofsnart ed otnemivom o ratpac etimrep on ale euq airtsdni ad
31
.) 3 5 1 . p , 5 8 9 1 , s a s s o P( a m s e m i s a l a u gi
yxorp omoc atserolf ad megami ad amelborp roiam O
.savititepmoc seidnoc e sotsuc ed laer osrepsid a ratpac odnitimrep ,odacrem ed saruturtse sad acitsretcarac edadienegoreteh ad e oulove etnenamrep me saserpme sad opecrep aterroc aus racatsed ebac ,errocer llahsraM euq a aigolana ad oauqedani ad rasepA .otnemicserc ed saxat e soerp ,sotsuc ,ohnamat ed somret me sanerefid setnatropmi moc otnatrop ,adiv ed olcic ues ed sapate setnerefid me saserpme ed otnujnoc mu ed atsopmoc
aengoreteh aruturtse amu omoc airtsdni a )2

)1
e ;sapate ed aicnqes amu ed ognol oa
oulove amu otnatrop
,adiv ed olcic mu omoc saserpme sad laudividni airtsih a :ratneserper aidneterp llahsraM ,
atserolf amu ed serovr omoc

21
.aimonoceorcim ed siaunam oisop ad edadidnuforp
airtsdni amu ed saserpme

son adidnufid aleuqa
sad aigolana a moc ,etnematercnoC
siv--siv
llahsraM
ed
e azeuqir roiam a rartsom arap iubirtnoc ,)61 .p ,5491 ,ldnietS( llahsraM ed oisop ad otsenoh otaler mu raiciporp ed avitatnet assefnoc aus me ,ldnietS ed oisopxe a ,sanaillahsram seidartnoc sa e edadeibud a etnemataxe ramrifnoc a odniv ahnet arobme ,oisopartnoc mE .)41 .p ,0991 ,saiselgI( aicnrrocnoc ad anaillahsram so opecnoc euq a e amrif ed ad oulove ad ed socimnid ahnil amu
sotcepsa
uotluco
llahsraM
oaterpretni
52
.)47 .p ,8991 ,ergiT( sedadivita ed amag atiertse amu me adazilaicepse ,atnalp acin amu ret a aidnet )...( ,soriecnanif e siaicnereg sosrucer sodatimil sues solep atirtser )...( ,sonod soirprp solep adaicnereg aserpme amU 41
.odacrem od oanedrooc a bos avauta euq ,edadeirporp
-amrif a are acipt aserpme a lauq an ,ahnaterB-rG ad oinmoderp o bos ,XIX olucs od lanif od acimnoce edadilaer a rarbmel elaV .saserpme sad otnemivlovnesed o e osnapxe a mavatilibissop sanretni saimonoce sa ,amrof atseD .aicnicife e edadivitudorp ed somret me setnedive sohnag moc ,)02 .p( amrif ad ortned ohlabart od osivid e oazinagro avon amu arap oapse airirba euq ,otudorp od adnamed ad otnemercni mu rop odad laicini oslupmi mu ed airatluser saimonoce savon a osseca O .)91 .p( oartsinimda aus ed aicnicife ad e laudividni amrif ad elortnoc bos serotaf sod edadilauq ad e oazinagro ad medneped aserpme sanretni saimonoce a sodaicossa setnecserc sotnemidner so euq ed ahnit llahsraM
41
euq opecrep aralc a meb evercsed )32-91 .p ,0991( saiselgI .)0981( scimonocE fo selpicnirP me ,levton arbo omoc adicehnocer ,)9191( snoitaN dna sessalC suoiraV fo snoitidnoC eht no secneulfnI riehT fo dna ,noitazinagrO ssenisuB dna euqinhceT yrtsudnI ydutS A :edarT dna yrtsudnI orvil ues on arof aus adot moc mecerapsnart euq ,)91 .p ,0991 ,saiselgI( lairtsudni oazinagro a e ovitudorp odnum o erbos sodutse e seavresbo saus san es-odnaiopa ,sodacrem e sotudorp ,oudorp ed odotm erbos sesiced odnamot e sovitudorp sosrucer sod arodazinagro omoc ,amrif ad a :sodutse ed aer avon amu uirba llahsraM euq recehnocer es-eved ,siamedA .aruturtse assed acimnid ad odutse on maranava e ed ,otnemivom me saserpme ed ametsis omoc lairtsudni aruturtse siam ,osomaf siam orvil ues oa edadiunitnoc rad uorucorp llahsraM euq
anaillahsram
opecnoc
ad
etnemataxe
maritrap
saucforp
seiubirtnoc sa ,oilpogilo od odutse on odartnec ovitanretla ohnimac mu riurtsnoc e acisslcoen megadroba a rarepus ed orofse oN .amrif ad airoet ad on otnauq ,odacrem ed saruturtse san sodartnec sodutse sod otibm on otnat ,maredecus o euq sociret sotnemarbodsed ed otnujnoc osnetxe erbos llahsraM ed edadinretap
a levgeni euq ed o lareg onalab o ,odom reuqlauq eD
62
.)57 .p ,8991 ,ergiT( samrif sednarg e saneuqep odnalucitra ,sodazilaicepse siairtsudni sotirtsid sod arof a revercsed arap sodauqeda ejoh ta mecenamrep soipcnirp siaT .amrif ad roiretni on sovitudorp sosrucer sod oazilitu rohlem amu ed on e ,odacrem on otsuc oxiab ed oudorp ed serotaf ed edadilibinopsid ad mavired sanretxe saimonoce sA 51
,aimonocE ad sotnemadnuf so erbos lareg odatart ednarg mu ed seralip so riurtsnoc ed ohlabart levsnacni ues on sanepa on adartnocne res edop ,socitrc sohnerref siam sues solep omsem odihlocse ,odaigelivirp rotucolretni e ocram omoc llahsraM ed aicntropmi ad ozar A .lairtsudni aimonoce ad ,mereferp snugla omoc ,uo lairtsudni oazinagro ad airoet adamahc an sodaicnatsbusnoc ,seroiretsop sotnemarbodsed ed eirs amu arap aditrap ed otnop etnemadicehnocer e lanoicnevnoc acimnoceorcim airoet ad rotua etneulfni siam e orienoip ,llahsraM derflA
ed laicrap oirbliuqe od esilna an ,adidem aob me ,es-aipa atsilanigram anirtuod ad ocittse ocram on sodacrem sod odutse O
si a r e g s o a r T 1. 2. 1 a cit r c e sil n a : s o d a c r e m s o d l a n oi ci d a rt a ci s s l c o e n m e g a d r o b a A 2. 1
.cte ,siairtsudni sotirtsid me oazilacol sadaicossa saimonoce ,aserpme ed ohnamat e otnemicserc ,sodacrem ,oazilaicremoc ed sasepsed ,oanedrooc e oartsinimda ed samelborp ,oudorp ed sodotm ed ahlocse omoc siat ,saserpme sad e lairtsudni aimonoce ed aer ad siartnec samet maignarba aserpme a e sodacrem so erbos llahsraM ed searedisnoc sa ,amus mE *
.) 5 7 . p , 8 9 9 1 , er gi T( si a u di vi d ni s a s er p m e s a d a vit el o c ai c n i cif e a ait n ar a g ,r et s e h c n a M e d ol p m e x e a , s o ci m ni d si airt s u d ni s otirt si d m e s a n r et x e s ai m o n o c e e d a n e s er p 51 a , o d al ort u o r o P . e d a dil a u q m o c a s s a m m e o u d or p a m e s sit n ar a g e u q o u d or p e d o a zi n a gr o e d s a mr of r e vl o v n e s e d e s ot n e m a pi u q e m e s ot n e mit s e v ni r e v o m or p ar a p s ori e c n a nif e s o ci n c t s o sr u c er m a v atl af , o d al m u r o P . a ci pt l air a s er p m e ai g t art s e a m u o m o c a v at n o p s e d o n a d ni a e d a di vit u d or p a d ot n e m u a e d r ot af o m o c o u d or p e d al a c s e a d o s u O
72
.) a bos( laicrap opit od sesilna sa
subirap siretec alusulc

,sairodacrem sartuo
odnazilibaiv
sa sadot ed adnamed ad e atrefo ad omoc is ertne otnat ,setnednepedni etnemacitarp omoc )seairav saneuqep a erefer es euq on( sadaredisnoc os airodacrem amu ed adnamed ad e oudorp ad seidnoc sa .oisop aus raretla a )serotudorp e serodimusnoc( socimnoce setnega so zudni on euq edaditnauq e oerp ed rap mu ecelebatse es odnauq adanacla airtsdni/odacrem od levtse oirbliuqe ed oautis amu
.)1 .p ,6291 ,affarS( saviteloc adnamed res e atrefo a ed sadazurc ed savruc ed e rap mu rop sadatneserper res medop
meredop
amrof
sadapurga
sadacifilpmis
meb mu ed oerp o manimreted euq siaicnesse sasuac sa euq ,missa ,es-epuS .atrefo ad sa e adnamed ad sarof sa ertne airtemis an adaesab )edaditnauq ,etnemaenatlumis ,e( oerp ed oanimreted
:euges omoc sodimuser res medop ,aimonoceorcim ed siaunam son adargasnoc oaterpretni an ,soerp
sod e aicnrrocnoc ad acisslcoen osiv ad socipt siam soart sO .rogir o uohlaparta etnemetneqerf osicerp a ,etnemacinorI .atsilanigram esilna a arap socinrc samelborp me uotluser ,omsilaer od otnemirted me ,soledom sod edadilanoicarepo roiam alep e rogir olep opo A .aimonoceorcim ed siaunam sodicehnoc so ,sianoicidart otxet-sorvil sod adagapa odnes etnemavissergorp iof llahsraM ed lapicnirp arbo a aziretcarac euq rogir e omsilaer ertne osnet etnenamrep A .acisslcoen alocse ad ainomegeh a uodilosnoc oaziragluv e oazitametsis ed ossecorp osorogiv mu ,XX olucs od sadacd sariemirp sa e XIX olucs od lanif o ertnE .)31 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( ocitlana rogir od ozujerp etnargalf mavacilpmi setse odnauq omsem ,omsilaer ed soart retnam me aicntsisni aus alep ,somiv omoc ,etnemlapicnirp zevlat sam ,)0981( aimonocE ed soipcnirP lapicnirp arbo aus an sodinuer
82
.acisslcoen aixodotro euqata ed laicnereferp ovla ues omoc savititepmoc seidnoc bos sonroter sod iel a etnemataxe odihlocse ret affarS ed otaf olep adailava res edop oerp od oamrof a erbos sotiefe sues ed e atrefo ed avruc ed otiecnoc od aicntropmi A 91 .)81 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( )edadicapac ad etimil od amica etnemacitametsis mahlabart satnalp sa euq essitimda es euq sonem a( ominm oirtinu otsuc o moc levgnita oudorp ed omixm levn oa )res eved omoc( adaicossa rof asse es ,avitudorp edadicapac ad ocitrp etimil o ta ,rezid elav ,amrif amu ed oudorp ed etnaveler axiaf an setnecserc oudorp ed sianigram sotsuc rarugessa arap etneicifus on ossi ,mroP .serotaf ertne oiutitsbus a arap etimil mu ed aicntsixe a airamrifaer es sanepa :levnoitseuqni avitacifitsuj amu h ,etnemaciroet ,euq ailava sassoP ,lareg ocimnoce oipcnirp omoc sol-lutsop ed aicnnitrep otnauQ .)71 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( )gMC=oerp( atiefrep aicnrrocnoc me sorcul sod oazimixam ad ocisslcoen oirtirc o bos amrif ad oirbliuqe od oazilibaiv an ocigtartse lepap merpmuc setnecserced sotnemidner sO 81 .satsilaerri etnatsab seautis ed es-matarT .setneicife etnemacincet oudorp ed sodotm ed sedadilibissop satinifni ed airopsid aserpme adac euq rimussa acilpmi ,ozarp ognol ed esilna aN .seroporp satinifni me sievirav serotaf so moc odanibmoc res edop oxif rotaf o euq rimussa acifingis ,)oxif rotaf mu sonem olep moc( ozarp otruc ed esilna aN .oudorp ed serotaf ed seanibmoc ed otinifni oremn mu ed otsopus olep oditnarag ,ountnoc otamrof mu atneserpa acipt acisslcoen oudorp ed onuf A 71 .amrif ad airoet rop adicehnoc arutaretil asnetxe an euqatsed ed lepap apuco atsilatipac aserpme ad edadilanoicar ad otseuq A .)212 .p( ozarp ognol a aicndurp a e sotla siam e sotaidemi sorcul ertne otilfnoc o moc atnorfed es lareg me oirserpme o ,sesiced saus san ,euq aredisnocsed euqrop ominm on ,sorcul ed arodazimixam omoc aserpme ad atsilpmis otnematart o ,etnednutnoc arienam ed ,uosucer ,)212 e 102 .p ,3591( acitrcotua ed ogitra ues me ,nosniboR .J 61
etnarag )lanigram atiecer = lanigram otsuc edadlaugi an asserpxe
es euq( setnega sod arodazimixam edadilanoicar atsopus a
91
e ad oanedrooc aicnrroced ed me
.ecserc aserpme a euq adidem oazinagro salep ed satse adimussa adrep etnecserc uo edadixelpmoc
sedadivita
aicnicife
,ajes
,savitartsinimda on alacse ed
saicnicifeni
rop
sadacilpxe
,ozarp
ognol
saimonocesed ed aicnrroco asneterp an e
81
ozarp otruc a setnecserced
sianigram )socisf( sotnemidner sod iel ad aicngiv atsopus an es-aipa ,zev aus rop ,sotsuc ed savruc sad otamrof O .U ed amrof me lanigram otsuc ed savruc sad ritrap a saditbo os atrefo ed savruc sa .)oiutitsbus ed oipcnirp( siamisetinifni sesod
71
me etimil on ,is ertne sievutitsbus os oudorp ed serotaf so
61
sesiced amot euq ,lanoicar etnega
.latot orcul o razimixam odnasiv
,edaditnauq e oerp ,oudorp ed serotaf sod osu o erbos samontua omoc oirserpme o
92
.azetrecni ed )levnrotnocni atse( aneserp a etnemlapicnirp sam ,)oamrofni ed otnemassecorp ed saigoloncet savon san onava olep adanrotnoc etnemavissergorp res edop ,oipcnirp me ,euq oirtser( levnopsid oamrofni ed otnemassecorp ed adatimil edadicapac a sanepa on arongi otiefrep otnemicehnoc od esetpih A 12 .)902 .p ,3591 ,nosniboR( atad adanimreted amun euges aimonoce a euq osruc od etnemetnednepedni atsixe euq ozarp ognol a oirbliuqe ed oisop amu etsixe on euq odom ed ,otnemivom od onitsed o erbos otiefe mu met oatnemivom ed ossecorp oirprp o euq otseuq A .odignita res assop euq setna es-atnemivom rednet eved ametsis o lauq od oerid an oirbliuqe o euq odom ed ,miretn essen ,oisop a meuqifidom euq sotnemicetnoca rerroco medop )uitimda es erpmes omoc( euq e odatelpmoc res arap opmet otrec egixe etsuja reuqlauq euq ed a sanepa on otseuq A )...( .opmet od rapuco es ed edadicapacni aus a etnemataxe acisslcoen airoet ad azeuqarf roiam a ,oinipo aus aN .oirbliuqe od acisslcoen esilna ad ocittse retrac o uocitirc nosniboR .J 02
.amit alacse ed oautis etnednopserroc ,satsed ominm ed otnop on ,PLeMC e PCeMC ed savruc s etnegnat )acitsle etnematinifni( laudividni adnamed ed avruc aus oret saserpme sa sadot euq acifingis ,socifrg somret mE .)oerp = gMR = PLeMC = PCeMC = PLgMC = PCgMC( oerp o e lanigram atiecer a ,sozarp ognol on e otruc on soidm e sianigram sotsuc so ertne sedadlaugi salep osserpxe res edop otsI .lamron orcul sanepa mahnetbo atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc me airtsdni ad serotudorp so sodot euq acilpmi )ozarp ognol ed( levtse oirbliuqe ed oidnoc a ,sesetpih siat boS .)odacrem on adartne ervil( serotaf ed edadilibom ervil
12
;)seamrofni ed anelp edadilibinopsid( orutuf e etnerroc
sodorep son ,odacrem od seidnoc sad otnemicehnoc otiefrep ;)edaditnauq ed arodatsuja uo( soerp ed arodamot atiefrep aicnrrocnoc me aserpme a ,amica sesetpih saud sad aicnrroced omoc ;otudorp od edadienegomoh ;)ocitsmota odacrem( serotudorp ed oremn ednarg :sadanoicida os sesetpih sartuo ,atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc me odacrem od osac oN .ozarp ognol on odacrem od oirbliuqe o
02
,osnetxe rop ,e ozarp otruc on saserpme sad oirbliuqe o etnemlevaroxeni
03
.)201 .p ,7791 ,hctivonoraA( )...( otsuc ed avruc alep e )...( adnamed ed avruc aus alep ohnamat ues me adignirtser ,atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ed odatse on erepo uo atsiloponom ajes ,amrif A 22
amu ed erroced euq siv o rebecrep a meugehc setse euq mes ,acisslcoen alocse ad serodiuges sod moc ed oigel amu ed ad etrap rop ,siaicnerrocnoc e e acitmetsis mun
sodacrem asefed a
edadiroirepus sovitamron
atsopus
etnerrocer ,ortuon
sonrotnoc
uohnag
oledom
oirbliuqe ed seidnoc sad oarapmoc ad ritrap a adirefni ,oilponom e aicnrrocnoc ertne oisopo adalaporp e lanoicidart A
22
.rotudorp od edadilanoicar a raetron a oipcnirp ocin omoc
orcul omixm od acsub levlabani a ajes on euq aserpme ad sesiced sad otibm o arap odnatser ocuop ,ortuo od ,)sovitudorp serotaf sod soerp sod e oudorp ed sacinct seidnoc sad ,es-aiel( atrefo ed e ,odal mu ed ,)serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp sanarebos sad onier( adnamed ed o seidnoc ,atiefrep sa ertne otnorfnoc ed od ratluser on aserpme missA ad oirbliuqe
aicnrrocnoc
oledom
omoc
.atsiloponom
aserpme ad osiced ed edneped on recelaverp euq oautis A .amit a euq roiam alacse )ralucitrap osac( amit alacse )ralucitrap osac( siamron sorcul moc sartxe sorcul moc
)c )b
) 2. a ) 1. a )a
amit a euq ronem alacse
:oirbliuqe o moc sievtapmoc os seautis sairv ,osac etseN .omixm latot orcul ed oidnoc a ritnarag arap ,)gMC = gMR( lanigram otsuc e lanigram atiecer ertne edadlaugi ad aicnrroco a egixe oirbliuqe o ,orup oilponom ed oledom on mbmaT .adartne sarierrab ed aicntsixe ;odizudorp ele rop otudorp o arap omixrp otutitsbus ed aicntsixe on ;odacrem od adnamed laugi aserpme ad adnamed a euq odom ed ,rotudorp ocin mu :epus orup oilponom ed oledom o ,omertxe ortuo oN
13
.airtsdni an saserpme ed adas e adartne alep omoc meb ,setnetsixe serotudorp sod atnalp ed ohnamat on anadum alep rairav medop airtsdni ad e aserpme ad avitudorp edadicapac a e sievirav sotsopus os serotaf so sodot odnauq ,ozarp ognol od esilna an ,ajes uo ,airtsdni ad oirbliuqe od oanimreted ad aicngele a ritnarag a odom ed ,)amit atnalp adamahc a( ozarp ognol a atnalp ed ohnamat omsem mu arap ,siaunam son adatneserpa adaziruetsap osrev a odnuges ,mednet e oerp ed sarodamot sarem os siaicnerrocnoc sodacrem me saserpme sa ,otxetnoc etseN .)sievtpecrepmi e savissecus seamixorpa rop oirbliuqe ed oanimreted ed atsilanigram odotm o egixe ,edadrev an ,e aicerpa omoc ,lamisetenifni( etnacifingisni amrof ed ones setnapicitrap siamed so matefa on sea saus euq odacrem od ohnamat oa etnerf oneuqep ot rotudorp adac euq me eleuqa odnes omoc odacrem ed opit essed oaziretcarac adicehnoc an matluser ,omsimota ed sadamos ,sodacrem ed sod adas sA e adartne ervil e sotudorp sod o edadienegomoh erbos satsilaerri O
sesetpih me
.sodacrem
sod
otnemanoicnuf aicnrrocnoc ed
sotsopus
es-atnessa
atiefrep
oledom
.aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sa ratart ed sezapac mare on sodacrem sod otnemanoicnuf o racilpxe arap sievnopsid otne soledom siod so ,ajes uO .sodacrem son etnetsixe edadilavir a moc radil ed edadicapacni a ,ocisslcoen ociret ouobacra omsem oa merecnetrep ed mla ,mumoc me mt ,aimonoceorcim ed siaunam sianoicidart son sodidnufid etnemalpma ,soledom setsE .oilponom e atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ed soledom soa es-odnatimil ,odacrem ed samertxe samrof saud ed odutse oa odacided es-aivah acisslcoen acimnoceorcim airoet a ,)oilpoud ed sianoicidart soledom sod olpmexe a( sogoj sod airoet me sadaesab oilpogilo olep sesrucni saircerp e sadatimil rop otecxe ,odassap olucs od etniv sona so tA
ati ef r e p ai c n r r o c n o c e d ol e d o m o n e d a dil a vi r - o n A 2. 2. 1
.oirbliuqe od amgidarap od ooda alep atsopmi arof -ed-asimac ad e erbop e atirtser etnemamertxe aicnrrocnoc ed opecnoc
23
sadirefua snegatnav ed matart es euq zev amu ,sanretxe saimonoce sad aicntropmi a etnemadidemsed es-uozitafne ,oisopartnoc mE .oirbliuqe od oanimreted a ritnarag a satsiv moc ,atrefo ed avruc ad saicngixe s sadauqeda os on alacse ednarg me oudorp ad saimonoce sa ,socisslcoen sotoved sod orepsesed araP .)odacrem od siaicnerrocnoc seidnoc sad onetunam adireuqer a moc aserpme ad osnemid ednarg ad snegatnav sa railicnoc ed rotua etsed arefturfni avitatnet osula me ,llahsraM ed amelid omoc arutaretil an odicehnoc( aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sa moc levtapmocni avalever es euq o ,laudividni aserpme ad sesnemid sad otnemua
o erbos sievgeni sotiefe sues atsiv me odnet ,adulid aicntropmi aus mt euq ,aserpme sanretni saimonoce sad ,olpmexe rop ,osac o .sodacrem sod aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sad satsilaer siam sotnemele seleuqa etnematsuj riulcxe a adagirbo uiv es atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ad airoet a ,sadajesed oirbliuqe ed seidnoc sa ritnarag ed otiutni o moc ,oditnes omsem oN .aserpme ad laudividni adnamed ed e soidm sotsuc ed savruc sa ertne aicngnat ednopserroc ,socifrg somret mE .saserpme sa sadot arap lamron orcul ed seidnoc me d es oirbliuqe o euq ritnarag arap etsuja ed omsinacem orem mu otnatrop )odacrem on setnerrocnoc ed oremn o ed ,edadrev esetpih an( a adartne adad( e ervil A .levicnegilgen sodicelebatse amrof ed )omsimota so sodot
etnemlaugi
serotudorp
a atefa etnartne ovon mu euq otsopus siop ,edadilavir ed oiccrexe me ,acitrp an ,atluser on setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne a omseM .oamrofni osseca otiefrep e otudorp od edadienegomoh ,saserpme ed adas e adartne ervil ,odacrem od omsimota :majes siauq ,oledom uo a od siartnec majes( sesetpih sa so moc levtapmocni edadilavir
,)siaicnetop ad edadilaer
sovitefe arap
setnerrocnoc h on
ertne
oapse
reuqlauq
,oledom
esseN
.lamron orcul o moc levtapmoc eleuqa oerp etse odnes ,oerp e oidm otsuc ,lanigram otsuc ,lanigram atiecer ertne edadlaugi alep odazitetnis ,seidnoc siat bos ,odacrem o arap )edaditnauq
-oerp rap ocin mu( oirbliuqe ed otnop ocin mu ed oacifitnedi a uitnarag lanoicidart acisslcoen megadroba a ,amrof atseD
33
.)202 .p ,3591 ,nosniboR( asoredop odaisamed oisopo amu rartnocne mes es-ridnapxe levssop siauq son sopmac sovon odnacsub e sairtsdni sa medivid euq setimil so odnassevarta ,recserc a raunitnoc medop saserpme sa ,missa omseM .sadavart meres arap sasoreno odaisamed os avititepmoc atul ad sapate samitl sa euq odom ed ,)...( adignita ajes oilpogilo ed oidnoc amu euq ta ,amrif amu ed lanif ohnamat oa etimil revah on ecerap ,edadrev an ,euq atnemugra ,)orcul ed lamron levn oa e amit atnalp etnednopserroc( aserpme ad oirbliuqe ed ohnamat mu ed aicntsixe ad radrocsid oa ,nosniboR .J 32
.otseuq me omar od sovitatneserper sedaditnauq e soerp ,sotsuc ranimreted ,ad ritrap a ,e odacrem ed seidnoc sa railava arap aicnrefer
avitatneserper aserpme amu ed megami osrucer odanoicnem j o artsuli

omoc ,otnorfnoc eleuqad sodnuiro sessapmi sodanimreted ranoiculos arap setneinevnoc otium e sasohnegne seulos ratoda ed zapac essof arobme ,rogir e omsilaer ertne otnorfnoc on atsilpmis are on llahsraM
omoc al-mot odnasiv ,edadivita ed omar mu ed saidm seidnoc sad
a moc
.atsoporp ele rop atserolf airtsdni ad aigolana ad edneerped es omoc ,)sacinct e sohnamat
ed osrepsid( odacrem ed saruturtse sad edadienegoreteh e edadisrevid ,edadixelpmoc a aicehnocer ,siamedA .soicgen son adartne ervil
,avitaicini ervil :acimnoce edadrebil moc aicnrrocnoc ervil avaicossa ,edadrev an ,llahsraM .siaicnesse sotsopusserp so ertne mavarugif
on atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ed oon airprp a e omsimota o anaillahsram osiv an ,oartsuli ed olutt A .adacitsifos siam e roirepus etnemaralc ,somiv omoc , )odacatsed siam ocisslcoen rosrucerp o odaredisnoc( llahsraM ed osiv a ,sasoredop sacitrc a mbmat atiejus arobmE .oudorp ed socinct sortemrap
32
solep sotsop os aserpme ad otnemicserc oa setimil so ,serotaf sod soerp so sodad ,sarvalap sartuo mE .oudorp ed sanretni seidnoc salep mis sam ,)resiuq otnauq rednev edop etnegiv oerp oa ,ajes uo ,acitsle etnematinifni laudividni adnamed ed avruc amu moc atnorfed es rotudorp adac euq otsopus euq j( odacrem od ohnamat olep satsopmi seatimil a aireved es on etimil esse sam ,)omit atnalp ed ohnamat on osserpxe( otnemicserc oa etimil mu mairet saserpme sa ,otxetnoc etseN .siamed sad otnemirted me aserpme amu ed otnemicelatrof ed oditnes on socirtmissa sotiefe odnaterraca on ,serotudorp sod otnujnoc olep
43
a raziminim ;lareg oipcnirp mu omoc setnecserced sotnemidner sod oazilareneg levtiecani a ratoda :me maritsisnoc siel saud sad lanigiro amrof an seacifidom sA .
iroirp a
odinifed
otamrof
moc
atrefo
ed avruc amu retbo a odom ed )setnecserced e setnecserc( sotnemidner ed siel sa ralupinam ed acisslcoen alocse a uosuca affarS
)1
.sotnop srt sod mu adac ,etnemadimuser ,somajeV .edadilaer oamixorpa roiam amu a oerid me es-revom oa ,atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ad satrac ed oletsac o artnoc sarietrec sacitrc uohcefsed affarS ,airoet sanretni saicntsisnocni rauimse ed e sianoicroporp-on sotnemidner ed siel sad oalupinam a raicnuned ed mla ,otaf eD
.sodacrem sod odutse on sorutuf sotnemivlovnesed so arap ecerefo euq oiubirtnoc alep etnemlapicnirp sam ,oirbliuqe ed edaditnauq e oerp ed oanimreted arap ocisslcoen otarapa oa ecet euq sacitrc sareves salep sanepa on ,etnaveler etnemadicehnocer affarS ed ogitra O .)8 .p ,6291 ,affarS( oilponom o arap ,ajes uo ,airrtnoc oerid a arap son-omratlov e aicnrrocnoc ervil ad ohnimac o ranodnaba oirssecen euq avatatsnoc ,missA .ociret oledom od sesulcnoc sa melav
on ,otnatroP .)9 .p ,6291 ,affarS( sovitalumuc e setnenamrep sotiefe moc savita sarof os odacrem od edadinu a mepmor euq soluctsbo sod sotium siop ,sairropmet maires seiefrepmi sa euq ed opecnoc a levssimdani avaredisnoc ,6291 ed ogitra ues me ,affarS
aff a r S e d s e i s o p o r p e s a cit r c s A
.etnemlaicifrepus sanepa sam sesulcnoc sa racifidom uo radrater medop euq ,sariegassap secirf sarem maires seiefrepmi sa euq odnagela arutsop
lat macifitsuJ .sadalumrof sesetpih sad omsilaer o moc ossimorpmoc reuqlauq sociret soledom sod egixe on acisslcoen alocse A .otiefrep etnematulosba ajes on odacrem o euq omsem ,atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ad sairprp sesulcnoc sa melav ,saserpme ed oremn ednarg etsixe es ,euq ratnemugra-artnoc me mairasserpa es acisslcoen aixodotro ad serosnefed so ,sociret somertxe siod seleuqa ertne airidemretni oiger amu
moc adil sodacrem sod edadilaer a euq ed otnemugra oa etnerF
53
.)2891( seramiuG e napiloT e )6891( ihcsenaM rev ,affarS oirprp od mla ,sehlated seroiam araP 52 .laicrap oirbliuqe od esilna ed odotm o moc edadilibitapmocni airevah on sianoicpecxe sosac me sanepA .)5 .p ,6291 ,affarS( seidartnoc mes ,siaretaloc sotiefe so razerpsed levssop on j e ralosi avarucorp es euq ralucitrap oirbliuqe od seidnoc sa sadabrutrep macif ,osac etseN .sairtsdni sartuo ed sotsuc so erbos mbmat sam ,sotsuc soirprp sues erbos sanepa on ,etnematerid mauta euq sarof otnemivom me ep otseuq me airtsdni alep adizudorp edaditnauq an oairav amu euq me eleuqa lareg osac o siop ,)sairodacrem sartuo sa sadot ed ecaf me omoc airodacrem amsem amu ed otnat( adnamed ad e oudorp ad seidnoc sa ertne aicndnepedni ed oisopus a amitgeli euq uortsnomed affarS 42
52
.)7 .p ,6291 ,affarS(
seidnoc saus etnemlevaozar maafsitas euq sairtsdni sarar s oaler moc lit otnemurtsni mu ratluser edop etnemos e siamron sairtsdni s levcilpa lareg otiecnoc mu res a raripsa edop on sievirav sotsuc moc atrefo ed avruc a ,setimil sotiertse ot a adizudeR .)ralucitrap me airtsdni aleuqan megiro moc sanretxe saimonoce sa ,ajes uo( otseuq me airtsdni a mamrof euq saserpme ed otnujnoc oa satirtser mrop laudividni aserpme sanretxe saleuqa maires sadaredisnoc res mairedop euq sacin sa :alacse ed saimonoce sad osac on
)2
;)6 .p ,6291 ,affarS(
oudorp ed rotaf mu ed etnetsixe edaditnauq a adot agerpme es oudorp ajuc me sairodacrem ed essalc aleuqa adaredisnoc res airedop sanepa :setnecserced sianigram )socisf( sotnemidner ed oa ad osac on
)1
:aicnrroco arar ed e seralucitrap seautis saud me setnetsisnocni maires on sanepa sianoicroporp-on sotnemidner sod siel sa ,amus mE .)lareg me aimonoce an megiro moc sanretxe saimonoce
42
od esilna alep
sa e setnecserced sotnemidner so moc levtapmocni( laicrap oirbliuqe adalumrof atrefo ed e adnamed ed savruc sa ertne
aicndnepedni ed e
subirap siretec alusulc ad aicngixe a )2 ;)aserpme

ed esetpih a erugessa euq aserpme
sanretni saimonoce sad edadilaer a moc levtapmocni( siaicnerrocnoc sodacrem sod omsimota
ad osnapxe etimil mu ed aicntsixe a
)1
:anaillahsram esilna ad
siartnec sotnemele sod siod moc sotnemidner ed siel sad saicntsisnocni sevarg ratnopa oa ,aixodotro acitrc asorogir uolumrof affarS
)2
.)adnamed ed avruc acirtmis avruc amu retbo ,ajes uo( sadajesed sacirtmoeg sedadeirporp sa atrefo ed avruc ritnarag are ovitejbo O .sanretxe saimonoce sad aicntropmi a razirolav e ;aserpme sanretni saimonoce sad aicnveler
63
adac ed adnamed ed avruc a ,otnatrop ,e soengomoh os on sotudorp so ,sosac sod reuqlauq mE .sacifcepse sedadissecen satrec rezafsitas a adanitsed airodacrem amsem amu riutitsnoc ed mexied otsi moc
euq mes ,).cte ,acram ,emutsoc ,anaifnoc( savitejbus uo ).cte ,otidrc ed sedadilibissop ,edadimixorp ,edadilauq( savitejbo res medop sanerefid sA .sadairav os saicnreferp ed aicntsixe ad sasuac sA
.odacrem ed seidnoc sad merroced aserpme ad otnemicserc oa seirtser sa ,otnatroP .avitudorp edadicapac ad oazilitu anelp
ad etimil o ta ,rezid elav ,oudorp ed etnaveler axiaf an ,setnecserced sotsuc ed seidnoc me ahlabart saserpme ed oremn ednarg ,alacse ed saimonoce ed aicntsixe ad acirpme aicndive alep odaiopa
)b
;serodimusnoc sod etrap rop saicnreferp ed aicntsixe a odnasserpxe ,)sadnev moc sasepsed seroiam uo( oerp ed seuder ed satsuc s sadiugesnoc res medop etnemos sedaditnauq seroiam euq odom ed ,etnednecsed adnamed ed avruc amu iussop aserpme a
)a
:euq ,ogitra ues ed edatem adnuges an ,uednefed affarS ,acirpme oavresbo an esab moc ,otaf eD .edadilaer ad etnemlacidar erefid atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ad airoet a ,sotnop siod setsen ,euq uotnemugra affarS
.)odacrem ed sanretxe seidnoc sad on e( aserpme ad oudorp ed sanretni seidnoc sad airerroced oudorp ad otnemicserc oa
etimil o ,sesetpih satse moC .)etnecserc oidm levirav otsuc e etnecserc lanigram otsuc ;lanigram atiecer e lanigram otsuc ertne edadlaugi(
oledom od oirbliuqe ed seidnoc sa ritnarag a odom ed ,setnecserc sotsuc ed seidnoc me airarepo rotudorp o
)b
;)serotudorp setnerefid so
ertne serodarpmoc sod etrap rop anerefidni uo( aicnreferp ed aicnsua odnasserpxe ,adizudorp edaditnauq ad airednepedni etse ;odacrem
ed )ocin( oerp o ,etnemadarebiled ,ratefa ed zapac on laudividni rotudorp o
)a
:atiefrep
aicnrrocnoc
ad
airoet
odnugeS
.lanigram e oidm sotsuc ed savruc sad U me otamrof o e acitsle etnematinifni laudividni adnamed ed avruc a :atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ad airoet ad sedadisoicerp saud artnoc es-raleber oa aixodotro a uoifased e sanredom sairtsdni sa macram euq sacirpme saicndive setrof erbos es-uourbed affarS
)3
73
a euq ed oon ,adnev ed sotsag sod lepap ,serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp sad aicntropmi ,otudorp ed oaicnerefid :sodacrem sod aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc siaer sa erbos saidi e sotiecnoc setnatropmi uotnaida sam ,ovitanretla oledom mu )uedneterp men( uevlovnesed on affarS .sortuo sod snu setnednepedni os on soerp siat euq receuqse edop on ,oerp oirprp ues oa rednev assop arobme ,aserpme adac euq j ,egnol otium iav on mbmat orup oilponom od ocisslcoen ociret oledom o moc aigolana a ,saM .serotudorp so os sotnauq seralucitrap sodacrem sotnat metsixe ,edadrev an ,euq j ,atiefrep aicnrrocnoc
ad oledom od sesulcnoc sa macilpa es on ,saserpme ed oremn ednarg mu rop odamrof ,sodazimota sodacrem me omsem ,esetns mE .setnerrocnoc sod soa oaler me )oaicnerefid ed uarg mugla etneserpa( odaicnerefid ajes otudorp ues euq edsed ,sadnev saus sad e oerp ues ed oanimreted otnauq ahlocse amugla ret medop ,serotudorp ed oremn ednarg moc odacrem mu me odnarepo ,saserpme saneuqep omsem ,missA .mt serotudorp soneuqep so euq odacrem
ed redop o arap oneta a odamahc ret etse ed otaf o uocatsed ,affarS ed otxet od aicntropmi a railava oa ,)64-34 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS .)laicnetop aicnrrocnoc( setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne ed socsir matneserpa oerp ed seavelE .)avitefe aicnrrocnoc( odacrem on sodicelebatse j setnerrocnoc sod oaer ed socsir macilpmi oerp ed seudeR .setnerrocnoc sod oaer ed edadilibissop a h euq amelborp O .sarierrab satse rarepus arap )soerp rizuder uo( sadnev ed sianoicida sasepsed me rerrocni egixe euq o ,sortuo ed odacrem ed soapse
rapuco arap sarierrab satrec ,otnatrop ,H .sedadilauq e soerp setnerefid moc ,)sotnemitrapmoc( seralucitrap sodacrem sotnitsid ed eirs amu me odidividbus tse airodacrem atrec ed lareg odacrem o ,otnatroP .aletneilc aus ,odacrem ues o erbos rotudorp od aicndnecsa a roiam ,odacrem o erbos aicnulfni aus res roiam otnat ,sotudorp sues ed adnamed a rof acitsle sonem otnauQ .)21 .p ,6291 ,affarS( mumoc atsiloponom mu ed s agolna azerutan ed snegatnav ,oilponom ed snegatnav ,adaigelivirp oisop atrec erefnoc ehl euq o ,)siam ocuop mu ragap a ,oirssecen es ,atsopsid( aletneilc amu iussop rotudorp adaC .acitsle etnematinifni adaredisnoc res edop on rotudorp
83
ed osoremun otnujnoc od mu racidni od arap airtsdni an ed ominnis omoc
odazilitu(
opurg
oirbliuqe
esilna
,etnemlanoicidA
.)otnop etse a otnauq affarS ed searedisnoc sa ,otnatrop ,odnarongi( U ed otamrof on soidm e sianigram sotsuc ed savruc
;)aletneilc ed aicntsixe( sotudorp ed oaicnerefid ;)adas/adartne ervil( serotaf sod edadilibom ervil ;)ocitsmota odacrem( saserpme ed oremn ednarg :aserpme ad oirbliuqe od esilna an sadaticilpxe ,siapicnirp sesetpih rop setniuges san sodaiopa otse ,nilrebmahC e nosniboR ed e
etnemavitcepser
sotsoporp
,acitsloponom
aicnrrocnoc
atiefrepmi aicnrrocnoc ed soledom so ,seralimis etnemlaicnessE .oengomoh odacrem mu ed megami a odnarbeuq ,serodimusnoc so ertne saicnreferp ed aicntsixe otnauq affarS ed seisoporp
sa essehloca ,odal ortuo rop ,euq e oilponom od e atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ad soledom sod rogir o opmet omsem oa essevit euq odacrem od
airoet amu riurtsnocer mararucorp )3391( nilrebmahC e )3391( nosniboR ,otaf eD .aicngele ed es-ritsever arap es-uoremse ,acisslcoen ourtsnoc ad edlom o odniuges ,e uodrat on affarS acisslcoen atsopser A
a cit sl o p o n o m u o ati ef r e p mi ai c n r r o c n o c e d ol e d o m o d a d u bi rt si d et n e m a vit ati q e e d a dil a vi r A 3. 2. 1

.oilponom ed oautis ad somixrp otium ratse medop socitsmota sodacrem omsem euq odiregus ret saled lapicnirp A .socitslopogilo sodacrem me aicnrrocnoc ad otnemidnetne o arap siapicnirp
saidi sad samugla ,missa ,sadatnalp otse ,affarS ed ogitra oN .oilpogilo ed seidnoc bos sodacrem sod avitanretla megadroba amu ed ourtsnoc ed sorofse son otnauq )acitsloponom uo atiefrepmi aicnrrocnoc ad airoet( acisslcoen alocse ad otibm on otnat rarugif a marassap sioped opmet ocuop euq saidi e sotiecnoc ,aserpme ad otnemadividne oa etimil ed aicntsixe ,adartne sarierrab ed aicntsixe ad odatluser omoc soirnidroartxe sorcul ed edadilibissop ,oerp rizuder a etsiser e seroditepmoc sues ed seaer sievssop sa atnoc me avel aserpme
93
.roiretsop apate amu me uonodnaba so e omsilaer ed maicerac sotsopus setse euq uecehnocer nilrebmahC oirprp O 62
ed oropsid )odacrem on sodagehc-mcer uo sodicelebatse( sodot euq ed )acigm ed essap mu omoc( aitnarag a lanif odatluser ojuc adnamed ed oadomocaer a ,euq j amu atsopus ,)adas uo adartne ed( otnemivom e etsuja
adac
,avititepmoc
osserp
laer
amu
omoc
on
ed omsinacem omoc anoicnuf adartne ervil a ,zev amu siaM .aicnicifeni ed ,edadicapac ed ossecxe ed arodareg omoc acitsloponom aicnrrocnoc ed oledom on ecerapa )sosrucer sod edadilibom ervil ad oditnes
on( aicnrrocnoc ervil a ,missA .avitudorp edadicapac ed ossecxe moc d es oirbliuqe o ,sotudorp ed oaicnerefid ad aditrapartnoc omoc ,euq atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ed oledom oa oaler me anerefid A .)artxe orcul ed oanimile( oerp = eMC e )omixm orcul( gMR = gMC ed seidnoc s odnedneta ,oidm otsuc ed avruc etnegnat )adanilcni etnemavitagen ,aroga( aserpme ad laudividni adnamed ed avruc moc )ozarp
ognol od esilna( opurg od lanif oirbliuqe o ,missa ,es-etnaraG .levicnegilgen ,etnacifingisni adaredisnoc res edop siamed so bos rotudorp adac ed aicnulfni a ,rezid elav ,siamed sa etnemlaugi megnita aserpme amu ed oerp ed seairav sa euq acilpmi ,omsimota ed esetpih adanoicida ,oisopus amitl atsE
62
.serotudorp so sodot ertne adnamed ad
adazurc-edadicitsale acitndi ropus elaviuqe euq o ,opurg od )saserpme( sotudorp soirv so ertne sadubirtsid etnememrofinu os serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp sa
)b
;sotsuc
ed
anerefid
reuqlauq
materraca
on sotudorp so ertne sanerefid sa
)a
:euq rezid acifingis otsI .opurg on rartne a
riv massop euq saserpme savon sa sadot arap mbmat sam ,sodicelebatse j serotudorp so arap sanepa on adilv atsopus acireh esetpih asse euq racatsed ebaC .opurg od )saserpme( sotudorp so sodot arap siaugi sadaredisnoc os sotsuc ed e adnamed ed savruc sa :acireh esetpih adamahc a adulcni ,socitndi ,)acorpcer odnes on edadilibiutitsbus arobme ,sotudorp ed uarg odavele saserpme
matneserpa
sojuc
04
.)76 .p ,5391 ,rodlaK( siaicnetop seroditepmoc sues ed sa mbmat sam ,setnetsixe siavir sues ed sea sa etnemos on atnoc me ravel rarucorp adivacerp aserpme amu ,otnatroP .setsed sodacrem son sessimortni setnatropmi razilaer e somixrp
siam siavir ,etnemairassecen ,met otudorp ovon mU .setnetsixe sotudorp so sodot a oaler me oisop laugi me orartnocne es )serotudorp( sotudorp sovon so euq ratieca levssop on ,amrof amsem aD .odaicnegilgen res edop on seled mu adac erbos sea saus ed otiefe o ,otnatroP .oriedadrev mbmat oirrtnoc o ,ogolna odom ed ;siavir sessed soerp solep adaicneulfni etnemlaicepse otudorp oirprp ues rop adnamed a euq odom ed
,somixrp siam siavir sues ed adaedor tse aserpme adac ,odavele otium serotudorp ed oremn o odnauq omsem ,otaf ed ,euq uednefeD
.) 6 6- 5 6 . p , 5 3 9 1 ,r o dl a K( s ot u d or p e d o ai c n er efi d et si x e o d n a u q otr e c et n e ml a u gi e , s a s er p m e s a d a cif r g o e g o a zil a c ol e d s a n er efi d s et n e m a ci n u e v e d e s o d a cr e m o d o i efr e p mi a e u q e d o s a c o n et n e di v e ot s I )... ( s o rt u o a e u q el e a s o mi x r p si a m si a vi r m o c e r p m e s r at n o rf e d e s l a u di vi d ni a s er p m e r e u ql a u Q . s ot u d or p si a m e d s o a o al er m e e d a dili bi utit s b u s e d u ar g o m s e m o o ri u s s o p a c n u n s a s er p m e s at nit si d s A
.siavir sotudorp ed opurg reuqlauq ed soerp soa oaler moc edutingam ed medro amsem ad majes sedadicitsale sa euq ropus arap avitacifitsuj reuqlauq h on euq uotnemugrA .sievzerpsed majes otnatrop e ,siamed sa sadot erbos etnemavitatiqe sodubirtsid majes aserpme amu ed sea sad sotiefe so ,sodaicnerefid sotudorp ed etnaid omsem ,euq ritnarag arap oidnoc ,adnamed ed savruc sad edadlaugi atsopus an asserpxe ,saserpme sa sadot ed sotudorp solep serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp sad emrofinu oiubirtsid ed esetpih ad omsilaerri o artnoc adigirid iof etnednutnoc siam acitrc auS .acitsloponom aicnrrocnoc ad airoet ad sotsopusserp so artnoc etnematnorp uigaer )5391( rodlaK
n o s ni b o R e d a cit r c ot u a a e r o dl a K e d s a cit r c s A
.sievnimileni siamrona sorcul mairigrus oirrtnoc od ,latot odacrem od alecrap laugi etnemataxe
14
;)oirbliuqe oa etsuja ed lepap otsopus ues rop siam on aroga e( laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ad aicnveler a
)c
;lareg osac o oilpogilo o ,socitsmota sodacrem me omsem ,aicntsni amitl me ,euq ed oatatsnoc a ,aicnrroced me
)b
;saserpme
sa ertne aicndnepedretni ad ,affarS ed ahnil an ,oamrifaer a
)a
:majes siauq ,sodacrem sod acimnid ad avitefe arof amu omoc aicnrrocnoc a rasnep ed orofse o arap setnaveler sotnop iartxe es euq amica adimuser oatnemugra ad sam ,sacitrc e seavresbo sartuo atneserpa rodlaK ed otxet O .odacrem on oriemirp odartne meret ed otaf selpmis olep ,levnimile-on acitsloponom
megatnav amu ed merurfusu sadicelebatse saserpme sa ed edadilibissop a ,missa ,adacoloc tsE .ozujerp rirefua redop euq railava laicnetop etnerrocnoc o es ramusnoc es on edop adartne a ,odacrem oa osseca ed edadlucifid artuo reuqlauq mes ,ajes uo ,adartne ervil ed otsopus o bos omsem e artxe orcul ed oautis an ,osac etsen ,euq es-evresbO .sartxe sorcul ed oanimile etneqesnoc a moc ,sotsuc ed e laudividni adnamed ed savruc sa ertne aicngnat a ,)siamisetinifni e( savissecus seamixorpa rop ,evomorp euq ,aicnlecxe rop etsuja ed omsinacem o omoc ranoicnuf redop ed airaxied saserpme ed adartne ervil a ,saicntsnucric savon sasseN .oledom olep sadidneterp seidnoc san oirbliuqe od oanimreted a ritnarag levssopmi airanrot ,avitacifingis amrof ed atefa meuq a e atefa ehl euq ,somixrp siam )siaicnetop e sovitefe( siavir ed oneuqep otnujnoc mu met aserpme adac euq ,ajes uo ,etnemlaugi sodot a matefa on laicnetop etnartne amu ed uo adicelebatse aserpme amu ed sea sa euq ritimdA .adariter odnauq oledom od sesulcnoc sa erbos seacilpmi seroiam mes ,)oisopxe ed azeralc ad oicfeneb me adizudortni( arodacifilpmis esetpih amu ed sanepa atart es on adnamed ed savruc sad edadlaugi a euq rartsnomed uiugesnoc rodlaK .acitsloponom aicnrrocnoc ed oledom od sodatluser so arap saicnqesnoc sairs mt seavresbo satsE
24
.02 aton asson ediV 13 .32 aton asson ediV 03 .)302 .p ,3591 ,nosniboR( elen rartenep ed edadlucifid alep odaicneulfni etnemetrof ajes odacrem odanimreted mun levssop orcul o euq rarepse someved euq odom ed ,asrev-eciv e ,axiab orcul ed axat e oartenep licf ed os ,latipac me otnemitsevni oneuqep megixe euq somar seleuqa :omar arap omar ed mairav sorcul sO .edadivita ed omar od sacitsretcarac sa moc odroca ed sadaicnerefid orcul ed saxat ed acirpme oavresbo a orcul ed lamron levn ed acisslcoen oon epartnoc nosniboR 92 .61 aton asson ediV 82 .)32 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( )acitsloponom uo atiefrepmi aicnrrocnoc ad airoet ad( ocisslcoen etnemacipit ocitlana otnemardauqne o megnita euq ,lareg siam ecnacla ed seirtser sa rezaf acitrcotua aus me nosniboR .J airprp ebuoc ,sassoP atseta omoC 72
e soentnatsni os on setsuja so ,otaf eD .otnop esse acolsed oirbliuqe ed otnop mu aires euq oa oerid me otnemivom oirprp o sezev
satium e ,missa on saM .etnemaenatnatsni odanacla essof ,).cte ,opurg od ,odacrem od ,rotudorp od ,rodimusnoc od oirbliuqe( acisslcoen
ourtsnoc a adot me etneserp ,oirbliuqe ed otnop lat es omoc .)902 .p ,3591 ,nosniboR( otnemivom od onitsed o erbos otiefe mu met oatnemivom ed ossecorp oirprp o euq otseuq A )...( .odatelpmoc res arap opmet otrec egixe etsuja reuqlauq euq ed a sanepa on otseuq a
13
,odanoicnem j emrofnoC .oirbliuqe od esilna
ad ocittse retrac o artnoc ,ralucitrap me ,es-uotlov nosniboR .azetrecni a e opmet o moc radil ed edadicapacni a :azeuqarf roiam aus an mecerapsnart e oirbliuqe od amgidarap
olep atsopmi arof ed asimac ad merroced sodacrem sod lanoicidart acisslcoen megadroba ad samelborp seroiam so ,nosniboR araP .acisslcoen esilna ad ocittse retrac o artnoc ,amus me
03
;aserpme ad oirbliuqe ed ohnamat ed oisoporp a e
92
orcul
ed lamron levn ed oon a a
82
,sorcul ed arodazimixam edadilanoicar
72
:acisslcoen aixodotro ad seralip siapicnirp soa seuqata sorietrec solep
odicehnocer ogitra me acitrcotua aus uoticilpxe ,atiefrepmi aicnrrocnoc ad airoet aus a ralumrof ed sioped sona etniv ,)3591( nosniboR .J .)aserpme ad esseretni ed otnemges o arap sonem olep ,odot mu omoc odacrem o arap on es( adartne arierrab omoc alacse ed saimonoce sad opecrep a
)d
34
.)4391( rodlaK rev ,laer avruc amu e adnamed ed adanigami avruc amu ertne onitsid ad adahlated siam ossucsid amu araP 23
.aserpme amu ed otudorp olep laudividni adnamed ed avruc ad setimil sod acreca etabed oa seavresbo sasoilav uotropa )3591( nosniboR .)32 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( airtsdni a mamrof euq sotutitsbus sotudorp ed aiedac alep adanimreted aicndnepedretni aus ed edutriv me ,otieca res edop on aserpme amu ed )
subirap siretec(
adnamed ed avruc odubirta lanoicnevnoc odacifingis o ,missA .)76 .p ,5391 ,rodlaK( adadnamed edaditnauq a e oerp o ertne
23
avitejbo
oaler amu acilpmi erpmes euq lanoicidart esilna ad adnamed ed savruc sad otnitsid ogla ed es-atart ,mroP .)oirserpme od etnem an ritsixe ogla siop( adanimreted erpmes adnamed ed adanigami avruc atsE .oerp oirprp ues ed seairav s etnerf siavir sues ed atudnoc a erbos )sadarre uo satrec( savitatcepxe san es-raesab eved ;serotudorp siamed sod soerp so setnatsnoc ropus edop on adnamed ed adanigami avruc a ;siavir sues ed oaer ed sedadilibissop samisslpma sad edneped siop ,saserpme sad laudividni adnamed ed laer avruc a ranimreted levssopmi es-anrot :macatsed es seacilpmi saud ,adaicnerefid amrof ed siamed sa egnita aserpme amu ed oerp ed oairav a eS .siavir sessed soerp solep adaicneulfni etnemlaicepse aserpme amu ed otudorp olep adnamed a euq ritimda ed etniuges ossap oa avel somixrp siam siavir sues ed adaedor tse aserpme adac euq ed otnemicehnocer o euq uovresbo )76 .p ,5391( rodlaK
l a u di vi d ni a d n a m e d e d a v r u c e s et n e r r o c n o c e rt n e ai c n d n e p e d r et nI
.saserpme sa ertne edadilavir a arap ragul ajah on ,lanoicnevnoc siam acisslcoen airoet an ,euq moc zaf euq ocitlana otnemardauqne esse
.)!otnujnoc me messidiced satsilatipac so es licf siam aires( oirbliuqe ed otnop o aires euq o revom mezaf siauq sa ,sessucreper mt
44
.)82-72 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( sotsuc son uo adnamed an sadaredom searetla ed ecaf me satsilopogilo soerp sod edadilibatse avitaler a airacilpxe ossI .asrevni ozar alep ,oerp od oavele amu arap atla e ;orahnapmoca a sartuo euq atiderca amrif a euqrop ,oerp od ouder amu arap axiab edadicitsale a ;etnegiv oerp ed levn oa )arbeuq amu otnatrop e( auntnocsed edadicitsale amu atneserpa atsilopogilo o atnorfed es euq moc adnamed ed avruc a euq es-epuS .sacitslopogilo seidnoc bos soerp ed zedigir aicndnet a ratpac a raduja arap lit otium ,)olugn me uo( adarbeuq adnamed ed avruc ad esetpih a omoc adicehnoc uocif euq aleuqa ,sogitra sovitcepser sues me ,meroporp oa edadilaer asse etnemataxe rasserpxe mavarucorp )9391( hctiH e llaH e )9391( yzeewS 33
sa ertne oitepmoc A .aicnrrocnoc ad amra )lapicnirp reuqes( acin omoc oerp o mazilitu on saserpme sa ,odacrem odanimreted mu ed latot adnamed ad salecrap setnecserc is arap rezart e ,odacrem on oapicitrap aus railpma ,levssop es ,e retnam rop orofse on ,edadrev aN .sotiefrep meres on sele ed otaf selpmis olep ,sodacrem son manimoderp euq aicnrrocnoc ed samrof sa aredisnoc es odnauq oveler ahnag otcepsa essE .cte ,adnagaporp moc sotsag ,sotudorp ed oaicnerefid :soerp on euq serotaf sortuo rop adatefa res adnamed a ed otaf o adnia es-amoS .oazilamrof avissecxe amu ,etnemavitinifed ,nosniboR arap , adnamed ed
atelpmoc avruc amu aebac an met ele euq ropus ,otnatroP .setnerrocnoc sues ed oaer ed sedadilibissop satinifni sa reverp ed edadilibissopmi an ediser ,levnrotnocni etse ,amelborp roiam O .)aicrni roiam
alep es-raziretcarac amutsoc ,otser ed ,euq( serodimusnoc sod oaer a reverp ed sedadlucifid s rignirtser es ed egnol tse amelborp O .oerp ed sairssecensed sanadum rative a ednet lauq
33
alep ozar ,soerp ed sanadum ed ecaf me adnamed a rigaer omoc ed oon agav amu sanepa met e )odacitarp oerp ed levn oa etnednopserroc ,etnegiv edaditnauq-oerp rap o( avruc assed otnop mu sanepa ecehnoc ,atelpmoc adnamed ed avruc aus ecehnoc on oirserpme O
.adnamed ad otnemua ed seidnoc me omsem ,soirserpme solep sadative os soerp ed
sanaduM .)502 .p ,3591 ,nosniboR( levvorpmi etnemamertxe orre e avitatnet ed ossecorp mu ed oiem rop airodacrem amu arap ovitarcul siam oerp o artnocne euq oirserpme mu ed megami A
54
aicnreferp( adnamed ad seroiretxe seisopmi s sedaditnauq e soerp ed etsuja ed omsinacem orem mu omoc ,missa ,ecerapa )adartne ervil ed megami an adarugifsnart( aicnrrocnoc A .
subirap siretec seidnoc a
soditembus os sotiefe sues a e oavoni setnerefer sotcepsa sO .setnairavni oazinagro ed samrof ,ralucitrap me ,e oudorp ed sodotm ,seidnoc ed odigr otxetnoc mu ed ortned ,saserpme
sa ertne edadilavir e aicnrrocnoc ed oart reuqlauq mes ,oengomoh oapse mU .)etreni e( acifcap megami alep aziretcarac es euq odacrem ed opit mu es-edneerped ,sesetpih sasseD .edadilavir-on an matluser )adas e adartne ervil e otudorp od edadienegomoh ,ocitsmota odacrem( oledom od siartnec sesetpih sa ,
atiefrep aicnrrocnoc
ed odacrem oN
s o d acr e m s o d l a n oi ci d a rt m e g a d r o b a a d a cit r c e sil n a a d s e s ul c n o C 1. 3. 1 s o d a c r e m s o n ai c n r r o c n o c a e r b o s ) si ai c r a p( s e s ul c n o C 3. 1

.)602 .p ,3591 ,nosniboR( laudividni adnamed ed avruc ad opecnoc amu ed esab adamot osiced aus euq rasnep asonagne etnemlatot megadroba amu euq od oazilamrofrepus amu siam res ecerap ,edadrev aN .sesiced saus san adnamed
ed seidnoc sa atnoc me evel on oirserpme o euq rezid reuq on ossI .siaudividni adnamed ed savruc rinifed ed aferat an )edadilituni ,oditnes otrec me ,e( edadlucifid emrone a ritimda ed es-atart ,esetns mE .orutuf o erbos searedisnoc sa atnoc me avel on euq ,ocittse laicnerefer mu a aserp tse lanoicidart esilna ad adnamed ed avruc a ,ossid mlA
.) 4 0 2 . p ,3591 , n o s ni b o R( s a cirt m o e g s e d a d eir p or p s et n a g el e ri u birt a lit ni r e s l a u q , o al u pi n a m s el p mi s a m u ) a s er p m e a d a ni mr et e d e d ot u d or p o d a ni mr et e d ar a p( l a u di vi d ni a d n a m e d e d a vr u c a m u , e d a dil a er a n

:otne ,oerp a sanepa ednopser on adnamed a es ,euq es-zuded aD .)302 .p ,3591 ,nosniboR( lanoisnemiditlum azerutan amu atneserpa oitepmoc a euq ,otnatrop ,rezid es-edoP .samrof sartuo satium amot ,otaf ed ,saserpme
64
.adarafsid anaillahsram airtsdni a odnes omoc es-uolever opurg o :)11 .p( notfilC ed somret soN .)11 .p ,7791( notfilC rop odatic ,)0591( relgitS rop adivlovnesed iof oatnemugra atsE 43
.acittse etnemairassecen atluser aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp od esilna a ,)oirbliuqe e
oazimixam( socisslcoen sociglodotem seralip siod sod mfeR .aicnrrocnoc-on omoc ecerapa acisslcoen aicnrrocnoc a ,odacrem ed sianoicidart soledom son ,esetns mE .edadilavir ed aicnsua an ,atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ed oledom od olpmexe a ,otne ,atluser acitsloponom aicnrrocnoc ed oledom olep adigixe adubirtsid etnemavitatiqe edadilavir A etnemlaicini aidneterp ele euq aicnrrocnoc ad
43
.esilna raroprocni a sacirpme
otiepser
seavresbo samsem sa ranodnaba a ,amrof atsed ,e )setnartne sovon e oarepo me( serotudorp soirv so ertne serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp sad emrofinu oiubirtsid ed esetpih levsualpmi a rizudortni a )3391( nilrebmahC mararof acitsloponom aicnrrocnoc me opurg mu ed ortned soerp sod oanimreted socisslcoen sotsopusserp so ,missA .avitacifingis amrof ed somixrp siam siavir sues matefa rotudorp adac ed sedutita sa euq ed otaf o ratart ed edadicapacni aus ,)5391( rodlaK ed somret son ,ajes uO .setnerrocnoc so ertne aicndnepedretni ad amelborp o ratart arap )latot orcul od oazimixam odnasiv sotsuc/atrefo e adnamed ad otnemazurc on odaesab( ocisslcoen ocitlana latnemurtsni od oauqedani
a :amelborp mu moc es-mararaped acisslcoen alocse ad serosnefed so ,6291 ed ogitra ues ed etrap adnuges an affarS rop sodatnavel sotnemele raroprocni e omsilaerri o moc repmor ratnet oa ,otaf eD
.edadilavir-on an mbmat matluser )siaudividni adnamed ed savruc sad edadlaugi ed otsopus o ,sotudorp ed oaicnerefid ad rasepa ,e adas e adartne ervil ,odacrem od omsimota( oledom od siartnec sesetpih sa ,
acitsloponom uo atiefrepmi aicnrrocnoc
ed odacrem oN
.siaer sodacrem so macrec euq azetrecni a e opmet o moc radil ed ocisslcoen amgidarap od edadlucifid amertxe a odnaicnedive ,odacrem e saserpme ed saentlumis seulos os ,arger ed aiv ,oirbliuqe ed oautis oerid me setsuja sO .)sorcul sod oazimixam e adad aigoloncet( atrefo ad e )serodimusnoc sod
74
.)62 .p ,5891( sassoP rop odatic ,odacrem on etnapicitrap adac ed otnematropmoc ed ordap o raroprocni arap setnegnarba etnemetneicifus res meved sassimerp sa ,oirrtnoc oA .levssimdani ,snumoc solumtse a soudvidni sosoremun ed atnujnoc oaer a erbos siareg sesetpih es-odnecelebatse ,ajes uo ,odasilana odis met ovititepmoc odacrem o lauq olep ociglodotem otnemurtsni o euq acifingis mbmaT .arup oitepmoc e oilpogilo ertne acitrc siam e selpmis siam onitsid a opmet s mu a atsE .etnapicitrap reuqlauq rop adaretla res edop odacrem ed oulos a adoT :)201-101 .p ,8491( htiarblaG odnugeS .setnerrocnoc ed oremn oneuqep o moc radil me levrepusni esauq edadlucifid amu atneserpa acisslcoen airoet a euq ramrifa oa otnop esse meb azitetnis )62 .p ,5891( sassoP 53
.)oledom o ropus a agirbo es omoc ,sadaicnerefid etnemaenegomoh euq sa omsem( arap serodimusnoc ,soengomoh-on sod sadaicnerefid ed atrefo a saicnreferp aditrapartnoc
redneta
sotudorp
omoc met avitudorp aicnicifeni a euq ed olosnoc o atseR .ariemirp ad ominm ed otnop od adreuqse rerroco edop s )laudividni adnamed( adanilcni etnemavitagen avruc amu e )soirtinu uo soidm sotsuc( U ed otamrof me avruc amu ertne aicngnat a euq j ,levtiveni oudorp ed edadicapac ed ossecxe o ,ortuo oN .sovititepmoc etnematiefrep sodacrem ed oarugifnoc aicnicife amixm ed oaicossa a odnadlapser
,omit atnalp ed ohnamat o arugessa lamron orcul o osac mu mE .sartxe sorcul sod oanimile an ,lanif oa ,atluser ,soledom sod sacisb sesetpih san odadlapser
,euq osiced ed oirtirc ,orcul omixm od acsub a on euq avitaicini reuqlauq ramot mesicerp setnapicitrap so ossi arap euq mes ,)recelebatse es rop e sodicelebatse( serotudorp so sodot a sievsseca etnemlaugi
,)oudorp ed sotsuc e socinct sortemrap( atrefo ad seidnoc sad e )serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp( adnamed ed seidnoc sad otnemazurc od egreme euq oditnes on ,odacrem ed seulos ed atluser oirbliuqe o ,
acitsloponom e atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ed sodacrem son ,otaf eD

53
.oirbliuqe ed seidnoc sa raretla
ed zapac aserpme acin amu ed oa a euq ratieca euq ret ed oautis a etnemlevaroxeni rimussa airizudnoc osaC saserpme sa res ertne aicndnepedretni sadazinocerp
,oirrtnoc
.sadarugessa
medop
levtse oirbliuqe ed seidnoc sa missa etnemoS .snumoc seautis e solumtse a etna ralimis e levsiverp amrof ed megaer euq samontua sesiced ed sedadinu omoc sadamot majes satse euq e saserpme
ed oremn ednarg mu rop sotsopmoc sodacrem reuqer etnemacitsroirpa sadanimreted oirbliuqe ed seulos moc soledom ed osu O
84
.acisslcoen avitanretla megadroba amu ed ourtsnoc an setnaveler sotnemele ,laicrap adnia e oirtarolpxe retrac me ,ratneserpa levssop ,nosniboR ed acitrcotua an e rodlaK ed sacitrc san ,affarS ed seisoporp san esab moC
s a s e r p m e s a n e u q e p s a d o d a c r e m e d r e d o p o : a vit a n r etl a m e g a d r o b a a m u a r a p ) s ot el p m o c ni e s o s r e p si d a d ni a( s ot n e m el E 2. 3. 1
.sodartnecnoc sodacrem so ;adartne sarierrab ed aicntsixe a e edadilavir a ;saserpme sa ertne oitepmoc ad adatecafitlum azerutan a
)d )c )b
;socitsmota sodacrem me omsem ,)laudividni adnamed ed avruc a erbos sievsiverpmi sotiefe sues e( setnerrocnoc so ertne aicndnepedretni a
)a
:laer odnum od setnerroc sonemnef ed ratart ed zapacni lanoicidart acisslcoen megadroba a ,esetns mE .)42 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( acittse assimerp adata etnemlevaidemerri es-artsom acisslcoen esilna a
,rogir etnerapa ues me e edadicilpmis aus me arotudes arobmE .socinct etnematirtse sotnemugra rop sadadlapser erpmes ,)olpmexe rop ,etsurtitna( saviterroc sea
ritnarag ed lepap o ,omixm on ,mairebac sacilbp sacitlop s ;odatsE od onevretni-on ad asefed a egreme ,sosac sod reuqlauq mE .)sadicelebatse j saserpme s oaler me adnamed ed e otsuc ed seidnoc ed edadlaugi me artne ,acigm ed essap mu rop ,euq( !mu siam ebac erpmes ,ecserc odacrem o es ,E .seralimis sohnamat odnibixe ,odal a odal rahnimac a mednet saserpme sa soledom siod son ,lanifA .aserpme reuqlauq ed etrap rop ocitsloponom redop ed etnerroced atsafen aicnulfni ad e oirtbra od ervil e ,sacinct e odacrem ed seidnoc ed otnorfnoc odirefer od odatluser ,larutan iel amu omoc egrus saserpme ed omit oremn o ,otxetnoc esseN
94
.saserpme ertne ,adnia siam ,e sairtsdni ertne orcul ed saxat ed edadienegoreteh ad e adartne sarierrab e edadivitarcul ertne oaler ad opecrep a ;sodacrem sod oartnecnoc aicndnet a ;aserpme
ad otnemicserc oa etimil ,oipcnirp me ,h on euq ed aidi a ;)sesnemid saus ed amu sanepa oerp o odnes( aicnrrocnoc ad lanoisnemiditlum azerutan a :)seavresbo satugra saus rop sadiceuqirne sam ,sianigiro etnemairassecen on( seiubirtnoc sairv axodotro-on oxelfer
ed orofse oa uotropa mbmat ,sodartnecnoc-on sodacrem sanepa etnem me ahnit on rodlaK e affarS ed oirrtnoc oa euq ,nosniboR .errocnoc etnemavitefe aserpme adac euq me odacrem ed otnemges od sesnemid sa
susrev
atnalp ed ohnamat od amelborp o es-acoloc ,odacrem o odidividbus ,euq odom ed ,somixrp siam siavir socuop snugla moc etnemasnetni siam errocnoc aserpme adac euq aredisnoc es odnauq adibecrep res edop s ,socitsmota sodacrem me etnedive sonem ,etnof amitl atsE .alacse ed saimonoce s e sotudorp ed oaicnerefid sadaicossa ,sodazimota sodacrem me omsem recelebatse es rop mabaca euq adartne sarierrab ed sopit sotrec ed azerutan a redneerpmoc a maraduja ,ossi moC .odacrem ed redop mt somixrp siam siavir sues moc otnuj auta euq me odacrem od sesnemid s etnerf saneuqep ot on sam ,odot mu omoc odacrem od sesnemid s etnerf saneuqep saserpme sa ,oautis assen omsem ,euq rebecrep ed sezapac marof e socitsmota sodacrem etnem me mahnit sobmA
.serotua siod sessed oiubirtnoc an mumoc me otnemele mu H .)adartne sotnemidepmi ed etnatluser sartxe sorcul ed aicnrroco a omoc( sotiefe sues e saserpme sad sesiced sa ertne aicndnepedretni levtiveni a e somixrp siam siavir ed aicntsixe ad edadilaer a ,sodacrem sod lareg oart omoc ,rebecrep me odicl iof ,acisslcoen osiv a moc repmor redneterp mes omsem ,rodlaK .saserpme saneuqep sad odacrem ed redop on zul odnop ,siaicnerrocnoc sodacrem me omsem )sotudorp ed oaicnerefid odaicossa( oilponom ed redop ed aicntsixe ad aidi asoredop a moc uiubirtnoc affarS
05
.adartne sarierrab ed setnof ed ossucsid ad odnauq ,etniuges olutpac on odahlated res otnop essE 73 .)84 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( acimnoce edadilaer anredom an adairav oarugif etneserpa arobme ,etneqerf siam odacrem ed amrof a omoc sam ;ralucitrap ociret osac mu omoc ecerapa on ,otnatrop ,oilpogilo O 63
.)012 .p ,3591 ,nosniboR( )otiepser ues a acirtsih oamrofni ed emulov mob mu atsixe arobme( ocitlana otnematart ocuop uebecer euq ,etnatropmi e etnasseretni otseuq amu ed es-atart ,3591 ed ogitra ues me ,nosniboR avasuca emrofnoC ?saserpme sednarg sad odacrem ed redop od azerutan a lauq e sodartnecnoc sodacrem manoicnuf omoc ,sodacrem sod oartnecnoc ad sasuac sa siauq
)2
?)ocitslopogilo etneibma( lareg me sodacrem so maziretcarac euq saserpme sa ertne aicndnepedretni e edadilavir ad setnerroced azetrecni ed seidnoc sa bos sesiced mamot saserpme sa omoc
)1
:setnaveler socitlana sotnemarbodsed siod etnemaralc atnopa ,nosniboR ed ralucitrap me ,serotua sessed arutieler A
r at n e rf n e a s e t s e u q e s a n u c al : s et n a v el e r s o citl a n a s ot n e m a r b o d s e D 3. 3. 1
73
sodaiopa seleuqa majes ,sotudorp sod .)odacrem
ed oapse
susrev
an sod
atnalp ed ohnamat( alacse ed saimonoce s adaicossa oaicnerefid
oartnecnoc
an odaiopa tse odacrem ed redop o euq me seleuqa majes ,socitslopogilo sodacrem etnacram siam oart ,setnerrocnoc sod oaer
a moc saserpme sad lartnec oapucoerp a ,otxetnoc esseN .)42 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( lareg siam
63
socuop sortuo moc etnemos aterid
oidnoc a ,edadilaer an , oilpogilo o ,sarvalap sartuo me ;serodednev aicnrrocnoc me tse rodednev
adaC .sartxe sorcul ed onetbo etneqesnoc a e sodacrem son adartne sarierrab rop e saserpme sa ertne aicndnepedretni e edadilavir alep maziretcarac es saserpme ed oremn od etnemetnednepedni siauq so ,laer odnum on sodacrem sod ,missa ,es-maramixorpa serotua setsE
15
.aicnicife aus e omsimanid ues ,odacrem ed saruturtse sa erbos oartnecnoc ed ossecorp od e aicnrrocnoc ad sotiefe so arap etemer euq odnuf ed siam otseuq a ratse aicerap adamurra ot men asnetxe ot oN .oartnecnoc ad saicndive sa erbos adartnocne res aidop
aifargoilbib asnetxe amu ,0591 sona sod sodaem me ,otaf eD .saciret sesilna sadarobale arap euq od socirpme e socirtsih sodutse arap odairporpa siam res aicerap amelborp o ,ozar amugla rop ,otnatertne ;adanava oazilairtsudni ed sesap son lairtsudni oartnecnoc ed ossecorp
o acifisnetni es odnauq ,XIX olucs od lanif edsed j ,llahsraM evisulcni ,sodot rop oditimda are sodartnecnoc etnematla edadivita ed serotes me odnarepo sednarg otium saserpme sad e etsurt od ocitsloponom retrac O :avatnemugra )34 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS ,oerid amsem aN
.) 2 1 2- 1 1 2 . p , 3 5 9 1 , n o s ni b o R( o d a e m o c r et et n e mli cifi d o it e p m o c a d oi nl c e d u o ai c n vi v er b o s e d o s s e c or p o d s ai c n q e s n o c e s a s u a c s a d ) s o cir t si h s o d ut s e s o a o i s o p o m e( e sil n a a m u ot n a u q n e , oir s s e c e n s e d l a m m u ) d( u o oir s s e c e n l a m m u ) c( , o u c ni ) b( , o cif n e b ) a( ) ar u p mi u o( ati efr e p mi o it e p m o c e d et n et si x e o d at s e m u e s er b o s a ci g l o et o s s u c si d a m u a a d a ci d e d i of l at n e m ai gr e n e ati u m , )... ( , e u q e d o s s e r p mi a o h n et s a m ,l a n oi ci d a rt ai r o et a d o s p al o c ol e p o d ati c s u s o t s e u q e d o pit o e s s E .r oir et n a a e u q o d s oil p o n o m si a m r et a vi s s e c u s o ar e g a d a c e u q e d a d a zil ar e n e g o ci v n o c a m u r e v a h e c er a P
.sadicehnoc siamed rop os sacirpme saicndive sA .sodacrem sod oartnecnoc aicndnet otnauq adivd revah on ecerap ,otseuq adnuges otnauQ .eset atsed opocse od arof ,).cte ,saserpme ertne oarepooc ,seavoni ed acitlop ,oazilanoicanretni e oacifisrevid ed saigtartse ,otnemaicnanif ed acitlop ,otnemitsevni ed osiced ,soerp ed acitlop( setnaveler ed samet an soremni sadartnec macraba saciret euq ,saserpme sad otnemicserc ,otnatrop
acimnid
seiubirtnoc
sa
arap
,etemeR .sodacrem sues ridnapxe ,levssop es ,e retnam arap saigtartse sadairav siam sad om manal aicnrrocnoc ed etnassecni ossecorp
on euq ,siavir e setnednepedretni sairsiced sedadinu omoc saserpme san sadartnec sesilna sa arap etemer otseuq ariemirp A
25
.)62-52 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( sacittopih seaer e sea sad ovitalucepse onerret on macif euq soledom sessed roiam amelborp O .atirtser oacilpa ed ,)9291( gnilletoH ed o ,)etnatsnoc recenamrep ortuo od oudorp a euq atimda rotudorp adac euq e soerp so sievxelf epus( satsilaerri otium sesetpih me odaiopa ,)8381( tonruoC ed o ,adanimretedni oulos avatneserpa euq ,)7981( htrowegdE ed o :oilpoud ed sianoicidart soledom soa es-maignirtser ocisslcoen otibm on savitatnet sa ,otaf eD 83
.)oirbliuqe od oanimreted a ritnarag arap( etnednepedni oa mepus euq soledom alumrof sam ,)saserpme ed oremn odizuder moc ahlabart euq me adidem an( sea sad aicndnepedretni a ecehnocer axodotro megadroba a euq rezid es-edop ,lareg arienam amu eD otnematropmoc ed sesetpih sad
83
.)52 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( sadalutsop omsilaicifitra oa omoc
ovisnetso
,soledom sessed oirbliuqe ed seulos sad oanimretedni etneqerf otnat meved es euq ,)atsilanigram aixodotro ad otibm on orucsbo ragul mu marapuco erpmes ,omsem ossi rop ,euq e( ocisslcoen
ociret oproc od etnatser o moc oargetni ed samelborp soirs moc e satirtser otium savitatnet marof saM .oilpogilo o ratart ed savitatnet satief odis maivah j ,acisslcoen aixodotro ad otibm oN
.)satsilopogilo saserpme sednarg sad odacrem ed redop o( oivb o odal ed es
-uoxied e )saserpme saneuqep ed odacrem ed redop o( oivb on euq o radutse a es-uossap ,seecxe samugla moc :acimnoce airoet ad oivsed otrec mu odnacovorp ,mt saserpme saneuqep sa euq odacrem ed redop o arap oneta a odamahc ret affarS ed otaf oa 0591 sona sod sodaem me oilpogilo od airoet ad edadeiracerp a ,missa ,avatiderc )44-34 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS .saserpme saneuqep sad redop on zul rp me esafn alep odacovorp ,siv otrec mu ed aicedap rotua etse rop odaicini oxelfer ed orofse o euq railava oa ,affarS a otaf esse aubirta inibaL-solyS .)24 .p ,6591( ocitmelborp aunitnoc sadartnecnoc sairtsdni a setnecnetrep saserpme sednarg sad odacrem ed redop o ,ociret
onalp on ,otnatroP .ocitac rezid on arap ,odiulf odatse me es-artnocne )...( oilpogilo od airoet sad a ,sadartnecnoc ed redop sairtsdni od a setnecnetrep etnargalf ad
saserpme
sednarg
odacrem
aicndive
rasepa ,0591 sod adacd anelp me ,euq avatatsnoc inibaL-solyS
35
.4591 .raM ,weiveR cimonocE naciremA .seirtsudni gnirutcafunam ytnewt ni yrtne fo noitidnoc eht dna ,noitartnecnoc ,elacs fo scimonocE ;4591 ,nallimcaM :nodnoL .noitaluger rieht dna noititepmoc ,yloponoM .).drooC( .H .E ,nilrebmahC :nI .yloponom fo ecnegreme eht dna yrtne fo snoitidnoC ;1591 .guA ,56 .v ,scimonocE fo lanruoJ ylretrauQ .0491-6391 ,gnirutcafunam naciremA :noitartnecnoc yrtsudni ot etar tiforp fo noitaleR ;9491 .raM ,weiveR cimonocE naciremA .ylopogilo dna yloponom ni gnicirp no eton A :siauq so ertne ,oilpogilo od amelborp o erbos sogitra sosrevid uocilbup niaB .S eoJ ,lairtsudni oazinagro ed sairoet sa arap aicnulfni roiam ed a etnemadicehnocer ,noititepmoC weN ot sreirraB ,6591 ed arbo aus ed setna ,edadrev aN 04 .airtafsitasni etnemevarg aciret oautis amu ed acitsretcarac ,)55 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS avatrela omoc , osac a osac oulos a E .)72 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( zerdax ed siaunam ed rotua od amixrp otium atsiledom od aferat a anrot e sievnigami seulos ed oremn o etnemadinifedni avele saigtartse ed oanibmoc an oairav ed edadilibissop a ,omitl roP .levjenami e adacilpmoc a-odnanrot abaca ogoj o etnarud soirsrevda sues erbos mednerpa setnapicitrap so euq odad ,laicnesse etnemacigol saigtartse ed larutejnoc esilna ed opit esse razimanid ed avitatnet a ,ossid mlA .)...( )orez amos ed sogoj so( seralucitrap otium sosac me adanimreted oulos ritnarag aidop s ,aditrapartnoc mE .osorogir etnemlamrof odom mu ed odacrem od setnapicitrap sod sacigtartse savitanretla sasrevid ed oaretni a ratart ritimrep etnemlanif ed a are etnerapa megatnav auS 93
04
.)6591( niaB ed oiubirtnoc asoredop a olelarap
me egreme ,oerid amsem aN .ratnerfne a ahnupsid es oirprp ele euq aferat ,otnemadnuforpa roiam ed avatissecen oartnecnoc adavele amu rop sodaziretcarac siairtsudni serotes ed oautis ad esilna a otnauqne ,odaicnerefid oilpogilo o erbos lairetam otium ed ,0591 sona son
,es-ahnupsid ,)74 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS ed oailava an ,missA .sodacrem sod oartnecnoc ed etnecserc a ad saicndive sa odnamrifnoc ,otirtser od socirpme
sohlabart aciret
oarefilorp ed
moc o
odnatsartnoc
es-avartnocne aroF
oxelfer
orofse
,ocisslcoen
otibm
93
.oilpogilo od edadilaer sodatsuja ocuop ,sogoj sod airoet an sodaesab
,siarutejnoc soledom mbmat marigreme ,oilpogilo me sesiced san aicndnepedretni ed sedadilibissop sairv sad atnoc rad odnacsuB
.seidnoc sasse bos saserpme sad otnematropmoc o arap e sadartnecnoc saruturtse sad odutse o arap adatlov ,otnemasnep ed etnerroc avon amu odnamrof es iof osac ed sodutse ed otaler on ,acirpme aicnirepxe an sodaiopa etnemlanoicnetnI .sodacrem sod oartnecnoc levroxeni ad sotiefe so racilpxe e rednetne rop )XIX olucs od lanif edsed j( es-avarofse serotua ed etnecserc oremn mu ,otnatertne ,sacisslcoen sahlarum sad aroF .)saserpme ed oremn oneuqep moc sodacrem ed seaer/sea( oilpogilo opit od seautis razilamrof ed savitatnet s e orup oilponom ed oledom olep odatneserper omertxe osac oa otirtser avatse sodartnecnoc sodacrem sod otnematart O .soirtafsitasni etnemaralc e satsilpmis soledom socuop snugla euq od siam ed ahnupsid on acisslcoen alocse a socitsmota -on sodacrem ed acipt oautis ad ratart arap ,0791 sona so tA
s e r a ni mil e r p s e a r e di s n o C 1. 2
sodacrem sod oartnecnoc a moc oapucoerp a
:aicnrrocnoc ad ohnepmesed-atudnoc -aruturtse megadroba A
65
ed sohlabart ed edaditnauq ednarg amu ed oarefilorp ad ritrap a es -uevlovnesed IO a ,sadazilopogilo sanredom saimonoce me ,seacilpmi saus e sodacrem sod oazinagro ad odutse o odnavitejbO
l ai rt s u d ni o a zi n a g r o e d s o ci r p m e s o d ut s e : o h n e p m e s e d - at u d n o c - a r ut u rt s e m e g a d r o b a a d s n e gi r O 1. 1. 2
.oazilamrof avissecxe ad oa otsopo otnemanoicisop olep raemoc a ,aralc are acisslcoen aixodotro a moc repmor ed onetni A .aixodotro ad mla ri arap ,oerid artuon orofse mu oirssecen es-aizaf ,otnatroP .setseuq savon sassed ratart ed acisslcoen airoet ad edadicapacni ad oatatsnoc alep adarofer are oavitom asse e ,edadeicos a erbos sievzerpsed on sotiefe moc ,sodacrem sod ohnepmesed o e saserpme sad otnematropmoc o erbos seacilpmi mt sodartnecnoc sodacrem euq ed otnemicehnocer on es-avazilacol sodutse ed ahnil assen sorienoip serotua so aivom euq acisb oavitom A .lanoicnevnoc aimonoceorcim oiutitsbus me esilna ed atsoporp amu omoc es-odnatneserpa ,sodacrem sod )lanoicidart( acisslcoen esilna ad oa ovitanretla ohnimac mu rahlirt ed adarebiled avitatnet me es-iutitsnoc sasiuqsep e sodutse ed ahnil atse ,otejbo omoc sodartnecnoc sodacrem so ratart oA .)alacse ed saimonoce setneserp otse osnetxe euq me ralucitrap me ,adartne sotnemidepmi sod setnof sa os siauq e adatlucifid/adatilicaf es-artnocne adartne a adidem euq me ,ajes uo( setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne ed seidnoc sa e sotudorp ed edadilibiutitsbus ,odacrem od oartnecnoc :es-macatsed ,siaruturtse sotnemele so ertnE .sodacrem sod ohnepmesed etnatluser o erbos e siairaserpme satudnoc sa erbos aicndecetna e aicnnimoderp mt odacrem od aruturtse ad sacitsretcarac sa ,opecnoc atsen ,sarvalap sartuo mE .ohnepmesed e atudnoc ,aruturtse agil euq lasuac oaler amu h euq ed a :aciret oaterpretni ed savitatnet san otnauq sacirpme seamrofni ed esilna e oircsed an otnat ,sealumrof saus aiemrep euq lartnec esetpih amu mumoc me mt etnerroc asse mamrof euq serotua so , IO avoN adamahc an sodaicnatsbusnoc ,seroiretsop sotnemarbodsed ed onuf me ,sacisslc uo sianoicidart ed ovitejda o moc etnemetnecer siam )IO( lairtsudni oazinagro ed sairoet omoc sadicehnoC
75
.)41 .pac ,2791( niaB .v ,acimnoceorcim airoet nilrebmahC ed seiubirtnoc sad ossucsid amu araP .sodartnecnoc sodacrem me serotudorp ertne )ralucric aicndnepedretni uo( adicehnocer autm aicndneped ed aicntsixe ad opecrep aus ralucitrap me ,adamalcorp etnemalpma oilpogilo od airoet oiubirtnoc aus ,otnatertnE .socitsmota sodacrem me saserpme sa ertne edadilavir a acrec euq edadilaer a ratart riugesnoc on rop uonimret e oirbliuqe ed ocisslcoen amgidarap od sacittse seatimil sad orienoisirp uiac ,acitsloponom aicnrrocnoc ed oledom ues ralumrof oa ,)3391( nilrebmahC ,)1 .pac( somiv omoC 3 .cte ,oirtaderp oerp ed acitlop ,oerp-artxe aicnrrocnoc ,laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ,alacse ed saimonoce ,oartnecnoc ed uarg ,oilponom ed redop omoc savon sairogetac mararefilorP 2 .)5991( elenetnoF rev ,lairtsudni oazinagro ad sairoet sad oulove e snegiro sad osiver amu araP 1
oazilaer a airegus ,sonacirema satsilanoicutitsni sod socirpme sodutse sod e 3nilrebmahC ed aciret aicnulfni a bos ,)9391( nosaM .IO ad opmac od 2 socipt setseuq e sotiecnoc ed lanesra mu moc 0291 sona soa es-uogehc ,missA .sievnoitseuqni sadaredisnoc ,aicnicife ed sadrep sa messaronim euq oaluger ed samrof es-avacsub e odacrem ed seiefrepmi sad seacilpmi sa es-aitucsid ,atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ad amgidarap o aicnrefer rop odneT .sovitagen sotiefe sues rizuder odnasiv ,setsurt so artnoc siel e sodacrem sod oaluger erbos etabed mu a es-uitsissa ,searoproc sednarg sad redop od otnemua etnedive olep odaziretcarac odorep ,XX olucs od 02 sona soa XIX olucs lanif oD .)51 .p ,5991 ,elenetnoF( sociret sotnemurtsni sovon ed lamrof otnemivlovnesed o mes mrop ,socirpme sodutse ed svarta ,avatneserpa es j atsilanoicutitsnI alocsE a ,acop atseN .XIX olucs od 08 ed adacd ad lanif oa matnomer euq e acimnoce aicnic etnegreme ad salocse sad otibm on odirrocsnart ,aicnrrocnoc ad azerutan a e sotiefe sues e oilponom erbos etabed on ,setna sadacd samugla ,otnatertne ,sadazilacol res medop IO ad satomer siam snegiro sA .ohnepmesed >- atudnoc >- aruturtse lasuac oaler a meuges euq sociret soledom me adaiopa ,maertsniam omoc IO a ramrif ed oditnes on ossecorp mu odnaedacnesed ,lairtsudni oazinagro ad sairoet sad airtsih an etnatropmi ocram mu etnemadicehnocer iutitsnoc ,9391 me odacilbup ,esirpretnE elacS egraL fo seiciloP noitcudorP dna ecirP ,nosaM .S drawdE ed ohlabart O .osoinomrah adan ohnimac mu odnahlirt ,oatneserpa 1 e oagitsevni ed sodotm ed edadisrevid amu ed oazilitu ad e asiuqsep
85
o arap ,atudnoc a arap aruturtse ad iav euq edadilasuac ed aiedac amu odnecerapsnart ,aimonoce an ohnepmesed ed sievn sosrevid soa mairavel satudnoc satnitsid sa ,zev aus roP .odacrem ed saruturtse san sanerefid sad setnerroced os )atudnoc( soerp ed sacitlop san sanerefid sa nosaM arap ,lanoicidart aimonoceorcim a odnairartnoC .arepo euq me etneibma o racifidom ed zapacni e )anretni oazinagro airprp aus ed sedadirailucep sad otnauq odacrem ed seidnoc sad otnat( etnednepedni etnemlatot oa alep adaziretcarac ,odacrem ed socisslcoen soledom solep adazilaedi aserpme a ohnartse avaos ,odacrem od aruturtse a e opocse o avatefa aserpme ad ohnamat o euq ed saicndive satnat moC .sariemirp sad rovaf me airtemissa a odnarofer ,etrop ronem ed saserpme s sievssecani ,lareg me ,mare saserpme sednarg sad siausu sacitrp sa ,oisopartnoc mE .siavir sad seaer sievvorp e sea racifidom ed edadicapac aus ralucitrap me ,alacse ednarg me arepo euq aserpme ad ovita lepap o airaicnedive euq o ,seautis sadanimreted a aserpme ad oaer a airaicneulfni ohnamat o ,siamedA .oudorp e soerp ed acitlop a arap etnaveler rotaf odnuges mu airiutitsnoc ,sadnev ed emulov uo sodagerpme ed oremn ,sovita ed emulov rop odidem ,aserpme ad otulosba ohnamat O .aserpme alep odicrexe odacrem ed elortnoc od rodacidni mob mu airecenrof seasnart ed latot emulov oa oaler me sarpmoc e sadnev ed emulov O .adivlovne avatse aserpme a lauq an odacrem ed aruturtse a raziretcarac ,otnatrop ,avatissecen nosaM ,esilna aus otnemiugessorp rad araP .aserpme adirefer alep odicrexe odacrem ed elortnoc ed )opit e( uarg oa adanoicaler etnemetrof airatse odacrem od seidnoc sa ,)adarebiled oa amu omoc atsiv( oudorp e soerp ed acitlop airprp aus aiv ,raicneulfni aserpme ednarg a ed edadicapac a ,nosaM odnugeS
si a r ut u rt s e s ot n e m el e s o d l a rt n e c l e p a p o e n o s a M
.odacrem ed seralimis seidnoc e saruturtse odnuges saserpme sa rapurga messitimrep euq )airoet amu riurtsnoc ed oditnes on ranava otnatrop( selpmis seazilareneg retbo ed ovitejbo o moc ,alacse ednarg me mavarepo euq saserpme sad oudorp e soerp ed sacitlop sa erbos sosac ed sodutse soremni ed
95
.)62 .p ,5991 ,elenetnoF( sodartnecnoc sodacrem sod latnemadnuf acitsretcarac ,soerp ranimreted ed ossecorp on sea saus ed etrap rariter mbmat eled e etneibma o racifidom ed aserpme ednarg a iussop euq edadicapac )...( .kcabdeef sotiefe so sodaredisnoc res maireved ,otsopxe iuqa oditnes ojuc ,lasuac oaler aticlpxe ad rasepa ,siamedA .atudnoc e aruturtse ,sacisb seidnoc sa mairaziretcarac euq seavresbo sad svarta ohnepmesed ed sievn reverp somedop ,esilna ed ahnil atse odnugeS .cte ,lanozas uo ocilcc retrac ues ,otudorp od edadilibiutitsbus a ,adnamed ad oerp-edadicitsale a es-matsil ,adnamed ad odal oD .cte ,oazilacidnis ,aigoloncet ed edadilibinopsid ,amirp-airtam ed odacrem od seidnoc sa omoc atrefo ad odal od sadacifitnedi ,sacisb seidnoc sadamahc salep sadaicneulfni ,adnia ,os atudnoc e odacrem ed aruturtsE .).cte ,serodarpmoc e serodednev ed acifrgoeg oartnecnoc ,lacitrev oargetni ed uarg ,setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne sarierrab ed aneserp ,saserpme sa ertne sarpmoc sad e sadnev sad lautnecrep oiubirtsid ,serodarpmoc e serodednev ed oremn( odacrem od aruturtse ad sacitsretcarac sad airedneped setsed atudnoc a euq opmet omsem oa ,).cte ,saserpme ertne oarepooc ,soerp ed acitlop( serodarpmoc e serodednev ed atudnoc ad airedneped odacrem mu me ohnepmesed o ,missA .ohnepmesed >- atudnoc >- aruturtse :lasuac oaler adirefer j an odimuser etnemacitetnis ,oirtudortni amgidarap mu uonimoned )0791( rerehcS euq on uotluser euq ,dravraH ed edadisrevinU an odartnec ,aciret oazitametsis ed orofse mu a megiro ued ,sosac ed sodutse me adaiopa etnemetrof ,asiuqsep ed ahnil assE .odutse ed opmac etsed aicnulfni a railpma arap marivres euq e ,ocimnoce ohnepmesed o messaicneulfni euq sievirav ed sotnujnoc uo sievirav racifitnedi mavasiv euq sovitircsed soledom ed eirs amu es-marevlovnesed ,nosaM ed seiubirtnoc san esab moC .sacilbp sacitlop ed sea sad saicnqesnoc sievvorp sa ratceted arap setset ed osu o avadnemocer nosaM ,oditnes esseN .sotnematropmoc sesse raicneulfni a riv assop acilbp oa a euq ed edadicapac avitefe ad e odacrem adac me setnanimoderp soerp ed sacitlop sad aivrp esilna adahlated amu me ,otnatrop ,es-raesab maireved sacilbp sacitlop sA .)42 .p ,5991 ,elenetnoF( ohnepmesed
06
.odacrem on soerp ed oamrof a e aicnrrocnoc ad seidnoc sa erbos acigtartse aicnulfni mecrexe euq odacrem ed aruturtse ed otiecnoc o bos socitrp sotiefe arap sadinuer sodacrem sod oazinagro ad sacitsretcarac saleuqad esilna an ranava mararucorp sobmA .)oilpogilo ed emiger me oerp od oamrof ad ociret amelborp oa adacided ,etrap ariemirp a ,etnemacificepse siam( ocincT ossergorP e oilpogilO ,)6591( inibaL-solyS oloaP e ,noititepmoC weN ot sreirraB ,)6591( niaB .S eoJ ed sorienoip sohlabart solep sodanoicroporp marof ohnepmesed -atudnoc-aruturtse euqofne oa sociret setropa siapicnirp sO
o a zi r o et a m u e d o e ri d a n s o n a v a :i ni b a L - s ol y S e ni a B 2. 1. 2
.sodartnecnoc sodacrem sod odutse on 0591 ed adacd a ta etnetsixe anucal a rizuder mavasiv mbmat inibaL-solyS ed seisoporp sa ,niaB ed saciret seiubirtnoc sad oerid amsem an etnemlaicnesse e acop amsem aD .sasiuqsep san sodavresbo sodatluser moc sadalucitra saciret sealumrof setnatropmi ed ahnil an ,missa ,uonava ,amus mE .airtsdni ad levn oa noitces-ssorc opit od esilna amu arap es-odnatlov e sonainosam sosac ed sodutse sod es -odnatsafa ,ocof ed anadum amu sporp niaB ,IO me acirpme asiuqsep ad atsiv ed otnop oD .sodartnecnoc sodacrem so erbos aciret oxelfer an ranava ed oditnes on setnatropmi sossap ued niaB eoJ ,odidneerpme otne ta orofse odnucef od zul ,0591 sona son ,otaf eD .IO ed sairoet sad ahnil an mairiuges es euq sotnemarbodsed so arap siaicini sorofse sessed aicnveler a adicehnocer etnemalpma ,odom reuqlauq eD .rotua eleuqa rop sadidneterp sodartnecnoc sodacrem sod sacitsretcarac sad acreca selpmis seazilareneg s ragehc maritimrep on euq me adidem an ,rajesed a maraxied soditbo sodatluser so ,nosaM rop odiregus esilna ed ameuqse on esab moc sodanoiceloc odnes marof euq sosac ed sodutse soremni sod rasepA
a n ai n o s a m e sil n a a d s e ati mi L
16
.)etnaida ,6.2.2 metibus ediv( odacrem ed ohnepmesed arap etnematerid odacrem ed aruturtse ad sadiuql seaicossa san es-odnartnecnoc ,ohnepmesed-atudnoc oaler osep ronem uiubirta niaB esilna aus me ,etnemroiretsop somerev omoC .oilpogilo me soerp sod oamrof a e odacrem ed saruturtse sa erbos sotiefe sues odnagitsevni e siapicnirp setnanimreted sues odnacifitnedi ,sa-odnautiecnoc ,odutse ed otejbo ues omoc adartne sarierrab sa regele iof niaB ed oavoni ednarg A .roiretna olutpac on somatnopa emrofnoc ,)5391( rodlaK rop raemoc a ,serotua sortuo rop adicehnocer iof mbmat odacrem ed saruturtse sad oamrofnoc a arap setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne sotnemidepmi sod aicnveler A .soilponom sod etnatimil rotaf mu omoc laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ad acreca )0881( kralC setaB nhoJ ed esilna an adartnocne res edop sanredom sairtsdni sad otnemanoicnuf od aciret oaterpretni an sodacrem sod edadilibatsetnoc ed e adartne ed sedadilibissop sa macrec euq seidnoc sad osu od megiro A 4
.sievirav ertne siareg sealer etnemaciripme ratset me odasseretni sonem essevitse euq adnia ,oerid amsem an etnemlaicnesse marof inibaL-solyS ed seiubirtnoc sA .socitslopogilo sodacrem erbos sesilna san avitefe aicnrrocnoc ad sutats omsem o raturfsed a uossap euq ,laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ad odutse o arap saciret seapucoerp sa uocolsed etnemlapicnirp sam ,sievirav ertne seaicossa savon me adaicnatsbusnoc aciglodotem atsoporp avon amu sanepa on ,uoruguani niaB ,opecnoc atse moC .siairaserpme ohnepmesed od e atudnoc ad etnanimreted-oc 4 e satsilopogilo saserpme sad odacrem ed redop od evahc-rodacidni omoc adartne sarierrab sad edadisnetni a ahnuporp niaB ,esetns mE .odacrem ed aruturtse ad etnanimreted levirav omoc )avitefe aicnrrocnoc ad seidnoc sa ,otnatrop( sadicelebatse saserpme sad oartnecnoc ed uarg o etnematerid mavamot socirpme sodutse so ,otne tA .)laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ad seidnoc sa ,sarvalap sartuo me( saserpme savon ed adartne ed oidnoc a siaruturtse sacitsretcarac sad esetns-levirav omoc rehlocse oa uovoni sam ,odacrem ed aruturtse ad ocisb otnemele omoc acimnoce oartnecnoc a aicehnocer niaB .noitces-ssorc sesserger ed sesilna me esab moc ,acirpme oacifirev ed sievssap messof saciret sesetpih e seisoporp sa euq odom ed ,sianoicarepo sotiecnoc ralumrof uocsub niaB ,sacitrp seacilpa a ociret orofse o ralucniv ed seapucoerp saralc moc e ,uedecetna o euq socirpme sodutse sod otirm o recehnocer ed raxied meS
26
.adartne sarierrab sad arutla ad esilna aus a arap aicnrefer omoc rotua olep odazilitu levn ,)ominm oidm otsuc uo( ovititepmoc levn od amica soerp ed oaxif ed acitslopogilo acitrp etnerrocer a racilpxe airedop ossi sanepA .saserpme sad ohnepmesed od e atudnoc ad arodaluger -oc omoc adartne ed oidnoc ad aicntropmi ad aicndive levredisnoc h euq rartsom a es-ahnupsid sam ,laicurc setnetsixe saserpme sa ertne avitefe aicnrrocnoc a euq aicehnocer niaB ,sarvalap sartuo mE .al-idepmi on uo ratnet odnidiced ,adartne avon ed oapicetna ad zul soerp ed sacitlop saus madlom sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq me uarg od omoc meb ,adartne sarierrab sad azerutan ad e arutla ad acitmetsis oailava amu redneerpme ritimrep e socirpme sodutse so rasabme arap acitlana oinum recenrof uedneterp ,ossi moC .sotiefe sues ed ecnacla o railava e siaruturtse setnanimreted sues e azerutan aus racifitnedi ,setnetsixe saserpme sad ohnepmesed on e atudnoc an avisiced aicnulfni amu omoc adartne ed oidnoc a ratnopa avarucorp niaB ,)laicnetop aicnrrocnoc( adartne ed aaema ad odnatart on ,)avitefe uo laer oitepmoc( airtsdni an sadicelebatse j saserpme sa ertne aicnrrocnoc a erbos adanoicroporpsed esafn avacoloc sesilna sad airoiam a ,otne ta ,euq ed oatatsnoc ad odnitraP .setnerrocnoc sovon sievssop ed etrap rop laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ed odatse oa etnelaviuqe odacifingis mu met euq e )adartne sarierrab( oirrtnoc ues olep odidnetne res edop euq omret ,airtsdni amu me adartne ed oidnoc ed o )6591( niaB ed ohlabart odidnufid od evahc-otiecnoc O
l ai c n et o p ai c n r r o c n o c e a d a rt n e e d o i d n o C 1. 2. 2 si a r ut u rt s e s ot n e m el e e d e s et n s o m o c a d a rt n e e d o i d n o c : ni a B 2. 2
.sacitslopogilo seidnoc bos aicnrrocnoc ad odutse o arap oiubirtnoc levton e avon amu recerefo ed sezapac marof serotua sesse ,sodacrem son setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne ed edadilibissop a macrec euq seidnoc sa sesilna saus ed ortnec o arap meregele oa ,otaf eD .oilpogilo od aciret otseuq a ratnerfne arap etnemavisiced marubirtnoc inibaL-solyS e niaB ,esilna ed sodotm son e megadroba ed sanerefid samugla moc arobmE
36
.sodicelebatse j seroditepmoc ertne aleuqad laicnetop aicnrrocnoc a etnemaralc raicnerefid ed rotua od sotisporp soa aidneta odatoda otiecnoc o ,otnatertnE .aserpme avon amu ed adartne ad oa ralimis otiefe ret ,oarepo me aserpme artuo amu ed atsiv ed otnop od ,edop odicelebatse roditepmoc mu ed osnapxe a omoc missa ,airtsdni an aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sad anadum me es-riutitsnoc edop avon aserpme amu rop setnetsixe sealatsni ed oisiuqa a euq odad ,airrtibra ,otnop otrec ta , oautiecnoc atsE .)5 .p ,6591 ,niaB( atnalp avon amu ed oalatsni etnatimocnoc a e odacrem on aserpme avon amu ed otnemigrus o :sotneve siod ed oanibmoc ad odatluser o omoc adidnetne adartnE 5
)ii
,oirrtnoc oa ;sadartne savon riarta mes levn etsed amica oerp ravele ed edadicapacni a airevlovne adidepmised uo licf etnematelpmoc adartne a :siop ,adartne ed oidnoc ad oailava a arap lit aicnrefer amu ominm otsuc ed uo ovititepmoc oerp ed levn esse ,niaB araP .arup aicnrrocnoc me ozarp ognol ed oirbliuqe oa odubirta etnemacitetopih soerp ed levn oa elaviuqE .)edadinutropo ed otsuc uo( otnemitsevni od lamron onroter ed axat a odniulcni ,otseuq me otudorp od adnev e oiubirtsid ,oudorp ed levssop oidm otsuc ominm o omoc odinifed soerp ed ovititepmoc levn O .sadartne savon riarta mes ,)otseuq me airtsdni ad odnedneped( 5 sona ed oremn otrec mu rop ,retnam medop sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq ovititepmoc oerp ed levn od amica lautnecrep on asserpxe osac etsen ,avitatitnauq oailava amu a aditembus res edop adartne ed oidnoc a ,odacrem ed aruturtse ad sotcepsa sortuo omoc missA .ozarp otruc a sievirav e sairtisnart seidnoc s on e ozarp ognol oa odirefer otiecnoc mu ed ,otnatrop ,es-atarT .laruturtse oidnoc amu ,odut ed setna ,asserpxe adartne ed oidnoc a ,amrof asseD .)3 .p ,6591 ,niaB( airtsdni an rartne a saserpme savon riarta mes ,ovititepmoc levn od amica soerp sues ravele etnemetnetsisrep medop sodicelebatse serodednev so euq me osnetxe an es-metelfer olevsed moc uotart ,etnaida somerev omoc ,rotua o azerutan ajuc snegatnav satsE .setnartne saserpme siaicnetop sa erbos snegatnav meussop sadicelebatse meratse j ed otaf selpmis olep sadicelebatse saserpme sa euqrop metsixe adartne sarierrab sa euq niaB ed ohlabart on aditnoc lartnec aidi A
)i
eti mil - o e r p e a d a rt n e e d o i d n o C 2. 2. 2
46
)b
:savitairc seulos uotneserpa niaB ,amica satsilaer sesetpih sad oudortni ad setnerroced socitrp samelborp so revloser araP .siam sartuo e otsuc ed sanerefid matneserpa mbmat setnartne siaicnetop sa ;otsuc ed siaicnerefid snegatnav uo sotudorp sod edadilauq ed sanerefid a odived ,)mu adac ed oerp ed ovititepmoc levn o otnitsid mbmat euq odom ed ,sotnitsid os setse( mumoc ominm otsuc mu mt on e )sodaicnerefid os soerp so( mumoc ocin oerp mu marboc on airtsdni amu me setnetsixe serotudorp so :euq ed sacirpme saicndive sa raroprocni avacsub ,amrof atseD .setnartne siaicnetop sa ertne omoc meb ,sadicelebatse saserpme sa ertne sanerefid ed aicntsixe a atnoc me ravel a odom ed adartne ed oidnoc ed otiecnoc o odninifeder ,soerp e sotudorp ed oaicnerefid a e sotsuc ed edadimrofinu -on a esilna aus me uoroprocni etnemavitefe e aicehnocer niaB
)a
s et n a rt n e e rt n e e s a di c el e b at s e s a s e r p m e e rt n e s a n e r efi D
.adartne on uo mairizudni euq airtsdni-artni sotnematsuja so ranimreted airitimrep e adartne sarierrab sad arutla ad yxorp amu airecerefo adartne ed oidnoc ad adidem a ,airtsdni reuqlauq me ,missA .sadapicetna res medop sadicelebatse saserpme sad otnematropmoc on sacitmetsis seairav samugla e ,adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav o roiam ,adartne ed edadlucifid a roiam otnauQ .licfid siam etnemavissergorp ajes adartne a euq adidem ,otla otium rolav mu ta orez ed odnairav ,serolav ed ountnoc ortcepse olpma mu rimussa edop ossecxe ed lautnecrep etsE .adartne riarta mes ,etnetsisrep amrof ed ,aditnam res edop euq ovititepmoc oerp o e )adartne sarierrab sad arutla airednopserroc euq etimil-oerp mu( levssop uo laer oerp o ertne aidm oaler alep adailava res edop adartne ed oidnoc a ,amus mE .adartne sotnemidepmi so seroiam ,ossecxe ed lautnecrep etse roiam otnauq ;adidepmi amrof atrec ed adartne ed oautis amu airatoned adartne reuqlauq rizudni mes levn etse etnemetnetsisrep redecxe oerp o ed edadilibissop a
)iii
56
)ii
saserpme sa erbos mazog airtsdni amu me sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq siaruturtse sacitsretcarac me sadatnessa snegatnav s es-erefer ) ( :otiecnoc esse euq reter etnatropmi ,adartne ed oidnoc ad adidem ,socitrp somret me ,riubirta assop es euq edadixelpmoc e omsilaer ronem uo roiam od etnemetnednepedni ,odom reuqlauq eD .odacrem ed saruturtse san sanerefid ratpac ,airogetac assed oiem rop ,missa e sairtsdni san adartne ed seidnoc setnerefid sa rarapmoc oucforp e levssop euq aidnefed niaB ,oidem ed sedadlucifid sa essecehnocer arobmE .)adicerovaf siam alep odnaemoc ,sadartne savissecus sievssop ed alacse ,ajes uo( adartne ed ataidemi oidnoc ad serolav ed ossecus es-erefer adartne ed lareg oidnoc ;airtsdni an rartne a sadizudni res etnemadipar uo licf siam medop euq ,sadicerovaf siam siaicnetop setnartne uo etnartne es-erefer adartne ed ataidemi oidnoc :seratnemelpmoc sotiecnoc siod uecelebatse )9 .p ,6591( niaB ,ad ritrap A .airtsdni an ,etnemavissecus ,orartne saserpme ed sopurg uo saserpme siauq sod amica ,sodavele siam etnemavissergorp ,adartne-ed-serotudni ominm otsuc-oerp ed sotaih ed ossecus amu a ,otnatrop ,adirefer ratse a assap adartne ed oidnoc a ,atelpmoc siam oinifed aus mE .riarta sa euq otsuc/oerp oaler ad ominm levn o odnuges setnartne siaicnetop sa ranolacse oirssecen es-odnanrot ,laicnetop etnerrocnoc ed opit od onuf me airav adartne ed oidnoc a ,missA .omtir e ossecus adad amu me ,rartne a airizudni sa euq ominm otsuc-oerp otaih o odnuges saserpme sasse riugnitsid sporp niaB ,odidecxe rof adartne-ed-rotudni otaih o odnauq sadarta setnartne sad ohnamat o e oremn o rinifed atsiv me odnet ,airtsdni an laicnetop me setnartne saserpme s otnauq )b ;adavele siam ominm otsuc/oerp oaler ajuc saleuqa ,ajes uo ,sadicerovaf siam saserpme sa aicnrefer rop odnamot adidepmi adnia adartne a lauq oa ovititepmoc levn od amica omixm oerp o rinifed uiregus niaB ,airtsdni an sadicelebatse saserpme sad otsuc e oerp ed sanerefid sa atsiv me odnet )a
)i
66
ad oavitefe a e osiced a ertne siaropmet snegasafed sad aicntropmi a arap oneta a ramahc uedneterp niaB ,searedisnoc sasse moC .adinifed j amrof an ,adartne ed oidnoc ad saicnqesnoc sa anaruges roiam moc reverp arap levsnepsidni e ratnemelpus oamrofni meutitsnoc adartne ad oavitefe oirssecen opmet ed solavretni so ,opecnoc asseN .adartne ed edrater ed odorep od etnemetnednepedni adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav o onevnoc rop ramot ,uiregus ,oditnes esseN .acitnmes otseuq amu etnemacisab ,niaB arap , asse saM .adartne ed sedrater sod ohnamat o ritelfer arap odacifidom res airedop adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav o ,etnemavitanretlA
.) 1 1 . p , 6 5 9 1 , ni a B( a h n a p m o c a a e u q a d art n e e d e dr at er o d o h n a m at o m o c o dr o c a e d r air a v a , mi s s a , r e d n et o d a cr e m o d ot n e m atr o p m o c o er b o s a d art n e e d o i d n o c r e u ql a u q e d oti ef e O
.odacrem on mauta j euq saserpme salep atsopmi res edop euq )otla siam oerp ed levn( ominm otsuc-oerp anerefid a ,otnatrop ,res roiam e ,sodicelebatse setnerrocnoc so erbos ret adartne ed aaema reuqlauq euq aicnulfni a ronem ,opmet ed olavretni esse roiam otnauQ .airtsdni ad siaruturtse sacitsretcarac sa moc odroca ed airav adartne aus a ravitefe arap reuqer etnartne aserpme amu euq opmet ed odorep o ,adartne ed ataidemi oidnoc ed rolav omsem mu arap ,ajes uO .airtsdni arap airtsdni ed airav satad saud satse ertne )edrater ed odorep( opmet ed oapse O .oudorp a raicini arap otnorp odut revitse j odnauq atelpmoc es adartne a e ,aserpme avon amu rop sadamot os ,sievsreverri ,saicndivorp sariemirp sa odnauq aicini es adartne amu euq rezid es-edop ,oamixorpa ariemirp amu mE .sadartne saus meravitefe saserpme sa arap soirssecen opmet ed solavretni so , otsi ,adartne ed )sgal( sedrater soa es-erefeR .)11-01 .p ,6591( niaB ed oneta uecerem lanoicida otcepsa mU
a d art n e e d s e dr at er s o d o t s e u q A
.sodinifed sovititepmoc sievn soa etnemavitaler adartne-ed-serotudni soerp ed sievn sod sadidem rop ,lareg me ,odailava res edop ) ( e ;setnartne etnemlaicnetop
2
76
.odacrem on mauta j euq saserpme sa arap otnemaicnanif ed sedadilicaf seroiam me odnatluser ,laicnetop me setnartne sa arap sedadlucifid sartuo uo sadavele siam soruj ed saxat odnopmi oriecnanif odacrem od seidnoc ,rotaf od oerp od otnemua mu airizudni saserpme savon ed adartne a euq odom ed serotaf sod atrefo an seatimil ,).cte ,somusni sotrec ed elortnoc ,sadicelebatse saserpme sa arap soxiab siam somusni ed soerp :olpmexe rop( serotaf ed sodacrem son seiefrepmi ,oudorp ed sacinct serohlem ed elortnoc :)61-51 .p ,6591( niaB moc odroca ed ,sadicelebatse saserpme sa arap otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav mareg euq sacipt saicntsnucriC 7 .)61-41 .p ,6591( niaB rev ,samsem sad socipt solpmexe arap omoc meb ,sadanoicnem snegatnav sad otnemahlated mu araP 6
)iii(
)ii(
serotudorp so ;etnartne aserpme alep soditbo seleuqa euq od sodizuder siam soerp a )otnemitsevni arap sodnuf evisulcni( sovitudorp sosrucer a odaigelivirp osseca riussop medop setnetsixe saserpme sa ;sotsuc so odnatnemua ,etnartne aserpme a arap otnauq sadicelebatse saserpme arap otnat ,oudorp ed somusni siam uo mu ed soerp so ravele edop aserpme amu ed adartne a :serotaf setniuges sod mu ed merroceD
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s a di c el e b at s e s a s e r p m e s a d ot s u c e d s at ul o s b a s n e g at n a V ) 1
.sadicelebatse j saleuq oaler moc megatnavsed reuqlauq ret on lanoicida aserpme adac ed atsopo oautis soirssecen sotisiuqer so ,osac adac me ,ratnopa es-uorucorp ,niaB ed sotnemugra so raxif rohlem araP 6.setnerrocnoc siaicnetop soa etnerf sadicelebatse saserpme sad snegatnav s megiro od euq )sianoicutitsni uo socigloncet serotaf me sadaiopa( saicntsnucric srt etnemacisab uocifitnedi niaB
s a di c el e b at s e s a s e r p m e s a d s n e g at n a v e d si a pi c ni r p s et n o F
.oilpogilo od airoet oiubirtnoc etnatropmi amu missa odnagel ,siavir siaicnetop s etnerf meussop sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq snegatnav sad azerutan a odnasilana ,adartne sarierrab sad setnanimreted siapicnirp so uogitsevni niaB
a d a rt n e e d o i d n o c a d s et n a ni m r et e D 3. 2. 2
.saserpme sad )ohnepmesed o ,osnetxe rop ,e( atudnoc a erbos adartne ed oidnoc ad otiefe od somret me materraca euq seacifidom sa e adartne
86
.oiubirtsid ed sianac serohlem sod lagel elortnoc uo edadeirporp ,otudorp ed sotejorp serohlem ed elortnoc ,)sadicelebatse sacram e saserpme ed oatuper( setnetsixe sotudorp solep serodarpmoc sod saicnreferp :)61 .p ,6591( niaB moc odroca ed ,sadicelebatse saserpme sa arap otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed snegatnav mareg euq sacipt saicntsnucriC 8
setnartne sa ,etsixe ale es uo ;otudorp ed oaicnerefid atsixe on :euq ropus reuqer oautis atsE .otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed megatnav reuqlauq ed meropsid on sadicelebatse saserpme sa ed ,atsopo oautis a eredisnoc ,niaB ed oatnemugra a aralc siam ranrot araP .)odizuder oudorp ed levn moc ehlabart arobme( megatnavsed reuqlauq rerfos on ,setnetsixe sotudorp solep serodimusnoc sod aicnreferp ad etnaid omsem ,laicnetop etnartne o ,)alacse aneuqep me seudorp arap seroiam os on adnev e oudorp ed soirtinu sotsuc so ,ajes uo( alacse ed saimonoce metsixe on eS .airtsdni an adnev e oudorp ed alacse ed saimonoce sad aicntropmi ad ,otnatertne ,redneped ri otudorp od oaicnerefid ed megatnav ad edadivitefe A .sovon moc sodarapmoc odnauq setnetsixe j sotudorp solep serodimusnoc sod aicnreferp ad matluseR
)b )a
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.sotsuc ed levn omsem o ,otudorp reuqlauq arap ,mt )adartne ad sioped( etnartne o e )adartne ad setna( odacrem on mavauta j euq saserpme sa ,missA .savitudorp sacinct a laicnereferp osseca mt on sadicelebatse saserpme sa ;)osrevni ed sodnuf evisulcni( ovitudorp osrucer reuqlauq ed oisiuqa an setnartne siaicnetop sa erbos azerutan artuo ed uo oerp ed snegatnav ed mepsid on oarepo me saserpme sa ;omusni reuqlauq ed oerp ed levn o erbos levtpecrep otiefe met on lanoicida aserpme amu ed adartne a :euq ropus reuqer euq o ,adartne atsed setna maussop sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq oa etnahlemes ominm oidm otsuc mu rarugessa ed seidnoc me airatse etnartne aserpme a euq acifingis otsuc ed atulosba megatnav reuqlauq ed meropsid on setnetsixe saserpme sa ed oautis a ,oisopo roP .soxiab siam sotsuc ,missa ,odniugesnoc ,etnartne aserpme a euq od sacimnoce siam oudorp ed sacinct a laicnereferp osseca ret medop sodicelebatse
)a
96
.alacse agral me oomorp ed opit ortuo a uo adnagaporp sadived sairinucep etnematirtse uo siaer saimonoce ,)alacse ed siaer saimonoce ed aicnsua an omsem ,omusni odanimreted ed rodarpmoc ednarg mu ed ahnagrab ed redop oa sadived olpmexe rop( sairinucep etnematirtse saimonoce ,adizudorp edadinu rop sodazilitu serotaf ed edaditnauq ed somret me siaer saimonoce :)61 .p ,6591( niaB moc odroca ed ,alacse agral ed saimonoce a sadaicossa snegatnav mareg euq sacipt saicntsnucriC .alacse agral me sadnev ed oomorp uo adnagaporp ed saimonoce a uo alacse ednarg me oiubirtsid e oudorp ed saimonoce a es-merirefer medop e sairtenom/sairinucep uo siaer res medop alacse ed saimonoce sA 9
)iii
)ii
arap odacrem ed oapse o adnia siam rizuder acilpmi euq o ,sovitailater soerp raxif medop setnetsixe saserpme sa ;amit alacse me rarepo arap etneicifus res on edop missa adnia setnartne siaicnetop arap aitaf a :soerp sues matnemua uo mtnam sodalatsni serotudorp so ;oerp ed ouder avel adartne a :etnerroc oudorp a mtnam sadicelebatse saserpme sa :os sievssop soirnec sO .sodicelebatse serotudorp sod seaer s sodaicossa otse socsir so ,osac etseN .)airtsdni ad oudorp avitacifingis edaditnauq amu ratnecserca ,otnatrop ,e( roiam alacse amu rimussa ed socsir so atsiv me odnet ,riugesnoc a riv assop euq ed aitnarag h on euq oralc odnet sam ,amit alacse me oudorp sodaicossa sominm sotsuc so moc rarepo racsub uo ;sodizuder etnemavitaler oudorp ed sievn me oarepo sodived sodavele siam sotsuc me rerrocni e etneicife aminm roirefni alacse amu me odacrem on rartne :amelid etniuges o ratnerfne a sodagirbo os setnartne siaicnetop so ,aicnqesnoc mE .oudorp ad avisserpxe alecrap rop ednopser )amit atnalp( sominm soirtinu sotsuc soa etnednopserroc oudorp ed alacse a euq e oudorp ad otnemua o moc meac oiubirtsid e oudorp ed soirtinu sotsuc so euq acifingis sievzerpsed on alacse ed saimonoce ed aneserp A
)i
al a c s e e d s ai m o n o c E ) 3
)ii
.oudorp ed somusni sod oisiuqa an oerp ed ;sotudorp sues rop serodimusnoc sod aicnreferp ad onuf me adnev ed otsuc ed uo oerp ed :megatnav ed ropsid meved on sadicelebatse saserpme sa ,ajes uO .sodalatsni serotudorp sod a otnauq asojatnav ot otsuc-oerp oaler amu rarugessa ed edadicapac ret meved siaicnetop
)i
07
.licf adartne ed atsopo oautis laicnesse ,oinifed rop , aicnsua aus euq ossap oa ,adartne otnemidepmi oirs mu riutitsnoc a mednet savitacifingis alacse ed saimonoce ,otaf eD .)71-61 .p ,6591 ,niaB( airtsdni amu me adartne ed oidnoc ad somitl setnanimreted so ,oditnes otrec me ,os alacse ed saimonoce s sadanoicaler saicntsnucric sA
a d a rt n e e d o i d n o c a d r oi a m et n a ni m r et e d : al a c s e e d ai m o n o c E
.alacse ed saimonoce sad osnetxe ad e sotudorp ed oaicnerefid ed uo/e otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav ed meurfusu sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq me uarg od redneped ri )adartne ed oidnoc ad serolav so uo( adartne sarierrab sad arutla A .adartne a rizudni mes ominm otsuc ed levn od amica )odorep ognol mu rop e ,aidm an( soerp so ravele ed edadilibissop a mt odacrem on mauta euq saserpme sa euq odom ed adaziralucatsbo res a ednet airtsdni an adartne a ,siaruturtse sacitsretcarac me sadatnessa snegatnav metsixe es ,sadicelebatse saserpme sad edadiroirepus ad etnof a rof lauq ajes ,esetns mE # .sotsuc ed snegatnavsed me marrocni ,ossi moc ,euq mes oudorp ed semulov soxiab moc odacrem on rartne medop siaicnetop setnerrocnoc euq odom ed ,sievzerpsed os satnalp ed sohnamat ed sanerefid s sadived soirtinu sotsuc ed sanerefid sa ,etnemavitanretlA .odacrem on setnegiv soerp so erbos levtpecrep otiefe reuqlauq ret on adartne aus a euq airtsdni ad oudorp ocuop ot ratnecserca ,ominm-otsuc ed uo amit alacse an rartne es omsem ,aserpme avon amu euq ropus reuqer )sievzerpsed meres satse ed uo( alacse ed aimonoce reuqlauq ed merurfusu on sadalatsni saserpme sa ed oautis a ,oisopo roP .)soirtinu sotsuc sod oavele levtiveni amu moc( asoico edadicapac moc rarepo susrev )orcul ed snegram sad osserpmoc asogirep e otrecni lanif moc( soerp ed arreug amu me rartne e oudorp a retnam :amelid oa etnerf ,otne ,macif odacrem on rartne me sadasseretni saserpme sA .siaicnetop serotudorp
17
.)201 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( oirssecen opmet o sanepa odirroced ,aicnrrocnoc ed sotnemidecorp sortuo e oatimi rop oanimile a satiejus otse erpmes sadagiarra siam rop euq ,oaicnerefid uo otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav sa euq levtse siam meb etnemlareg ,odacrem od aruturtse ad otubirta mu os ,setneserp odnauq ,)azerutan reuqlauq ed( alacse ed saimonoce sa ,sarvalap sartuo mE 11 .sotudorp ed oaicnerefid e sotsuc a sadanoicaler saleuqa siv--siv alacse ed saimonoce a sadaicossa snegatnav sad ovitalumuc otiefe roiam o ,otnatrop ,recehnocer ed es-atarT .)92 .p ,6591 ,niaB( adartne ed lareg oidnoc ad otnemicserc odipr ed sovissergorp serdap me uo ,mavitefe es satse euq adidem sadartne savon a sotnemidepmi sod oavele avissergorp amu me etnemairassecen matluser on )alacse ed saimonoce ed aneserp a mes ,ajes uo( sotulosba sotsuc ed uo otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed searedisnoc me etnemavisulcxe sadaesab adartne sarierrab ,oirrtnoc oa ,euq avagela niaB 01
.setneserp on uo es-mezaf alacse ed saimonoce savisserpxe euq me sosac so ertne acirgetac onitsid amu recelebatse lit ,adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefe sod osiverp an ,otnatroP .)etnaida siam oditucsid res odacifingis levssop ojuc onemnef mu( sadicelebatse saserpme sad atla uo adaredom oartnecnoc amu a adaicossa ratse a ednet alacse ed saimonoce savitacifingis ed aicntsixe a )c .adacifidom 11 uo adacata etnemlicaf res edop on )oicrmoc uo oudorp ed sacinct s setnereni snegatnav a adaicossa( otnemidepmi ed etnof asse )b .odnassecorp 01 es ov sadartne sa euq adidem satla siam etnemavissergorp adartne sarierrab a etnemacitamotua sonem uo siam rizudnoc a ednet alacse ed saimonoce savisserpxe ed aicntsixe a ,ajes uo ,sadartne sairprp sa moc matnemua savitucesnoc sadartne a sotnemidepmi so )a :euges omoc adimuser res edop alacse ednarg ed aserpme ad saimonoce s odavreser euqatsed ed lepap oa oaler moc )92 .p ,6591( niaB rop adivlovnesed oatnemugra A .seroiam saserpme sa euq sodavele siam etnemlaicnatsbus soirtinu sotsuc mt seronem saserpme sa )ii e ;)alacse ed saimonoce a odubirta etnemlausu e odicehnocer oditnes o etse( airtsdni ad latot oudorp ad levicerpa oarf amu rop ednopser omit ohnamat ed atnalp a )i :)saentlumis( seidnoc saud reuqer alacse ed saimonoce savisserpxe ed aicntsixe a euq ramrifaer etnatropmi
27
)iii
)ii
,rarepse es ed aires moc ,megiro rop mt olpmexe ed olutt a niaB rop sadaremune saicntsnucric savon sa euq ravresbo etnatropmi .)81-71 .p ,6591 ,niaB( alacse ednarg me oudorp ad saimonoce sa rizuder uo ratnemua medop sacigloncet sanadum ;setnetsixe saserpme sad oaicnerefid ed snegatnav sa rizuder edop etnartne aserpme amu rop otudorp ed otejorp ovon mu ed otnemivlovnesed o ;mavalortnoc so euq sadicelebatse saserpme sad snegatnav sad ouder ravel edop siarutan sosrucer ed sotisped sovon ed atrebocsed a :otnop esse rartsuli a maduja solpmexe snuglA .adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefe son e rolav on ,azerutan an seacifidom a rizudnoc ,missa ,medop e radum medop odacrem mu ed sacisb siaruturtse sacitsretcarac sA .levtumi ajes euq acifingis on ossi sam ,ozarp ognol on aicnnamrep atrec moc ,laruturtse oidnoc amu adartne ed oidnoc A
)i
a d a rt n e e d l a r ut u rt s e o i d n o c a d r ol a v o n s a n a d u M
.alacse ed saimonoce s sodanoicaler otse adartne ed oidnoc ad setnanimreted so ,aicntsni amitl me ,euq rezid edop es euq odom ed , amit a euq ronem alacse me oarepo ad setnerroced seroiam soirtinu sotsuc otiefe olep ajes ,)retbo medop socuop etnemos euq( latipac ed aminm edadissecen ad otiefe olep ajes ,)omit atnalp ed ohnamat mu rop adirpus res euq odacrem od alecrap ad oanimreted( megatnecrop otiefe ues olep ajes adartne otnemidepmi oirs mu riutitsnoc a mednet savitacifingis alacse ed saimonoce ,esetns mE .alacse ed saimonoce s otnauq rezid edop es on ,somiv omoc ,omsem O .adartne arierrab omoc otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed uo otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav sad sotiefe soa otnauq satief meres a setnatropmi saciret senitsid ,)21 aton ,23 .p ,6591( niaB moc odroca ed ,metsixe on E .socitsmota sodacrem me adartne sarierrab etnemlamron meutitsnoc sadicelebatse saserpme sad otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav uo otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed snegatnav sanepA .sacitsmota odacrem ed saruturtse moc oanibmoc me alacse ed aimonoce es-rartnocne mumoc oN .racatsed a etnatropmi otnemele mu iutitsnoc adartne sarierrab sad etnof a euq razitafne me uitsisni niaB euqrop oralc acif ,searedisnoc satse satieF
37
.eset atsed 4 olutpac on atnicus arienam ed sadatneserpa ores atsilatipacretni aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp on oavoni ad lartnec lepap od acreca retepmuhcS ed seiubirtnoc sA 21
so sodatneserpa os ,)52-12 .p ,6591( niaB me esab moc ,metibus etseN .sadizudorp sedaditnauq e soerp ed arodaluger etnatropmi omoc auta ,avitefe aicnrrocnoc a omoc missa ,laicnetop aicnrrocnoc A
ni a B e d a d a rt n e e d o i d n o c a d s e r ol a v e d ai g ol o pi T 4. 2. 2
.anairetepmuhcs-oen arutaretil ad zul adatart rohlem siairaserpme saigtartse e odacrem ed saruturtse sad acimnid ertne oaler A .)81 .p ,6591 ,niaB( otsiver res eved adartne sohlicepme ed laruturtse etnanimreted omoc setnetsixe sotudorp solep saicnreferp sad lepap o ,rotua o odnuges ,osac etseN .sadicelebatse saserpme ed oaicnerefid ed snegatnav odnarbeuq ,setnerrocnoc sovon ed etrap rop otudorp ed sezacife seavoni ed oudortni a :oneta laicepse airecerem ,sairtsdni samugla ed osac on etnenitrep ,acifcepse oecxe amu etnemos euq aidnefed sam ,rerroco medop seecxe euq aitimda niaB .)81 .p ,6591 ,niaB( lairaserpme oa ad ozarp ognol ed siaruturtse setnanimreted omoc ,lareg me ,satsiv res medop oerp ues o maxif euq sadicelebatse saserpme sad sacifcepse snegatnav sairv sa e adartne ed oidnoc a ,missA .sodacrem soirv soa setnartne ed oa alep searetla a sievtecsus etnemlareg odnes on ,opmet od ognol oa etnematnel es-macifidom e sievtse etnemlausu os somitl setnanimreted sues e adartne ed oidnoc a euq ramrifnoc a acirpme esab alpma h euq avatnemugra niaB .)81 .p ,6591 ,niaB( odacrem od otnematropmoc od ozarp ognol ed etnanimreted omoc al-dutse arap ovitom airevah etnemlicifid ,osac etseN .)setnartne siaicnetop ed oa alep levretla etnemlicaf( etsed odatluser mu res ed zev me ,odacrem od otnematropmoc o arap laruturtse ouobacra mu etsixe euq ed avitressa a radilav a odom ed ,)opmet od ognol oa etnematnel es-acifidom uo( adad tse airtsdni ad aruturtse a otnop euq ta erbos )etnaveler e etnenitrep etnematulosba( otseuq a acoloc ossI .)21retepmuhcS rop otsoporp emrofnoc ,olpma oditnes on( oavoni ed opit mugla
47
ed oidnoc ad etnatsnoc rolav mu a erpmes( adartne ed edadlucifid ed uarg oa otnauq sacipt seautis odnarugifnoc ,serolav ed sopit ortauq ed reuqlauq rimussa edop adartne ed oidnoc a ,osac etseN .arroco adartne a euq adidem odacrem ed saitaf saus ed ouder amu rop sodavele etnemlevitpecrep ores on siaicnetop setnerrocnoc sod e setnetsixe saserpme sad sotsuc so euq odom ed ,sievzerpsed os uo setnesua otse alacse ed saimonoce sa edno rerroco edop s etnatsnoc adartne ed oidnoc amu euq razitafne ebaC .airtsdni an rassergni a satpa oratse siaicnetop setnartne sa sadot adartne ed ovitidepmi oerp o redecxe oerp o es euq amrof lat ed ,rolav ocin mu rop adatneserper adartne ed lareg oidnoc A .)airtsdni an rassergni a mahnev saled satnauq ed etnemetnednepedni( sadicelebatse saserpme s oaler me megatnavsed ed odatse omsem on orecenamrep e otse setnartne siaicnetop sa sadot ,etnatsnoc adartne ed lareg oidnoc a eS
et n at s n o c a d a rt n e e d l a r e g o i d n o c m o c ai g ol o pi T
.adartne sarierrab sad arutla es-erefer onitsid adnuges a )b e ;)avissergorp e etnatsnoc( adartne ed lareg oidnoc a arap satsiverp seautis saud sa raredisnoc odnebac ,setnartne saserpme siaicnetop sa ertne sanerefid s otnauq ariemirp amu )a :satief res meved senitsid saud ,niaB odniugeS .adartne racovorp mes ,airtsdni adanimreted amu me ozarp ognol a es-retnam medop soerp so euq me levn oa etimil mu etnemlaicnetop acoloc siop ,etnatropmi etnemaivbo adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav O .sairtsdni sairv ed ohnepmesed o erbos sotiefe sievssop sues )5.2.2 metibus( etnaida siam ragitsevni atsiv me odnet ,adartne ed ovitidepmi etimil-oerp od etnaid saserpme sad atudnoc ed serdap so erbos ralucitrap me ,lairaserpme atudnoc a erbos adartne ed oidnoc ad serolav sessed seacilpmi sa sadailava os ,siamedA .adartne a racovorp mes ovititepmoc levn od amica oerp ues raxif medop sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq me lautnecrep olep adidem ,adartne ed oidnoc ad serolav sievvorp
57
)ii(
.sievssop etnemacigol os serdap setnerefid ed ednarg etnemadinifedni oremn mu ,adartne ed lareg oidnoc a avissergorp odneS .adartne avon amu riarta arap soirssecen ores sodavele siam zev adac soerp euq odom ed ,sotsuc seroiam e odacrem ed saitaf seronem a etnerf siaicnetop setnerrocnoc sa racoloc a e )sodavele siam etnemlaicnatsbus sotsuc ,missa ,sehl-odnanoisaco( sadicelebatse saserpme sad odacrem ed aitaf a etnemavitacifingis e auntnoc rizuder a rednet ori sadartne savissecus sa euq otsid ozar A .otsuc ed seidnoc samsem sa etnemataxe mahnet laicnetop me setnartne uo sadicelebatse saserpme sa sadot euq omsem ,massecorp es sadartne sa euq adidem levtiveni adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav on ossergorp amu ,osac omitl etseN .sievzerpsed on alacse ed saimonoce ed aicntsixe uo/e ;)arroco adartne a euq adidem sadivlovnesed res medop otnauq adartne etnemaiverp otnat ritsixe medop snegatnav satse( setnartne siaicnetop sad etrap rop otudorp od oaicnerefid ed uo/e otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav ed aicntsixe :adartne ed avissergorp oidnoc ad siapicnirp setnof saud H .sodicerovaf sonem etnemavissergorp setnartne a setnednopserroc adartne ed ataidemi oidnoc ad serolav ed ossecus amu rop adatneserper adartne ed oidnoc A .airtsdni an massergni saserpme ed sopurg uo saserpme savissecus euq adidem adavele siam es-anrot adartne ed oidnoc A .)setnatser sa arap licfid siam ossergni o anrot siam uo amu ed adartne a euqrop ajes ,sadaicnerefid snegatnavsed etnemavitefe maussop sale euqrop ajes( seroiam etnemavissergorp snegatnavsed moc es-matnorfed siaicnetop setnartne savissecus sa ,avissergorp adartne ed lareg oidnoc a eS
)i(
a vi s s e r g o r p a d a rt n e e d l a r e g o i d n o c m o c ai g ol o pi T
.)lareg aigolopit .v( etnaida sadaziretcarac rohlem seautis ,adaeuqolb adartne )4( e adidepmi etnemzacife adartne )3( ,adidepmi etnemzacifeni adartne )2( ,licf adartne )1( :rop niaB rop sadanimoned ,)adartne
67
.adartne ed oidnoc ad sotulosba serolav soneuqep ed etnecserc ossecus amu a uo etnatsnoc otulosba rolav oneuqep ocin mu a ajes ,)adartne ed oidnoc ed rolav oneuqep moc( etnemaunitnoc adidepmi etnemzacifeni adartnE .II .)lausu oditnes on adartne ervil h( sadicelebatse saserpme sad ominm otsuc ed levn o arap ozarp ognol a rednet oerp o euq odom ed ,ovititepmoc levn oa roirepus on adartne ed ovitidepmi oerp O .setnartne siaicnetop sa erbos ozarp ognol a megatnav reuqlauq meussop on sadicelebatse saserpme sA etnemetnatsnoc licf adartnE .I :adartne ed lareg oidnoc a arap serolav ed aigolopit etniuges a sporp )52 .p ,6591( niaB ,adanibmoc atsil amu me ,otne ,esab moC .etnemavitacifingis merefid on sotsiverp sotiefe sojuc sosac so es-odnanibmoc ,mrop ,adatrucne res edop latot atsil A .etnatsnoc oidnoc ed sopit ortauq soa oida me ,adartne ed avissergorp lareg oidnoc ad siapicnirp sopit ocnic sodatsil marof ,esetns mE
.
a d a rt n e o i d n o c a d s e r ol a v e d l a r e g ai g ol o pi T
.lanif on ,rodaeuqolb rolav mu ranacla odnedop ,ovitidepmi etnemzacife rolav o odnignita acnun ,adidepmi etnemzacifeni odnecenamrep sam ,seroiam etnemlaicnatsbus serolav arap odnatnemua ,)oneuqep etnemavitaler rolav moc( adidepmi etnemzacifeni etnemlaicini adartne ed oidnoc )9( ;)4 osac oa etnahlemes( odnecenamrep missa ,adaeuqolb etnemlaicini adartne ed oidnoc )8( ;)3 osac oa etnahlemes( adaeuqolb a odnassap uo adidepmi etnemzacife odnecenamrep ,setnecserc serolav moc ,adidepmi etnemzacife etnemlaicini adartne ed oidnoc )7( ;adartne ed rodaeuqolb rolav mu a ragehc odnedop ,adidepmi etnemzacife a odnassap e seroiam serolav arap odnatnemua ,)oneuqep rolav moc( adidepmi etnemzacifeni etnemlaicini adartne ed oidnoc )6( ;)2 osac oa etnahlemes( adidepmi etnemzacifeni erpmes sam ,seroiam etnemariegil serolav arap odnatnemua ,)oneuqep rolav moc( adidepmi etnemzacifeni etnemlaicini adartne ed oidnoc )5( :etnatsnoc adartne ed lareg oidnoc ed osac o arap satsiverp ,seroiretna seautis ortauq s mamos es euq ,siareg serdap snugla riugnitsid etneicifus uoredisnoc niaB ,sotisporp sues so araP
77
.adartne aaema reuqlauq ed aicnsua an ,ocitsloponom oerp mu aires o otnauq odavele ot on sam ,sotsuc sod amica etnemlevaozar tse adartne ovitidepmi oerp o ,osac etseN 31
,assap ;sadartne savissecus sa moc ,otla siam es-anrot etnemavissergorp sam ,oxiab etnemlaicini adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav o ,ajes uO .seroiam ogla sotulosba serolav arap etnemavissergorp odnassap ,soneuqep .)serodednev 31 sortuo moc odacrem o missa odnitraper( adartne messizudni e sodavele siam soerp messarboc sale es euq od seroiam majes ,adartne ovitidepmi oerp rohlem oa ,ozarp ognol ed sorcul sues euq ritnarag ed otnop oa adartne riarta mes ovititepmoc levn od amica etnemetneicifus soerp sues ravele medop sadicerovaf siam sadicelebatse saserpme sa :oditnes etniuges on adidepmi etnemzacife adartne uonimoned niaB euq o revah redop euq amrof lat ed ,otla etnemetneicifus e ovitisop adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav O .ovitidepmi oerp od oxiaba oerp odnetnam roiam sadicelebatse saserpme sad ozarp ognol ed orcul O .saserpme savon ed avissergorp adartne a moc ,sodaredom sotulosba serolav ed etnecserc ossecus amu a uo adartne ed oidnoc ad etnatsnoc otulosba rolav ocin mu a ajes ,)adaeuqolb es-anrot a ragehc odnedop( etnemaunitnoc adidepmi etnemzacife adartnE .III .adartne a ridepmi arap etnatsab o odizuder levn mu a o-odnaxif euq od ,setnartne samugla ,missa ,odniarta e adartne a edepmi euq levn od amica soerp sues so odnaxif roiam ozarp ognol ed orcul mu retbo medop sale sam ,adartne riarta mes ovititepmoc levn od amica ogla soerp sues ravele medop sadicerovaf siam sadicelebatse saserpme sa :oditnes etniuges on adidepmi etnemzacifeni adartne uonimoned niaB euq o erroco ,missA .seroiam sorcul retbo e levn esse redecxe megatnav siam euq oxiab ot sam ,ovitisop adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav O .)oxiaba euq od( ovitidepmi levn od amica oerp odnaxif roiam ozarp ognol ed orcul o sam ,ovititepmoc levn oa roirepus adartne ed ovitidepmi oerp O
etnemlaicini adartne ed oidnoc ad sotulosba serolav moc ,adidepmi et n e m z a cif e , si o p e d , e a di d e p mi et n e m z a cif e ni a d a rt n E . VI
87
.adartne a ridepmi arap oxiab etnemetneicifus levn mu a oerp o raxif ,adartne ed aicnqes agnol amu me ,ovitarcul maredisnoc acnun sadicelebatse saserpme sa ,osac etseN .adartne ed ataidemi oidnoc ad serolav ed ossecus railucep amu a megiro d euq lat alacse a moc otsuc od oaler a euq odom ed ,assecorp es adartne a euq adidem siaer sotsuc so mevele euq ,alacse ed saimonoce siaicnatsbus reuqer ordap etsE 41
.sotulosba serolav ed etnecserc ossecus amu a ajes ,adartne ed oidnoc ad etnatsnoc ocin otulosba rolav mu a ajes ,etnemaunitnoc adaeuqolb adartnE .IV .levvorpmi e etimil ,omertxe osac mu ,niaB rop ,odaredisnoc iof osac etsE .adartne 41 essarta on e sotsuc sues soa satiecer saus meralaugi sadicelebatse saserpme s essitimrep ovitarcul siam oerp o euq me otnop on ,lanif oa rodaeuqolb rolav mu me ,adartne ad ossergorp a moc ,ratluser a airednet sovitidepmi etnemzacifeni serolav ed aicnqes A .)oneuqep ecenamrep otsuc-oerp otaih o ,ajes uo( sodauqeda sorcul manoicroporp on sodavele siam zev adac adartne ed serodibini soerp euq odom ed ,sotsuc son oavele amu rop adanalabartnoc adartne ed rodibini oerp od oavele a ,sadartne savissecus sa moc ,euq oautis assed aicnrroco a arap ozar A .ovitidepmi etnemzacife rolav o odnignita acnun ,adidepmi etnemzacifeni aunitnoc ,seroiam etnemlaicnatsbus serolav arap etnemua arobme ,e oneuqep etnemavitaler rolav me avitidepmi etnemzacifeni etnemlaicini adartne ed oidnoc a ,sarvalap sartuo mE .ovitidepmi etnemzacife rolav odnignita acnun ,adartne ed ossergorp a adot ed ognol oa adidepmi etnemzacifeni ed oautis an ecenamrep adartne ed oidnoc a )VI osac od oirrtnoc oa( sam ,massecorp es sadartne sa euq adidem sotla siam serolav etnemavissergorp es-meuges ,adartne ed oidnoc ad siaicini sotulosba serolav soneuqep soa ,II osac od anerefid .sotla siam etnemavissergorp ,sioped ,e soneuqep etnemlaicini adartne ed oidnoc ad serolav moc sam ,etnemaunitnoc adidepmi etnemzacifeni adartnE .V .)rodaeuqolb rolav mu arap ,edrat siam ,etnemlevissop e( adidepmi etnemzacife arap adidepmi etnemzacifeni adartne ed ,missa
97
.)sodacrem sod edadilibatsni/edadilibatse ed uarg( odacrem ed saruturtse sad acimnid a erbos omoc meb ,)sovititepmocarpus soerp ed acitrp ad osnetxe e aicndicni ,ajes uo ,orcul ed saxat e otsuc-oerp snegram( avitacola aicnicife a erbos adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefe sod oanimreted an ovisiced )on uo ,adartne zacife otnemidepmi mu rarugifnoc arap otla etnemetneicifus ele es ,ralucitrap me( adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav o ,rev es omoC .)4.2.2 metibus .v( adartne a racovorp mes ovititepmoc levn od amica oerp ues raxif medop sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq me lautnecrep olep odidem adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav o )1( :sodacrem e saserpme ed ohnepmesed o e otnematropmoc o erbos )laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ad odatse oa ,somiv omoc ,etnelaviuqe( adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefe sievvorp sod oanimreted a arap setnatropmi os serotaf srt ,niaB odnugeS .)odacrem ed saruturtse sad aicnicife e acimnid ,adnev ed sotsuc sod emulov ,oudorp ad aicnicife , sorcul ed etnatnom olep odidem siaer sotsuc so erbos oerp od ossecxe ,oudorp acitsloponom oirtser ed uarg( sodacrem sod e saserpme sad ohnepmesed o erbos e )oerp ed sacitlop sad esilna an esafn moc( sadicelebatse saserpme sad atudnoc a erbos adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefe sievvorp sod otiepser a )14-52 .p ,6591( niaB ed oailava a atneserpa metibus etsE
a d a rt n e e d o i d n o c a d s oti ef E 5. 2. 2
.saserpme sad ohnepmesed o e otnematropmoc o erbos sotiefe sues sod adahlated siam esilna amu arap esseretni roiam ed so ,ramrifnoc edop es omoc e ,niaB odnuges ,os VI e II sosac sO # .II osac on omoc ,adartne azudni euq levn mu a soerp sues ravele arap ovitnecni lautriv muhnen ,otnatrop ,mt on salE .adartne aaema reuqlauq ed aicnsua an sadicerovaf siam saserpme sad sorcul so airazimixam euq eleuqad amica tse adartne ed rodibini oerp ed levn o euq ed oditnes on ,adaeuqolb adartne ed uomahc niaB euq o erroco euq otla ot e ovitisop adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav O
08
aserpme a odnauq airerroco etnednepedni oa A :)sacitsmota saruturtse .etnednepedni oa ed serdap e aviteloc oa ed serdap :setimil uo sacipt seautis saud raziretcarac ossi moc odnacsub ,oa ed siareg serdap siod rasilana e racifitnedi sporp ,otnat araP .soerp sues ed oanimreted an )osnetxe euq me e( etnemaviteloc on uo origa saserpme sa es ranimreted arap etnatropmi aicnulfni amu siop ,adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefe sod oailava an atnoc me odavel res eved sadicelebatse saserpme sad oartnecnoc ed uarg o euq avaredisnoc niaB
a o d ai c o s s a( et n e d n e p e d ni et n e m ati rt s e o a e d o r d a P )i
s a s e r p m e s a d ai c n d n e p e d r et ni e d e o a rt n e c n o c e d s u a r G
.riuges a sadatnopa sezar salep ,oartnecnoc axiab e atla ed sairtsdni ertne riugnitsid sporp niaB ,ossi rezaf oA .)92 .p ,6591 ,niaB( iroirp a acimnoce airoet amu rop sotsiverp res medop sele edno ta sonem oa ,sotiefe sessed oaretni a railava ed ,otnatrop ,es-atarT .adartne ed oidnoc ad otiefe o animreted sodalorra amica serotaf srt sod oaretni A .sodacrem sod aicnicife a e acimnid a erbos seacilpmi setnedive moc ,acifirev es aicndnepedretni uo osuloc asse euq me uarg od omoc meb ,sodalatsni serotudorp so ertne atict uo asserpxe osuloc uo aicndnepedretni ed on uo aicntsixe ad atnoc rad avarucorp niaB ,ossi moC .)riuges a oditucsid( sadicelebatse saserpme sa ertne oartnecnoc ed uarg o )3( .adnev ed sotsuc sod e )D&P( otnemivlovnesed e asiuqsep me sotsag sod aicnveler ad oacificepse an laicnesse setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne otnemidepmi omoc oaicnerefid ed e otsuc ed snegatnav sad aicntropmi a ,odal ortuo roP .odacrem ed saruturtse sad e saserpme sad acinct aicnicife a erbos adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefe sod oanimreted an ovisiced rotaf mu )on uo setneserp otse aserpme ad ohnamat oa sadaicossa snegatnav es ,laicepse me( adartne arierrab ad etnof a ,rev es omoC .)3.2.2 metibus .v( alacse ed saimonoce savitacifingis ed aicntsixe a on uo evlovne licf adartne ad otnematsafa o es ,ralucitrap me adartne arierrab ad etnof a )2(
18
.adartne ed edrater reuqlauq ed aicntsixeni )d ;setnartne siaicnetop sa erbos sadicelebatse saserpme sad megatnav reuqlauq ed aicnsua )c ;)sotudorp ed oaicnerefid ed ,evisulcni( sodalatsni serotudorp so ertne sanerefid ed aicnsua latot )b ;odacrem ed omsimota )a :meuqifirev es alun adartne ed oidnoc ad sotisiuqer so sodot euq reuqer ,edadrev aN .atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ed oledom od omsilaerri on odniacer ,sotudorp ed edadienegomoh ed esetpih a eugerga es ,omsimota oa ,euq reuqer setnednepedni etnematelpmoc sea moc acitsmota odacrem ed aruturtse ed etimil oautis a ,otnatroP .saserpme sad sea sa ertne aicndnepedretni ed ,etnemetneqesnoc ,e somixrp siam siavir ed oautis a euqoloc es euq arap sotudorp ed oaicnerefid ed uarg mugla ed aicntsixe a ropus atsaB .siavir sues erbos levtpecrepmi otiefe mahnet serotudorp so euq rarugessa arap etneicifus on odacrem od omsimota ed esetpih a ,acitsloponom aicnrrocnoc ed oledom oa )5391( rodlaK ed sacitrc sa moc oralc uocif omoC 51
sa ertne aicnrrocnoc ad retrac o arap acigtartse omoc acimnoce airoet an adazirolav odis met aviteloc oa ed on uo aneserp A .sievvorp siam es-manrot saserpme sasse ertne saviteloc sea sa ,)sadalortnoc sale rop odacrem ed saitaf sa e( sadicelebatse saserpme sad oartnecnoc a atnemua euq adidem .siaicnatsbus odacrem ed siaudividni saitaf melortnoc saserpme siapicnirp sa euq reuqer ,etnemlareG .airtsdni ad soerp sortuo ed seralimis e setnatimocnoc searetla ,anadum amu a atsopser me ,revah euq ed oapicetna a moc uo siavir sod sanadum a atsopser me etnemlaicnatsbus oerp ues racifidom s saled amu adac euq e etnemaenatlumis soerp sues oraretla saserpme siapicnirp sa euq ,lareg me ,acifingiS .siavir sues ed etrap rop ,levsiverp sonem uo siam ,etnatimocnoc oaer uo oa amugla ed avitatcepxe an savitacifingis searetla evomorp s aserpme adac euq amrof lat ed ,aicndnepedretni adicehnocer ed uo ,adassap aicnirepxe an odaesab otict otnemidnetne ,sadicelebatse saserpme sa ertne osnesnoc uo asserpxe osuloc ed ratluser edop )omret o avagerpme niaB euq me oditnes on( aviteloc oa A :) s a d a rt n e c n o c s a r ut u rt s e a o d ai c o s s a( a vit el o c o a e d o r d a P )ii .sievzerpsed os odacrem ed searf sa odnauq 51 roiam etnednepedni oa ed edadilibaborp A .odacrem od levzerpsed oarf amu sanepa ,amu adac ,merpus siaudividni saserpme sa euq zev amu ,)asrev-eciv e( siavir sues erbos levtpecrep otiefe mt on sea saus euqrop otsI .oriuges o siavir sues euq rapicetna men siavir sues etnemairassecen riuges on alE .seroditepmoc sues ed seaer sievssop sad aicngilgen laicnatsbus moc e ovisuloc-on odom ed ega laudividni
28
.)sotirta mes e etnenamrep( atiefrep osuloc etnemlevaroxeni mezudnoc sodartnecnoc sodacrem euq ropus ed )atsilpmis etnemlaugi( otnemidecorp oa ednopserroC .ralimis ocsir mu h ,aviteloc oa ed ordap od osac on ,ajes uo ,omertxe ortuo oN .setrof siam sesetpih sartuo reuqer ordap etsed aicnrroco a euq somatnemugrA .saserpme sad etrap rop etnednepedni oa ed ordap odacrem ed omsimota ,acitmotua amrof ed ,raicossa ed otnemidecorp oa savlasser uotneserpa 51 aton A 71 .)3.4.2 metibus( etnaida odamoter res otnop etsE .roirepus aicnicife ed metluser euq sadartnecnoc odacrem ed saruturtse sad asefed a ratnemadnuf a uossap ,ocisslcoen amgidarap od socisb soipcnirp so moc repmor mes ,euq ,)IO avoN adanimonedotua( sodacrem sod anredom megadroba amu es-uotseg ,0791 sona sod ritrap a ,ebas es omoC .sodacrem sod acisslcoen airoet ad lanoicidart osiv atse a otnopartnoc oralc omoc marigrus niaB ed seisoporp sA 61
levssop a oaredisnoc me airavel adicelebatse aserpme amuhnen :socitsmota sodacrem me ,etnednepedni oa ed osac oN .odacrem od ohnepmesed o arap saserpme sad )aviteloc uo etnednepedni( oa ad sacigl saicnqesnoc sa ,niaB rop sadasilana setimil uo sacipt seautis saud sad amu adac arap ,ratnopa es-edop ,odom reuqlauq eD .etnemaviteloc mega saserpme sa otnop euq ta ragitsevni ed ,otnatrop ,es-atarT .odacrem od ohnepmesed o atefa adartne ed oidnoc adad amu lauq olep odom o erbos aicnulfni etnatropmi ecrexe aviteloc oa ed atudnoc ed ordap mu ed on uo aneserp a euq avatatsnoc niaB ,seacifilauq sassed etnemetnednepednI .)72 .p ,6591 ,niaB( sadidneerpme majes etnednepedni oa ed sesrucni euq uo ,sosserpxe uo sotict sodroca a ragehc agisnoc es on euq ,atiefrepmi ajes osuloc a euq me adidem an seamixorpa sacarf uo sadaredom meutitsnoc saicnrefni sasse euq avavresbo niaB .socitsloponom-esauq uo socitsloponom edaditnauq e oerp a zudnoc 71 sodartnecnoc sodacrem me )adicehnocer aicndnepedretni uo sasserpxe uo satict sesuloc aiv( aviteloc oa ed ordap o ,oisopartnoc rop ,euq e ,aicnrefer omoc odit uo odiuges res a ovitamron ordap omoc o-odnaogerpa ,)savititepmoc omoc sadangised( sairtsdni san oudorp roiam e soerp seronem a zudnoc socitsmota sodacrem son etnednepedni atudnoc ed ordap o euq uomrifa erpmes ,atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ad ociret oledom od sesulcnoc san adaiopa 61,sodacrem sod acisslcoen airoet ad lanoicidart megadroba a ,atircsed oautis ad acirpme aicnveler a erbos ranoitseuq es meS .sadicelebatse saserpme
38
ratnecserca aireveD .siaudividni serotudorp solep oa ed aicndnepedni laicnatsbus amu a rizudnoc arap etnatsab o axiab saserpme ed oartnecnoc ed omertxe osac o iuqa raziretcarac avarucorp niaB
) et n e d n e p e d ni o a m o c( a cit s m ot a a r ut u rt s E
)i
) b(
.siaudividni serotudorp solep oa ed aicndnepedni laicnatsbus amu a rizudnoc arap axiab etnemetneicifus saserpme ed oartnecnoc )ii ;aviteloc oa ed atudnoc ed serdap a rizudnoc uo ratnemelpmi arap atla etnemetneicifus saserpme ed oartnecnoc :sotircsed siareg serdap siod so riugnitsid etneicifus res avatiderca niaB ,odutnoc ,adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefe sod sadamixorpa sesiverp ed snif araP .aicndnepedretni ed otnemicehnocer oriegil mu rop sadauneta setnednepedni sea rerroco medop uO .odot mu omoc airtsdni ad anadum setnelaviuqe sonem uo siam messof oerp ed sanadum sairprp saus es omoc mega ,erpmes men sam ,etnemlausu saserpme sa euq amrof ed ,sacidropse setnednepedni sea rop sadauneta soerp ed oaxif ed saviteloc sea rerroco medop ,olpmexe roP .sadacifidom uo setnairav seautis satium ritsixe medop sale ertne e setimil seautis ,oralc ,os sassE .oirprp ues oa laugi airtsdni a adot ed oerp od otnematsuja o ,ajes uo ,orcul ed oarf airprp aus erbos e adot airtsdni ad orcul o erbos setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne ad sotiefe so aredisnoc e ;)adartne rizudni uo ridepmi etnemavitanretla medop oerp ed sotnematsuja soirprp sues so euq raredisnoc a adavel ,ralucitrap me( sovitcepser sotiefe so moc ,arietni airtsdni ad oerp od otnematsuja o omoc o-odnaredisnoc oerp ues atsuja :aserpme adac ,aviteloc oa ed osac on ,oisopartnoc mE .sea sad aicndnepedni odived soerp ed oaxif ed sesiced sa mairaicneulfni on e oaredisnoc me sodavel maires on oerp ed sotnematsuja sod adartne sovitidepmi uo serotudni sotiefe sO .aicnulfni lat levzerpsed res airatiderca ale euq j ,adartne a erbos oerp ed sotnematsuja sues sod aicnulfni
) a(
48
saserpme sad otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav uo otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed snegatnav sanepA .alacse ed saimonoce savitacifingis ed sadavired sa etnemralucitrap ,adartne sarierrab ed aicntsixe ed seautis me megrus etnemarar sacitsmota odacrem ed saruturtsE .sanredom siairtsudni saimonoce san oecxe ed oautis amu odnarugifnoc ,orez ed omixrp otium uo laugi adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav moc otnatrop ,)saserpme sa sadot arap ozarp ognol ed ominm otsuc oa laugi oerp moc( sartuo sa erbos samu men ,setnartne siaicnetop sa erbos megatnav reuqlauq ed mahnopsid on sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq me ,licf adartne ad aicntsixe a moc sadanoicaler etnemamitni otse sacitsmota saruturtse sa )2 e ;rerroco ed sievvorp ocuop os ,sacitsmota odacrem ed saruturtse ed aicnnamrep e aicntsixe a racifitsuj mairedop euq ,alacse ednarg ed saserpme a sadaicossa snegatnavsed sartuo uo alacse ed saimonocesed )1 :euq eregus acirpme oavresbo a euq j ,satirtser os oautis ed opit essed satercnoc sedadilibissop sa euq oralc ahnit niaB ,odom reuqlauq eD .)23 .p ,6591 ,niaB( acitsmota aruturtse ed sairtsdni me ,odacrem ed ohnepmesed on aicnulfni omoc ,aicntropmi acuop ed ores etnemlevavorp adartne ed oidnoc ad seairav sa ,missA .setimil sesse meredecxe sotnemivom so es adartne ad soviterroc sotiefe so odnopmi ,airtsdni ad otsuc/oerp oaler ad ozarp ognol ed sotnemivom soa setimil odnacoloc ,odacrem ed ohnepmesed od ocitmotua rodaluger ed opit mu omoc sanepa rivres adartne ed oidnoc A .sadicelebatse saserpme salep adaicnegilgen res a rednet )otseuq me airtsdni a adot ed ,sominm sotsuc so e adartne ad rodaeuqolb oerp ed levn mu ertne oaler a odnitelfer( adartne ed oidnoc A .odacrem ed sotnematsuja soirprp sues ed oiem rop airtsdni adartne an riulfni ed zapac res epusserp rotudorp muhnen ,airtsdni ad latot odacrem oa otiepser moc saneuqep etnemavitaler saserpme satium h euq me sairtsdni me ,euq amrifa lanoicidart acisslcoen megadroba A .opit ortuo reuqlauq ed uo sotudorp ed oaicnerefid ed aicnsua ,mbmat ,egixe ordap esse euq etnematicilpxe
58
.ldnietS fesoJ ed seiubirtnoc sad zul ,)3 olutpac on( etnaida siam odamoter res otnop etsE .oartnecnoc aicndnet levroxeni amu saditembus otse odacrem ed saruturtse sa , serotudorp ertne oaicnerefid ed aicnsua latot e alacse ed saimonocesed ed aicntsixe satsilaerri e sarodacifilpmis sesetpih mazudortni es euq sonem a ,sarvalap sartuo mE 81
.airtsdni ad meras ed saserpme sad aicntuler e saxif sealatsni e satnalp sad adiv agnol odived sievnimile etnemlicaf os on euq ,aviturtsed aicnrrocnoc ed opit mu e edadicapac ed ossecxe mu rareg rop mabaca euq odom ed ,soinlced setneqesbus rapicetna ed sezapac odnes on ,adnamed ed ocip ed sopmet me sairtsdni siat me es-meremolga saserpme saneuqep ed ovissecxe e ednarg oremn mu euq etimrep euq me adidem an ,sedadlucifid ed airmirp etnof amu sacitsmota sairtsdni me licf adartne reuqlauq ,etnemetneqerF .cte ,sotsuc ,adnamed ad sotnemivom uo seautulf ed ecaf me odacrem ed opit essed otnematropmoc oa otiepser zid e )21 aton ,33-23 .p ,6591( niaB rop adanoicnem iof socitsmota sodacrem arap adartne ed oidnoc adanoicaler otseuq artuo amU .acitsmota 81 aruturtse ad oanimile oerid me ,etnemlevissop ,riulove airtsdni a ,setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne mes uo moc ,euq acilpmi saserpme sasse ertne siaicnerefid snegatnav ed aneserp e )sadicelebatse saserpme sad osnapxe ed edadilibissop ,ajes uo( alacse ednarg ed aserpme a arap snegatnavsed ed aicnsua ed aicntsixeoc A .)5391( rodlaK uortsnomed meb omoc ,ovititepmoc levn o arap madnet soerp so euq ritnarag ed maxied euq )somixrp siam setnerrocnoc ertne edadilavir a( aicnrrocnoc ed sotnemele zudortni sotudorp ed oaicnerefid a euq amelborp O .radraugser airecerap odacrem ed omsimota ed oautis a euq sea sad aicndnepedni ed otsopus o bos airerroco s ovititepmoc levn oa oerp ed etsuja mu ,setnartne siaicnetop sa erbos oarepo me saserpme sad snegatnav samugla metsixe es ,otaf eD .axodotro esilna alep sadajesed sa etnemataxe os on sesulcnoc sa ,osac esseN .setimil sotrec ed ortned omsem missa ,socitsmota sodacrem ed oautis a moc sievtapmoc etnemacigol res mairedop sadicelebatse
68
niaB ,osuloc ed aicnrroco a ratilicaf otaf ed massop sodartnecnoc siam soilpogilo ed sacipt seidnoc arobme ,odal ortuo roP .oartnecnoc ed uarg roiam bos odnarepo sairtsdni me saserpme sad ohnepmesed o e atudnoc a erbos avisiced aicnulfni ret edop adartne ed oidnoc a ,saicndnet sasse sadaD .adartne ed oidnoc ad sovitanretla serdap sosoremun rop adahnapmoca ajes )omsimota od etnemetnerefid( oartnecnoc a euq rarepse es-edop )3 ;adartne otnemidepmi oa uo oudni otnauq sacitlop saus ed sotiefe so etnemaviteloc uo laudividni raluclac a mednet saserpme sa )2 ;)acigtartse es-anrot arutla aus ,otnatrop( adartne ed oidnoc alep aditnesnoc osnetxe an soerp sod oavele adarebiled a ritimrep a ednet etnednepedretni uo avisuloc soerp ed oaxif a )1 :sairtsdni sassen ,missA .sadartnecnoc sairtsdni erbos lapicnirp otiefe ues recrexe a ednet adartne ed oidnoc a euq ed oatatsnoc ad es-etraP .aviteloc oa ed atudnoc ed serdap a rizudnoc uo ratnemelpmi arap atla etnemetneicifus saserpme ed oartnecnoc ed osac o iuqa raziretcarac avarucorp niaB
) a vit el o c o a m o c( a d a rt n e c n o c a r ut u rt s E
.setimil sotrec ta sanepa sam ,socifneb sotiefe sesse ret a ednet sodacrem sod oartnecnoc a euq aidnefed niaB euq somerev )6.2.2 metibus( etnaida siaM .odacrem ed saruturtse sad aicnicife a e acimnid a erbos ocifneb lepap mu ,missa ,odnahnepmesed ,adajesedni edadicapacerbos ed ocidirep otnemivlovnesed o radrater ed e sodacrem sod edadilibatsni a rizuder ed oditnes on aicnulfni amugla ret edop sacitsmota sairtsdni me sadartnocne acnun esauq siaicnatsbus siam adartne sarierrab euq ,otnatrop ,rezid es-edoP .)sacinrc uo sacidirep( saicnicifeni e sedadilibatsni a satiejus saruturtse me atluser licf adartne adaicossa omsimota ed oautis a euq racatsed avarucorp niaB ,amrof asseD
78
sad otnematropmoc o erbos sotcapmi sotnitsid ret edop adartne ed oidnoc a ,acitslopogilo oartnecnoc h euq me sodacrem mE
a cit sl o p o gil o o a rt n e c n o c b o s a d a rt n e e d o i d n o c a d s oti e f E

.setnesua uo sievzerpsed etnemlareg os alacse ednarg ed saserpme arap saimonocesed )e ;adartne a ridepmi uo riarta euq od oailava aus me saterroc etnemlareg oratse sale )d ;sadicerovaf siam saserpme sa ,lareg me ,ores sale )c ;airtsdni ad acitlop a oranimreted seroiam saserpme sa ,adartne a on uo ridepmi ed edadinutropo otnauq sodicelebatse serotudorp so ertne seinipo ed sanerefid metsixe es )b ;sorcul ed rodazimixam otnujnoc oerp mu ed oamixorpa amugla merecelebatse oa setnetsixe saserpme salep odacrem ed oa ed edadienatlumis avitefe h )a :)seazilareneg roporp ,sesulcnoc san esab moc ,e railava a ahnupsid es ele euq( adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefe soa otnauq azetrecni a rizuder odnasiv niaB rop sodiresni ,serodacifilpmis sotsopusserp snugla bos sadivlovnesed res ,odutnoc ,medop sacitslopogilo seautis a setnereni siareg saicndnet ed sesiverP .adartne a ridepmi on uo ori soerp siauq a oaler me uo ,oerp ed oaxif aiv adartne a ridepmi uo riarta ed on uo edadinutropo oaler me seinipo setnerefid a mezudnoc sa euq odacrem ed sacigtartse sievirav sad sesiv saus san sanerefid uo sadicelebatse saserpme sa ertne siaicnerefid snegatnav revah medop )ii ;levjesed siam oerp oa otnauq sotnemidnetnesed a odived uo odroca rop soditbo uo snumoc soerp sod saterces secefed sad asuac rop etnemlaicepse ,sodairav suarg me atiefrepmi res edop )atict uo asserpxe( acitslopogilo osuloc a )i :sovitom soirv rop ,sadacsirra os adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefe sod sadahlated sesiverp euq odom ed ,atiefrepmi res a adnet osuloc a euq a mavel saicntsnucric samsem sasse euq oralc ahnit mbmat
88
acitslopogilo osuloc a es sanepa rerroco sovititepmoc etnemlevaozar soerp ed levn mu a edadilibatse ed oautis asse ,otnatertnE .oerp ed avititepmoc oaxif e acitsmota aruturtse moc edadilibatse ravel ,etnemlanif ,edop adartne ed oarta a ,)ovitidepmi od amica oerp moc soditbo res medop ozarp ognol on sorcul seroiam euq ed oailava odaicossa( laruturtse edadilibatsni ed odorep mu ed sioped ,ajes uO .)sovititepmoc soerp soa ,missa ,e( sacitsmota saruturtse a onroter etneqesnoc o e adartne oarta alep sodiuges ,ovititepmoc levn od amica soerp ed oaxif ed sodorep rerroco medop ,sadartnecnoc es -meranrot sairtsdni sasse eS .adartne ad oavitefe ed odorep o etnarud ,siamronarpus sorcul retbo e soerp ravele matimrep sehl euq adartne an )sgal( sedrater meritsixe es sadicelebatse saserpme s osojatnav recerap edop oartnecnoc ad otnemivlovnesed O .osuf aiv ,olpmexe rop ,levssop acitslopogilo oartnecnoc ad oucesnoc A .recetnoca ed levssopmi on sam ,)rartsom uotnet niaB omoc( laicos atsiv ed otnop mu ed anutroponi etnemlaicnetop )alacse ed saimonoce setnatropmi metimda on euq( sosac sessen oilpogilo od aicngreme A .odacrem ed omsimota oa adaicossa ratse a ednet ,odanoicnem j omoc ,adartne ervil a ,missA .)otudorp raicnerefid ,olpmexe rop ,odnatnet( sarienam sairv ed adartne sarierrab reugre oratnet saserpme sasse etnemlevavorp otium ,licf adartne a moc sadatnorfnoc meres sodartnecnoc sodacrem me saserpme sednarg ed ,levvorp ocuop ,osac on euq ,evisulcni ,avatnemugra niaB .etneqerf oautis amu etnematrec on atse ,)sognol os adartne ad oavitefe arap solavretni so es etnemlaicepse( sadicelebatse saserpme ed oartnecnoc ed oautis moc oxiab otium uo orez a laugi adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav ed aicnrroco ed acigl edadilibissop a ajah arobmE :) e sopit( :sosac ed sopit srt ertne airmirp onitsid amu uecelebatse )14-43 .p ,6591( niaB ,adartne ed oidnoc ed aigolopit aus an satircsed seautis sies sa odnapurgA .odacrem ed ohnepmesed etnatluser o erbos e sadicelebatse saserpme
II I adartne ed ossergorp ad ognol oa adidepmi etnemzacifeni adartne uo adartne arierrab ed aicnsuA )A(
98
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otse alacse ednarg ed saimonoce sa euq me sosac soa otirtser tse niaB rop otircsed oautis ed opit oriemirp esse euq ramrifaer ebaC .iel alep uo odroca mu a ragehc es ed avitatnet an ossacarf mu rop adatsbo ajes sesuf ed oiem rop es-merartnecnocer sadicelebatse saserpme satsed osneporp a e ritsisrep assop levtse aruturtse amu euq arap saneuqep etnemetneicifus majes sadicelebatse aroga saserpme sad siaicnerefid snegatnav sa opmet omsem oa otnauqne ,adartne ed rotudni levn od oxiaba oerp o mahnetnam osuloc an oiefrepmi a uo soerp sod oaxif an aicndnepedni a euq arap oxiab etnemetneicifus oartnecnoc ed levn mu ,adartne ad oudni ad oiem rop ,ajnita odacrem o ,otnop mugla me ,euq saicndnet sassed levssop aguf lapicnirp A .ovititepmoc levn oa oerp od sonroter rop sodalacretni soerp ed acitsloponom oaxif ed seraluger soidsipe a e )metsagsed es satnalp samugla euq ta ,soerp ed avititepmoc oaxif onroter o moc omsem odnitsisrep( acidirep uo acinrc edadicapac ed ossecxe ed oicdrepsed ,odacrem od edadilibatsni etnatsnoc amu a etnemlevavorp ravel oerp ed acitslopogilo oaxif A .sodavele adartne ed serotudni-soerp ed oaxif ed olcic ortuo mu a oicni odnad ,arienam atsed ,e oartnecnoc roiam amu odnecelebatser ,saserpme sasse rop odacrem od aicnnimod ad oarepucer amu me ratluser a ,otne ,rednet adartne odniuges oerp ed avititepmoc oaxif amu ed aicngreme A .sartuo sa sadot erbos otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed uo otulosba otsuc ed siaicnerefid snegatnav saneuqep samugla ed riurfusu medop sadicelebatse saserpme sacuop etnemavitaler iuqa siop ,adidepmi etnemzacifeni adartne ed oidnoc ed osac on etrof siam etnemlevavorp edadilibissop amitl atsE .avissecxe adartne e sodavele soerp ed oaxif ed olcic ortuo mu ed oemoc olep e soiem sortuo uo sesuf rop otnemapurgaer mu rop odiuges ajes omsimota o euq levssop mbmat .odnecenamrep ebaca euq acitsmota aruturtse amu a rizudnoc adartne ed oarta a es uo ,sotiefrepmi etnatsab merof sadicelebatse saserpme sa ertne aicndnepedretni ad otnemicehnocer o uo
) 1(
09
.avisserpxeni adartne arierrab A .adartne otnemidepmi mu iutitsnoc on omit ohnamat o moc rartne euq ret ed edadissecen a ,missA .latot oudorp ad levicnegilgen alecrap amu atneserper amit alacse a siop ,avitacifingis arierrab amu res a agehc on atse sam ,omit ohnamat o moc ,otnatrop ,rartne maireveD .)seronem salacse s sadaicossa ,otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed e otsuc ed satulosba snegatnavsed s otnauq oudorp ed soirtinu sotsuc seroiam soa otnat odived( amit euq seronem salacse moc odacrem on messartne es megatnavsed me mairatse siaicnetop setnerrocnoc so ,sarvalap sartuo mE .)41 aton ,53 .p ,6591 ,niaB( metnemua etnartne laicnetop ad otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed uo otsuc ed satulosba snegatnavsed sa ,oudorp ed oiar omsem etse erbos )ii e ;omit etse a oerid me etnemua aserpme ad oudorp a euq adidem )setnecserced sotsuc( alacse ed saimonoce siaicnatsbus metsixe ,airtsdni ad latot oudorp ad levicnegilgen oarf amu ajes amit alacse ed aserpme amu ed oudorp a arobme )i :euq me oautis amu ranigami somedop ,otaf eD .sadartne ed ossergorp amu ed ognol oa )etnatsnoc rolav mu me omsem ta ,etnemlaicnetop( sotulosba serolav soneuqep me aenamrep euq adartne ed oidnoc amu ritimrep missa adnia e oditnes ortuo on savitacifingis res medop alacse ed saimonoce sa saM .setnartne siaicnetop sad e sadicelebatse saserpme sad soirtinu sotsuc so uo odacrem ed saitaf sa etnemlaicnatsbus ratefa on adartne ed edadinu amu ed oarta a euq amrof ed ,)seronem salacse a sodavele siam soirtinu sotsuc ratnemirepxe assop aserpme a euq omsem( airtsdni ad oudorp ad alecrap aneuqep amu res eved otsuc ronem ed uo amit alacse ed aserpme amu ed oudorp a , otsI .oditnes ortuo me etnemairassecen on sam ,lausu oditnes on setnacifingisni res meved sa ,edadrev an ,sosac sessen euq receralcse uorucorp niaB 91
alacse ednarg ed saimonoce
otsuc ed ominm levn o ,etnemavissecxe on sam ,etnemlevaozar redecxe a ednet oerp O .adartne ed sovitidepmi soerp racitarp )ozarp ognol on( ovitarcul siam res mailava sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq lat edutingam ed adartne arierrab a ,otaf eD .levtse siam odacrem ed acimnid amu a levrovaf ,osac essen ,adartne ed oidnoc ad rolav O :) e sopit( .alacse ednarg me adnagaporp ed saimonoce savitacifingis me ,olpmexe rop ,atilfer es on otudorp ed oaicnerefid a euq ed oidnoc a bos missa adnia e ,setnartne siaicnetop sa erbos sadicelebatse saserpme sad otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed uo sotsuc ed satulosba snegatnav ed setneinevorp saleuqa res medop s adartne sarierrab setnatropmi sacin sa ,sosac sessen ,otnatroP .sacimnoceitna saneuqep salacse satnitsid a rarepo ed messevit saserpme sa euq adidem ,adartne atulosba arierrab an otnemicserc laicnatsbus e ovissergorp mu mairarof sadartne savitucesnoc sa ,oirrtnoc od 91,sievzerpsed os uo setnesua
VI III sadartne ed odatimil oremn mu ed oarta a spa missa es-anrot uo adidepmi etnemzacife adartnE )B(
19
)2
serotudorp so otne ,)omusnoc ed sneb ed sarotudorp sadartnecnoc sairtsdni me levvorp( adidepmi etnemzacife adartne ad sairmirp sesab sa merof siaicnetop setnerrocnoc sad soa etnemavitarapmoc sadicelebatse saserpme sad sotudorp solep serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp sa eS .edadicapac ed ossecxe ed aneserp ad setnatluser sacidirep uo sacinrc sadrep a aicndnet revah on ,otnatrop ,e )roiretna osac on omoc( avissecxe adartne amu a acidirep oudni revah on ;)ozarp ognol on soditbo ores ominm otsuc-oerp otaih oa siaugi soirtinu soirnidroartxe sorcul( orcul ed megram a ,ajes uo ,siaer sotsuc so erbos oerp od ossecxe o euq omsem o res adartne ad ovitidepmi oirbliuqe on odignita sominm sotsuc so erbos oerp od ossecxe O .sominm sotsuc moc setnetsisnoc salacse a lareg me orarepo sadot ,adartne a ridepmi arap oerp raxif ed oisop me merevitse sadicelebatse saserpme sa odnauq :rerroco a ,otne ,mednet sasioc sauD .salacse ed amag adairav amu a sominm sotsuc rignita lareg me medop saserpme sasse ,sadicelebatse saserpme sad otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed uo otulosba otsuc ed snegatnav ed etnemacinu atluser adartne otnemidepmi o es ,otaf eD .edadicapac ed ossecxe ed oicdrepsed ed aicnsua amu e samit salacse a ozarp ognol on aicnicife a reverp es -edop ,sievzerpsed os uo setnesua otse alacse ed saimonoce eS .alacse ednarg ed saserpme arap savitacifingis saimonoce on uo mevlovne euq sarierrab sa ertne riugnitsid ralucitrap me ,adartne sarierrab sad azerutan a ravresbo osicerp ,adnev ed sotsuc son e sorcul son ,aicnicife an saicndnet sa reverp araP .adartne ed aaema amu ed aicnsua an socitsloponom )sorcul so e( soerp so maires euq od seronem otnatrop ,)sodaredom soirnidroartxe sorcul moc( ovititepmoc levn od amica etnemadaredom ozarp ognol ed soerp moc ,adartne ed ossergorp atruc amu spa uo etnemlaicini ,adidepmi adartne moc )sadicelebatse saserpme sad odacrem ed saitaf san sanadum sievssop rop otecxe( levtse etnemavitaler odacrem ed aruturtse amu ed avitcepsrep a ,amrof atseD .)oxiab o-ahnetnam oerp ed oaxif an aicndnepedretni ad oagen a uo osuloc an seiefrepmi euq res on a(
)1
29
?)etneicifusni alacse amu ed saicnicifeni salep sotsuc ed lareg levn o odnavele( ovissecxe oremn etse res uo )sotsuc seronem soa searepo ,missa ,odnitimrep( saserpme ed oremn o omit reS ?adidepmi etnemzacife omoc adartne ed ataidemi oidnoc a recehnocer a mereiv sadicelebatse saserpme sa odnauq ,laedi aicnicife oaler me ,serotudorp ed oremn o uo oartnecnoc ed uarg o res lauq : otseuq a ,ossi odaD .adacidujerp res sadicelebatse saserpme sa ertne aicnicife a odom reuqlauq ed sam ,)sotla siam siaer sotsuc odnapicetna ,setniuges setnartne siaicnetop so( adartne roiretsop amu a arierrab a ocuop mu ravele ri ossi ,etnemlareG .sodavele siam siaer sotsuc moc e samit-bus salacse a rarepo ori saserpme sa sadot uo samugla ,etimil etsed mla arap saserpme ed oremn o ratnemua adarta adartne a eS .alacse ed amit aicnicife moc rarepo oredop saserpme 4 euq siam on ,sodicelebatse meres ed sievvorp soerp soa ,latot odacrem od sonem olep rirpus etneicife aserpme amu eS .odatimil etnematnitsid aicnicife amixm moc rarepo medop euq saserpme ed oremn O .setnerefid etnemlaicnetop ,mrop ,os sorcul sod uo aicnicife ad otiepser a sesulcnoC .etrof aicndnepedretni a es uo zacife osuloc a es ritsisrep a rednet sominm sotsuc so erbos oerp od ossecxe odaredom mU .adartne a ridepmi a adatneiro soerp ed oaxif amu moc otnuj ,adarepse res edop adnia odacrem ed edadilibatse amu ,sadivlovne otse saimonoce siat es ,otaf eD .adartne ed lareg oidnoc ad retrac od odnedneped ,samit-bus salacse a odived ,amit aicnicife ad sodaredom uo sevel sotnematsafa rerroco on uo medop ,adartne otnemidepmi ed etnatropmi etnof amu omoc setneserp mezaf es alacse ed saimonoce eS .ocigloncet otnemivlovnesed e lairtsudni asiuqsep me sotsag seroiam a olumtse revah edop ,)etnetap aiv sacinct ed uo sosrucer ed elortnoc ,olpmexe rop( sadicelebatse saserpme sad otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav sad es-anigiro adartne arierrab a eS .sotudorp sues rop laicnereferp oisop a ratnetsus arap adnev ed sotsuc sortuo e adnagaporp ed sotsuc siaicnatsbus me orerrocni sodicelebatse
39
)2
iulcni atse odnauq ,adartne ed oidnoc sacitslopogilo satsopser euq levssop .alacse ednarg ed aserpme a arap saimonoce savitacifingis ed aicntsixe a moc adaicossa tse aicndnet adnuges A )2 .sodaredom soirnidroartxe sorcul e ovititepmoc levn od amica etnemadaredom sanepa soerp ,odacrem od laruturtse edadilibatse amu somaret ,odatluser omoC .rigreme medop adartne a ridepmi a sadanitsed ozarp ognol ed oerp ed sacitlop ,)oilponom ed levn ociret mu ed oxiaba meb sam( soirnidroartxe sorcul snugla atnarag euq oerp mu a adartne a ridepmi massop sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq odom ed ,odaredom levn me adartne sarierrab moC )1 :sodartnecnoc sodacrem me sadartnocne etnemavisnetxe res medop euq odacrem od otnematropmoc on e oerp on saicndnet saud racifitnedi etimrep osac essed esilna a ,esetns mE .odniv-meb oviterroc mu aires airtsdni a arap raluces osnapxe me adnamed amU .saserpme ed oremn o rizuder a sodanitsed somsinacem sortuo uo sesuf aiv oazilanoicar rop etnemairassecen on e )adarta essof es oautis a airaroip lauq a( adartne rop rad es on saicnicifeni sassed oanimile A .sievssop etnemaciroet os amit alacse ad sotnematsafa sievozar e adidepmi etnemzacife adartne amu ritnarag arap soirssecen res medop ominm otsuc e oerp ertne sotulosba sotaih sednarg ,osac omitl etseN .ovitarta odaredisnoc rof adartne ad rodibini oerp o es soditbo etnemlevimuserp adnia ores soirnidroartxe sorcul snugla ,mroP .sominm sotsuc so erbos oerp od ossecxe o euq od ronem res orcul ed megram a e ominm levn od amica etnemetnetsisrep recenamrep ori siaer sotsuc so ,adidepmi etnemzacife etnemlauta adartne a adad ,osac etseN .oremn ronem me mare saserpme sa odnauq sodavele soerp rop adarta etnemadarebiled iof adartne a euqrop uo etnedica rop ajes ,ocimnoce siam ohnamat o euq od seronem majes saserpme sa euq amrof lat ed res etnemlaicini edop airtsdni ad aruturtse a uo ;ominm otsuc od amica etnemadaredom oerp mu a adartne roiretsop amu ridepmi a sal-jarocne arap ednarg etnemetneicifus otne res edop adartne arierrab a e ,amit alacse ed etnemlareg majes sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq amrof lat ed etnemlatnedica res edop airtsdni ad aruturtse a :osac o res a riv edop siod sod mu reuqlauQ
)1
49
.levtse odacrem ed aruturtse amu moc ominm otsuc o erbos oerp ed socitsloponom sossecxe somertxe ed aicnrroco ed avitcepsrep a ,missA .adizudni adartne amu ed edadilibissop a etnemarietni maicnegilgen otnauqne ,sorcul ed atnujnoc oazimixam ed acitlop amu riuges medop sadicelebatse saserpme sa ,amrof atseD .)adartne roiretsop amu airiarta euq eleuqa euq ronem ,adartne ad sadigetorp etnematelpmoc messevitse es ,sorcul sues airazimixam euq soerp ed levn o( adartne ed arodaeuqolb oidnoc amu rop sadigetorp oemoc o edsed otse sadicelebatse saserpme sa ,adaeuqolb etnemaunitnoc adartne ed oidnoc a eS .sadartnocne os )saserpme ed oremn ovissecxe mu ed uo( alacse aneuqep ed saimonocesed sednarg lauq on e ,sadicelebatse saserpme sad laer otsuc oa laugi sam ominm otsuc od amica otium tse oerp o lauq on ,ele a omixrp uo ,otnop mu me animret euq ,adartne ed ossecxe ednarg mu ed oarta avissergorp ,etnemaivbo ,avel osac etse arap otsiverp otnematropmoc o ,adartne oudni roiretsop odnibini ,oirtinu otsuc oa elaugi es oerp o euq ta adidepmi etnemzacifeni etnemaunitnoc adartne ed oidnoc a eS :) e sopit( .amica sotircsed soa setnahlemes sodatluser moc ,levtse odacrem od aruturtse a e adidepmi etnemzacife es-anrot adartne a ,otnop etseN .lanoicida adartne ed otnemidepmi o levtner ranrot arap etneicifus o ovitefe otsuc od e ominm otsuc od amica recenamrep oerp o euq amrof ed ,adartne roiretsop amu ridepmi arap etneicifus etnemataxe oerp od oavele amu moc otnuj ,odatimil e otinif oremn mu me ravitefe es saserpme savon ed oarta a ,mroP .ovitidepmi levn od amica soerp rop adartne ed oarta odived levtsni oicni ed res odacrem ed aruturtse a ,adidepmi etnemzacifeni etnemlaicini adartne a eS .etneicife alacse ed ,lareg me ,majes sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq me otnop mu me adidepmi ajetse adartne a euq levssop etnemlaugi ,odal ortuo roP .sacinrc os etneicifusni alacse ed saicnicifeni samugla e adidepmi tse adartne roiretsop amu lauq an ,odacrem ed levtse aruturtse amu a mazudnoc ,alacse ed saimonoce ed setnatluser adartne sarierrab
IV V sovitidepmi etnemzacifeni serolav ed ossecus a moc missa es-odnanrot uo adaeuqolb adartnE )C(
59
.acimnoce acitlop a arap aiug mu omoc ovititepmoc laedi o ret es ed edadilav ad otseuq a arap etemer ,aicntsni amitl me ,euq ,lairtsudni oazinagro ed sairoet sad lartnec oxie ,noititepmoc elbakrow adamahc ad samron ed oalumrof ariemirp ad e omret od oisoporp an orienoip o iof )0491( kralC 02
.lairtsudni oazinagro erbos odatart mu recerefo uedneterp lauq o moc ,)7891 ,sllauQ ;niaB( etnecer siam orvil ues on es-evetnam e sarbo sairv saus ed ognol oa o-uiugesrep ,6591 ed orvil ues me etnedive oapucoerp atsE .0491 sona son j oicni evet euq 02,)noititepmoc elbakrow( levtcaf uo leviv aicnrrocnoc amu arap seidnoc sa erbos etabed od missa odnapicitrap ,)sosonad siam seleuqa ,osnetxe rop ,e( ohnepmesed mob oa sodairporpa siam odacrem ed saruturtse ed sopit sod oacifitnedi an riubirtnoc a es-ahnuporp mbmat sam ,serosrucerp sues ed sanucal missa odnirboc ,oaziroet amu ed oerid an ranava sanepa on aidneterp ,saserpme sad ohnepmesed o e atudnoc a erbos )sodacrem sod siaruturtse seidnoc sad ,rohlem uo( adartne ed oidnoc ad sotiefe sod esilna asoicunim aus me raderevne oa ,niaB
o d at s E o d l e p a p e o h n e p m e s e d - a r ut u rt s e s e al e r s a d e s et n S 6. 2. 2
.snegatnav sasse rarugessa arap adnev ed sotsuc sednarg lareg me rapicetna es-edop ,adartne ad otnemidepmi o arap sacigtartse merof sadicelebatse saserpme sad sotudorp ed oaicnerefid ed snegatnav sa eS .soirnidroartxe sorcul sod oanimile uo ouder amu moc otnuj ,etneicifusni alacse ed ,soreves a sodaredom ed ,soicdrepsed ed aicnrroco a ,euqifirev es etnemairassecen on arobme ,levssop etnemlaugi omoc missa ,rerroco medop sorcul soa e aicnicife otnauq sodatluser somsem so ,setneserp mezaf es alacse ed saimonoce savitacifingis es ,oirrtnoc oA .soirnidroartxe sorcul sodavele ed onetbo a e sadicelebatse saserpme sad alacse an amixm aicnicife amu ,etnemlanoicida ,ret a somerednet ,sievzerpsed os uo setnesua otse alacse ed saimonoce eS
69
alacse ed saserpme e satnalp me adaiopa es-azilaer oudorp a lauq an osnetxe a e lairtsudni oartnecnoc ertne avitisop etnemlareg oaler amu ed saicndive matsixe arobme ,euq adnia mavatnemugrA .ohnepmesed ed sesnemid sartuo me sairtasnepmoc snegatnav savisserpxe arifnoc ossi euq mes ,orcul ed saxat uo otsuc-oerp snegram setnetsisrep e satla mairacidni omoc ,avitacola aicnicife ad osnemid etnatropmi an ohnepmesed ocarf mu a zudnoc etnemlareg ,adartne sarierrab savitacifingis rop adahnapmoca odnauq etnemralucitrap ,oudorp ad atla otium oartnecnoc amu euq maidnefed sllauQ e niaB
a u cf o r p e et n ei cif e o a rt n e c n o c s eti mi L
.riugesrep a sovitejbo son sedadiroirp rinifed euq ret ed otseuq a odatsE od oa etnemacigol acoloc otsI .sesnemid siamed sa sadot me arroco omsem o euq ed aitnarag on osnemid amu me ohnepmesed moB .).cte ,sadnev ed oomorp e edadicilbup moc sotsag sod somret me oauqeda ,acigloncet edadivissergorp ,acinct aicnicife ,sosrucer ed oacola an aicnicife( sesnemid sa sadot me ohnepmesed mob matnarag euq odacrem ed saruturtse rebecnoc levssopmi etnemlautriv euq ed oatatsnoc ad maitrap sllauQ e niaB euq etnemlaicini racatsed ebac ,lareg siam oavresbo omoC .)roip uo( rohlem ohnepmesed mu a mezudnoc euq odacrem ed saruturtse ed sopit sod oagitsevni an osnetxe rop e ,sodacrem sod ohnepmesed o erbos aruturtse ad sotiefe sod oazilareneg an ranava a satsiv moc satief res medop seamrifa samugla euq mavatiderca sllauQ e niaB ,socirpme setset razilaer me sedadlucifid sad rasepA .olutpac odirefer on esetns asson somaiopa lauq alep ozar ,)vixx .p ,7891 ,sllauQ ;niaB( lartnec ocipt etsed ovitinifed odatart mu )ecnamrofreP tekraM ot erutcurtS tekraM fo spihsnoitaleR :IX olutpaC on( es-avatneserpa arbo assen euq ramrifa a odnagehc ,sllauQ divaD .P ed seiubirtnoc sa moc uoicifeneb es otium amet essed oatneserpa)er( a euq receralcse ed otseuq zef niaB ,7891 ed orvil ues oa oicferP oN .odatsE od oa arap soapse siautneve so erbos seacidni severb moc ,ohnepmesed e aruturtse ertne sealer sad acreca niaB ed sesulcnoc siapicnirp sa rinuer somarucorp ,metibus etseN
79
.odajesedni laruturtse ohnesed mu ,lareg me ,mbmat res ecerap )artuo ad aicnsua an( serodarpmoc ed oartnecnoc atla ad aicnnamrep a euq j ,)elbakrow( sieviv odacrem ed saruturtse rarugessa odnasiv ,serotudorp ed oartnecnoc atla ropo es arap acitlop ed otnemurtsni omoc serodarpmoc ed oartnecnoc atla an es-raiopa etnedurp ocuop aires euq marulcnoc serotua so ,odom reuqlauq eD .sosac ed oremn oneuqep mu me etnemos avitanretla amu aires asse ,acitrp aN .serodarpmoc sod odal od atla etnemavitaler oartnecnoc ,olelarap me ,h es ocuop mu odagitim res edop oudorp ad oartnecnoc atla ad osrevda otiefe o ,avitacola aicnicife ad osnemid erefer es euq on sonem olep ,euq ed seacidni samugla h euq maidnefed serotua so ,avissecxe oartnecnoc ad sovitagen sotiefe so raronim ed sedadilibissop s oaler moc adniA .miur ot res on edop avitacola aicnicife ed somret me ohnepmesed o ,otne ,adartne sarierrab sad setnof setnatropmi merof on otsuc ed satulosba sanerefid sa e otudorp ed oaicnerefid a es e adas sarierrab sa saminm merof es ,sosac setsen ,euq mavavresbo sllauQ e niaB ,sesnemid sa sadot me ohnepmesed mob rarugessa levssopmi etnemlautriv aires euq ed setneic arobmE 12
.acinct aicnicife 12 rarugessa a satsiv moc atieca res aireved e levtiveni aires serotudorp ed oartnecnoc atla amu ,sianoicpecxe sosac sesseN .sairtsdni ed oremn oneuqep mu a atirtser aires ,serotua so odnuges ,euq oautis ,oudorp ad atla otium uo atla oartnecnoc rereuqer ed otnop a sednarg ot majes alacse ed saimonoce sa siauq san saleuqa otecxe ,sairtsdni sa sadot a levcilpa aires ,oipcnirp me ,arger atsE .)224 .p ,7891 ,sllauQ ;niaB( atrefo ad odal od sadartnecnoc etnemadaredom euq od siam on majes euq odacrem ed saruturtse rairc ,oirssecen odnauq ,e ravreserp ratulas aires ,acilbp acitlop ad atsiv ed otnop od ,odom etseD .sadartnecnoc etnematla odacrem ed saruturtse mezaf o euq od acigloncet edadivissergorp ed osnemid an ohnepmesed rohlem rizudorp a mednet sadartnecnoc etnemadaredom odacrem ed saruturtse euq maidnefed sllauQ e niaB ,aucforp e etneicife oartnecnoc setimil so maires siauq racifitnedi ed orofse on adniA .acinct aicnicife a racifircas mes ,sosrucer ed oacola ad somret me soicfeneb snugla rarutpac odom essed e ,sadartnecnoc etnemadaredom siam saruturtse ret ,siairtsudni serotes sod airoiam an ,levssop aires ,missA .alacse ed aicnicife ed saicngixe salep sodatid maires euq seleuq seroirepus etnemlaicnatsbus setrop mebixe saserpme e satnalp seroiam sa ,sairtsdni sad airoiam ednarg an ,euq ed seacidni saralc h mbmat ,amit aminm
89
odacrem ed saruturtse sad onetunam a ramot on a sodahlesnoca res maireved srekamycilop so ,acigloncet edadivissergorp ad e sosrucer ed oacola ad sesnemid s otiepser zid euq on ,amus mE .sacitsmota saruturtse sa e sadartnecnoc etnematla saruturtse sa euq od osnemid atsen ohnepmesed rohlem matneserpa sadartnecnoc etnemadaredom saruturtse euq maidnefed sllauQ e niaB ,acigloncet edadivissergorp ad osnemid an ohnepmesed oa oaler moC .sacitsmota etnemavitaler saruturtse otnauq sadartnecnoc etnemadaredom odacrem ed saruturtse otnat es-meulcni opurg etsen euq odnes ,sortuo so sodot siv--siv sodartnecnoc etnematla serotes ertne mis sam ,sadartnecnoc sairtsdni e sacitsmota sairtsdni ertne on res ecerap etnaveler laruturtse onitsid a ,sosrucer ed oacola an aicnicife erefer es euq oN .acinct edadivissergorp ad e anadum ad atsiv ed otnop od somit res on a mednet socitsmota sodacrem ,ozar etrof siam rop e ,opmet omsem oA .ohnepmesed od otcepsa esse a oaler moc anerefid atium rezaf mecerap on oudorp ad oartnecnoc ed uarg on sianigram sanerefid ,adaredom a axiab ed oartnecnoc ed axiaf an ,edadrev an ,euq maidnefed sllauQ e niaB .sosrucer ed oacola ed osnemid an omsem ,sadartnecnoc etnemadaredom saruturtse sa euq ohnepmesed rohlem matneserpa etnemairassecen on sodaruturtse etnemacitsimota sodacrem ,etnemalpma ednufid es euq od oirrtnoc oA .satief res medop siareg searedisnoc e seamrifa samugla euq maidnefed serotua so ,serotudorp ed axiab otium oartnecnoc a arap lareg oaziretcarac amu riurtsnoc es ed edadlucifid a odnecehnocer omseM .odacrem ed sacitsmota saruturtse ed osac oa adaicossa etnemlareg ,oudorp ad axiab etnemavissecxe oartnecnoc amu ed ratluser medop euq saicnicifeni e sadrep sa ,ajes uo ,etneicifeni omsimota od setnerroced socsir so raredisnoc es-eved omertxe ortuo on ,oartnecnoc avissecxe sodaicossa socsir so h odal mu ed es ,euq maravresbo sllauQ e niaB
et n ei cif e ni o m si m ot a o d o c si r O
99
sadartnecnoc etnematla sairtsdni ,ralucitrap mE .soxiab e sodaredom adartne sotnemidepmi a sadarapmoc odnauq ,odacrem od ohnepmesed o erbos osrevda otiefe mu ret a mednet adartne sarierrab satla euq ed a sllauQ e niaB ed esilna an adaiopa lanoicida aicnrefni amU
o h n e p m e s e d s u s r e v a d a rt n e s a ri e r r a B
.)324 .p ,7891 ,sllauQ ;niaB( ovissecxe sadnev ed oomorp ed orofse od otseuq a euq od etnatropmi siam odaredisnoc res eved sesnemid sartuo sassen ohnepmesed o serotua sod oailava an ,ffo-edart essed ecaf me acilbp acitlop a arap oatneiro omoC .)acigloncet edadivissergorp ,acinct aicnicife ,sosrucer ed oacola an aicnicife( ohnepmesed ed sesnemid sartuo sad somret me sodatluser serohlem odnalever ahniv ,iuqa ta ,euq aruturtse ed opit eleuqan etnematsuj ,aicnqerf roiam moc ,es-mazilacol sadnev ed orofse e adnagaporp ed edadivisnetni ed somit-on sodaredisnoc suarg ,ajes uO .sadartnecnoc etnemadaredom odacrem ed saruturtse me rerroco a mednet sossecxe seroip so ,etnemad -anutrofased ,euq etnemlanoicida maratatsnoc ,sodanretsnoC .laicos atsiv ed otnop od aicnicifeni ed oautis amu missa odnarugifnoc ,)sarierrab saleuqa retnam etnematsuj odnasiv( oirssecen od amica sievn me soditnam res etnemetneqerf medop sadnev ed oomorp e edadicilbup moc sotsag so sadicelebatse saserpme sad sotudorp solep serodimusnoc sod aicnreferp an etnemetrof aiesab es adartne sarierrab ed aicntsixe a euq me saleuqan ,etnemacificepse siam sairtsdni samugla me euq maravresbo sllauQ e niaB
s a d n e v e d o o m o r p / e d a di cil b u p e d e d a di s n et ni s u s r e v o a rt n e c n o C
.oudorp ad oartnecnoc ed sodavele etnemavitaler suarg ed onetunam a ,oirrtnoc oa ,rereuqer massop euq alacse ednarg ed saimonoce savitacifingis ed aicnrroco lautneve ad oacifirev atiejus erpmes sam ,)324 .p ,7891 ,sllauQ ;niaB( atrefo ad oartnecnoc ed suarg sotla ed otnemivlovnesed o retnoc aireved acilbp acitlop a ,aicnreferp eD .acitlop ed ovitejbo levxelfni mu omoc savititepmoc etnemacitsimota
001
.oanedrooc ed samrof sasse matneiro euq soipcnirp uo sovitejbo so radnevsed ed sezapacni sam ,odacrem ed atudnoc an saserpmeretni oanedrooc ed siaicifrepus samrof sa etnemos rarupa ed sezapac somos sn ,ajes uO .saserpme sad laer atudnoc a railava e ravresbo ed edadlucifid airprp a adad ,sianoicarepo os on seidnoc satse ,ohnepmesed mob o arap atudnoc ed siareg seidnoc samugla racificepse levssop ajes otartsba ociret levn mu me arobme ,euq odnatnemugra es-avacifitsuj niaB .ohnepmesed mob oa sodairporpa siam odacrem ed atudnoc ed sopit so erbos e ohnepmesed-atudnoc e atudnoc-aruturtse sealer sa erbos manoicnem adan esauq sam ,)elbakrow( leviv aicnrrocnoc a arap siaruturtse seidnoc s ,ossin esab moc ,e ohnepmesed-aruturtse oaler otiepser mezid niaB ed sealumrof siapicnirp sa ,somiv omoC .ohnepmesed e atudnoc ertne oaler ad otseuq ad es-atarT .serap sues e niaB ed sesulcnoc siapicnirp sa razitetnis ed orofse essen ,oneta asson ecerem otnop omitl mU
o h n e p m e s e d - at u d n o c s u s r e v o h n e p m e s e d - a r ut u rt s e s e al e R
.odatsE od sea ed oiem rop oucexe licfid ed aferat amu meutitsnoc adartne sarierrab sad sievn sod saterid seuder euq ,otnatne on ,maicehnoceR .atrefo ad adaredom siam oartnecnoc ed otnemivlovnesed oa rizudni a ,ozarp ognol on ,e ohnepmesed rohlem mu arap riubirtnoc a airednet adartne sarierrab satla ed ouder a euq maracatsed )424 .p ,7891( sllauQ e niaB ,acilbp acitlop a arap oacilpmi omoC .oitepmoc avon ed aaema levredisnoc amu rop sodarepmet os siaicnetop sotiefe sues es avicon sonem etnemlareg ecerap atrefo ad odal od oartnecnoc atla a ,ahnizoS .sadavele otium adartne sarierrab moc adalpoca atla otium oartnecnoc ed aleuqa laruturtse oautis roip a euq avatnetsus serotua setse rop adivlovnesed esilna a ,amrof asseD .sadaredom siam sarierrab rop sadarapma merof es euq od satla otium adartne sarierrab rop sadigetorp os sadicelebatse saserpme sa es roip es-rahnepmesed mecerap
101
res massop euq soa sievrapmoc etnemadamixorpa ohnepmesed ed sodatluser a rizudnoc edop ,oipcnirp a ,ralucitrap atudnoc amu ed ahlocse a ,missA .)rof lauq ajes( ovitejbo omsem mu ranacla arap savitanretla e setnerefid sator sanepa etnemlaicnetop os saserpme sad atudnoc ed sovitanretla serdap soremni so euq ed etnatropmi otaf o arap oneta a avamahc niaB ,ohnepmesed-atudnoc sealer s erefer es euq oN .saserpmeretni oanedrooc ed serdap e odacrem ed saruturtse ertne oaler ed oralc ordap mu egreme on ,sodacrem sod edadilaer an sievvresbo seautis saremni sad ,amus mE .saserpmeretni oanedrooc ed ordap o erbos levsiverp aicnulfni amu uo acitmetsis oaler amu ret ecerap on adartne sarierrab sad arutla a euq avaredisnoc niaB ,amrof amsem aD .saruturtse setnerefid me adartnocne res edop atudnoc adad amu ,osnetxe rop ,e aruturtse adad amu ed riv medop setnerefid satudnoc ,ajes uO .)socitsmota sodacrem ed etimil -osac o es-odnautecxe( odacrem ed aruturtse reuqlauq a sodaicossa res medop atudnoc ed serdap sesse sodot esauq ,lareg me ,euq edadlucifid A .osuloc mes etnednepedretni oa e )sedadeirav saremni odnegnarba( atelpmocni osuloc ,atelpmoc osuloc :os atudnoc ed sovitanretla serdap siapicnirp so euq ecehnocer es mbmat ,ortuo eD .otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed uarg e adartne ed oidnoc ,airtsdni an oudorp ad oartnecnoc ed uarg :odacrem ed aruturtse ad setnaveler sesnemid siapicnirp sa erbos osnesnoc ovitaler etsixe ,odal mu eD .licfid aferat amu sacitmetsis atudnoc-aruturtse sealer ed oacifitnedi a , seacifilauq ed sarodecerem ,)5.2.2 metibus( somiv omoc ,satse omsem e saserpme sad etnednepedni-on atudnoc e acitsmota-on aruturtse ertne ,omertxe ortuo on ,e saserpme sad oa ed aicndnepedni atelpmoc e acitsmota odacrem ed aruturtse ertne sadicelebatse etnemlareg sacitmoixa sonem uo siam saicndnopserroc sa arof ,euq availava niaB ,atudnoc-aruturtse sealer s erefer es euq oN .odacrem ed atudnoc e aruturtse ertne uo odacrem ed ohnepmesed e atudnoc ertne avitacifingis oaicossa amu etnemaciripme recelebatse ritimrep arap etnatsab o etnemadahlated sodarusnem res medop on odacrem ed atudnoc ed siaer serdap so ,missA
201
.sonredom siairtsudni sodacrem sod otnemanoicnuf o racilpxe mavarucorp euq socirtmonoce sodutse sessed sodatluser e seil siapicnirp sa emuser )0791( rerehcS .aruturtse ed levirav artuo amu uo oartnecnoc ed adidem amu ed onuf omoc ohnepmesed ed osserpxe edadivitarcul ed adidem amu aigele euq ordap-osserger amu rop es-avaziretcarac 0691 sona son lairtsudni oazinagro me sohlabart so uonimod euq asiuqsep ed ahnil A 32 .)492-762 .p ,XI .pac ,7891( sllauQ e niaB rev ,odacrem ed ohnepmesed od osiverp a arap esab amu omoc aserpme ad atudnoc a ramot ed sedadlucifid sad adahlated siam ossucsid amu araP 22
edadilibatse ed uarg o erbos e ozarp ognol ed orcul ed snegram e oerp ed oanimreted a erbos sotiefe sues ed e )adartne ed oidnoc ed otiecnoc on etnemacitetnis sadatpac( sodacrem sod siaruturtse seidnoc sad odutse on adartnec evetse niaB ed oneta a euq rezid es-edoP
s a cit sl o p o gil o s a r ut u rt s e e d ai g ol o pit e ) o r c ul e d m e g r a m e( o e r p e d o a ni m r et e d :i ni b a L - s ol y S 3. 2
.) 4 2 4 . p , 7 8 9 1 , sll a u Q ; ni a B( ai c n rr o c n o c a d ) ytili b a k r o w( e d a dili b ai v a r ar o hl e m a e d n et s at u d n o c si at e d o a ni mil e A . o h n e p m e s e d m o b o a l ai ci d uj er p et n e m at eri d ni s o n e m ol e p r e s a e d n et , ai c n i cif e r oi a m r et b o ar a p o i n u u o o s uf a air s s e c e n e u q m e s o s a c s el e u q a n ot e c x e , o u d or p a d o art n e c n o c e d s et n et si x e s u ar g s o r at n e m u a o d o m e s s e d e , si a vir r a ni mil e u o , s a d art n e s a v o n r a dr at er u o r at s b o o d n a si v a ci g t art s e at u d n o C . o d a cr e m e d ar ut urt s e a er b o s ot eri d oti ef e m u e d oi e m r o p et n e m at eri d ni o h n e p m e s e d o r at ef a a s a d a nit s e d a ci g t art s e at u d n o c e d s a mr of s atr e c e vl o v n e o i s o p at s e a o e c x e et n atr o p mi a m U
.odacrem ed ohnepmesed arap etnematerid odacrem 32 ed aruturtse ed sadiuql seaicossa s socirpme setset so rignirtser ed mumoc ranrot es a oiev euq acitrp an orienoip iof ,oiridemretni ole mu omoc atudnoc ad aneserp a recehnocer ed raxied meS .sotiefe sues e siaruturtse seidnoc sa erbos oneta aus odnanoicerid ,leviv aicnrrocnoc a arap atudnoc ed seidnoc ed lanoicarepo oirtirc mu racificepse ed avitatnet reuqlauq uotive niaB 22,ozar atse roP .saugbma seiderp a rizudni medop ohnepmesed>-atudnoc e atudnoc>-aruturtse edadilasuac ed seagil sa ,amus mE .odacrem ed ohnepmesed e atudnoc ertne oaler ed oralc ordap mu ed oacifitnedi mezudnoc on sievvresbo seautis saremni sa ,iuqa mbmat ,otnatroP .setnerefid satudnoc sartuo ed ahlocse alep soditbo
301
.oilpogilo od ociret amelborp oa oiubirtnoc levton e avon amu ogitra eleuqa odaredisnoc ret )orvil ues ed anailati oide ariecret ,3691 me otircse ,oicferp on( inibaL-solyS oirprp o ed otnop a ,socifcepse samelborp snugla rarobale e racofne ed amrof an sianigiro seiubirtnoc recerefo rop uonimret inailgidoM ,sadahneser sarbo saud sad sotnop snugla odnevlovnesed e etnemacitametam odnarobalE .)6591( inibaL -solyS e )6591( niaB ed sorvil sod avitarapmoc esilna etnelecxe amu uotneserpa inailgidoM ocnarF ,)tnorF ylopogilO eht no stnempoleveD weN( 8591 ed ohnuj me odacilbup ogitra mu mE 42
.orcam e orcim sotibm sod odalucitra otnematart mu recerefo ,missa ,avanoicnet inibaL-solyS .socimnoceorcam samelborp ed matart )etnemavitcepser ,acimnoce oangatse e avitefe adnameD e ocinct ossergorp od soturf sod oiubirtsid A( setrap ariecret a e adnuges A .acimnoceorcim esilna ed adamahc etnemumoc ,oilpogilo ed emiger me oerp od oamrof ad ociret amelborp od atart )oilpogilo O adanimoned( etrap ariemirp A .setrap sednarg srt me es-arbodsed inibaL-solyS ed orvil o ,)AUE soa sadacatsed saicnrefer moc( lairtsudni oartnecnoc ed ocirpme-ocirtsih ossecorp o erbos lareg oudortni amu ed sioped ,missA .)591 .p ,8591 ,inailgidoM( setseuq sartuo satium arap oledom ues ed seacilpmi sad emaxe oa orvil ues ed edatem ad siam odnatoved ,samet sortuo mbmat aiugesrep , levtse oautis amu me autitsnoc es euq ed oditnes on ,oirbliuqe ed avanimoned euq a odaicossa ale a ozarp ognol ed )orcul ed megram ad ,edadrev an( oerp ed levn od e odacrem ed aruturtse ad oanimreted ad amelborp o ratnerfne ed mla ,inibaL-solyS .ocisb oledom omsem od seacilpmi 42 setnerefid odnarolpxe ,sotnitsid sohnimac odiuges mahnet serotua siod so arobme otium ,amelborp od megadroba ed odotm oa erefer es euq on mumoc me otium mt etnednepedni odom ed e etnemaenatlumis esauq sadigrus seiubirtnoc saud sa ,otibm essen ,e ozarp ognol ed oerp ed oanimreted ad amet o aiugesrep mbmat )6591( inibaL-solyS .odatsE od oa a arap soapse ed oacifitnedi ed e aciret ourtsnoc ed orofse on otnauq acirpme asiuqsep ed somret me otnat ,zef otium ,ahnil asseN .sacitslopogilo seidnoc bos sodacrem rop sodatnerfne ozarp ognol oa sodirefer samelborp arap ,otnatrop ,es-avatlov oneta auS .odacrem ed saruturtse sad aicnicife e
401
.)sodatart etnematicilpxe on uo( setnedive sonem otne ta sotcepsa snugla me zul rp oa uonava euq me opmet omsem oa ,niaB ed seisoporp sa moc levtapmoc oiubirtnoc amu ,orvil ues ed etrap ariemirp an ,uecerefo inibaL-solyS ,setnanimreted sues e adartne ed oidnoc ad oinifed an niaB ed ocitlana ogelf o mes e odacifilpmis esilna ed ameuqse mu me esab moc arobmE .odaicnerefid oilpogilo odamahc od mbmat emaxe on sadaiopa siareg siam sesulcnoc riartxe ed uoxied on sam ,)soerp sod e otudorp od edadienegomoh atiefrep ,sartuo ertne( sarodacifilpmis seisopus odnatoda e odartnecnoc oilpogilo od osac o esilna arap odnamot ,selpmis oledom mu me es-uoiopa inibaL-solyS ,ozarp ognol ed orcul ed megram ad e oerp od ,odacrem ed aruturtse ad oanimreted ad amelborp o ratnerfne araP .rotua olep sodatart samet siamed so erbos soirtnemoc sotief ores etnemlanigram sanepA .ozarp ognol ed amelborp od acreca inibaL-solyS ed oiubirtnoc an oailava asson rartnec etneicifus ,olutpac etsen sotisporp sosson so araP .sievirav sartuo ed e oterid otsuc od searetla sievton a odnednopserroc oerp ed seairav )2.b e ;setneqerf siam sa os ,acitrp an ,euq ,oterid otsuc od saneuqep etnemavitaler searetla a odnednopserroc oerp od seairav )1.b :setrap saud me odidividbus etse odnes ,)III olutpac on rotua olep odatart( sievirav sa madum odnauq ragul mt euq oerp od seairav sad amelborp o )b ;)II olutpac on inibaL-solyS rop odatart( ozarp ognol ed ,siaruturtse sotnemele ed esilna amu etnemairassecen reuqer euq ,odacrem ed e sacigloncet seidnoc sadanimreted me oirbliuqe ed oerp od oanimreted ad amelborp o )a :sotsoporp setrocer sod atnoc rad a odom ed orvil od etrap atse uozinagro otaf ed e ,sociret setrocer srt me oerp od amelborp o ridivid sporp )851 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS ,etnematerid siam asseretni son euq ,orvil od etrap ariemirp ad aruturtse oaler moC
501
hctiH e llaH ed e )9391( yzeewS ed saxodotro-on seiubirtnoc sad asoiretirc oailava olutpac oriemirp ues uocided inibaL-solyS
s ot s u c s o n e a d n a m e d a n s a d a r e d o m s e ai r a v e d e c af m e s o e r P
.acisslcoen aimonoceorcim ad otarapa o moc etnemavitinifed essepmor euq oulos amu riurtsnoc odnasiv ,savitanretla snegadroba ratagser avarucorp euq opmet omsem oa ;lanigram atiecer laugi lanigram otsuc oirbliuqe ed oidnoc an sadaiopa ,oilpogilo me oerp ed oanimreted ad amelborp o arap sacisslcoen seulos sa odnatiejer orvil ues ed etrap ariemirp a uoicini inibaL-solyS
oil p o gil o e d s e i d n o c m e ) o r c ul e d m e g r a m e( o e r p e d o a ni m r et e d a d a m el b o r p O 1. 3. 2
.)0591 sona sod sodaem ta odadutse ocuop ot ,ele odnuges( sodartnecnoc sodacrem me saserpme sednarg ed odacrem ed redop o erbos zul rp )2.2 ,etnemlanoicida ,e ;)sacitslopogilo saruturtse sad oacifissalc aucforp amu ed ,rotua olep ,oisoporp an uotluser orofse etse( sotudorp ed oaicnerefid an etnemacisab sodaiopa sodacrem so moc sacinct alacse ed saimonoce sadavele rop sodaziretcarac sodacrem sod oarapmoc a ritimrep )1.2 :a odom ed ,)oaicnerefid ed sarierrab sa e sacigloncet sarierrab sa ertne sanahlemes sa e sanerefid sa ,ralucitrap me( adartne sarierrab sad azerutan a rarolpxe )2 ;soerp son seairav a oaler me saserpme sad setnerroc sotnemidecorp so moc mazilibitapmoc es satse omoc rartsom ,etnemlanoicida ,e )adartne sarierrab sad arutla etnemlaicnesse sadirefer( ozarp ognol ed orcul ed snegram sa manimreted es omoc ragitsevni )1 :oilpogilo od amelborp od osneerpmoc a arap riubirtnoc odnasiv ,siapicnirp sovitejbo siod etnemaenatlumis riugesrep aicerap inibaL-solyS ,aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc san res ed raxied airedop on omoc adartnec ,ozarp ognol ed esilna aus aN
601
.siaicnetop setnerrocnoc ed adartne ed ocsir oa odanoicaler oiecer od ,etnemaivbo ,mlA 52
ed etneicife otium omsinacem mu es-alever sorcul so e soteridni sotsuc so rirboc a odanitsed soterid sotsuc so erbos lautnecrep o q edno ,vq + v = p rop etnemselpmis uo ,vq + vq + v = p rop asserpxe latot otsuc od oipcnirp od alumrf a ,adazilareneg e licf oacilpa eD .)q( orcul ed lanoicnevnoc lautnecrep mu e )q( oteridni otsuc o rirboc arap lautnecrep mu ratnecserca e oirtinu oterid otsuc o esab omoc ramot me ,aicnsse me ,etsisnoc ,serotua solep adazilaer acirpme asiuqsep amu ed sodatluser so moc odroca eD .satsilopogilo saserpme salep odatoda etnemlausu soerp ed oaxif ed otnemidecorp o ratpac ratnet arap )9391( hctiH e llaH rop odalumrof latot otsuc od oipcnirp O )ii .satsilanigram searedisnoc me on e )lanigram a oisopo me( latot otsuc od oipcnirp on esab moc ,hctiH e llaH odnuges ,odaxif aires lauq o ,oilpogilo me oerp od zedigir aicndnet a arap siavir sod oaer ad oiecer od ecaf me lanoicar avitacifitsuj amu iutitsnoc e )roiretna olutpac on aditucsid( setnerrocnoc ertne aicndnepedretni ad otnemicehnocer o ,edadrev an ,asserpxe adarepse laudividni adnamed ed avruc ad )olugn me uo( odarbeuq otamrof o ,etnegiv oerp o animreted es omoc acilpxe on ,saicnicifed sartuo ertne ,euq ,oalumrof assed edadicilpmis avissecxe ad rasepA .)siavir sues solep odahnapmoca res ed avitatcepxe alep( oerp ed seuder arap axiab edadicitsale e )52mairiuges o on setnerrocnoc sues euq ed oirserpme od anerc odived( oerp ed sotnemua arap atla edadicitsale odnatneserpa ,etnegiv oerp oa oaler me olugn mu ,lareg me ,airamrof avruc atsE .)oerp ed anaredil ed aicnsua odnopus( satsilopogilo saserpme salep adanigami laudividni adnamed ed avruc ad lareg otamrof o ratpac arap )9391( hctiH e llaH e )9391( yzeewS rop oentlumis me adivlovnesed adarbeuq adnamed ed avruc ad esetpih A )i :sadimuser missa res medop amet o erbos serotua sessed seisoporp sA .sacitslopogilo seidnoc me oerp od amelborp od acreca oalumrof airprp aus al-roprocni a odom ed ,)9391(
701
.)24-73 .p ,5891( sassoP e )761-161 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS rev ,anaikcelak osiv ad oailava amu araP .latot otsuc od oipcnirp o moc ,hctiH e llaH rop adidnefed etnahlemes otium socitslopogilo sodacrem me soerp ed oamrof ad osrev amu uotneserpa ,adner ad acimnoceorcam oiubirtsid a erbos oilponom ed uarg od aicnulfni a ragitsevni me odasseretni ,euq ,)1 .pac ,4591( ikcelaK racatsed ebac ,ralucitrap mE .serotua sortuo rop sadaroborroc os sadimuser iuqa sesulcnoc sA 62
.)33 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( ovititepmoc siam soerp me otnematropmoc mu met )odacrem o uo/e( aserpme a uo ,etnemadipar otium aretla es adnamed a euq me sianoicpecxe sosac me atsefinam es s ale euq sam ,)...( oerp on aicnulfni reuqlauq ahnet on adnamed a euq on ,matnetsus sacirpme saicndive sa e ,amrifa latot otsuc od oipcnirp o euq o ,edadrev aN .oilpogilo bos soerp ed oamrof an adnamed ad seidnoc salep odahnepmesed oirdnuces lepap o raicnedive arap ,missa ,aroborroc serotua sessed oiubirtnoc A .socisslcoen sedlom son on sam ,atnoc me adavel ,etnemaivbo , atsE .adnamed an sairropmet uo sadaredom seairav s atsopser me ores o on sam ,samirp-sairtam sad sotsuc son uo soirlas son savitacifingis seairav ed sosac son sodaretla ores s selE .sievtse res a mednet soerp so euq riulcnoc oa saidi sasse meb memuser )304 .p ,9391( hctiH e llaH .setnerrocnoc sod seaer sa reverp ed edadilibissopmi selpmis alep ,soerp son sacitmotua seairav macilpmi on ,lareg me ,euq :adnamed an sairropmet uo sadaredom searetla e ;soerp a sadassaper etnemadipar os seairav sa ,)setnairav saus es reuqlauq me ,latot otsuc opit od( sianoicnevnoc e selpmis sodotm ed oilxua o moc ,sosac setsen :saserpme sa sadot majnita euq soterid sotsuc son searetla :ed ecaf me 62satsilopogilo saserpme sad ocipt otnematropmoc o raicnedive marucorp adarbeuq adnamed ed avruc a e latot otsuc od oipcnirp o ,inibaL-solyS ed oailava aN .)soerp ed anaredil mes uo moc ,meb ranoicnuf a ednet euq ,otict odroca ed eicpse amu odnarugifnoc( acitslopogilo oanedrooc
801
.)63 .p ,5891( sassoP rev ,adnamed e oudorp ertne etsuja ed omsinacem od omuser etnelecxe mu araP .sodalumuca sodidep ed e sotudorp ed seuqotse ed seairav salep ,acitrp an ,oditbo adnamed oudorp ad ocitmotua-on otnematsuja O 82 .laer esab reuqlauq met on oirbliuqe ed sedaditnauq sa e soerp so etnemaenatlumis retbo airitimrep oalaugi atse euq e lanigram otsuc e lanigram atiecer odnalaugi sorcul razimixam mairacsub soirserpme so euq ed acisslcoen aidi a ,otnatroP .odacrem ed opit reuqlauq ed soirserpme arap elav otsI .oamrofni ed opit lat ramitse uo retbo arap orofse reuqlauq mezaf on siop ,rebas mereuq men ,mebas on )b ;)siamisetinifni seairav ed oluclc od osu mezaf reuqes( lanigram atiecer aus a uo lanigram otsuc ues o lauq ed oon met on )a :soirserpme sod airoiam asnemi a euq uomrifnoc serotes soirv ed saserpme me )9391( hctiH e llaH rop adazilaer acirpme asiuqsep A .setnerrocnoc sues ed seaer sa erbos elortnoc met on ele ,amelborp lapicnirp o esse e ,ortuo eD .serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp sa ecehnoc on ele ,odal mu eD .)lanigram atiecer ed ,osnetxe rop ,e( adnamed ed avruc aus etnematelpmoc recehnoc rotudorp o ed edadilibissopmi alep )1 olutpaC on oditucsid j omoc( aemoc ocisslcoen oirtirc od oacilpa ad amelborp O 72
.adnamed e )oudorp( atrefo ed seidnoc 82 sad ocitmotua etsuja ed omsinacem omoc oerp o ramot ed acisslcoen aidi a moc repmor metimrep euq opmet omsem oa 72,lanigram otsuc a laugi lanigram atiecer oirbliuqe ed oidnoc an adazilamrof ,oerp od oanimreted an )sotsuc( atrefo ed e adnamed ed seidnoc sa edadlaugi ed p me acoloc euq acisslcoen osiv a moc repmor metimrep adarbeuq adnamed ed avruc a e latot otsuc od oipcnirp o ,amrof atseD .)soerp son oairav amu a avel adnamed an oairav amu euq odom ed ,artuo arap aroh amu ed adaretla res edop on oudorp a( acitsleni atrefo ,lareg me ,atneserpa odnuges o ,)sievtse recenamrep a mednet soerp so otnauqne ,oudorp ed emulov on seairav me es-mezudart adnamed an seairav euq odom ed( avitudorp edadicapac ed savreser ed aicntsixe odived acitsle atrefo rop es-aziretcarac opurg oriemirp o otnauqne :sodacrem ed sopurg siod solep sadatneserpa atrefo ed seidnoc setnerefid salep adatilibissop otnematropmoc ed anerefid asse ,sotercnoc somret mE .adnamed ad seacifidom rop etnemlapicnirp sadanimreted os soerp ed searetla sa siauq son )soirmirp sotudorp ed oudorp a etnemacisab( sodacrem snugla sanepa odnatser ,oudorp ad otsuc od seacifidom rop etnemlapicnirp sadanimreted os )...( ozarp otruc a soerp ed searetla sa )oamrofsnart ed airtsdni a adot( sodacrem sod airoiam ednarg an ,)7 .p ,4591( ikcelaK uovresbo meb omoc ,otaf eD
901
.)5991( cicaB olpmexe rop rev ,oanedrooc ed oticlpmi omsinacem omoc latot otsuc od aicntropmi ad ossucsid amu araP 92
oisop aralc ed eturfsed aserpme a euq sonem a ,ele moc etnemlaretalinu repmor odacsirra es-anrot ,)onevnoc rop odadilav( otnemidecorp ed opit esse metoda sodot euq me adidem an ,euqrop evisulcni ,)03 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( etnahlemes odatluser mu etnemetnednepedni megnita sodot edno ,aticlpxe anaredil mes sotict sodroca so otnauq soerp ed anaredil ad oatieca e oucexe a otnat atilicaf seroditepmoc so sodot rop atieca lareg amron amu ed aicntsixe a ,otaf eD .serotudorp sosrevid sod sesiced 92 sad aicndnepedretni levtiveni ed otxetnoc mu me sadamot sea sad oanedrooc ed etneicife otium omsinacem mu atneserper euq me adidem an ,sacitslopogilo seidnoc bos oerp ed sesiced sa sadamot os euq me azetrecni e ocsir ed uarg o zuder otnemidecorp laT .sodot a matefa euq sotsuc son searetla h odnauq etnemos odaretla oerp o ,aticlpmi amron asse rop ;sotsuc sod ritrap a etnemacisab odamrof oerp o ,orcul ed megram a adad :edadilanoicar atrec amu ecedebo latot otsuc od oipcnirp od setnairav sodot soerp ed oaxif ed sianoicnevnoc e selpmis sodotm ed adazilareneg ooda a ,odal ortuo roP .)rotua od ofirg ,36 .p ,6591 ,inibaL -solyS( )otsuc ed sotnemele so merairav sodot arap es etnemos odnairav( a recenamrep a ednet ,soirserpme so sodot arap levtieca levn otrec mu me odaxif odis ahnet )etse( euq zev amu ,euq odom ed ,oerp o raretla metive soirserpme so euq arap sovitom snob h euq etnemataxe rezid arucorp adarbeuq adnamed ed avruc a ,odal mu eD .)92 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( odacrem o arap asoniur etnematla res edop ,soerp so egnita odnauq ,satsilopogilo saserpme ertne edadilavir a euq ed otaf od otnemicehnocer o masserpxe ,etnemacificepse siaM .)siaicnetop e sovitefe( setnerrocnoc sod oaer a moc soirserpme sod oapucoerp a ,aicntsni amitl me ,masserpxe latot otsuc od oipcnirp o e adarbeuq adnamed ed avruc a ,otaf eD .sodacrem sesse maziretcarac euq aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc s etemer ,atircsed amica ,oilpogilo bos saserpme sad ocipt otnematropmoc od acigl A
011
.)06 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( oilpogilo ed seidnoc me oerp od oanimreted ad amelborp oa oaler me etnavelerri es-alever rogir a ,oerp od seairav sad amelborp o arap etnaveler adivd mes ,oipcnirp esse ,amrof atseD .)36 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( orcul od onetbo a ritimrep arap e oxif otsuc o rirboc arap levirav otsuc oa sodamos meres a siautnecrep siod sod levn o ,acilpxe on sam ,alumrof latot otsuc od oipcnirp O 13 .)53 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( latot otsuc od oipcnirp o moc arap adivd ednarg mt oilpogilo me soerp ed oamrof ed soledom setnatropmi siam sod snuglA 03
.)851 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( odacrem ed e sacigloncet seidnoc san sievssop sanadum e siaicnetop uo sovitefe setnerrocnoc sod seaer sa ,etnemlapicnirp e ,mbmat sam serodimusnoc sod seaer sa etnemos on aredisnoc aserpme adac euq oditnes on ,ozarp ognol ed orcul o razimixam ovitejbo O .ranimreted marucorp saserpme sa euq atingcni amu oirbliuqe ed oerp O .sodot rop otieca oerp mu a odagehc ahnet es on adnia euq odom ed ,odacrem ed uo sacigloncet seidnoc san siacidar sanadum odirfos ahnet euq airtsdni amu uo ,adatnalpmi etnemanelp on adnia airtsdni amu aredisnoc es odnauq etnaveler )seairav saus sad o sanepa on e( oerp od oanimreted ad amelborp O
s o d a cr e m s o d o ar ut urt s e a n a d a rt n e s a ri e r r a b s a d l e p a p : o z a r p o g n ol e d o r c ul e d m e g r a m e o e r P
.)rotua od somret son ,oirbliuqe ed( ozarp ognol ed orcul ed megram ad e oerp od ,odacrem ed aruturtse ad oanimreted oaler moc inibaL-solyS ed seisoporp sa ralucitrap me ratneserpa asseretni sovitejbo sosson arap ,odanoicnem omoC .al-imirpus a es-sporp e 13anucal atse uotatsnoc inibaL-solyS .adivloser etnemetneicifusni uecenamrep ,hctiH e llaH rop atsoporp alumrf an adireuqer ,sotsuc so erbos soerp sod lanoicnevnoc megram ad oanimreted a sam 03,soerp ed oamrof an ociret ocnort orefturf e ovon mu arap ohnimac odnirba ,)acirpme asiuqsep aus me serotua solep adamrifnoc( socitslopogilo sodacrem me adidnufid etnemalpma acitrp amu razilamrof ed otirm ednarg o evet hctiH e llaH rop latot otsuc od oipcnirp od oisoporp A .)odaicnerefid otnematropmoc mu rop opo aus setnerrocnoc sod seaer siautneve sa ratnerfne a eticapac a euq snegatnav odalumuca ahnet uo( anaredil ed
111
.)18 .p ,medI( ronem latot oirtinu otsuc mu a mezudorp euq oditnes on ,setneicife siam sa os seroiam saserpme sa euq odom ed ,oirtinu oterid otsuc o ronem otnat e oirtinu e latot oxif otsuc o roiam otnat ,aserpme adac rop adizudorp res ed levssap amixm edaditnauq a roiam otnauq e )11 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( opmet on setnecserc alacse ed saimonoce etimrep etnemlamron ocinct ossergorp o ,ajes uO .ohlabart od edadivitudorp a roiam ,adazilitu atnalp a roiam otnauq euq odnes ,aigoloncet alep sadanimreted sedadiunitnocsed setnatropmi ed aicntsixe odived ,ocinct odad o latnemadnuf ovitejbo odad o ,odartnecnoc oilpogilo odamahc od osac on ,euq oralc raxied ,amrof atsed ,uedneterP .saserpme sad odacrem ed redop od lapicnirp megiro a iutitsnoc serotua sotium arap euq ,serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp sad etnemetnednepedni ,sadartnecnoc sairtsdni sad acinct aruturtse airprp an odiresni tse oilponom ed redop otrec mu euq rartsom ed oticlpxe otisporp o moc sam ,oacifilpmis rop sanepa on uedecorp missA .)saserpme satrec rop serodimusnoc sod aicnreferp a ,otnatrop ,e( sotudorp ed oaicnerefid a etnematelpmoc odniulcxe ,ocin oerp e oengomoh otudorp moc odacrem ed atsilaer ocuop oautis a ,oledom ues me ,spus e egnol siam ioF .saserpme saidm uo saneuqep satium uo samugla e saserpme sednarg sacuop uo amu moc ,adartnecnoc etnematla airtsdni amu ed osac o uehlocse inibaL-solyS ,esilna atse araP .selpmis socirmun solpmexe ed esilna ad oiem rop mis sam ,otartsba-ociret otnematart mu ed ritrap a zef o on ,niaB ed etnemetnerefid ,sam ,adartne ed edadilibissop ad otseuq ad uotart ,amrof atseD .recetnoca a ednet euq o rasilana a uossap e ,oirtaela odom ed sodihlocse ,siaicini odacrem ed aruturtse amu e oerp mu sporp inibaL-solyS ,oerp ed oanimreted ed otreba ossecorp etse alornesed es omoc ranimaxe araP .odanimretederp tse on mif o euq me ,otreba ossecorp mu ed es-atarT .levtse euqif mbmat oerp o euq odom lat ed ,)oirbliuqe ed ,oditnes essen( levtse aruturtse amu adanacla ajes euq ta ,setnetsixe saserpme salep sadivomorp searetla rop e saserpme ed adas e adartne a moc ,ozarp ognol on d es oanimreted asse ,otnatroP
211
.)67 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( oartnecnoc a areleca es siam otnauq seroiam otnat manrot es euq sedadiunitnocsed odnitsixe ,etnemavitadarg assap es on ,seroiam sa arap seronem saserpme sad ,odal ortuo rop ,E .alacse ed saimonoce satrec retbo medop sale etnemos , oazinagro ed sodotm mbmat sam ,socinct sodotm etnemos on e sodotm sotrec racilpa medop saserpme seroiam sa etnemos euq ed otaf od ,ajes uo ,alacse ed saimonoce s osseca on airtemissa levtiveni ad erroced otsI 23
:sarodacifilpmis sesetpih samugla uotoda )6591( inibaL-solyS ,soerp ed anaredil rop e saserpme sad oartnecnoc adavele rop odaziretcarac oilpogilo ed seidnoc me ozarp ognol ed oirbliuqe od oanimreted arap oledom ues ed ourtsnoc aN .adizudorp sale rop edaditnauq a rairav odnezaf ,)28 .p( oteridni odom ed aicnulfni ret medop ,oerp o etnematerid raxif odnedop on omsem ,seronem saserpme sA .)28 .p( oerp ed anaredil recrexe ed ,ajes uo ,oerp )etnemadarebiled raretla( ralupinam ed redop mt seroiam saserpme sa etnemos euq odnes ,)18 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( soerp son riulfni ed osrevid redop mu mt sesnemid setnerefid ed saserpme sa euq avatnopa ,siamedA .oilpogilo me aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sa arap setnaveler seacilpmi mt e 23sodacrem sod oartnecnoc ed ossecorp od socitsretcarac soart os otsuc ed siaicnerefid sovitacifingis a sadaicossa sievzerpsed on sacigloncet sedadiunitnocsed euq racatsed etnematsuj avarucorp inibaL-solyS ,amrof atseD .lamron od amica sorcul etnemetnetsisrep retnam ,missa ,medop euq ,saserpme samugla ed savitarapmoc snegatnav sa e sotsuc ed sanerefid sa raredisnoc euq H .sotsuc ed savruc siaugi ed sacireh sesetpih etimrep on satnalp ed setnerefid sohnamat ed aicnvivnoc a ,siamedA .oisopxe ad oicfeneb me sesetpih ed oacifilpmis arem a mednecsnart euq esilna ad sodatluser so erbos seacilpmi mt e siaer seidnoc sa metelfer on ,siamisetinifni seairav odnasserpxe ,acisslcoen oudorp ad airoet ad megiro oaler me ovacnc otamrof moc e sauntnoc satnauqosi sa ,missA .sovitudorp serotaf sod edadilibiutitsbus atiefrep ed acisslcoen esetpih a atsilaerri res aidnefed inibaL-solyS .setneicifeoc sessed auntnoc oairav ed on e oudorp ed socinct setneicifeoc sod oairav auntnocsed e adatimil ed ,saigoloncet ed odanimreted oremn mu ed o lareg osac o euq odom ed ,oneuqep etnemavitaler sievnopsid sovitudorp sodotm ed oremn O
311
.sadivlovnesedbus saimonoce sad osac on odaxaler res airasicerp etnematrec ,sodanava sesap arap levozar res ta assop ele arobme ,euq uovresbo )88-78 .p ,9691( vahreM ,inibaL-solyS ed otsopus etse ratnemoc oA .)112 .p ,8591( inailgidoM rev ,otnop etse erboS .)setnatropmi etnemlareg os on otulosba otsuc ed sarierrab siat euq matnopa sacirpme saicndive sa euq essitimda niaB oirprp o arobme( niaB zef o omoc ,setnartne siaicnetop s etnerf sadicelebatse saserpme sad edadiroirepus ed etnof amu omoc otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav ed aicnrroco ed edadilibissop a uoredisnoc on inibaL-solyS ,amrof atseD .airtsdni ad arof ed s e sadicelebatse j saserpme s levsseca etnemlaugi sacinct ed otnujnoc omsem o euq ed aidi a aticlpmi adnia zart otsopus etse ,ossecorp ed seavoni sa riulcxe ed mlA 33
redop ed omixm o otnatrop sehl-odniubirta ,sadicelebatse saserpme sad otnematropmoc oa oaler moc atsimissep siam oisopus a ,missa ,matodA .adarepse oaer asse moc odroca ed es-matropmoc siaicnetop setnerrocnoc so ,odal ortuo eD .)78 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( roiam oidm latot otsuc mu moc mairacra ,oudorp a messizuder es ,euqrop mbmat sam ,saserpme savon ed adartne a ralumitsesed arap s on ossi mezaf ;adartne roiretna oudorp ed levn omsem o oretnam odnarepo otse j euq saleuqa ,odacrem on rartne a mereiv saserpme savon eS )d .atnalp ed etnerefid ohnamat mu rasu essedup aserpme a euq ritimda a uogehc on euq j ,ranodnaba a on sam ,asoico edadicapac ed seautis ritucsid oa ,raxaler a omsem uogehc inibaL-solyS ,esilna ad sotnemom snugla me ,euq avitirtser otium esetpih amu ed es-atarT .)ossecorp ed seavoni ed edadilibissop a odniulcxe ,zev amu siam( amrof acin amu ed sovitudorp serotaf so anibmoc e oazinagro ed odotm mu etnemos azilitu ,aigoloncet acin amu atneserper aserpme adac ,missA .atnalp ed ohnamat omsem o odnacilpud edadicapac a ailpma s ,ajes uo ,)08 .p( oarepo me j saleuq siaugi etnemataxe sealatsni savon odnairc ednapxe es etnemos aserpme adaC )c .)18 anigp uitimda oirprp ele omoc ,ossecorp ed 33 seavoni sa missa odniulcxe( sodidnufid j oudorp ed sodotm sod mu odnatoda rezaf oredop o etnemos ,odacrem on rartne redneterp laicnetop etnerrocnoc amu es uo oudorp ed edadicapac aus railpma resiuq adalatsni j aserpme amu es ,otnatroP .saigoloncet ed odanimreted oremn mu ed mepsid )setnartne siaicnetop uo sadicelebatse( saserpme sA )b .)otudorp ed seavoni sa missa odniulcxe( )28 .p( sneb ed otnujnoc odad mu ,edadilaer oamixorpa roiam amu arap ,uo otudorp s mu zudorp aserpme adaC )a
411
.etnaida ,.4.2 meti on saditucsid ores adartne sarierrab sad levn o erbos otnop etsed seacilpmi sA .levzerpsed on avitarepooc oaer amu ed edadilibaborp a ,odacrem on sadautis rohlem saserpme sad arutla sonem olep soriecnanif e siaicremoc ,socinct soiem ed resupsid laicnetop etnartne o es ,)501 .p ,5891( sassoP atnopa omoc ,ralucitrap mE .sadicelebatse saserpme sad odarepse otnematropmoc oa oaler moc avitatcepxe amsem a etnemataxe mahnet ,adartne sarierrab sa railava oa ,siaicnetop setnerrocnoc so sodot euq ropus arap ozar h on ,siamedA .)adartne oadomoca a ,olpmexe rop ,rireferp medop saserpme sa ,seidnoc satrec bos( levssop ocin o on mrop ,levozar otnematropmoc mu etnematrec etsE .savitanretla saigtartse sad amu sanepa ,sodacrem sues retnam a amrof ed ,setnerrocnoc sovon ed edadilibissop etnerf avisserga acitlop amu oratoda sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq ed oisopus a ,otaf eD .ocitlana oledom ues ed sesulcnoc sa erbos savitirtser etnemavissecxe seacilpmi salep ralucitrap me ,sacitrc saremni ed otejbo odis met solyS ed odalutsop O 53 .)oterid otsuc ues euq od roiam rof etnegiv oerp o otnauqne oudorp aus a orizuder on saserpme sa ,soerp son sanadum ed ecaf me ,olpmexe rop( airtsdni sanretni sanadum sa arap inibaL-solyS rop atsopus etnematicilpmi iof otnematropmoc ed amron amsem a euq ravresbo ebaC 43
setnetsixe sad oslupxe ed e saserpme savon ed ossergni ed sedadilibissop sad emaxe o ratilicaf e oledom ues razilanoicarepo araP .)oerp ed searetla etnemlatisoporp razilaer medop satse etnemos ,esetpih rop ,euq j( seroiam saserpme salep sadivomorp ores )aicnrroced rop odnadum adizudorp edaditnauq a moc( oerp ed sadarebiled searetla ,osac omitl etseN .odacrem od sal-nimile ed ovitejbo o moc soerp ed avisserga acitlop amu ratoda mvnoc seidnoc euq me e seronem saserpme moc aicntsixeoc a ratieca )oerp ed anaredil moc saserpme( setnanimod saserpme s mvnoc seidnoc euq me rasilana e ;)edaditnauq an searetla sad aicnulfni rop ,ateridni amrof ed sam ,mis aretla es euq ,laicini oerp on sadarebiled searetla mes ,osac etsen( adartne assed setnerroced adizudorp edaditnauq an seairav setneqesnoc sa e )sohnamat soirv ed( seroditepmoc sovon sievssop ed adartne ed sedadilibissop sa railava :a uossap inibaL-solyS , )79 .p( al-retla me esseretni met )laicnetop me e oarepo me j( setnerrocnoc sod muhnen ,adicelebatse zev amu ,euq oditnes on oirbliuqe ed aruturtse e oerp ed oautis amu a ragehc ed otiutni o moC .solyS ed odalutsop o omoc 53 lairtsudni oazinagro ed arutaretil an adicehnoc es-uonrot euq ,avitirtser otium esetpih amu ed es-atart ,zev amu siaM 43.adartne ed oirsaussid
511
.ozarp ognol ed ominm oidm otsuc oirprp ues ed oxiaba oerp o rizuder laicnetop etnartne od lanoicida oudorp a euq ,airtsdni ad oudorp ed lat levn mu a rednopserroc a amrof ed odaxif res eved ,odal ortuo rop ,e sadicelebatse samrif sad otsuc ed senuf sad otnujnoc olep odal mu rop sodanimreted os airtsdni ad oudorp ed ocitrc levn etnednopserroc o e osulcxe ed oerp o ,sarvalap sartuo mE .ataidemi siam ajes adartne ed aaema ajuc laicnetop etnartne olep odatneserper odacrem od ohnamat oa oaler me ozarp ognol ed ominm oidm otsuc ed levn etnednopserroc o e oudorp ed alacse a moc odroca ed odaxif res osulcxe ed oerp roiam O .osulcxe ed oerp mu res etnegiv oerp o otne ,laicnetop etnartne olep levgnita ozarp ognol ed oidm otsuc od levn od oxiaba oerp od ouder alep sanepa adavele res redup odacrem od orosba ed edadicapac a eS :oledom ues me osulcxe ed oerp ed otiecnoc od osu o uozilanoicarepo inibaL-solyS omoc odom o meb uozitetnis )58 .p ,9691( vahreM 63
saserpme s oaler me avisserga acitlop a ,otnatroP .odacrem ed e sacinct sacitsretcarac ed edneped ,sarvalap sartuo mE .oarepo me j aleuq laugi ,inibaL-solyS ed oledom on ,esetpih rop euq ,avitudorp edadinu avon amu ed avitudorp edadicapac a siv--siv )adas ad edutilpma( oslupxe a moc airirba es euq odacrem ed ocimnoce oapse od oailava ad ednepeD .soerp ed arreug amu rirba a seronem saserpme sa moc aicntsixeoc a rireferp medop saserpme sednarg sa saicntsnucric sad odnedneped ,ozarp ognol ed orcul ed axat roiam ad onetbo ad acsub a osiced ed oirtirc omoc odneT ?seronem saserpme moc revivnoc asseretni odnauQ )2 .avisserga acitlop ad setna odirefua orcul o moc oarapmoc me etrop ronem ed saserpme ed oslupxe a spa oditbo res a orcul od oailava alep assap ,ajes uO .edadivitarcul ed somret me retbo redop euq sodatluser so e atul ad otsuc o ertne otnorfnoc od edneped avisserga acitlop amu ratoda ed osiced A .)sa-odnanimile( seronem sad odacrem ed oapse o rapuco on uo rasseretni edop saserpme sednarg s )1 :odartnecnoc oilpogilo me aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sad otnemidnetne o arap setnatropmi sesulcnoc samugla ralever ,azeralc e edadicilpmis moc ,metimrep euq ,sovitartsuli mrop ,sosorogir otium on socirmun soiccrexe me etsisnoc oledom O .saserpme ed ossergnier o uo ossergni o odnitimrep on ,odacrem od arof mtnam so euq o e setnerrocnoc animile euq oerp ed levn o etnemavitcepser odnangised 63,)levtieca orcul ed aminm axat a anoicroporp euq oerp o euq ronem( osulcxe ed oerp e )raslupxe ajesed es euq saserpme sad oterid otsuc o euq ronem( oanimile uo oslupxe ed oerp ed sotiecnoc so moc rahlabart sporp )48-38 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS ,oerp ed arreug rop
611
.otnemivlovnesed me sesap ed osac o moc odapucoerp etnemaralc ,)98-68 .p ,9691( vahreM odnuges ,lanoicar siam amun )...( etnetsixe aruturtse a ramrofsnart ed edadicapacni a moc mbmat sam ,oicni o edsed setneicife sacinct ratropmoc ed edadicapacni a moc sanepa on ,oneuqep res ed odacep o agap ronem odacrem o ,alacse ed saimonoce setneserp otse edno euq ed osulcnoc A )...( .euteprep es laicini aruturtse a euq levvorp siam o ,ogoL .sadicelebatse samrif sa ertne aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp od svarta aicnicife ad oavele amu arap odanoicroporp atse rop opmac o ronem e ,adad aigoloncet alep satsopmi seatimil sa ores savitirtser siam ,odacrem o ronem otnauq ,etnemasrevnI 93 .ocirmun oiccrexe oriemirp on atsopus ad orbod oa laugi odacrem od laicini osnetxe a euq spus lauq on ,69 a 19 sanigp s ,II olutpac on odatneserpa ocirmun oiccrexe odnuges od osulcnoc atse uiartxe )6591( inibaL-solyS 83 .19 a 68 sanigp s ,II olutpac on odatneserpa ,ocirmun oiccrexe oriemirp ues ed osulcnoc atse uiartxe )6591( inibaL-solyS 73
o euq oditnes essen .sievssop seautis sasrevid etimda oirbliuqe ed oerp od oanimreted ad amelborp o arap oulos a ,ajes uO .serolav solpitlm ed amag amu ertned mu rimussa odnedop ,iroirp a odanimreted res edop on lanif rolav o euq avavresbo inibaL-solyS ?setsuja so spa odanacla res a lanif oerp oa oaler moc rezid edop es euq O )4 .)411 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( seronem saserpme ed 93 oanimile etnecudnoc ,saserpme sednarg sad avisserga aigtartse amu ed edadilibaborp roiam alep otnauq adartne ed edadilicaf adailpma alep otnat ,acitslopogilo odacrem ed aruturtse amu ed oirbliuqe o levtsni siam anrot odacrem od ohnamat roiam o euq ed odaicnedive e otieca etnemalpma otaf o ,selpmis otium arienam ed ,rartsnomed uiugesnoc inibaL-solyS ,osulcnoc atse moC 83.saserpme sad aidm osnemid a res a ednet roiam e siaruturtse sanadum ed edadilibaborp a roiam ,odacrem od osnetxe a roiam otnauq ,etnemetneqesnoC .seronem saserpme sa raslupxe odnavitejbo ,saserpme sednarg sad etrap rop avisserga acitlop amu levvorp siam anrot euq me adidem an ,amica atsopxe ad etnerefid osulcnoc amu a rizudnoc edop ,ohnamat roiam ed satnalp siam ratropmoc oa ,odacrem od atulosba osnetxe roiam amu ,seidnoc siamed sad edadlaugi mE ?sadicelebatse saserpme raslupxe asseretni odnauQ )3 .seredl saserpme sa ,setrof 73 siam sad esseretni od res on edop siegrf siam saserpme sad oanimile a euqrop etnemselpmis ,setnerefid sohnamat ed saserpme ed aicntsixeoc ,h etnemetneqerf e ,revah edop ,)odacrem ed redop etnedive moc ,otnatrop ,e( etrop ednarg ed saserpme sacuop samugla ed oinmod oralc bos sodacrem me omsem ,amrof atseD .asojatnav etnemairassecen on saneuqep
711
.airtsdni ad airtsih ad zul odacilpxe res edop s euq otnemele mu otnemom reuqlauq me setnegiv soerp son h etnemlareg euq odapicetna maivah j )304 .p ,9391( hctiH e llaH ,oditnes omsem oN .otnemivom od onitsed o erbos otiefe mu met oatnemivom ed ossecorp oirprp o ,odacidni aivah )902 .p ,3591( nosniboR naoJ omoC 34 .airtsdni ad aidm orcul ed megram ad somret me sodatluser setnerefid a zudnoc )adnamed ad edadicitsale e ohnamat o e oerp o siaugi odnopus( odacrem on saserpme sad avitaler oapicitrap a erbos sesetpih setnerefid ed ooda a euq uortsnomed lauq on ,551 a 351 sanigp s odatneserpa ,ocirmun oiccrexe mu ed om uonal )6591( inibaL-solyS ,airtsdni ad laicini aruturtse ad aicnulfni a aralc siam raxied araP .sopit setnerefid ed saserpme ertne sadnev ed emulov od oiubirtsid a )3 ;adnamed ad oerp-edadicitsale a )2 ;odacrem od atulosba osnetxe a )1 :aidnetne )87 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS ,airtsdni ad aruturtse roP 24 .sortemrap son etnatropmi oacifidom amu a atsopser me ,artuo arap oirbliuqe ed aruturtse amu ed megassap a matneserper e soirnidroartxe soidlretni os sale sam ,soerp ed sarreug rerroco medoP )...( .amsem is rop emrofsnart es ,adicelebatse zev amu ,acitslopogilo aruturtse amu euq ed edadilibaborp acuop h ,sodacrem sod sohnamat sod e sacigloncet sanadum sednarg ed aicnsua an ,euq ed otaf selpmis olep ,odidepmi etnematelpmoc rof on es ,odadrater etnemlevavorp res lanoicar siam aruturtse amu a oerid me otnemivom reuqlauq euq ,etnemlanoicida ,uiulcnoc )98-68 .p ,9691( vahreM ,inibaL-solyS ed esilna an esab moC 14 .)gMC=gMR opit od arger amuhnen h on ;riugesrep a oirbliuqe ed oerp muhnen etsixe on( rignita a oirbliuqe ed oautis amu etsixe oN .ometna ed sievnifed os on )levtse uo( oirbliuqe ed )oerp etnednopserroc o e( odacrem ed aruturtse a euq rezid reuq otsI 04
)b
odnegnarba( oirbliuqe ed oulos ad oanimretedirulp a ,otnatroP .anadum ed airtejart ralucitrap a e 34)79 .p( etnecederp airtsih a atnoc me avel inibaL-solyS rop otsoporp ameuqse o ,ajes uO .savitudorp sedadinu san satercnoc sanadum macilpmi siop ,)sotsuc sotla a sanepa sievsrever os ,omsem on d euq o ,uo( sievsreverri os ,sadirroco odnet zev amu ,seairav sa euq odnarbmel ,)meuges es euq oatpada ed savitanretla seaer sad omoc meb ,sanadum sad avitaicini a amot saserpme ed opurg uo aserpme euq ed ,ajes uo( saserpme salep sadamot savitaicini ed aicnqes ad e 24;airtsdni ad laicini aruturtse ad ,ajes uo ,etrap es lauq ad atercnoc oautis ad :edneped lanif odatluser O )5 .setnecelaverp sotsuc ed e adnamed ed seidnoc sa arap 14 ,lanoicar siam a res asicerp on recelebatse es euq airtsdni ad aruturtse a ,)8591( inailgidoM uovresbo omoc ,siamedA .socitslopogilo sodacrem ed sacipt ,edadilibom sarierrab ed e edadilavir ed aicntsixe a alaer ,oirrtnoc oleP .edadilibom ervil uo omit ohnamat ,lamron orcul epus on e evlovne oN .levtse aruturtse amu a sanepa otiepser zid oirbliuqe ed aidi a ,inibaL-solyS araP 04.adanimretederp on lanif oulos A .oirbliuqe ed seautis n sievssop oS .)79 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( odanimretedirulp amelborp o euq rezid es-edop euq avaredisnoc rotua
)a
811
.)lamron orcul o siam( sotsuc sues rirboc arap etneicifus sanepa oerp mu enoicroporp ,odicerovaf siam laicnetop etnerrocnoc od alacse ad odicserca ,euq lat oudorp ed emulov mu a ednopserroc euq eleuqa res oirbliuqe ed oerp o ,airtsdni ad adnamed a adad ,euq riulcnoc licfid on ,)401 .p ,5891( sassoP odnugeS 44
.setnetsixe saserpme sad avitudorp edadicapac ad )ouder uo( osnapxe ad e )saserpme ed sadas ed ,osac o rof es ,uo( saserpme savon ed sadartne ed oturf ,laicini ad etnerefid odacrem ed aruturtse amu a ednopserroc lanif oerp o )c ;)osulcxe ed oerp ues o ronem ,aserpme a roiam otnauq euqrop otsi( oirbliuqe ed oerp o res a ednet ronem , saserpme sad aidm osnemid ad oavele etneqesnoc a moc ,seronem saserpme ed oslupxe a odnasiv savisserga sacitlop ed ooda a levvorp siam ,otnatrop ,e odacrem ed atulosba osnetxe a roiam otnauq )b ;avisserga siam acitlop amu moc retbo a sorcul so siv--siv atul ed otsuc od saserpme sednarg sad etrap rop oailava ad oturf lanif oerp o )a :euq rezid es-edop ,ossecorp od mif oa rigreme a ahnev euq oirbliuqe ed oerp o rof lauq ajes ,euq reter etnatropmi .searetla revomorp ed )setnartne siaicnetop sa majes ,sadicelebatse sa majes( saserpme sad etrap rop esseretni h on euq ed oditnes on ,sievtse orcul ed megram e oerp ,odacrem ed aruturtse ed oautis amu a ,missa ,es-agehC 44.)79 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( osulcxe ed oerp ues od oxiaba airiac oerp o siop levssop ajes on adartne avon amu euq amrof lat ed ,setneicife sonem etnemavitaler saserpme sad osulcxe ed oerp oa roirepus etnemataidemi levn mu me raxif es a ednet oerp o ,sarvalap sartuo mE .seroiam saserpme s mvnoc ossi es odacrem on ritsixe a raunitnoc massop satse arobme ,setneicife sonem etnemavitaler saserpme savon ed adartne a edepmi euq levn mu me razilibatse es a ednet ,ozarp ognol a sorcul ed omixm oxulf mu ranoicroporp odnasiv odaxif ,oerp o :oerp od lareg aicndnet a racidni levssop ,acin oirbliuqe ed oautis amu atsixe on arobmE )6 .)411 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( adanimretedni omoc al-ziretcarac ossi moc mes ,acitslopogilo airtsdni amu ed otnematropmoc od esilna ad otnatrop e oulos ad levsnepsidni etrap assergerp airtsih a ;sievsreverri os euq e ,setnerefid oirbliuqe ed sianif seulos manimreted setnerefid sairtejart euq ed otaf od ,aicntsni amitl me ,atluser )odacrem od aruturtse e soerp
911
.artuo men asioc amu men ,somiv omoc ,epus on ,acirpme oavresbo alpma me esab moc ,hctiH e llaH rop odalumrof oipcnirp o euq odnes ,sorcul messazimixam es e oerp od oaxif an adnamed a erbos avitamitse amugla messezif samrif sa es ,adnamed ad edadicitsale ad asrevni onuf aires latot otsuc od oipcnirp olep aditbo orcul ed megram a euq acidni lamrof oartsnomed aleuqa euq odut euq atnopa )23 .p ,5891( sassoP ,atsilanigram esilna levtuder latot otsuc od oipcnirp o euq ravorp ed acisslcoen avitatnet a erboS .)651 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( adnamed ad edadicitsale alep etnemataxe sasserpxe os euq ,serodimusnoc sod seaer sa euq od siam otium oirserpme adac mapucoerp setnerrocnoc sod seaer sievssop sa ,oilpogilo od osac on ,edadrev aN .arbo amsem ad ,351 anigp a mbmat rev ,otnop omsem etse erboS .)17 .p( revloser ed met es euq amelborp o etnemataxe odad omoc ritimda acifingis adnamed ad edadicitsale ed somret me q racoloc ed edadilibissop a iroirp a ratiecA .setimil sues so os siauq e q orcul ed megram a animreted es omoc receralcse me tse oilpogilo od amelborp od aicnsse a ,ossid mlA .serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp sa riulcni ed raxied edop on e otiepser zid lauq a ,adnamed ad edadicitsale ed e adnamed ed avruc ed oon ad azerutan airprp a raretla airacilpmi otnemidecorp lat ratieca euq uiulcnoc ,olutpac oriemirp ues me sal-hneser ed sioped ,)6591( inibaL-solyS .latot otsuc od oipcnirp o e lanigram esilna a ertne edadilibitapmoc atsopus a ravorpmoc ed otiutni o moc ,)9391( hctiH e llaH ed arbo maredecus es euq ocisslcoen ohnuc ed sesilna me marigreme savitatnet satsE .)animreted a euq sotnemele sod mu sanepa( latot adnamed ad edadicitsale ad somret me orcul ed megram a rizudart ed sacisslcoen savitatnet sa ,etnemavitinifed ,missa ,avatiejer inibaL-solyS 54
;)oerp on seairav a oaler me latot adnamed ad edadicitsale( odacrem od orosba ed edadicapac a )b ;saserpme ed oslupxe a odnasiv avisserga acitlop amu ed )on uo( ooda ed megatnav ad e adartne ed edadilibissop ad etnanimreted etnatropmi )oerp odad mu arap sadnev ed emulov( odacrem od atulosba osnetxe a )a :ozarp ognol ed )orcul ed megram e( lanif oerp od setnanimreted sotnemele setniuges so etnematicilpxe avaredisnoc )79 ,87 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS )8 .)27 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( radutse es ed edadissecen an etnematsuj etsisni )...( niaB euq )...( ,setnetsixe saserpme salep sodacrem sod acorpcer osavni ed e saserpme savon ed adartne ed edadilibissop a maluger euq seidnoc s etnemlapicnirp ,arepo aserpme a lauq an airtsdni ad otnujnoc oa setnenitrep sotnemele a ,etnemairassecen ,etemer ale ,otaf ed ;adalosi aserpme aicnrefer moc adacilpxe res edop on orcul ed megram a ,oditnes etseN 54.odacrem on saserpme savon ed adartne ed seidnoc sad ralucitrap me ,airtsdni adac ed siaruturtse sacitsretcarac sad onuf e airtsdni arap airtsdni ed airav oirbliuqe ed oerp oa e aruturtse adaicossa ozarp ognol ed orcul ed megram A )7
021
.alacse ed saimonoce sa es -aiel ,)11 .p( acisb aruturtse aus a manimreted odacrem od edutilpma a e aigoloncet a :odartnecnoc oilpogilo od osac on ,somitl setnanimreted so maires euq seleuq euqatsed rad odnasiv ,adimuser siam adnia osrev amu me osulcnoc atse avasserpxe inibaL-solyS ,artuo rop zeV 64
oirtinu oterid otsuc on searetla ed ecaf me oerp ed seairav sad acreca )9391( hctiH e llaH ed seiubirtnoc san odaesaB
s o z a r p o g n ol e ot r u c e d s e sil n a s a d o a zili bit a p m o C

.sodacrem sod ohnepmesed o e saserpme sad otnematropmoc o ,aicntsni amitl me ,manimreted euq siaruturtse sacitsretcarac satse os ,niaB me euq odom omsem od ,inibaL-solyS arap euq rezid es-edoP .)odacrem ed aruturtse etnemselpmis avanimoned niaB euq a( odacrem od siaruturtse sacitsretcarac ed olpma otnujnoc ocin mu bos )odacrem ed e sacinct( seidnoc ed sopurg siod so rinuer somedop ,samelborp seroiam mes ,euq ratnopa etneicifus ,aro roP .)2.3.2 metibus( etnaida otnop esse a someratloV .odaicnerefid oilpogilo od esilna ad setnerroced sotnemele es-odnaroprocni ,sadatnemelpmoc etnemlicaf res medop ,odartnecnoc oilpogilo od osac od esilna an esab moc inibaL-solyS rop saditbo ,sesulcnoc satsE .)sotsuc ed siaicnerefid 64 e sacigloncet sedadiunitnocsed etnemacisab( sacinct seidnoc ed oanimoned a bos ainuer ele euq sotnemele so e )oerp-edadicitsale e osnetxe aus( odacrem ed seidnoc avanimoned inibaL-solyS euq sotnemele so megnarba odacrem ed aruturtse ad socisb setnanimreted so euq rezid es-edop ,sadicelebatse saserpme sad odacrem ed savitaler seapicitrap sa e serotaf sod soerp so sodad ,esetns mE .saserpme sad oidm latot otsuc od oanimreted an ,aigoloncet a moc etnematnuj ,meulfni siauq so ,sievirav e soxif serotaf sod soerp so )e ;sotsuc ed siaicnerefid sovitacifingis a sadaicossa )2.d( ;)oazinagro ed e socinct sodotm setnerefid ed odatimil oremn mu ed aicntsixe a , otsi( sacigloncet sedadiunitnocsed sadautneca )1.d( :me zudart es odartnecnoc oilpogilo od osac on euq ,ocinct odad o )d ;)odacrem on saserpme sad avitaler oapicitrap( saserpme sasrevid sa ertne sadnev ed emulov od oiubirtsid a )c
121
.)211 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( oilpogilo me soerp sod oanimreted inibaL-solyS ed savitacifingis siam siaudividni seiubirtnoc sad amu iutitsnoc )...( latot otsuc od oipcnirp od acimnid oacilpa a moc adartne sarierrab sad airoet a razilibitapmoc ed edadilibissop A 74
,ajes uO .adartne sarierrab sad edadisnetni ad onuf me etnemlapicnirp ozarp ognol on adinifed e ,soteridni sotsuc so evisulcni rirboc a adanitsed ,atieca etnemlanoicnevnoc orcul ed megram a q edno ,vq + v = p ,latot otsuc od oipcnirp od alumrf adicehnoc an hctiH e llaH rop osserpxe ,soirserpme solep odiuges ocirpme oirtirc od lanoicar otnemadnuf o ecerapsnart euq sotsuc sod seairav san iuqa .otsuc ed sotnemele sod oairav ed osac on oerp o racifidom arap )soviterroc siautneve ovlas( esab omoc lautnecrep etse asu e ,oerp oa ragehc arap otsuc etse a ratnecserca eved euq oterid otsuc ed lautnecrep o aluclac aserpme adac ,oirbliuqe ed oautis atrec amu uonimreted es euq zev amu ,euq uovresbo )011 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS ,oditnes etseN .mazilibitapmoc es e manoicaler es esilna ed sievn siod sesse omoc ritucsid atseR .soirtinu soterid sotsuc son seairav sa mis sam ,adnamed an sairropmet uo sadaredom seairav sa soerp soa rassaper on atsilopogilo aserpme ad ocipt otnematropmoc o ,somiv omoC .adnamed ad siarutnujnoc seairav a e sotsuc sod sotnemivom soa etnerf ozarp otruc a saserpme sad soerp ed acitlop otiepser zid odnuges O .adartne sarierrab sad e laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ad acitmelborp a arap ,somiv omoc ,etnemairassecen etemer euq o ,ozarp ognol ed orcul ed megram a animreted es omoc ralucitrap me ,oilpogilo ed seidnoc me oirbliuqe o amrof es omoc euqilpxe es euq egixe oriemirp O .esilna ed sievn setnerefid ,edadrev an ,evlovne soerp ed oaxif ad amelborp o euq aidnefed inibaL-solyS ,etnemacitetniS .oilpogilo ed seidnoc 74 me soerp sod seairav sad e oanimreted ad setseuq sad atnoc d euq etnegnarba oalumrof amu me sesilna saud sa razilibitapmoc levssop omoc )III olutpac ues on( rartsom uorucorp inibaL-solyS ,)II olutpac ues on odatneserpa soerp ed oamrof ed oledom on sasserpxe( ozarp ognol ed )orcul ed megram e( oerp ed oanimreted a erbos sexelfer sairprp saus san e )I olutpac ues on inibaL-solyS rop sadimuser(
221
.)011-501 .p ,3 .pac ,6591( inibaL-solyS rev ,rotua olep atsoporp adigirroc latot otsuc od oipcnirp od alumrf a erbos sehlated seroiam araP .)411 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( sorcul son )etnemairassecen q < s moc ,v.s( ronem oacifidom amu airacovorp oterid otsuc on oaretla amsem a ,adad orcul ed megram = s e oudorp = x ,oxif otsuc = k edno ,)s + 1()v + x/k( = p ,inibaL ed alumrf aleP .)v.q me( avitacifingis arienam ed odaretla aires )latot o e( oirtinu orcul o ,v ed etnatropmi )v( oairav amu ed etnaid )selpmis siam( alumrf a adacilpA )...( 94 .oirbliuqe ovon o ,sotirta mes e ,etnemadipar rignita satsilopogilo saserpme s etimrep euqrop ,aiug ed lepap etnatropmi o ,missa ,erpmuc latot otsuc od oipcnirp O .)501 .p( sadrep e sedadlucifid sevarg ed aires odlas ojuc ,acitac oautis amu ai-es-rareg e airepmor es )saserpme ed otnujnoc opurg on uo( airtsdni a adot ed aruturtse a ,saserpme sa sadot rop ,levtieca oerp mu essof on etse ,oautis avon atsen ,e ,oirbliuqe ed oerp ovon oa ragehc arap levcilpa etnemlasrevinu e selpmis oirtirc mu essitsixe on es euq uovresbo )6591( inibaL-solyS ,etsartnoc roP 84
.)311 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( 94soterid sotsuc sod sadaicnunorp otium seairav a etnerf oerp od oaxif a rohlem ratneserper arap ,latot otsuc od selpmis siam osserpxe ad ragul me oirtinu oxif otsuc o etnemasserpxe iulcni euq avitanretla alumrf amu otsoporp ret aD .lanoicroporp megram an on e axat aus an otnatrop e etnegiv sorcul ed assam ad oudorper an otaidemi ed asserpxe es oidnoc asse inibaL-solyS araP .odacrem on adartne sotnemidepmi sod onetunam a epusserp euq o ,aruturtse ad )edadilibatse e oanedrooc( oirbliuqe on arutpur adajesedni amu racovorp mes ,sotsuc sod sievirav seidnoc bos soerp soa levcilpa etnematerid lasrevinu e selpmis oirtirc ed edadilauq aus an ,otnatrop ,es-asserpxe latot otsuc od oipcnirp od lanoicar otnemadnuf O .samirp-sairtam sad oerp on uo soirlas son seairav ed osac o lareg me omoc ,)06 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( saserpme sa sadot ajnita euq sotsuc sod anadum amu revuoh odnauq otecxe ,sodalatsni j setnerrocnoc sod seaer sa remet rop ,ol-cifidom a epsid es soirserpme sod muhnen :otict odroca ed eicpse amu ed svarta levtse ecenamrep etse ,oerp o odaxif zev amU .siaicnetop setnerrocnoc sues so atnoc me avel aserpme adac ,orcul ed lautnecrep o ranimreted es oa ,etnemralucitrap ,e oerp o raxif es oa ,hctiH e llaH odnugeS .)311 .p 84 ,5891 ,sassoP( arutnujnoc ad e sotsuc sod sotnemivom soa etnerf ozarp otruc a adiuges res a soerp ed acitlop a atneiro euq ortemrap mu res a assap ale ,)ozarp ognol a aruturtse ad serodinifed serotaf atnoc me odnet( oterid otsuc o erbos oerp od megram a adanimreted zev amu
321
oerp od seairav sad e oirbliuqe ed oerp od oanimreted ad amelborp od ratart ed mla ,etnemroiretna odanoicnem omoC
si a r ut u rt s e s e i d n o c s a n s e a cifi d o M
.seratnemelpmoc sotnemidecorp sortuo rop adarugessa res eved sovitejbo somsem sessed oucesnoc a ,siaruturtse sodad ed searetla ed uo soterid sotsuc sod siaicnatsbus seavele ed aicnrroco aN .)811 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( sadartne savon )odnatimil uo( odnidepmi opmet omsem oa sozujerp rative a anitsed es latot otsuc od oipcnirp olep atircserp pu kram ed acigl a ,lanifA .hctiH e llaH rop otsoporp oipcnirp o adilavni on seautis sassed aicnrroco A .sievtse zev amu siam mertsom es orcul ed megram ed e oerp ed sievn setnednopserroc so e odacrem ed aruturtse avon amu euq ta ,soirssecen setsuja so arap oapse -es-rirba e odipmor es ret etnemlevavorp oirbliuqe o ,osac etseN .acitmotua oacilpa ret redop on oirtirc eleuqa ,)riuges a somerev omoc ,aigoloncet e adnamed ad edadicitsale ,odacrem od osnetxe omoc siat( siatnemadnuf siaruturtse sodad mairav es ,etnemlapicnirp ,uo soxif serotaf sod soerp so mairav es ,savitacifingis otium os soterid sotsuc sod seairav sa eS .adipr e lareg oacilpa ad megatnav alep e edadicilpmis aus alep ta oirtirc ed opit esse ratoda a mednet saserpme sa euq odom ed ,setneqerf siam so ,otaf ed ,os saneuqep etnemavitaler seairav ed sosac setsE .)011 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( oirbliuqe ed oerp ovon od oluclc o arap etneicifus oamixorpa amu iutitsnoc ,aled etnairav reuqlauq uo ,)vq + v = p( latot otsuc od oipcnirp od adacifilpmis alumrf a ,saneuqep etnemavitaler os soterid sotsuc sod seairav sa euq me sosac son ,lareg mE .)601 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( oirbliuqe ed oautis roiretna an odicelebatse maivah es euq saleuq )siaugi esauq uo( siaugi res meved orcul ed saxat sa ,oerp ovon o araP .odacrem eleuqa arap saserpme savon riarta on a odom ed ,saserpme sa sadot arap levtieca oautis amu : otsi ,oirbliuqe ed oautis amu rizudorper eved oerp ovon o euq etnatropmi O
421
.sorcul sod otnemua me sam soerp sod seuder me on mezudart es ,saserpme sa sadot a sievsseca os on ,sacigloncet sedadiunitnocsed s odived ,euq sodotm ed oudortni ad medneped euq sotsuc sod seuder sA .sotudorp sod soerp sod seuder a ragul od sievirav serotaf sod soerp sod oiunimid ad setnerroced sa e saserpme sa sadot a sievsseca seavoni ed setnerroced sotsuc sod seuder sa etnemos ,oilpogilo on ,euq uiulcnoc )091 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS ,etnemacitetniS 15 .)911-61 .p ,5891( sassoP rev ,olcic od sesaf satnitsid san sotsuc son searetla sad sotiefe sod acreca inibaL-solyS ed searedisnoc sad omuser mob mu araP 05
)b
ad amelborp oa ratlov a ednopserroc ,acitrp aN .odacrem ed saruturtse sad oirbliuqe o manoicidnoc euq siatnemadnuf sodad son seacifidom ed saicnqesnoc sievvorp sa raredisnoc ed ,otnatrop ,es-atarT .)adartne ed socsir so rative opmet omsem oa ,edadivitarcul ed sairssecensed sadrep rative odnasiv erpmes( orcul ed snegram sad oailavaer aiv sadaroprocni os adnamed ed seidnoc san uo soirtinu )soteridni e soterid( sotsuc son sadautneca seairaV ;)seavoni sad adazilareneg osufid ajah on otnauqne 15 sonem olep( serodavoni sod orcul ed snegram sad seavele uo ;)sodot a sievsseca os seavoni sa es( oerp ed seuder :a rizudnoc medop )otudorp ed e ossecorp ed seavoni( aigoloncet an sanaduM :euges omoc inibaL-solyS ed searedisnoc sa rimuser es-edop ,acittnis otium arienam eD .aterid ot on latot otsuc od oipcnirp od 05 oacilpa a siauq sa arap ,ocimnoce olcic od sesaf sasrevid san soirtinu sotsuc son savitacifingis siam sanadum ed sotiefe so ,ehlated me ,uotart inibaL-solyS ,siamedA .)otudorp ed e ossecorp ed seavoni( aigoloncet an sanadum ed e adnamed ad edadicitsale an e odacrem od osnetxe an seairav ed ocitslopogilo oirbliuqe o erbos sotiefe so ,orvil ues ed olutpac oriecret od ognol oa ,uoilava rotua o ,ovitejbo etse moC .sievtumi etnemaivbo os on ,opmet on aicnnamrep atrec amu mahnet arobme ,siauq so ,)manimreted o euq( siaruturtse sotnemele sosrevid so matefa euq seacifidom sad oirbliuqe o erbos saicnqesnoc sad ratart a sporp es mbmat )3 .pac ,6591( inibaL -solyS ,)latot otsuc od oipcnirp od oilxua o moc ,osac etsen( airtsdni ad saserpme sa sadot matefa euq oterid otsuc od searetla sad setnerroced
)a
521
.roiretna olutpac on etnemadahlated siam oditucsid iof otnop etsE 25
.)sadnev ed oomorp an saimonoce sadamahc sa ,ralucitrap me( alacse ed saimonoce setnecserc etimda ,etnaida somerev omoc ,otnatne on euq ,oilpogilo ed opit essed rodinifed otnemele mu omoc odacrem od oartnecnoc axiab a mbmat es-avaredisnoc ,oamixorpa ariemirp amu mE .otudorp od oaicnerefid ed uarg ovitacifingis ed aicntsixe a lartnec acitsretcarac A 25.somixrp siam siavir socuop snugla moc etnemos aterid aicnrrocnoc me ,edadrev an ,tse aserpme adac euq odom ed ,etnaveler sotudorp sod oaicnerefid atrec amu edno ,)64 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( sodinifed meb odacrem ed seredop ed sadatod otse edadilaer an euq sam ,is ertne aicnrrocnoc me etnemetnerapa ,saserpme saneuqep satium ed osac oa ednopserroc ,)5391( rodlaK e )6291( affarS rop atircsed oautis an odaripsni :odaicnerefid oilpogilO )a :siapicnirp sairogetac srt me odnatluser ,soriemirp siod sod oanibmoc ad etnemselpmis egrus euq osac oriecret mu ed sodicserca ,somertxe sosac siod ed adahlated oaziretcarac an etnemlatisoporp adaesab tse inibaL-solyS ed sacitslopogilo saruturtse ed aigolopit A
s a cit sl o p o gil o s a r ut u rt s e s a d a d a ci fil p mi s ai g ol o pit a m U

.lairtsudni oazinagro ed arutaretil an adargasnoc uonrot es euq oilpogilo me odacrem ed samrof ed oacifissalc amu roporp e ritucsid oa ,acimnoceorcim airoet oiubirtnoc etnatropmi artuo amu uecerefo )6591( inibaL-solyS ,ozarp ognol ed )orcul ed snegram e( soerp ed oanimreted ed oledom ues od mlA
o d ai c n e r efi d oil p o gil o s u s r e v o d a rt n e c n o c oil p o gil O 2. 3. 2
.sanadum ed airtejart )levsreverri e( ralucitrap amu ed odaart o enifed euq saserpme sad seaer e sea ed aicnqes ad ,inibaL-solyS uotnopa omoc ,etnemlaicurc mbmat edneped sam ,adartne sarierrab sad levn olep aicntsni amitl me odatid lanif odatluser O .adaicossa ale a ozarp ognol ed )oerp ed e( orcul ed megram ed levn ovon o e odacrem ed oarugifnoc avon a rinifeder e oirbliuqe od oanimreted
621
.)somerev omoc ,avitefe e laicnetop( aicnrrocnoc a artnoc sarierrab sadils ed aicntsixe alep es-maziretcarac :asseretni euq oliuqan setneicife os sobma ,aicnsse an ,euq rartsiger arap ta ,oilpogilo ed sorup sopit siod sessed sanahlemes sa racifitnedi ,adiuges me ,arap )b ;marutsim es sacitsretcarac sa ,sodacrem sod edadilaer an ,euq essecehnocer omsem ele arobme ,)oaicnerefid ed sarierrab ,etnemselpmis ,uo( sotudorp sod oaicnerefid ad sadnuiro sarierrab sa siv --siv )sacigloncet sarierrab ,etnemadacifilpmis ,sadanimoned( acinct alep sadairc sarierrab sad ralucitrap azerutan a rednetne a odom ed ,sadatarter alen samertxe seautis saud sad amu adac ed sedadicificepse e sanerefid sa racessid ,soilpogilo sod oacifissalc aus moc )a :me odasseretni siam avatse inibaL-solyS ,rartsom rarucorp es omoC .oralc racif reved emrofnoc ,adagehc ed otnop mu etnemairporp euq od ,adartne sarierrab sad azerutan ad acreca sexelfer saus ed aditrap ed otnop omoc siam otium ,)84 a 64 sanigp s( oirtudortni olutpac ues me ,inibaL-solyS rop atsoporp iof euq ,somertxe sosac siod ed atsilaer ocuop oircsed an adaiopa e adacifilpmis etnatsab aigolopit amu ed es-atarT .oilpogilo ed sopit siod sortuo sod oanibmoc amu me odnatluser ,)84 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( oaicnerefid ad e oartnecnoc ad sacitsretcarac sa atneserpa euq ,airidemretni oautis amu a ednopserroc :otsim oilpogilO )c .sacinct alacse ed saimonoce sadavele me odut ed setna es-adnuf oilpogilo ed opit esse ,otudorp ed edadienegomoh alep e oartnecnoc atla alep odaziretcaraC .)64 .p ,6591 ,inibaL -solyS( etrap roiam a alortnoc uo oudorp a adot alortnoc saserpme ed odizuder otium erpmes sam ,opmet on levirav ,otirtser oremn mu :oartnecnoc adavele amu rop sadaziretcarac os euq e )sodaicnerefid socuop uo( soengomoh etnemetneicifus sneb mezudorp euq sairtsdni ed oautis ednopserroc :odartnecnoc oilpogilO )b
721
.1 olutpac on ,etnemroiretna oditucsid iof otnop etsE 35
adaicossa megatnav reuqlauq ed meturfsed saserpme sa euq ed etnemetnednepedni erroco ossi E .alacse aneuqep me oudorp a siv--siv oudorp ed sotsuc ed somret me snegatnav siaicnatsbus atneserpa alacse agral me oudorp a euq odom ed ,opmet on sacinct alacse ed saimonoce setnecserc ,lareg me ,etimrep ocinct ossergorp o ,esetns mE .oudorp ed otsuc ed siaicnerefid sovisserpxe a sadaicossa ;sacigloncet sedadiunitnocsed sadautneca ;)odacrem od setnecserc salecrap rop rednopser a massap euq( satnalp sad ohnamat od otnemua :a odizudnoc met etnemlamron ocinct ossergorp o ,lairtsudni otnemivlovnesed ed ossecorp oa etnemaenatlumis ,euq uovresbo elE .oartnecnoc ed ,otnatrop ,e ronem ed s etnerf etrop roiam ed saserpme sad snegatnav sad otnemua ed omsinacem osoredop ortuo mu radicule a raduja me odasseretni siam avatse inibaL-solyS saM .sodacrem sod oartnecnoc e )alacse ed saimonoce ed aicntsixe ,otnatrop ,e( etrop roiam ed saserpme ed savissergorp snegatnav a ravel rop mairanimret euq ,sartuo a etnerf saserpme ed oremn otrec mu ed snegatnav ed sovitalumuc sossecorp racilpxe )oirssecen opmet o odassap uo( opmet od rassap o moc ,s is rop ,mairedop oaicnerefid sadaicossa snegatnav sa euq ocigl .)oartnecnoc ed uarg 35 me mavanava sodacrem so euq adidem ,mavarefilorp ,etnemlaxodarap ,euq( saserpme sednarg sad odacrem ed redop od azerutan a erbos adan esauq e ;otudorp od oaicnerefid an odaiopa saserpme saneuqep sad odacrem ed redop od acreca oxelfer levozar amu )0591 sona sod sodaem ta( aivah :oxelprep araxied o euq oatatsnoc amu ed uitraP .oilpogilo ed seidnoc bos saserpme sad odacrem ed redop od azerutan ad acreca inibaL-solyS rop adidneerpme oxelfer amu me megiro evet amica adatneserpa adacifilpmis aigolopit A
a s e r p m e e d o h n a m at e al a c s e e d s ai m o n o c E
821
.sodacrem ed e oudorp ed salacse ertne sedadirapsid a mezudnoc euq ,sacirfirep saimonoce me adanava aigoloncet ed etnalpsnart od sotiefe so railava a es-sporp ,otnemicserC e oilponoM ,aciglonceT aicndnepeD erbos orvil ues me ,)9691( vahreM ,inibaL-solyS ed ocitlana ameuqse on esab moC .socirfirep sesap me ocimnoce otnemivlovnesed od samelborp so rasnep arap setnatropmi sotnemele ecenrof ossucsid assE 45
e oiubirtsid ,oazilaicremoc sadaicossa( sadnev ed salacse seroiam s sadanoicaler snegatnav sa es-mamos ,oudorp e oalatsni ed sacinct salacse seroiam sad sadnuiro snegatnav s ,missA .otudorp ed oaicnerefid a azudortni es euq setna omsem ,)aserpme ad otnauq ,avitudorp atnalp ad otnat( ohnamat roiam oa sadaicossa )sairinucep uo siaer res medop euq( snegatnav sartuo mbmat sadatnemercni res a massap ,assam me oudorp ed sodotm e savitudorp satnalp sednarg s sievcilpa alacse ed sacinct saimonoce salep sadarofer odnes e odnarofer ,etnemaenatlumis ,euq rartsnomed licfid oN .oudorp ed sacinct saimonoce s ,mrop ,megnirtser es on alacse sadaicossa snegatnav sA
al a c s e e d s ai m o n o c e s a rt u o e s a ci n c t s ai m o n o c E
.)21 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( oirssecen etrop esse rignita ta 45 etnemadipar es-ridnapxe medop es uo ,etrop ovitaler ed odacrem o es etnemos sievtner matneserpa es sairtsdni sassen sotnemitsevni so euq alacse ed saimonoce savitacifingis ed aneserp ad erroced euq amelborp lapicnirp O .)31 .p( sorcul so e soerp so erbos setnerrocnoc ed adartne ad sotiefe so moc rapucoerp es oreved e sneb ed sednarg etnemavitaler sedaditnauq rizudorp oreved somar setsen martneda euq saserpme sa )...( siairtsudni somar sosoremun me setnaveler )...( manrot es alacse ed saimonoce sa euq adidem ,otaf eD .aserpme ed ednarg ohnamat oa ,osnetxe rop ,e alacse ed saimonoce s ,esilna aus me ,euqatsed ed lepap aubirta inibaL-solyS ,)6591( niaB omoc missA .)otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed aicnsua latot moc( orup odartnecnoc oilpogilo ed )etimil etnemaivbo( osac od savitirtser etnemamertxe sesetpih sa moc rahlabart a inibaL-solyS uovel euq ossi ioF .otudorp ed oaicnerefid
921
.)41 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS rev ,alacse ed saimonoce ed setnof sartuo satse erboS 65 .lanoicanretni evisulcni e ,lanoican levn me sotudorp sod acinct aicntsissa e oiubirtsid ,oazilaicremoc ed eder atsav amu razinagro ed seidnoc mt saserpme sednarg sa etnemos ,otaf eD 55
;sotudorp e sacram ed oaxif an ovisiced rotaf mu opmet o odnanrot ,adnagaporp ad ovitalumuc otiefe mu etsixe )b ;etnemlanoicroporp euq siam recserc a mednet otnop essed mla euq ,sadnev san levsnes otiefe mu rizudorp arap otsag ed ominm emulov mu odnanimreted ,sairticilbup snegasnem sad aiccife ed raimil mu etsixe )a :)531 .p ,5891( sassoP rop atief oazitametsis amu moc odroca ed ,sarienam srt ed etnemacisab rigrus medop saimonoce siaT .aserpme ad ohnamat o roiam otnauq ,soirtinu siatot sotsuc sod ouder an ,sairtsdni sairv me ,aicntropmi aus ralanissa a soriemirp so marof )2 .pac ,6591( inibaL-solyS e )4 .pac ,6591( niaB euq racatsed ebac ,sadnev ed oomorp an alacse ed saimonoce s oaler moc adniA .)41 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( edadinu rop aicndicni a ronem ,adidnev edaditnauq a roiam otnauq ,siareg sotsuc ed sacitsretcarac sa sasepsed satse odnet ,siop ,saicam sairticilbup sahnapmac me rauta ,edadilicaf roiam moc ,medop siop ,snegatnav semrone ed maturfsed saserpme sednarg sa iuqa mbmaT .sodaicnerefid sotudorp moc sodacrem ed osac on etnaveler etnemralucitrap ,alacse ednarg me gnitekram e adnagaporp ,oomorp sadaicossa saimonoce sa :alacse ed saimonoce ed airogetac etnatropmi artuo ed oauta a etnemlanoicida es-met ,sotudorp ed oaicnerefid a ,aroga ,somritimda es ,etnemlaniF .opurg od saserpme s otnemaicnanif ed somsinacem ed 65 oairc ed edadilicaf a e sianoicanretni e sianoican soriecnanif sodacrem soa odaigelivirp osseca o omoc ,saserpme sednarg salep sadurfusu sariecnanif snegatnav savitacifingis sa ,adnia ,es-mamoS .oudorp ed sotsuc sodizuder j sod mla ,sovitartsinimda e sadnev ,oiubirtsid ed sotsuc sod ouder etneqesnoc a moc ,)oudorp ad sanepa on e( aserpme ad oazinagro ed setneicife siam samrof ed somret me ,ajes uo ,savitartsinimda salacse seroiam s sadaicossa snegatnav sa e )55sedaditnauq sednarg me ,sotudorp sod acinct aicntsissa
031
.)sadnev ed oomorp ed saimonoce a ,sanepa on sam ,ralucitrap me ,sadaicossa( alacse ed saimonoce sadavele ed aneserp a moc oaicnerefid ed snegatnav sad aicnvivnoc etnecserc e etneqerf a etnematsuj ratnopa me sorienoip so marof ,ranoicnem ed edadinutropo somevit j omoc ,inibaL-solyS otnauq niaB otnat euq avresbo es euq me adidem an ,oacifilauq ataidemi amu ,otnatertne ,egixe oamrifa assE .adartne sarierrab sadizuder me matluser )alacse ed saimonoce savitacifingis ed aicnsua an ,ajes uo( sotudorp ed oaicnerefid me etnemavisulcxe sadaiopa snegatnav euq ,epmi es ociret mob mu euq rogir o moc ,etnematerroc ritsisni oa aidi asse uossap )6591( niaB oirprp O 75
metsixe on etnemlaer euq res saM 75.sadicelebatse saserpme ed opurg od ortned arap etnemlaicnesse mairarepo sotudorp sod oaicnerefid ad sadnuiro sarierrab sa euq azitafne es euq j ,adartne sarierrab sadizuder iubirta es odnuges oa otnauqne ,)laicini latipac ed sotnemireuqer sodavele soa e aminm alacse ed sedadissecen s sadived( setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne sarierrab sievnrotnoc etnemlicifid e sadavele ed aneserp a oriemirp oa aicossa es etnemlamron ,orup odaicnerefid oilpogilo ed e orup odartnecnoc oilpogilo ed sosac so arapmoc es odnauQ .ele rop atsoporp etnemlaicini aigolopit a racifilauq arap sotnemele setnatropmi missa odnecenrof ,oilpogilo ed sorup sopit siod so ertne sanahlemes sa ratnopa odnasiv searedisnoc sasoicerp recet a olutpac omitl etsed lanif on es-uocided inibaL-solyS ,)2 olutpac ues on( sacigloncet sanerefid ed setneinevorp siaicnerefid sotsuc rop odaziretcarac ,orup odartnecnoc oilpogilo od osac o etnemavitsuaxe odahlabart ret ed e )oirtudortni olutpac ues me adatneserpa( oilpogilo ed searugifnoc ed oacifissalc amu roporp ed siopeD
o ai c n e r efi d e d s a ri e r r a b s u s r e v s a ci g l o n c et s a ri e r r a B
.)531 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( sadacd samitl san omusnoc ed sneb ed sairtsdni ed oremn ednarg me odavresbo oartnecnoc ed ossecorp o arap etnemavita odubirtnoc ahnet alacse ed saimonoce ed oreng etse euq levvorp otium )...( .alacse ed saimonoce ranigiro ed mbmat zapac omsinacem mu odom essed iutitsnoc ,saserpme ertne siaicnerefid snegatnav ed etnof omoc niaB rop adatlasser ot ,sotudorp ed oaicnerefid a ,amrof atseD .sotudorp ed alpma ahnil amu ed sadavired alacse ed saimonoce marugifnoc euq ,etnacirbaf omsem od sotudorp e sacram ertne )revo llips( otnemadrobsnart ed sotiefe rerroco medop )c
131
.)18 .p ,9691 ,vahreM( odizudorp otudorp o euq me amrof an ,rezid reuq ,sacisf seacificepse sad oacifidom amu evlovne etnaveler otudorp ed oaicnerefid ad etrap roiam a ,etnemaciripmE 85
.sacigloncet 85 sedadiunitnocsed setnatropmi ed aneserp a arap sezar saob mbmat h euq avatnetsus inibaL-solyS ,)saserpme sartuo ed sod setnerefid sele arap mecerap uo os sotudorp setse euq me adidem an( saserpme sadanimreted ed sotudorp so moc arap serodimusnoc sotrec ed aicnreferp alep etnematsuj odaziretcarac ,odaicnerefid oilpogilo od osac oN .saserpme savon ed adartne ad sarodibini sacigloncet sarierrab setnatropmi atnetsus e latnemadnuf ocinct odad o , otsi ,)101 .p( siaicnetop setnerrocnoc artnoc ,ajes uo ,arof arap marepo euq ,acinct alep sadairc sarierrab metsixe ,odartnecnoc oilpogilo od osac on ,euq uocatsed rotua o ,somiv omoC .satsinoicetorp siatnemanrevog sacitlop siautneve ed e )sotudorp ed avitejbus uo avitejbo oaicnerefid an adaiopa( serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp sad etnemetnednepedni ,)rotua od ofirg ,101 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( sadartnecnoc sairtsdni sad acinct aruturtse airprp an odiresni tse oilponom ed uarg otrec mu euq ratlasser arap etnemataxe odatoda iof ,odanoicnem j omoc ,otnemidecorp essE .saserpme sad odacrem ed redop od lapicnirp megiro a meutitsnoc ,satsimonoce sotium odnuges ,euq ,)odacrem mu mepmoc euq saserpme sasrevid sad sotudorp so ertne sadubirtsid etnemaenegoreteh( serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp sad setnerroced odacrem ed seiefrepmi sa ,otnatrop ,odniulcxe ,oengomoh otudorp moc odartnecnoc oilpogilo ed esetpih a bos rotua od seisoporp sa ,inibaL-solyS oirprp od otnemidecorp o odniuges ,rinuer somarucorp ,etnemroiretna odatneserpa ,1.3.2 metibus oN .etnasseretni otcepsa mu bos es-atsefinam ale e oilpogilo ed sopit siod so ertne edadinifa amu h euq rartsom ed oditnes on oatnemugra adadnuf meb amu uevlovnesed )101 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS ?osac odnuges etsen arof arap sarierrab
231
.adartne sarierrab sad arutla a erbos seacilpmi seroiam odartxe ahnet on arobme ,adnev ed sotsag sessed aicntropmi a arap oneta odamahc aivah j )6291( affarS .odacrem od seiefrepmi s sadived sarierrab omoc sadirefer os ,etnemetneqerF 95
.)201 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( oatnalpmi a moc sasepsed sa ,etnemavitadarg ,mbmat ,sam oudorp ed sotercnoc sotsuc so rarepucer s on etilibissop euq lat oremn me serodimusnoc retbo es ed edadlucifid a sam ,oatnalpmi a moc sadnev ed sasepsed sairssecen sa raetsuc arap soriecnanif sosrucer retbo es ed edadlucifid a otnat on saserpme savon ed adartne oluctsbo roiam o ,oautis atse a etnerf ,euq racatsed ebaC .soxif sotsuc omoc setnartne siaicnetop salep sodalimissa os oatnalpmi a moc sodirrocni meres a adnev ed sotsag setse euq odom ed ,)201 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( setnetsixe j saserpme sad saleuqa moc ritepmoc ed zapac sadnev ed oazinagro amu ratnom redop arap mbmat sam ,siaicnetop serodimusnoc ratsiuqnoc arap e sotudorp so uo otudorp o odicehnoc ranrot arap s on ,sodavele etnemetneicifus sotsag sodidnepsed majes ,opmet ed odorep ognol mu ed rerroced on e oicni ed ,euq reuqer saserpme savon ed adartne a ,sodacrem sotium me ,otaf eD .)201 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( serodimusnoc 95 ed odauqeda oremn mu ratsiuqnoc arap sairssecen adnev ed sasepsed sa os :odaicnerefid oilpogilo on mbmat metsixe setnahlemes sarierrab ,acigloncet edadiunitnocsed a etnematelpmoc somessartsba euq omsem ,arO .)adas a moc erba es euq oapse o ,ajes uo( adas ed edutilpma alep e aigoloncet alep ,etnematnujnoc ,sadanimreted os ,odartnecnoc oilpogilo on ,arof arap sarierrab sA .etnerefid azerutan ed euq meb es ,odartnecnoc oilpogilo on omoc ,adartne sarierrab metsixe ,ajes uO .siaicnetop setnerrocnoc artnoc otnatrop ,arof arap mbmat sam ,saserpme ed opurg od ortned arap sanepa on marepo sotudorp sod oaicnerefid ed sarierrab sa ,odaicnerefid oilpogilo on ,euq odom ed ,)101 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( setna adanimaxe setnahlemes seautis ranimreted edop oazinagro ed sodotm sod edadiunitnocsed a ,oudorp ed sodotm soa sadaicossa acigloncet edadiunitnocsed ed aicnsua ahnopus es euq omsem ,mroP
331
.)301 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( siaicnetop setnerrocnoc sod adartne soluctsbo so atnemua atrecni etnemamertxe res osiverp lat amu ed otaf O 06
oxiab siam oerp mu a adidnev res assop s roiam otium edaditnauq amu euq moc zaf euq ale siop ,etnemadinifedni mertne saserpme sa euq edepmi euq odacrem od osnetxe a euq rezid reuq otsI .)401 .p ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( odacrem od osnetxe an tse arierrab a ,otnatroP .)oatnalpmi ad oxif otsuc o ,socinct soxif sotsuc sod mla ,rirboc arap( ednarg etnemavitaler sadnev ed emulov mu moc ,oicni o edsed ,ratnoc euq ret ed edadissecen a ,sale arap ,rigrus odnezaf ,sednarg etnemavitaler sesnemid e sotnemitsevni setnerrocnoc siaicnetop soa meropmi ed otaf on ,esilna amitl me ,metsisnoc saserpme savon ed adartne oaler me sovitirtser sotiefe sues sO .etnerefid amrof ed ,odacrem adac me ,menibmoc es arobme ,etnematnujnoc marepo oatnalpmi moc adnev ed sotsag sod medneped euq sa e sacigloncet sarierrab sa ,missA .setnerefid sedadilauq moc sam ,setnahlemes sotudorp atropmoc etnemetneqerf saigoloncet ed edadicilpitlum a ,ortuo ed )b ;setnerefid saigoloncet atropmoc lareg me sotudorp sod oaicnerefid airprp a ,odal mu ed )a :)401-301 .p ,6591 ,inibaL -solyS( sezar saob saud sonem olep rop ,meperbos es sopit siod so ,edadilaer an ,sam ,setnerefid sazerutan matneserpa sarierrab ed sopit siod so euq raziretcarac ed ovitejbo o moc oilpogilo ed setimil sosac siod so ,etnemlaicini ,ratart ed osrucer od om uonal inibaL-solyS .)301 .p 06 ,6591 ,inibaL-solyS( adidneta res a odacrem ed axiaf ad otsiverp ohnamat o moc odanoicaler odnatse ,etnemadalosi odaredisnoc on otsuc etse e ;setrap saneuqep me levsivid on otsuc mu ratnetsus meved siaicnetop setnerrocnoc so odacrem ed axiaf atrec amun rizudorp araP .sacigloncet sedadiunitnocsed s ,sotiefe sues soa otnauq ,setnahlemes sedadiunitnocsed mairc siauq sa saletneilc uo odacrem ed saxiaf sasrevid sad ,ajes uo ,ortned arap sarierrab sad medneped :arof arap sarierrab metsixe ,odaicnerefid oilpogilo on mbmat ,otnatroP
431
.airdnuces oisop amu apuco oerp od otseuq a ,otxetnoc etseN .setnerrocnoc sovon ed oarta an metluser euq sedadinutropo rairc on a odom ed ,odacrem od soizav soapse so sodot ed oapuco a res a ednet sadalatsni saserpme sad lartnec oapucoerp a euq racatsed uitimrep inibaL-solyS ,adartne arierrab omoc odacrem od osnetxe ad aicntropmi a ratnopa oA 16
odaicossa saserpme sednarg sad odacrem ed redop o racilpxe arap aciret oxelfer assacse ad adavired ,0591 ed adacd anelp me ritsixe aratatsnoc euq anucal a rirboc arap riubirtnoc ed otisporp ues oa leiF
a s er p m e e d n ar g a d r e d o p o d a z er ut a N
.otne ta adadutse ocuop ot oautis amu ed sotcepsa receralcse ed otisporp emrif o moc etnemlanoicnetni sam ,)edadilaer ad otnemicehnocsed uo( oartsid rop on ,zef O .sodartnecnoc sodacrem ed osac on esilna aus odartnec ret arap rotua od sezar sad otnemidnetne oterroc on od erroced ,serodagluvid e socitrc ertne etneqerf ,orotsid atsE .odartnecnoc oilpogilo od etnemavisulcxe uotart inibaL-solyS euq ed oasuca ad aitsujni a ,missa ,etnedive aciF .etnerefid amrof ed ,odacrem adac me ,manibmoc es sarierrab ed sopit siod so ,etnematnujnoc merepo arobme )2 e ;oaicnerefid ed sarierrab ed e sacigloncet sarierrab ed aicndicni moc ,otsim oilpogilo od o lareg osac o )1 :euq ,ralucitrap me ,racatsed mvnoc ,laicini aigolopit aleuqad mla arap ranava a satsiv moC .saxelpmoc siam seautis e sotnemarbodsed rarolpxe rotua o arap )odacifilpmis e ovitatnet( aditrap ed otnop mu sanepa ,edadrev an ,adatneserpa inibaL-solyS ed aigolopit a euq ,otnatrop ,oralc aciF .)!oraf o sartuo 16 ,adnamed a edneta on aserpme a es ,ajes uo( odacrem o rapuco osicerp ;adartne a rative arap oerp o raxiab atsab on ,odacrem od osnetxe an tse arierrab a omoc ,ossid mlA .orcul ed snegram seroiam retnam airitimrep sehl sotla siam soerp moc sanepa mevivnoc euq e sotla siam sotsuc ed savitudorp sonem saserpme ed aicntsixe a siop ,seronem sa raslupxe ed )otsuc oa e( ohlabart oa mairad es acnun sednarg sa ,arierrab asse essevuoh on eS .sotsuc seroiam ed saserpme sa missa odnanimile
531
.)11 .p( orvil etse ivercse odnauq radutse ahnuporp em euq samelborp so mare )...( siairtsudni somar sosrevid son saserpme satsed aneserp alep adaziretcarac aimonoce amu ed aicndnet a e siairtsudni saserpme sednarg sad otnematropmoc o euq uecehnocer rotua o lauq on ,orvil ues ed )0891 ed orienaj me otircse( arielisarb oide oicferp on adaticilpxe etnemaralc iof onetni auS 26
sad levn o odnatnemua ,ortuo od sotiefe soa roperbos es a mednet opit mu ed sotiefe so ,megatnav ed sopit siod sod meturfsed ,etrop ues ed otnemua o moc ralucitrap me ,saserpme sa euq me adidem aN )4 .)oudorp ed sanepa on e( siatot soirtinu sotsuc seronem me madnuder euq ,snedro sairv ed alacse ed saimonoce ed aicndicni odived ,aserpme ad ohnamat od otnemua o moc recserc a mednet e etrop roiam ed saserpme ed opurg oa otirtser etnemetneqerf ,zev aus rop ,megatnav ed opit odnuges O )3 .)etrop roiam ed saserpme odnecerovaf ,rezart mamutsoc sotsag setse euq opmet on setnecserc sonroter soa e sadnev ed oomorp ed siaicini sotsag sodavele ed saicngixe s etnemralucitrap odived ,somiv omoc ,snumoc etnatsab( alacse ed saimonoce savitacifingis a odaicossa revitse on )otnauqne uo( es ,odacrem od saserpme sad otnujnoc oa ,oipcnirp me ,levsnetxe aires megatnav ed opit oriemirp O )2 .otsuc me snegatnav ;sotudorp ed oaicnerefid sadaicossa snegatnav :saserpme sa ertne siaicnerefid snegatnav ed setnof ed siapicnirp sopurg siod rop ,aicnsse me ,odatnetsus saserpme sad redop o euq rezid somedop ,oipcnirp mE )1 :inibaL-solyS ed esilna ad sodartxe res medop sotnop snuglA .saserpme sednarg sad ralucitrap me ,oilpogilo me saserpme sad odacrem ed redop od azerutan a erbos rotua od searedisnoc sa ratneserpa somedop ,oaicnerefid ed sarierrab sa siv--siv sacigloncet sarierrab sad sotiefe so e azerutan a odatnorfnoc odnet ralucitrap me e ,orup odaicnerefid e orup odartnecnoc soilpogilo so ertne sanahlemes e sanerefid sa odicelebatse odneT .sacitslopogilo sairtsdni san aicnrrocnoc 26 ad esilna a arap seacilpmi saus e redop essed azerutan a ratart uorucorp )6591( inibaL-solyS ,sodacrem sod oartnecnoc adavele
631
.)99 .p( megirid sa euq soirserpme sod edadilibah an on e ,saigoloncet setnerefid me levtse amrof ed adaiopa aicnicife roiam amu ed atart es euq etnemataidemi etnecserca es euq edsed ,saserpme saleuqad aicnicife roiam amu a sodived os sorcul seroiam so euq rezid edop es ta euq adneda adnia )6591( inibaL-solyS ,orup odartnecnoc oilpogilo od osac o etnem me odneT 36
.)99 .p( 36setnenamrep os e siaruturtse sacitsretcarac a sodived os saneuqep s oaler me saserpme saidm e sednarg salep soditbo seroirepus sorcul sO .saserpme sa sadot a sadrep airasuac omoc ovitejbo o airignita on s on orcul lat mu retbo arap rartne essesiuq euq aserpme ednarg avon amu :levnimile on anerefid lat e aminm axat roirepus sednarg e saidm saserpme sad orcul ed axat a euq uovresbo inibaL-solyS ,oamixorpa ariemirp amu mE ?satsilopogilo saserpme sednarg sad odacrem ed redop o etsisnoc euq me ,otne ,saM )7 .)89 .p( soirserpme sod otnematropmoc o aicneulfni euq ,serodimusnoc sod a euq od siam ,siaicnetop uo sovitefe ,setnerrocnoc sod oaer a ,otnatrop , .sovitudorp serotes sortuo me odnarepo saserpme ed ,siam adnia ,uo saserpme savon ed osavni a uo rotes omsem on marepo euq saserpme sartuo ed osnapxe a memet euqrop etnemataxe ,adatimil otium osiced ed anoz amu mt )...( oerp o meraxif ed seidnoc me etnemlareg odnatse omsem ,soirserpme sO )...( .saserpme savon ed osulcxe a oerp o malortnoc euq seroiam saserpme sad lapicnirp oapucoerp a ,oilpogilo on ,euq otaf O )...( .savitudorp sedadinu savon rairc a setnetsixe saserpme sa uo rartne a saserpme savon airizudni ossi ,otaf eD .adigr adnamed a es omsem men ,oerp o ratnemua mvnoc on seroiam saserpme sa arap ,oerp ranimreted ed redop ues ed rasepa ,euq uotatsnoc ,socirmun soiccrexe sues sod sodatluser son esab moc ,odal ortuo roP )6 .)14 .p( soerp so erbos aicnulfni a roiam ,sitrac ramrof arap edadilicaf a roiam ,odacrem od oartnecnoc ed uarg o roiam otnauq euq ed e ).cte ,otnemicserc ed ,oerp ed aigtartse airprp a rinifed ed redop omoc odidnetne( odacrem ed redop e oartnecnoc ertne oaler atiertse amu etsixe euq ed aicndive alpma h euq ,adnia ,uotnopa inibaL-solyS )5 .siaicnetop e sovitefe setnerrocnoc sues a etnerf saserpme sassed siaicnerefid snegatnav
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.)5991( azuoS e )6791( sevlanoG rev ,lairtsudni aruturtse an saserpme saidm e saneuqep sad soapse sod adahlated e etnetepmoc ossucsid amu araP .ele rop odaredisnoc etnemadauqeda iof on aserpme ed opit omitl etse euq ,orvil ues ed arielisarb oide oicferp on ,uecehnocer inibaL-solyS 46
.arielisarb a omoc saimonoce etnem me odnet ,etrop ronem ed saserpme a oiopa on odatsE od oauta ed soapse sievssop sod acreca searedisnoc samugla uecet inibaL-solyS ,arielisarb oide oicferp on ,omitl roP )11 .setnedneped men setiltas 46 sadaredisnoc res medop on euq saidm e saneuqep saserpme metsixe euq edadrev mbmat saM .seroiam sad otnemicserc o mes revlovnesed es medop on ,odnes missa ,e ;saserpme sednarg sad setnedneped e setiltas ,edadilaer an ,os seronem saserpme sa ,lareg me ,euq oneta a mbmat uomahc )31 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS saM )01 .etrop oneuqep ed saserpme savon ed adartne ed edadilibissop a h ,oirbliuqe ed oautis amu a eugehc es euq ta e ;etrop ronem ed saserpme moc revivnoc aserpme ednarg asseretni etnemetneqerf :savisserpxe alacse ed saimonoce ed aneserp an omsem ,euq rartsnomed uiugesnoc inibaL-solyS ,socirmun soiccrexe sues ed oilxua o moC ?sodartnecnoc sodacrem me etrop ronem ed saserpme arap oapse o lauQ )9 .)sodicelebatse setnerrocnoc artnoc( odacrem od ortned arap mbmat sam ,)siaicnetop setnerrocnoc artnoc( odacrem od arof arap sanepa on mauta sale ,inibaL-solyS uocatsed omoc ,euq odnarbmel ,matnetsus snegatnav sasse euq adartne sarierrab sad arutla ad etnematsuj edneped seroiam etnemetnetsisrep orcul ed snegram me rizudart es medop snegatnav satse euq me uarg O .sotudorp sod oaicnerefid sadaicossa snegatnav me sadaiopa saleuqa majes ,)sartuo e( sacigloncet sanerefid ed setneinevorp sotsuc ed siaicnerefid snegatnav rop sadatnetsus saleuqa majes ,adartne sarierrab san adidem aob me es-aiesab satsilopogilo saserpme sednarg sad odacrem ed redop O )8
831
.)sacitdid etnemarem setseuq rop etnematsopus ,oilpoud od osac oa etnemacisab atirtser esilna moc( oilpogilo ;orup oilponom ;)sea ed aicndnepedni latot ed acireh esetpih a reuqer oledom etse ,p ed retnam es arap ,euq odnarbmel( acitsloponom uo atiefrepmi aicnrrocnoc ;)arup uo( atiefrep aicnrrocnoc :sele os ,aimonoceorcim ed siaunam sod airoiam an etnemacitirca sodizudorpeR 56
)ii
latot ed etrof otsopus o bos sodatart marof socitsmota sodacrem so ,otaf eD .osac a osac opit od esilna a ;savitirtser otium sesetpih ed ooda a :sievdnemocer ocuop sociglodotem sohnimac siod ed )oirbliuqe od oanimreted a ritnarag arap( mfer acisslcoen alocse a uonrot saserpme sad sesiced sa ertne aicndnepedretni ad edadilaer a moc radil ed oirbliuqe od amgidarap od edadicapacni A .odacrem ed )satsilaer ocuop e( samertxe samrof ed euqel mu odnegnarba ,serotudorp ed oremn o e otudorp od sacitsretcarac sa oacifissalc ed ocisb oirtirc omoc odnet 56,sociret soledom snugla ed oalumrof ad ritrap a sodacrem sod edadilaer ad atnoc rad ed osneterp a ahnit euq ,lanoicidart acimnoceorcim airoet ad megadroba etnemacisab es-aignirtser sodacrem sod esilna a ,seled setnA .sonem arap oN .socitslopogilo sodacrem ed odutse on ocram mu )4591( ikcelaK .M e )2591( ldnietS .J ed odal oa sodaredisnoc os )6591( inibaL-solyS .P e )6591( niaB .J ,retepmuhcS ed saidi san e )htimS e odraciR ,xraM( socisslc son sadacsub res medop euq sezar moC
)i
oil p o gil o m e ai c n r r o c n o c a d ai r o et a m u a r a p s ot n e m el e :i ni b a L - s ol y S e ni a B 4. 2
.) 4 1 . p( a ci m n o c e ar ut urt s e- arf ni a d a m a h c mi s s a s o d a gil s o m ar s o n o a ut a e s a s er p m e s e d n ar g s a v o n e d o i utit s n o c a d s v art a at eri d o n e vr et ni a d ni a u o ,l ai cr e m o c e oi cti d er c o p m a c o n s a vit utit s b u s al a c s e e d s ai m o n o c e r air c a vit ej b o e u q o n e vr et nI . s o di vl o v n e s e d s e s a p s o n , o d a s s a p o n , s a dirr o c o s al e u q a e u q o d a d n uf or p si a m oti u m o d at s E o d o n e v r et ni a m u l e v ti v e ni )... ( . a s e r p m e e d n a r g a m u a s a n e u q e p s a s er p m e e d l a u d ar g ot n e mi vl o v n e s e d m u m atili bi s s o p mi s et n a v el er al a c s e e d s a ci g l o n c et s ai m o n o c E )... ( . ) s ei n a p m o c g ni d a rt ( s e at r o p x e ar a p u o , s a mir p- s air t a m e d s ar p m o c e d s er o d a zil art n e c s o m si n a gr o e d o i utit s n o c a r e v o m or p u o , s a s er p m e s ai d m e s a n e u q e p s oti d r c o r e d n et s e u o r a r of er e d o p o d at s E o : o s o ) si ai cr e m o c e s ari e c n a nif al a c s e e d s ai m o n o c e( s art u o s a , s a cil b p s a citl o p u o s o vit n e c ni m o c o i utit s b u s e d si e v s s a p o s o n s a ci n c t al a c s e e d s ai m o n o c e s a ot n a u q n E
931
.saserpme salep etnednepedni oa ed otsopus od ooda a aidepmi on aicndnepedretni ad otnemicehnocer o ,satsilpmis siam soledom soN .setnerrocnoc sod oaer ed sedadilibissop saremni sad atnoc rad arap soledom ed oacilpitlum a aD .etnerefid oilpogilo ed oledom mu es-mtbo seaer sievssop satse erbos maaf es euq sesetpih sa moc odroca ed ,setnerrocnoc sues ed seaer sievssop sad etnemlevaroxeni edneped sotudorp sues ed adadnamed edaditnauq a ,aserpme alep odaxif oerp ed levn adac a ,euq j ,otaf eD 76 .1 olutpaC on ,etnemroiretna adivlovnesed iof otsopus etse a acitrc A 66
.osiv aleuqa moc repmor a ravel son essedup s is rop ossi es omoc ,siartnec sesetpih saus ed omsilaer ed atlaf a uo soledom sod sacigl saicntsisnocni ratnopa ed )edadrev ,sasojaroc( savitatnet me ,acisslcoen alocse a moc soterid sogolid ed oiem rop siam e ,sodacrem sod seacifidom setneqesnoc sad e saserpme sad otnemicserc ed ossecorp od setnanoicidnoc sotnemele so ragitsevni ed esab an sonem otief mahnit o oerid assen ranava odatnet maivah euq sodot ,otne tA .oilpogilo od o lareg osac ojuc ,siaer sodacrem son aicnrrocnoc ed sossecorp so od es ,etnematercnoc siam ,omoc receralcse ed oditnes on ranava aibac sam ,atsilatipac ametsis od lareg acimnid a erbos sexelfer setnatropmi saus e retepmuhcS e xraM ed ahnupsid es J .sesab savon me oilpogilo od airoet amu radnuf arap savisiced marof e ;aroh aob me ,missa ,mareiv inibaL-solyS e niaB ed seiubirtnoc sA .sedadivita sad oacifisrevid e sotudorp ed oaicnerefid auntnoc moc ,saserpme sad otnemicserc odipr ed edadilaer ad e )oartnecnoc saicndnet saralc moc( sodacrem sod atercnoc-ocirtsih oulove ad osneerpmoc a arap aitnevres reuqlauq mes ,otnatrop ;)anegxe megiro ed seacifidom siautneve ed setnatluser sa ovlas( oaretla reuqlauq messerfos odacrem ed saruturtse sa euq arap oapse mes ,etnemlevaroxeni airecelebatse es euq ,)oinifed rop ,levtse( oirbliuqe oa setnecudnoc setnega sod siaudividni sesiced arap sanepa oapse aivah ,lanigram otsuc a laugi lanigram atiecer oirbliuqe ed acisslcoen oidnoc an asserpxe ,sorcul ed arodazimixam edadilanoicar a bos ,siamedA .sogoj sod airoet an sodaiopa )soxelpmoc sonem uo siam res medop euq( soledom ed ouloser alep sadatart ,sedadilibissop satinifni ed euqel mu es-uirba ,adarongi etnemselpmis 7 r6 s edop on e levtuferri aicndnepedretni a omoc ,sodartnecnoc e sodacrem so ratart arap otnauqne 66,sea sad aicndnepedni
041
.odatiderc res sehl a lanigiro otief mu omsem is me ,adivd mes , osoinomrah e odalucitra otnujnoc mu ed ojob on oatneserpa aus ,sarodavoni majes on seisoporp sad samugla arobmE .serotua sessed sadartxe res medop euq sepecnoc siapicnirp sa riuges a sadimuser os ,oditnes etseN .oilpogilo od ociret amelborp oa odauqeda otnematart mu ed ourtsnoc oerid me serotua siod sod siapicnirp seisoporp sad ratnemelpmoc retrac o e edadinifa amertxe a setnedive os ,samelborp so radroba ed amrof an sanerefid sad rasepA .oilpogilo od samelborp soa somiv omoc adacided ,orvil ues ed I etraP an inibaL rop sodacofne samelborp somsem so ,etnemlaicnesse ,ociret onalp on ,uodroba niaB ,anacirema-etron oamrofsnart ed airtsdni an acirpme asiuqsep asnetxe me es-odnaesab ,otaf eD .sesulcnoc san e sodatluser son sanahlemes sievton matneserpa )6591( inibaL-solyS ed orvil od etrap ariemirp a e )6591( niaB ed orvil O
i ni b a L - s ol y S e ni a B e d si a rt n e c s e i u bi rt n o C 1. 4. 2
.socimnoce sonemnef sod osneerpmoc a arap latnemadnuf aicntropmi ed ,orcam -orcim oaler ad esilna a arap ohnimac rirba ,ossid mla ;sacitslopogilo seidnoc bos aicnrrocnoc ad airoet amu ed ourtsnoc an ranava ossi moc e ,)adartne ed seidnoc san sadazitetnis( sodacrem sod siaruturtse sacitsretcarac sa arap saserpme ed opurg odad mu ed sesiced sa ertne siarutcejnoc seairav sad seneta sad ocof o racolsed :uitimrep oilpogilo od megadroba avon a ,siamedA .)on uo sodartnecnoc( saserpme ed oremn ednarg moc sodacrem me evisulcni setneserp ,socisb setnenopmoc sues ed snugla sonem olep ed otnemicehnocer olep mis sam ,)otudorp ed oaicnerefid mes uo moc( saserpme ed oremn oneuqep rop otsopmoc odacrem ed aruturtse ed opit eleuqa omoc on ,oilpogilo o rahlo levssop res a uoemoc sele moc euqrop ,oilpogilo od airoet avon ad ocram mu ,aitsuj moc ,sodaredisnoc os inibaL-solyS e niaB ,missA
141
.oilpogilo ed oinifed airprp ad otnatrop e aicntsixe ad otnemadnuf omoc )esetpih rop ,sievtse etnemaminim( adartne sarierrab ed aneserp ad sadizuded res a massap ,airoet alep atsopmi edadissecen ed arof ronem uo roiam moc ,oilpogilo oa sadubirta etnemlausu sedadeirporp siamed sA .merefnoc ehl siaicnerefid snegatnav sa euq soicfeneb so ravreserp ossi moc e anretxe aicnrrocnoc ad aaema a ratsus ed zapac rof otnauqne lat omoc etsisbus s acitslopogilo aruturtse amu otnauqrop )...( ;acimnoce oartnecnoc ad e sele ertne edadilavir ad ,setnerrocnoc ed oremn oneuqep od ,olpmexe rop ,odal oa odacrem essed aruturtse ad ,sortuo ertne ,lamrof oart mu omoc sadaredisnoc res ed maxied ,odal ortuo ed ;siamronarpus sorcul sod ,olpmexe rop ,odal oa odacrem ed amrof aleuqad ohnepmesed ed sartuo ertne acitsretcarac amu ed retrac o odal mu ed medrep satsE .adartne sarierrab e oilpogilo ertne recelebatse etimrep euq atiertse oamixorpa an tse oilpogilo od acimnid airoet amu a oerid me ecerefo opecnoc atse euq oiubirtnoc ednarg A :atnemugra )221-121 .p ,5891( sassoP ,otiepser etse A 07 .)86 aton ,121 .p ,5891( sassoP atnopa emrofnoc ,ohnepmesed-atudnoc -aruturtse amgidarap o revercsed oa ,)4 .p ,0791( rerehcS ,olpmexe rop ,zaf o omoC 96 .)17 aton asson ediv( etnaida raticilpxe es emrofnoc ,oalumrof aus ed oacifilauq aiv adivrosba res odnedop ,inibaL-solyS e niaB ed seisoporp sad arof a eceuqarfne on ,etnenitrep arobme ,acitrc atsE .)601 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ad azerutan ad )...( mbmat sam ,airtsdni ad siaruturtse sacitsretcarac ed etnemavisulcxe siam on redneped a massap sarierrab sad aicntsixe airprp a e edadisnetni a ,amrof atseD .odacrem ed redop e soriecnanif sosrucer solpma ed odnopsid otnat arap ,racifisrevid madneterp euq e sedadivita sartuo me sadicelebatse etnemadilos saserpme sednarg ed adartne ed aaema ad inibaL-solyS e niaB rop oaredisnocsed ad setnerroced sacitrc a ,otnatertne ,atiejus tse odacrem od siaruturtse seidnoc e adartne sarierrab sad edadisnetni ertne oaler atiertse A 86
.oilpogilo 07 ed otiecnoc oirprp od ovitutitsnoc otnemele mu omoc egreme adartne sarierrab ed aicntsixe a ,oditnes etseN .atsed oacifinosrep a ,esetns airprp aus a omoc sam ,odacrem ed aruturtse ad sesnemid saremni sad amu sanepa omoc 9o6n ,sadacifitnedi os ,amrof atseD .siaruturtse sotnemele sod osserpxe omoc megreme adartne sarierrab 8 s6a ,arodavoni etnemlaer opecnoc atse moC .airtsdni adanimreted amu rargetni a siaicnetop sotadidnac solep sadatnerfne seidnoc salep sodatpac e sodinuer res medop siaruturtse sotnemele sO
:siaruturtse sotnemele sod osserpxe omoc adartne sarierraB )2
.airtsdni adirefer an setnegiv acimnoce e acinct aruturtse ad seidnoc sad etnemlaicurc medneped airtsdni amu mepmoc euq saserpme salep sadamot sesiced sa amrof euq ed racilpxe arap etnemavisiced marubirtnoc serotua setse ,laruturtse megadroba amu meredneerpme oA .inibaL-solyS e niaB ed oiubirtnoc sednarg sad amu ,adivd mes , siairaserpme ohnepmesed o e atudnoc a erbos siaruturtse sotnemele solep sodicrexe sotnemanoicidnoc sod asoicunim ossucsid a ,lanigiro oisoporp ed etart es on arobmE
:saserpme sad ohnepmesed o e atudnoc a erbos aicnulfni emrone ecrexe odacrem ed aruturtse A
)1
241
.saserpme sad saigtartse sad redneped ri etsE .odacitarp res euq o etnemairassecen on )arierrab ad arutla a edem ,odnuf on ,euq( levssop oerp esse ,ossid mlA .arierrab on is me oerp O .)oirrtnoc o on e( adartne sarierrab ed aicntsixe a etelfer levssop oerp o :odacitarp oerp e )etimil( levssop oerp ertne etnatropmi onitsid amu ,otnatrop ,rezaf euq H .latot otsuc od oipcnirp o omoc ,sotsuc soa oaler me soerp sod acimnid ad esilna megram od euq sesetpih moc edadilibitapmoc aus railava mbmat sam ,adartne a ralortnoc uo ridepmi ed aigtartse ad sotiefe so rohlem racifilauq sanepa on matimrep euq ,soerp sod setnanimreted serotaf sortuo raredisnoc oirssecen .aicnulfni lapicnirp a ,serotua sesse rop adahlitrapmoc oinipo me ,metneserper satse arobme ,adartne sarierrab sad oaredisnoc egnirtser es on oilpogilo me soerp ed oamrof a ,siamedA .sorcul ed megram aleuqa rop adatneserper edadisnetni amun ,adartne sarierrab metsixe euqrop etnemasicerp sotsuc sod amica etnemetneicifus levn mun sodaxif res medop soerp so euq recehnocer e oisoporp aleuqad somret so retrevni airoet ad laer oditnes od rodeceralcse e omitgel siam otium aires ,edadrev aN .siv essed amotnis etnedive mu etimil-oerp o marubirta ehl euq olutt oirprp o e ;ozarp otruc a sorcul so airazimixam euq oa roirefni etnemadauqeda levn mun oerp o odnaxif etnemselpmis siavir ed adartne a messidepmi satse es omoc ,sadicelebatse samrif sad soerp ed acitlop a moc oatonoc aus ossecxe me razitafne a ednet inibaL e niaB ed adartne sarierrab sad airoet ad zaf seterprtni sod airoiam a euq arutiel A .eporp etnemavitefe ale euq od otiepser a airoet assed socitrc sod etrap rop osufnoc atrec amu h euq atnopa )111-011 .p ,5891( sassoP ,oditnes omsem etseN .serotua sod osiv acingatna etnemaralc oaterpretni amu me ,)ozarp otruc on( soerp ed oaxif ed ovitanretla odotm selpmis mu a inibaL-solyS e niaB ed sealumrof sa rizuder ed savitatnet sad es-atarT 27 .)sodacrem sortuo me sadicelebatse etnemadilos saserpme sednarg riulcni assop atse odnauq laicepse me( laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ad azerutan a mbmat sam ,airtsdni ad siaruturtse sacitsretcarac sa sanepa on rasserpxe assop sarierrab sad edadisnetni a euq arap sairssecen seerroc e seacifilauq sa moc mrop ,etimil -oerp o e adartne sarierrab sad levn ertne aicndnopserroc atiertse ad acreca inibaL-solyS e niaB ed lanigiro atsoporp a arger omoc retnam uedneterp sassoP ,esetns atsed oalumrof a moC .)sosson sofirg ,011-901 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( odacrem on odaxif oerp od etnednepedni etnemavitaler otiefe esse e ,setneicife siam salacse me es-ralatsni madneterp euq etrop ednarg ed setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne a rajarocnesed a rednet setnetsixe samrif sad sianoicarri seaer sartuo uo soerp ed arreug racovorp e odacrem od ocitslopogilo oirbliuqe o repmor ed aticlpmi sonem uo siam aaema a ,odal ortuo rop ;)...( ,inibaL-niaB ed oledom od somret son ,laropmet oiubirtsid aus razimito odnarucorp al-timil a uo/e oneuqep e oidm etrop ed setnerrocnoc ed adartne a ridepmi a etros ed oudorp ed emulov e soerp raxif a ednet ,odal mu rop :sovitejbo siod rirpmuc asiv ,adartne a ridepmi ed ojesed olep adacilpxe etnemetnanimoderp euq me adidem an ,sadicelebatse saserpme sad soerp ed aigtartse A .etniuges a aires levtieca esetns amU .adartne sarierrab e )orcul ed snegram( soerp ertne oaler a erbos aciret oazilareneg ed levn mugla ralumrof levssop 17
.serotua sessed oalumrof ad acreca soterrocni sotnemidnetne a evisulcn2i7megram odnad ,inibaL-solyS e niaB ed socitrc e serodagluvid rop adubirta ,etimil-oerp ed airoet ed oanimoned uovel euq o 17,ozarp ognol ed orcul ed megram ad e )soerp ed aigtartse ad ,resiuq es ,uo( oerp ed levn od etnanimreted lapicnirp o adartne sarierrab sad arutla a euq ed oisoporp a arodavoni mbmaT
:adartne
)3
sarierrab sad levn od yxorp omoc ozarp ognol ed orcul ed megraM

341
.adartne arierrab omoc otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed uo otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav sad sotiefe soa otnauq satief meres a setnatropmi saciret senitsid metsixe on euq ,evisulcni ,aidnefed )21 aton ,23 .p ,6591( niaB .cte ,lairaserpme edadicapac ,ohlabart od oacifilauq ed sopit ,sotnemapiuqe ,somusni ,oudorp ed odotm ed elortnoc o reted uo otarab siam otidrc a osseca ret ,olpmexe rop ,omoc ,)ohnamat ues od etnemetnednepedni( odacrem on odnarepo meratse j ed otaf selpmis olep riurfusu massop sadicelebatse saserpme euq otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav a osseca lautneve mu moc otnuj riv edop oaicnerefid ed megatnav A 47 .)501-401 .p ,5891( sassoP mbmat rev ,otiepser etse A .sacinct seidnoc satrec sadad ,odacrem ed setnerefid sohnamat ed sotiefe so ragitsevni me avatse euq odasseretni ,inibaL-solyS rop adihlocse oatneserpa ed amrof ad amixrp siam oaterpretni atsE .)alacse ed aimonoce ed otiecnoc oa anretxe oidnoc amu omoc ,missa ,ecerapa odacrem ed ohnamat oa etnerf etneicife alacse ad aicntropmi a( odacrem od osnetxe etnerf ednarg res eved ohnamat lat ,euqifirev es adartne otnemidepmi o euq araP .adartne arierrab riutitsnoc on ale sam ,)ohnamat roiam oa sodaicossa otsuc ed siaicnerefid ed aicnrroco ad sanepa oditnes on( alacse ed aimonoce revah edop euq ednetne euq ,)73 .p ,9991( sassoP aivliS .M rop ,olpmexe rop ,adicerefo ,ocitrp odatluser omsem o moc sam ,levssop oaterpretni artuO .odacrem od latot od levredisnoc alecrap atneserper aminm etneicife alacse a )b e ;salacse seroiam s sodived soirtinu sotsuc ed siaicnerefid sievzerpsed on a sadaicossa sacigloncet sedadiunitnocsed savitacifingis ed aicntsixe a )a :seautis saud ed onujnoc alep ,niaB eregus omoc ,iuqa sadidnetnE 37
odnegnarba sotudorp ed sotejorp serohlem( savitejbo sanerefid me sadaiopa ,setnetsixe sotudorp solep serodarpmoc sod aicnreferp sadaicossa 47,otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed snegatnav e ;)odacrem od sesnemid s etnerf sovisserpxe( adartne ed sominm sohnamat ed siaicnetop setnerrocnoc soa aicngixe an e soirtinu sotsuc ed siaicnerefid siaicnatsbus me etnematercnoc es-mezudart ,assam me adnev e oiubirtsid ,oudorp sadaicossa ,snegatnav sasse :37alacse ednarg ed saimonoce a osseca :os adartne sarierrab ed setnof siapicnirp sA .setnartne siaicnetop s etnerf sadicelebatse saserpme sad )siarutnujnoc sanepa on ,sievtse etnemaminim otnatrop( siaruturtse snegatnav me adidem ednarg me sadatnessa os adartne sarierrab oinifed rop ,inibaL-solyS e niaB araP
:snegatnav sad setnof omoc oaicnerefid ed e alacse ed saimonocE
)4
.latot otsuc od oipcnirp on sadaiopa oerp ed seairav sad seacilpxe sa moc ozarp ognol ed orcul ed snegram sad e soerp sod setnanimreted sod airoet aus ed edadilibitapmoc a rartsnomed oa inibaL -solyS ed oiubirtnoc asoilav a rartsiger ebac ,etnemlanoicidA
441
.odacrem od osnetxe an tse arierrab a ,esilna amitl me :)401 .p ,6591( inibaL-solyS arap otnauqne ;alacse ed saimonoce s sodanoicaler otse adartne ed oidnoc ad setnanimreted so ,aicntsni amitl me ,)92 .p ,6591( niaB odnuges :sanaun sariegil moc serotua siod solep asserpxe osulcnoc etnatropmi atse ,amica ,17 aton an sadanoicnem siautiecnoc sanerefid sa sadaD 77 .rotua oirprp od aigolonimret a odnuges ,oaicnerefid ed sarierrab sad e sacigloncet sarierrab sad edutilimis a ,somiv omoc ,uocifitnedi inibaL-solyS euq ,sila ,ohnimac etse rop ioF 67 .)sadnev ed oomorp e oazilaicremoc ,oiubirtsid sodaicossa( otsuc ed sneti sortuo ed somret me savitnatsbus sanerefid revah edop ,oudorp ed oirtinu otsuc ed somret me anerefid ednarg ajah on euq omsem ,euq )artuo uo amrof amu ed( mecehnocer serotua siod so saM .aneuqep alacse me rizudorp ed megatnavsed h on ,oirrtnoc oD .seroiam saserpme sad so euq seroiam sotsuc mt edaditnauq aneuqep me mezudorp euq saserpme sa es )adartne arierrab ad edadivitefe a e ohnamat o ,aicntsni amitl me ,animreted euq( lartnec otseuq A .oneuqep moc sartuo ;setneilc ed oremn ednarg moc saserpme H .sadubirtsid etnemadaicnerefid res mamutsoc e medop satse e ,serodimusnoc sod saicnreferp moc rev a mt oaicnerefid ed snegatnaV 57
siam adartne otnemidepmi ed etnof atse euqrop evisulcni 77,etnatropmi siam adartne arierrab ed etnof a sadaredisnoc ,)otudorp ed oaicnerefid adaicossa aleuqa evisulcni( sazerutan sairv ed alacse ed saimonoce savitacifingis ed aicntsixe odubirta euqatsed ed lepaP
:savititepmoc snegatnav ed etnof omoc alacse ed saimonoce sad lartnec lepaP
)6
.)sadnev 67 ed oomorp arap siaicini sotsag sodavele sod atnoc rad arap osac etsen ,saminm sesnemid mbmat setnerrocnoc sovon soa odnopmi( sadnev ed oomorp ed sasepsed s adaicossa acifcepse alacse ed aimonoce ed opit mu a megram rad rop mbmat sam ,amsem is me oaicnerefid ed snegatnav salep sanepa on ,rirefnoc edop otudorp ed oaicnerefid a euq redop o recehnocer ed sezapac marof inibaL-solyS e niaB
:)sadnev ed oomorp( alacse ed aimonoce ed acifcepse airogetac amu ed sarodareg omoc oaicnerefid ed snegatnaV
)5
.)alacse ednarg sadaicossa snegatnav mbmat rardnegne ed redop ues oa adaicossa ,oacifilauq etnatropmi amu egixe aidi asse ,riuges a somerev omoc( 57etrop ednarg ,oipcnirp me ,ribixe maved ,otsi arap ,euq mes sadicelebatse saserpme salep sadurfusu res medop euq ,)sadicelebatse sacram a sadaicossa etnemlareg( savitejbus uo ).cte ,acinct aicntsissa e sadnev ,oiubirtsid ed seidnoc serohlem , sartuo ertne ,ngised ,edadilibarud ,ohnepmesed ed somret me snegatnav
541
.sodacrem son setnegiv aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sad odutse o arap etnemavisiced uiubirtnoc inibaL-solyS ed aimonoxat a ,adartne sarierrab sad etnof a atnoc me ravel oA .)3 olutpac on odamoter res otnop esse( sodacrem sod oartnecnoc ed suarg setnerefid a sadanoicaler socimnid sotiefe ed somret me sanerefid sa raicnedive me adasseretni siam aigolopit amu ed es-avatart ,mroP .soilpogilo ed oacifissalc amu odacidni aivah j ,setna sona snugla ,)2591( ldnietS euq edadrev 87
.airtsdni arap airtsdni ed odairav uarg me odnevivnoc oaicnerefid 87 ed sarierrab e sacigloncet sarierrab moc ,otsim oilpogilo od o lareg osac o euq odom ed ,meperbos es oilpogilo ed sopit siod so ,acitrp an ,euq ed otaf o arap oneta uomahc rotua o ,adnia etnatropmi siaM .orup odaicnerefid oilpogilo e orup odartnecnoc oilpogilo ed somertxe sosac sod sedadicificepse sa ratlasser odnasiv adacifilpmis oacifissalc amu sporp inibaL-solyS ,oilpogilo ed seidnoc bos saserpme sad odacrem ed redop od azerutan a erbos sexelfer saus me odaiopA
:sacitslopogilo odacrem ed saruturtse ed avitatnet aigolopit amU )8
.osac adac a sadauqeda siam aicnrrocnoc ed saigtartse sa etnemetrof odnanoicidnoc ,sarienam satnitsid ed es-ranibmoc medop snegatnav ed setnof saud satse ,siairotes sedadicificepse sad odnedneped mbmat ,ossid mlA .sadartne riarta mes sominm sotsuc so redecxe medop soerp so lauq alep megram a roiam sadicelebatse saserpme sad otudorp ed oaicnerefid e otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav sa e alacse ed saimonoce sa seroiam otnauq euq reverp es-edop odacrem od sacitsretcarac sad odnedneped ,missA .airtsdni arap airtsdni ed odnairav ,lairotes retrac etrof mt adartne sarierrab sad azerutan a e arutla a ,siaruturtse sotnemele me sadaiopa odneS
:lairotes
)7
ohnuc etrof mt adartne sarierrab sad azerutan a e arutla A
.sovititepmoc soirtinu sotsuc ed sievn moc odacrem od rapicitrap aserpme a arap laicurc alacse ed saimonoce a osseca O .snegatnav ed edadivitalumuc ed etnof asoredop amu ogisnoc agerrac e adanrotnoc uo adacata res ed licfid
641
.seidnoc samsem san rizudorp ed ,opurg oirprp ues me rartne ed artuo reuqlauq edepmi euq ,adartne sarierrab ed otnujnoc oirprp o met aserpme adaC .aserpme amu ebac s elen euq oneuqep ot etnaveler opurg o euq somessredisnoc es omoc savititepmoc snegatnav ed alep oon atse somriutitsbus oa :adartne sarierrab ed aidi ad oazilareneg a ratnet ed edadilibissop artuo amu h euq eregus )osson ofirg ,74 .p ,9991( sassoP aivliS .M ,)odacrem omsem mu ed sopurgretni edadilibom mbmat sam ,odacrem mu me saserpme savon ed ossergni oa soluctsbo so sanepa on odnacraba( edadilibom sarierrab ed otiecnoc oa missa oproc odnad ,airtsdni amu ed sotnemges ertne saserpme sad edadilibom ad lareg airoet amu radnuf ed mis sam ,odacrem ovon mu arap rizudorp a aemoc aserpme amu euq me oautis adartne sarierrab ed otiecnoc o ranifnoc on ed oditnes on )I .pac .pse ,6591( retroP e sevaC ed atsoporp a ratneserpa ed sioped ,oerid amsem aN 18 .)221 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( sanretni setnerrocnoc sad etnaid saserpme satsed adicerovaf siam avititepmoc oautis amu maiciporp euq siaicnetop setnerrocnoc s oaler me odacrem od )savitarcul siam etnemselpmis uo( seredl saserpme sad siaicnerefid snegatnav rop sievsnopser seidnoc samsem sa os ,esetns me ,euq sadivd a megram mes artsom ,niaB ed sohlabart son esab moc etnemlaicepse ,sadaremune etnemumoc adartne sarierrab sad otneta emaxe mu ,otaf eD .onretni e onretxe ,aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp o odot acraba euq aciret avitanretla amu omoc sadidnetne res meved adartne sarierrab sa euq odnarbmeL 08 .)491-381 .p ,5891 ,sassoP rev( sovititepmoc sodacrem e ovititepmoc oilpogilo ,otsim uo odartnecnoc-odaicnerefid oilpogilo ,odaicnerefid oilpogilo ,odartnecnoc oilpogilo :siapicnirp odacrem ed saruturtse setniuges sa eporp sassoP ,osac adac me adauqeda siam aicnrrocnoc ed aigtartse ed opit e adartne arierrab ed opit ertne oaler a ratpac odnarucorP .setnanimoderp aicnrrocnoc ed )socimnid( serdap so erbos adutitsnoc odacrem ed saruturtse ed aigolopit amu ,5891 ed arbo aus ed 4 olutpaC od oes amitl an ,eporp sassoP , 3 olutpac on ,etnaida odatart )2591( ldnietS ed oiubirtnoc etnatropmi ad oaripsni bos ,)5791( seravaT ed ocimnid odetnoc ed sadaehcer seisoporp sa odnatnecserca e )6591( inibaL -solyS rop adiregus soilpogilo ed aigolopit ad odnitrap ,otaf eD .aicnrrocnoc ed serdap ed odutse on adaiopa odacrem ed saruturtse ed aigolopit amu ed oalumrof an ranava odnatilibissop ,)5891( sassoP rop ralucitrap me ,sodazilaer marof ahnil assen sotnemarbodsed setnatropmI 97
:euq rezid es-edoP .sodacrem sod acimnid a e aicnicife a ,osnetxe rop ,mbmat manimreted ,siairaserpme ohnepmesed od e atudnoc ad setnanoicidnoc setnatropmi odnes ,)adartne sarierrab ed otiecnoc on sadazitetnis( sodacrem sod siaruturtse seidnoc sa ,otaf eD
:sodacrem sod acimnid a e aicnicife a erbos setnatropmi sotiefe mt adartne sarierrab sad azerutan a e arutla A
)9
.airtsdni adac ed aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sad etnanimreted 18 08 etnatropmi ,)snegatnav sad etnof e arutla ed somret me( adartne sarierrab ed oarugifnoc adanimreted amu a adaicossa tse oilpogilo ed samrof sassed amu adaC 97.otsim osac od seadarg sa ratpac rohlem ,otnatrop ,aireved soilpogilo ed atsilaer siam aigolopit amU
741
.)5991 ,azuoS rev( sodacrem sod aicnicife a ratnemua arap )setrop oidm e oneuqep ed ,ralucitrap me( saserpme ertne oarepooc ad mbmat aicnveler a matnopa euq sotnemele sesilna saus me marecerefo inibaL-solyS e niaB ,sodacrem sod oartnecnoc ad amet o moc mavatse euq sodapucoerp ,odutse ed oticlpxe otejbo odutitsnoc ahnet on arobmE 38 .alacse ed saimonoce savisserpxe me odaiopa ,odartnecnoc oilpogilo od osac on esilna aus uortnec euqrop etnemacisab ,adidepmi etnemzacifeni adartne ed oidnoc niaB rop adanimoned ,oautis asse uoredisnoc on inibaL-solyS .)4.2.2 metibus ediv( adartne ed rodibini levn od amica soerp moc )etnemairaropmet sanepa euq omsem( sorcul sues ratnemua rireferp a orednet sadicelebatse saserpme sa siop ,adartne ad otnemidepmi on zacife res on etnemlevavorp )sotudorp ed oaicnerefid ed uo/e otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav saneuqep me adaiopa etnemetneqerf( arierrab ad arutla adizuder a euq avatnopa niaB ,osac omitl etseN 28
;sadartnecnoc etnemadaredom sanepa odacrem ed saruturtse salep odibixe aires acinct edadivissergorp ad e anadum ad atsiv ed otnop od ohnepmesed rohlem mu ,odal ortuo rop 38,acinct aicnicife ed somret me soicfeneb a rizudnoc a ednet sodacrem sod oartnecnoc roiam a ,odal mu ed ,es ;sodairav acinct aicnicife ed suarg e etrop ed saserpme ed aicnvivnoc ad sezar sa racilpxe a aduja mbmat )otseuq me airtsdni ad assergerp airtsih airprp ad odal oa( alacse ed saimonoce ed aicnrroco a ,odacrem od osnetxe ad otiefrep olpitlm mu omit atnalp ed ohnamat o ,osaca rop etnemos ,euq me adidem an ;acinct aicnicife roiam e lairtsudni oartnecnoc ertne avitisop oalerroc amu ,lareg me ,h ,alacse ed aicnicife alep sadatid saicngixe sad aicnrroced me ,sarvalap sartuo me ;acinct aicnicife roiam ed ,lareg me ,sadahnapmoca os alacse ed saimonoce savissergorp me sadaiopa adartne sarierrab ;avitacola osnemid an aicnicife acarf odnalever ,orcul ed snegram setnetsisrep e satla me etnemlareg es-mezudart e sievtse siam odacrem ed searugifnoc a es-maicossa )odacrem od oartnecnoc etrof sadagujnoc odnauq etnemralucitrap( sadavele adartne sarierrab ;adnamed ad seautulf sa mahnapmoca euq airtaderp aicnrrocnoc e edadicapac ed ossecxe oa sadaicossa sacinrc uo sacidirep saicnicifeni a e )saserpme ed adas e adartne ed sotnemivom setnerrocer sod setnatluser( sedadilibatsni a satiejus e sadazimota odacrem ed saruturtse e ozarp ognol on edadilibatner axiab me etnemlareg matluser 28savitacifingis ocuop uo salun adartne sarierrab
841
.)962 .p ,2991 ,refpuK dupa 661 .p ,8891 ,iksoreG( socitlop sovitejbo sues ed oinifed an lairtsudni oartnecnoc an otnemua o e levn o moc merapucoerp es a acitlop ed serodalumrof so uovel e odacrem on ohnepmesed o moc adanoicaler etnemacitametsis tse odacrem ed aruturtse a euq meregus euq socirpme sodatluser ed etnanoisserpmi emulov mu ,sotiecnoc e saidi ed odaruturtse otnujnoc mu uecenroF .ossecus otium evet ohnepmesed-aruturtse amgidarap o ,oa a arap aiug mu omoc asiuqsep ed amargorp mu omoc otnaT 48
.odatsE od oa a 48 arap soapse siautneve sod onrot me setabed so omoc missa ,edadivitarcul e adartne sarierrab ,oartnecnoc ertne oalerroc a odnatset sodacilpa sodutse 07 e 0691 sona son etnemlapicnirp mararefilorp ,inibaL-solyS e niaB ed seiubirtnoc san sodasabmE .odatsE od oauta an sedadiroirp ed oinifed ad otseuq a etnemacigol acoloc euq o ,)acigloncet edadivitavoni ed mla ,sadnev ed oomorp e D&P me sotsag son e acinct ,avitacola aicnicife( sesnemid sa sadot me ohnepmesed mob merugessa euq odacrem ed saruturtse rebecnoc levssopmi etnemlautriv ecerap euq ed lareg siam osulcnoc a racatsed ebac ,siamedA .oaicnerefid ed e otsuc ed snegatnav ed aicntsixe adanoicaler etnemetrof tse sadnev ed sotsuc sod e D&P me sotsag sod edadisnetni a otnauqne ,alacse ed saimonoce savitacifingis ed aneserp ad etnemlaicurc edneped odacrem ed saruturtse sad e saserpme sad acinct aicnicife a :sodacrem sod ,osnetxe rop ,e saserpme sad aicnicife a erbos sotiefe sod oanimreted an ovisiced rotaf mu ,zev aus rop ,adartne arierrab ad etnof A .)sodacrem sod edadilibatsni/edadilibatse ed uarg( odacrem ed saruturtse sad acimnid a erbos omoc meb ,avitacola aicnicife a erbos sotiefe sod oanimreted an avisiced adartne arierrab ad arutla a ,esetns mE .)D&P( otnemivlovnesed e asiuqsep me sotsag seroiam a olumtse revah edop ,sadicelebatse saserpme sad otsuc ed satulosba snegatnav ed es-manigiro adartne sarierrab sa es ;sosrucer sessed osu on aicnicifeni etnerrocer ed oautis amu odnarugifnoc ,sarierrab sasse retnam a sodanitsed ,sadnev ed oomorp e edadicilbup moc sovissecxe sotsag rop adahnapmoca riv etnemetneqerf edop sadicelebatse saserpme sad sotudorp solep serodimusnoc sod aicnreferp an sadaesab adartne sarierrab ed aicntsixe a
avliS ad sevlanoG aicuL anA :odatsE od oa a arap oapsE )01
941
.acimnoce aruturtse-arfni ad serotes sotrec me siatatse saserpme sednarg ed aterid oauta aiv ,adnia ,lit res edop ;sacinct alacse ed saimonoce a on sam ,)seatropxe s oiopa o arap sodatlov uo samirp-sairtam ed sarpmoc ed serodazilartnec somsinacem e somsinagro ed oomorp e otidrc ed ossecnoc aiv( siaicremoc e sariecnanif alacse ed saimonoce a saserpme saidm e saneuqep ed osseca o revomorp ed oditnes on lit res edop odatsE od onevretni a euq uovresbo inibaL-solyS ,oditnes etseN .otseuq me sodacrem son setnegiv adartne sarierrab sad azerutan alep sodanoicidnoc otse sezacife siam acitlop ed sotnemurtsni so euq odnacatsed ,etrop ronem ed saserpme a oiopa on etnatropmi res edop odatsE od oauta a euq ,zev aus rop ,uoredisnoc inibaL-solyS ,sodacrem sod ohnepmesed rohlem mu odnasiv lairtsudni oartnecnoc ed uarg on uo adartne ed seidnoc san etnematerid rirefretni acilbp oa a arap soapse sievssop so moc seapucoerp seroiam raobse meS .odatsE od etrap rop oucexe licfid ed aferat meutitsnoc seuder sasse euq mbmat aicehnocer sam ,sodacrem sod ohnepmesed rohlem mu arap ,missa ,riubirtnoc e oartnecnoc ed sodaredom siam sievn ed oudni an sodaila setrof res mairedop adartne sarierrab sad sievn son seuder euq avatnopa ,oditnes etseN .essigixe o missa acinct aicnicife roiam ed onetbo a euq me sosac soa serotudorp ed oartnecnoc atla a odnatimil ,sadartnecnoc etnemadaredom euq od siam on odacrem ed saruturtse rairc e ravreserp airebac ,oirssecen odnauq ,euq aidnefed niaB ,avissecxe oartnecnoc ad sovitagen sotiefe so raronim e axiab etnemavissecxe oartnecnoc ad saicnicifeni e sadrep sa rative odnasiV .odatsE od lepap od esilna aus me adartne sarierrab sad )etnof ad so sonem e( arutla ad sotiefe so uoigelivirp niaB ,avitcepsrep asse odaroprocni odnet omseM .adartne sarierrab sad setnof sad esilna a moc latnemanrevog oa ed soapse sievssop so razurc rop ,oneta mecerem mbmat ,sasrapse euq adnia ,otiepser esse a inibaL-solyS ed saticlpxe sexelfer sa ,odatsE od lepap od esilna an odnuf siam odi ,adivd mes ,ahnet niaB arobmE
051
.3 olutpac on adamoter res odacrem ed saruturtse sad oamrofsnart ed ossecorp oa inibaL-solyS e niaB rop adubirta aicntropmi acuop ad otseuq A 58
adartne ad amelborp o erbos esafn arem A .seroiretsop sotnemivlovnesed serossimorp arap setnemes sa mtnoc inibaL-solyS e niaB ,acimnid esilna oerid me otnemivom o odulcnoc mahnet on arobmE .)rotua 58 od sofirg( acimnid etnemavitefe megadroba amu ed sotsopusserp soa redneta ,aiedacnesed ale euq searetni sa e oamrofsnart ad levm o odnazilacof ,ed ragul me ,avitarapmoc acittse amu ed oa ecnacla ues maratimil e ,sotpeda sues soa airc erpmes amgidarap etse euq ahlidamra an marac adartne sarierrab sad maratart euq soledom so ,ozarp ognol a oirbliuqe ed sotisiuqer son esilna a rartnecnoc oA .odacrem ed aruturtse ad oamrofsnart ed ,etnemlapicnirp ,e oiutitsnoc ed ossecorp od oacilpxe a osaca orup od uo sanegxe sesetpih ed oirtirc a odnaxied )...( ,etneicifusni artsom es ]adartne sarierrab san odaesab[ euqofne o ,)...( otreba amus me e ocirtsih ,odanimretedirulp ossecorp mu ed ,otsopusserp res edop on oirbliuqe ojuc ,odatluser o omoc sam ,odad mu omoc siam on odacrem od aruturtse a raredisnoc oa ,oilpogilo od esilna emirpmi euq ocimnid oditnes o etnatsbo on ,euq ecehnocer )321-221 .p ,5891( sassoP ,amrof amsem aD
. e sil n a a n s o ci m ni d s ot n e m el e e d , et n e m ati cil p x e , o u d ort ni al e p et n e m o s s o d at art et n e m a d a u q e d a r e s m e d o p o cit sl o p o gil o ot n e m atr o p m o c o d s ot c e p s a s otr e c e u q r ati d er c a ar a p o z ar h e , o cit t s e ai c n r ef er e d o cr a m m u a a d ati mil et n e m a gr al a d ni a s er ot u a s o s o b m a e d e sil n a a
:acimnid etnemetneicifusni adnia es-avalever inibaL-solyS e niaB ed megadroba a euq ,aroh ariemirp an j ,ratnopa ed uoxied on )212 .p ,8591( inailgidoM ,sarbo saud sa uebecer euq moc omsaisutne ednarg od ozujerp meS .odacrem ed saruturtse sad acimnid megadroba amu arap ralucitrap me ,saicnicifusni e sanucal siapicnirp saus ratnopa ebac ,inibaL-solyS e niaB ed oiubirtnoc ad serodavoni siam sotcepsa so odatlasser odneT
i ni b a L - s ol y S e ni a B e d s ai c n i cif u s ni e s a n u c al si a pi c ni r P 2. 4. 2
151
.oerp ed acitlop es-aignirtser lanigiro opecnoc an euq ,)adnagaporp e D&P( atudnoc ed sievirav sartuo ed oaroprocni alep ralucitrap me ,niaB oirprp o ocnifa moc uopicitrap lauq od ,lanigiro oalumrof ad otnemadnuforpa ed orofse o etnatropmi iof ,oditnes etseN .ocisslcoen oa ovitanretla ociret amgidarap ed sutats o ratnetso a odnassap e es-odnadilosnoc ,lairtsudnI aimonocE uo )IO( lairtsudnI oazinagrO adamahc ad oelcn o marutitsnoc e arof marahnag inibaL -solyS e niaB rop sadalumrof )D-C-E( ohnepmesed-atudnoc-aruturtse opit od seisoporp sa ,0591 sona sod lanif od ritrap a J
s ot n e m a r b o d s e D 3. 4. 2
.)sorienoip serotua sod oalumrof a moc setnezidnoc erpmes men( anucal atse rarepus ed oditnes on sorofse soremni uoticsus euq o ,)762 .p ,2991 ,refpuK( aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp on ragoj messedup samrif sad satudnoc sa euq avitacifingis aicnulfni reuqlauq a odirefnoc ozerpsed o etnematsuj odis met socitrc sues rop sadatnopa siam inibaL -solyS e niaB rop odaruguani ohnepmesed-atudnoc-aruturtse euqofne od sanucal sad amu ,aciglodotem ahlocse assed odatluser omoC .)321-221 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( )esilna ed opit etsed etniugesnoc rop e sesiced satsed aicntropmi a iulcxe on euq o( mepmoc o euq saserpme salep sadamot seralucitrap sesiced sad on e ,airtsdni ad acimnoce e acinct aruturtse ad seidnoc sad etnemlaicurc edneped atse euq oliuqan odacrem od oamrofnoc a racilpxe maratilibissop inibaL-solyS e niaB ,siaruturtse sotcepsa so aigelivirp euq megadroba amu rop meratpo oA .odacrem ed saruturtse sa erbos siairaserpme saigtartse ed sotiefe sievssop sod es-atarT .sotnemarbodsed sues sod seacilpmi salep e sacitrc sad aicnrrocer alep ,euqatsed ecerem otnop omitl mU .serossimorp sorutuf sotnemarbodsed ed zapac krowemarf mu odagel meret rop etnemlaugi sam ,sodanacla etnematerid sele rop sodatluser son sanepa on asuoper serotua sessed seiubirtnoc sad aicncifingis laer a euq ,evisulcni ,oinipo ad are )312 .p ,8591( inailgidoM .acimnid esilna amu ed oerid an ovisiced otnemivom mu ,s is rop ,
251
.)5991( elenetnoF rev ,sehlated seroiam araP .)sotirm sues ed sodatluser sod riurfusu ed sezapac sa-odnanrot ,aicnicife roiam mavasserpxe sea saus es sadivrosba mare saserpme( etsurtitna aer an laicepse me ,anacirema-etron acimnoce acitlop ad aiug ed 0891 sona son uivres atsil atse ,larebiloen adno etrof boS .sotsuc sotla ed sea saserpme sad egixe siop ,ossacarf oa adadaf )aicnicife ed svni oa( oilponom ed redop ed acsub a )3( ;)sotilfnoc ed sarodareg os siop ,sairtisnart res a mednet ,merroco odnauq ,amrof reuqlauq ed( sadative res meved oiulnoc ed satudnoc )2( ;)sodalumitse ta e sotieca res medop oartnecnoc ed sodavele sievn( aruturtse arap ohnepmesed ed odni lasuac oaler ad oditnes o moc ,maertsniam od acigl a odnetrevni ,roirepus aicnicife ed atluser odacrem ed )oartnecnoc a e( oinmod o )1( :)44 .p ,1991 ,drehpehS moc odroca ed( sesetpih setniuges san sadaiopa os alocse atsed sesulcnoc sA .AUE solep etnemlapicnirp adivomorp oatnemalugersed ed acitlop an aicnulfni etrof odnecrexe e sadargasnoc setsurtitna seisop san atlovariver odnacovorp ,)sodartnecnoc siam so omsem( sodacrem sod otnemanoicnuf ervil od asefed an ocram mu omoc marigreme sohlabart sojuc ,arud ahnil opurg ovon mu ed etnargetni ,)8791( kroB .R e ,ogacihC ed alocsE odagil ,)8691( relgitS .G racatsed ebac ,IO me maertsniam od saidi sa odnaifaseD .ALCU selegnA soL/ainrfilaC ad edadisrevinU a etnetrev atsen mbmat es-ahnilA .odatsE od onevretni airrtnoc etnemlacidar oisop odnednefed ,ovitanretla onredom ohnimac ed sutats e oproc rahnag mbmat odnatnet iof ogacihC ed alocsE a ,oentlumis sonem uo siam oicni moc ,anera ad otsopo odal oN 68
a e sodacrem sod aruturtse a erbos sea aiv ocimnoce ohnepmesed o rarohlem uo raoiefrepa a sadanitsed sacilbp sacitlop ed sadidem erbos yevrus mu evisulcni mtnoc orvil o ,levsseca megaugnil mE .)ssoR divaD moc atircse amitl atse ,0991 e 0891 ed ,setneqesbus seide san sodaroprocni( odnedecus es marof euq sotnemarbodsed soa oaler me adazilauta al-tnam uorucorp ,onetni amsem a moc ,e )0791 me adacilbup iof oide ariemirp ajuc ,ecnamrofreP cimonocE dna erutcurtS tekraM lairtsudnI( asomaf siam arbo aus uorobale otiutni etse moC .saidi savon sad rodanimessid ed lepap o rahnepmesed uorucorp rerehcS .ocisslcoen otulosba oinmod o moc odnepmor 68 ,maertsniam omoc D-C-E amgidarap od oaxif ed ossecorp osorogiv o arap odniubirtnoc ,megiro ued euq acimnoce arutaretil asnetxe an osserpxe ,olif osoredop omoc uigreme sodartnecnoc sodacrem me saserpme sednarg sad etnecserc redop o ranalabartnoc arap odatsE od lepap od onrot me seapucoerp ed oxie o ,ralucitrap mE .amgidarap ovon od osufid e oatieca roiam an es-aizudart saciret seisoporp sad riartxe aidop es euq ovitamron opocse od aicngnarba roiam ad somret me ohnag O
351
.)862 .p ,2991 ,refpuK( sievzilareneg ocuop osac ed sodutse soremni rop odatnemivap adas mes oceb mu me lairtsudni oazinagro ed sairoet sad maertsniam o uogoj oatatsnoc assE .siamed sad etracsed o e siasuac sexenoc siapicnirp sad oacifitnedi a airaiciporp odadutse otejbo od sedadiralucitrap sad otnemicehnoc o edno ,odacrem ed satercnoc seautis me odidneerpa etnemacitilana res airedop s ossI .sealer sasse arap saentlumis seulos rartnocne ed edadissecen ad e sealer sad edadilasuac alpitlm ad etnaid adiceuqarfne ias siam o odut ed edneped odut euq me ociret oledom mu ed arodazinagro arof a ,sadigr sonem sedadilasuac ed aicntsixe ad oatieca a moC .sairogetac srt sa ertne savitaretni sealer sad emaxe o arap adatlov acirpme asiuqsep ed ahnil amu odnaruguani ,ohnepmesed e atudnoc ,aruturtse ed sievirav sa ertne kcab-deef ed sotiefe sievssop sod oaroprocni a setnatropmi soxie sod mu omoc odnet ,searetla e seatpada odnerfos iof lanoicidart uo acisslc IO ad megadroba a ,siairaserpme saigtartse salep adicrexe aicnulfni odirefnoc otnematart etneicifusni oa otnauq sacitrc salep adavitom adidem aob mE
D - C - E a m gi d a r a p o d e d a dil a s u a c a d a d r e p A
.ocitrc otnemanoitseuq ed ossecorp osnetni mu ed ojob on ,IO ed sairoet sad opocse oirprp od oailpma e D-C-E amgidarap od osiver ed ossecorp levtiveni mu oproc odnamot mbmat iof ,inibaL -solyS e niaB ed sarienoip e sianigiro sealumrof sad ahnil an ranava uorucorp es euq me opmet omsem oa ,euq amelborp O .serodaripsni sues ed saidi sad otirpse o moc odrocased etnargalf me ,etnemzilefni ,snuglA .maraticsus euq sotnemarbodsed sodairav e soremni solep adidem res edop inibaL-solyS e niaB ed aicntropmi A .levjesed ajes oitepmoc ad oivsed o siauq son sosac racifitnedi arap saruges sarger ralumrof licf ocuopmat euq e ,ohnepmesed ed sievjesed sodatluser retbo es arap oitepmoc ed oirssecen uarg o ,iroirp a ,recelebatse licfid euq essecehnocer rerehcS oirprp o arobme ,saserpme sad atudnoc
451
.)6891( gilliW e lomuaB e )2891( gilliW e raznaP ,lomuaB :siapicnirp sohlabart setniuges so es-macatseD 98 .)2991( refpuK e )5991( elenetnoF olpmexe rop rev ,ocipt etsen otsopxe od ossucsid amu araP 88 .)5991( elenetnoF rev ,lairtsudnI oazinagrO me serodazitetnis siapicnirp sod mu omoc rerehcS ed lepap o erbos adahlated siam ossucsid amu araP 78
adanimreted ,ajes uo ,meutitsnoc a euq saserpme sad oudorp ed sonalp sod atnujnoc oanimreted ad odatluser o airtsdni ad aruturtse a euq ednefed oazilamrof ed orofse etrof me adaiopa CMT a ,sievnopsid oudorp ed sacinct sad sacitsretcarac sad ritrap A .sotsuc mes es-d adas a e ervil adartne a euq me eleuqa omoc levtsetnoc odacrem enifed es euq odnes , ozarp ognol a sonem olep oerp ed oaxif ed edadrebil revah on ,levtsetnoc rof odacrem mu es ,euq lartnec aidi A .gilliW .R e raznaP .J ,lomuaB .W setneopxe sues omoc met ,sodacrem 98 ed edadilibatsetnoc e adartne ed oidnoc ed oon an adaiopA )CMT( sievtsetnoC sodacreM sod airoeT )a .axodotro megadroba a moc otnemipmor ed oditnes on etnemaralc ohnuc ed ,acisslc IO ad snegiro sa missa odniart ,socisslcoen soa sonroter ed matart es euq amelborp O .soilpogilo soa adacilpa sogoj sod airoet a e sievtsetnoc sodacrem sod airoet a :0791 sona sod ritrap a j ,oapse ratupsid a marassap sotnemarbodsed siod ,)D-C-E( ociret amgidarap ues ed e acisslc )IO( lairtsudnI oazinagrO ed alocsE ad saicnicifusni e setimil sod onrot me etabed oirprp on oreb moC
88
I O a v o N a m u e d a c s u B m e a ci s s l C I O a m o c s ot n e mi p m o R
.ohnepmesed e atudnoc ,aruturtse ertne oaler ad esilna 78 an megiro moc ,acilbp acitlop ad oa adubirta aicntropmi odived ,IO ad oidart setnecnetrep sosoidutse sod mu odaredisnoc erpmes rotua o ,otnatne on ,ossid rasepA .uonigiro o e serodalumrof sues uoripsni euq edadilasuac ad adrep D-C-E amgidarap o rizudnoc a uoduja rerehcS ,aciret ahnil assed otxet-orvil uo launam otelpmoc siam o recerefo e lairtsudnI oazinagrO ed amargorp on sociret sotnemivlovnesed sovon so raroprocni ed orofse etnenamrep ues on ,etnemacinorI
551
.latipac od edadilibom ervil sotnemidepmi ed aicntsixeni ed acisslcoen esetpih ahlev ad anahlemes ,sodacrem setnerefid son saserpme sad otnemitsevni ed sesiced sad oavitefe a metilibissopmi euq socimnoce uo sianoicutitsni soieuqolb ed aicntsixeni a ritimda acifingis euq o ,sadalatsni j saserpme sad oudorp ed sodotm soa e aigoloncet osseca ervil o edadilibatsetnoc ad edadeirporp artuo A .serodimusnoc sod aicnreferp ad aengomoh oiubirtsid atsopus an adaiopa ,nilrebmahC ed acitsloponom aicnrrocnoc ed oledom od acireh esetpih adicehnoc ahlev asson ad anahlemes ,sodicerefo soivres/sotudorp sod )savitejbus uo savitejbo( sedadilauq setnerefid s oaler me rodimusnoc od anerefidni ed aticlpmi esetpih amu reuqer euq o ,otudorp od oaicnerefid ad sadavired sadalatsni saserpme sa arap snegatnav ed aicnsua a odacrem mu ed edadilibatsetnoc ad arodinifed edadeirporp ariemirp A 09
sotsiverp sorcul so razilaer eugesnoc e ,adartne-rp ,odacrem on setnegiv soerp sod somret me edadivitarcul a ailava etnassergni O .odacrem od aias etnassergni o euq atsab sadalatsni saserpme sad soerp aiv oaer amu ed uo ossecusni mu ed osac on siop , esetpih rop uecelebatse es omoc odacrem on setnegiv soerp son esab moc atief ajes etnartne ad edadilibatner ed oailava a euq etimrep sotsuc mes adas atsE )3 .)ias e orcul azilaer ,artne aserpme a( nur-dna-tih opit od sesrucni a sievrenluv sievtsetnoc sodacrem so acoloc euq o ,etnartne o arap sovitacifingis )stsoc-knus( sievrepucerri sotsuc h on adas sarierrab ed aicnsuA )2 .sadalatsni j sa euq sotsuc 09 ed e adnamed ed seidnoc samsem sa moc rarepo medop saserpme savon sa ,ajes uo ;sotsuc ed e )otudorp od edadienegomoh ed ralimis oautis odnaziretcarac( adnamed ed savruc siaugi moc odnatnorfed es saserpme sa sadot moc ,etimil mes e ervil adartne a ,sianoicutitsni e sacigloncet sarierrab mes adartne sarierrab ed aicnsuA )1 :)levtsetnoc etnematiefrep odacrem od sotisiuqer( siapicnirp sesetpih setniuges san es-aipa CMT A .odacrem ed salecrap sa e oudorp ed satuap savitcepser sa ,saserpme sad sohnamat ed oiubirtsid a e oremn o airinifed oarugifnoc atsE .)etra-ad -odatse( sievnopsid oudorp ed sacinct seidnoc sa moc e esilna me odacrem od osnemid a moc etnetsisnoc sneb ed rotev mu ed oudorp a arap etneicife lairtsudni aruturtse ed oarugifnoc a ,missa ,racifitnedi levssop .oudorp e soerp ed serotev soa etnemaenatlumis e anegdne
651
.setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne a ralumitsesed a ozar acin a rof edadivitidabus a es ,omit etnemlaicos res edop etnatluser oilponom o ,airtsdni an sadanoicasnart sedaditnauq ed etnaveler axiaf a adot me avitidabus sotsuc ed onuf a es ,missA 19
)stsoc-knus( sievrepucerri sotsuc ed on uo aicntsixe ad ralucitrap me ,)sotsuc ed senuf ,es-adnetne( sodacrem sod sacisb seidnoc sad aterid aicnqesnoc ohnepmesed o ,airoet asse araP .setnarepo elen saserpme sa ertne aicnrrocnoc a euq od etnatropmi siam odacrem odanimreted mu me adartne alep atupsid a CMT an euq ,missa ,es-amrifaeR 19.saicntsnucric satrec bos ,avititepmoc essof es omoc rarepo redop ale ,odacrem on euta aserpme amu sanepa ,etimil on ,odnauq omsem ,euq ed a aidi A .aicnicife ed adrep adagela a mes ,sadartnecnoc saruturtse ed aicntsixe ad edadilibissop a rartsnomed maracsub CMT ad serotua so ,atiefrep edadilibatsetnoc a bos odnanoicnuf sievtsetnoc ed mla sodacrem so ranrot matimrep euq laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ad seautis sievssop odnasilanA .sovititepmoc ,somit sievn me rarepo a rarof sa ,aaema arem aus a uo ,avitefe adartne a euqrop ,avisuloc amrof ed es-ratropmoc metnet uo odacrem ed salecrap sednarg mahnet setnetsixe saserpme sa euq atropmi on ,sacarf os sarierrab sa eS .odacrem od oaruturtse a arap lapicnirp arof a seroditepmoc sovon ed laicnetop adartne A .oirdnuces lepap ahnepmesed airtsdni ad anretni aruturtse a ,edadilibatsetnoc ad airoet ad serodalumrof so araP .laicnetop a mis e avitefe aicnrrocnoc a on etnatropmi o ,sarvalap sartuo mE .sodacrem setnerefid sod adas e adartne ed seidnoc s siarutan satsopser os sedutita saus e ,sodacrem sod oarugifnoc a arap etnanimreted siaicnetop setnartne sod otnematropmoc o euq ad es-avireD .sadalatsni j saserpme sad otnematropmoc o erbos saicnqesnoc semrone met odacrem on serotudorp sovon ed adartne ed aaema arem A .)levtsetnoc ,otnatrop( levtnetsus -on etnatluser anegdne oarugifnoc a euq me sairtsdni san saserpme ed adas e adartne ervil alep odarugessa oirbliuqe O .odacrem on oarepo me saserpme sad soerp ed searetla sa euq etnemadipar siam rerroco edop adartne a euq ropus a elaviuqe euq o ,soerp sues medum sadicelebatse saserpme sa euq setna
751
.aserpme lat rop odarboc res oerp lauq e odacrem etsen rartne aserpme lauq ranimreted arap oitepmoc ritsixe es-epus ,etnemavitarcul rarepo elen assop aserpme amu sanepa euq oneuqep ot ajes odacrem o euq omseM 29
sod edadilibatsetnoc soluctsbo so erbos o-odnacoloc ,saserpme sad ohnamat e oremn o erbos euqofne o etnemairotagirbo acitlop oa ad avariter setneicife sadartnecnoc saruturtse ed edadilibissop A .acilbp onevretni ad azerutan an osrevni a uitimrep CMT A .etnaid rop missa ,e oneuqep rof serotudorp ed oremn o es etnemos atief etneicife siam oudorp a oilpogilo o arap medi ;rotudorp ocin mu revuoh es sanepa otsuc ronem oa atief oudorp a lauq on eleuqa larutan oilponom mu ,missA .satnalp sad aicnicife ad ritrap a atief res edop odacrem ed samrof sad oacifissalc A .sadartnecnoc siam odacrem ed samrof sa moc arap sotiecnocerp mes ,roirepus amrof amu ed aroga e ,ratse-meb oa avel son levsivni om a ,etnemavoN .siamron sorcul euq od siam adan mebecrep on e etneicife arienam ed marepo ,sosrucer ed oacola atiefrep sosoicinrep omoc aixodotro alep sotsiv setna ,sodartnecnoc sodacrem ,edadilibatsetnoc atiefrep ed seidnoc me laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ad oa a bos ,amus mE .odacrem on setnetsixe saserpme ed oremn 29 od etnecserc onuf amu etnemairassecen on sosrucer ed oacola an aicnicife a ,siamedA .saserpme sad soirsiced sossecorp so ertne aicndnepedni e otudorp od edadienegomoh ,odacrem od edadicimota ed siausu sesetpih sad edneped on edadilibatsetnoc ed oon a ,CMT an ,euq anerefid A .)3 .p ,1991 ,aniraF( odacrem ed sianoicidart soledom sod soerp ed arodamot aserpme alep odahnepmesed lepap o erpmuc adas e adartne adipr a ,atiefrep edadilibatsetnoc aN .oudorp an saicnicifeni ed aicntsixeni a oacilpmi artuo ,etnemagolanA .essecetnoca ossi euq airidepmi laicnetop aicnrrocnoc a siop ,soirnidroartxe sorcul ed aicntsixe on a mbmat acilpmi sievtsetnoc sodacrem sod adas an sotsuc revah on ed otaf O .aciret ourtsnoc atsed setnatropmi siam sotnemele sod mu sotsuc mes edadilibisrever A .siaruturtse sodad sortuo so omsem uo saserpme sad atudnoc a odnatropmi ocuop ,etnartne o arap sovitacifingis
851
.)575 .p ,4891 ,drehpehS( ogacihC ed alocsE ad sievn so redecxe a magehc euq aicnicife otnauq satsimito ot os .la te lomuaB 49 .etsurtitnA osiviD ad seejbo sad otiepsed a ,)88-5891( sanacirema saera sahnil san sesuf ed eirs a racifitsuj arap adasu iof CMT a euq atneilas )1991( drehpehS ,serotua/s ed seejbo sad rasepA 39
)3
)2
.etnemavissap sotieca ,sievloivni sortemrap matneserper soerp so e saserpme sad sacigtartse searedisnoc sa arap oapse h on ,opmet osnemid a mes ,missa odneS .aigoloncet adad amu ed odnedneped sodatluser so sodot moc ocittse oledom mu me es-maiesab CMT ad sesulcnoc sa :acitrc ed otnop ortuO .savissap etnematiefrep os etnemahnartse 49 sadicelebatse saserpme sa ;)laicurc ociret otnemele omoc adas ed seidnoc( sanretni sa manimod sanretxe seidnoc sa euq azitafne ;sotsuc mes adas ed e ervil adartne ed sesetpih s odived sievtsetnoc etnemselpmis ed svni oa servil-artlu sodacrem ed oledom mu ed ,edadrev an ,atart atse euq eregus :CMT ad sesetpih sad odacifingis o odnaterpretni ,weiveR cimonocE naciremA an odacilbup ogitra me ,4891 me j CMT setnednutnoc sacitrc uotneserpa drehpehS .W .sadicelebatse saserpme sad etrap rop soerp ed searetla sa euq od etnemadipar siam arroco adartne a euq ed edadilibissop ad e sievrepucerri sotsuc ed aicntsixeni ad etnemacisab edneped euq ,etneicife oarugifnoc ad larutan oeles ed ossecorp o erbos es-marartnec CMT sacitrc siapicnirp sA .)racifitnedi a raduja 39 airedop CMT airprp a euq( oaluger ed e setsurtitna siel sad lepap on rc siop ,samertxe siarebil sa men samertxe satsinoicnevretni seisop sa men raiopa aidneterp on CMT A .socimnoce samelborp so sodot evloser odacrem o ;saicnicifeni ed arodareg onevretni ed amrof reuqlauq euq ed aidi etropus rad aidneterp on CMT a euq odnazitafne ,etnemroiretsop ,maranoicisop es serotua siapicnirp sueS .sesufnoc samugla uoreg edadilibatsetnoc atiefrep ed aidi A .)atiefrep edadilibatsetnoc ed oautis a aicnrefer omoc odnet ,odatsE oa airebac oomer aus( sodacrem
)1
951
.)962 .p ,2991 ,refpuK( atid etnemairporp azetrecni ad euq od )1291( htginK ed ocsir od oditnes on siam euq meb es ,orutuf oa otnauq sazetrecni sadizudortni res ,sodacitsifos siam sogoj me otief omoc ,odnedop ,savitatcepxe me sadaesab etnememrif os satudnoc sA 59
.sanegdne sievirav sa os ohnepmesed o e aruturtse a otnauqne ,sanegxe sievirav sa sadaredisnoc os 59satudnoc sa e sacisb seidnoc sA .sodacrem sod esilna acigtartse oresni a odnaroprocni ,)ocigtartse otxetnoc mu me odnagoj( saserpme sad otnematropmoc on oagitsevni a artnec etnerroc asse ,sea sad aicndnepedretni ad atnoc rad odnacsuB .)962-862 .p ,2991 ,refpuK( )soilpoud ,lareg me( oilpogilo od sairoet sad soidrmirp soa sodagil etnemacisab ,sortuo uo hsaN ,dnartreB ,tonruoC ed soledom so missa odnatagser ,on uo avitarepooc amrof ed ,sievirav sartuo uo soerp ,sedaditnauq matsuja satse lauq on saserpme sad oirbliuqe ed otnematropmoc mu es-alumrof ,)noitazinagrO lairtsudnI weN adanimoned( soilpogilo soa adacilpa sogoj sod airoet aN .odal ed sadaxied marof D-C-E opit od sassimerp sa lauq an ,sogoj sod airoet me adaesab lairtsudni oazinagro ed esilna ed avitanretla etnerroc amu ed otnemigrus o uoicneserp 0791 ed adacd A )OAJT( soilpogilO soa adacilpA sogoJ sod airoeT )b .)IO ed sairoet sad onava o acsub euq e opocse ed saimonoce e sotsuc ed edadivitidabus ed sosac moc atart euq ,adazilamrof otudorpitlum esilna amu raiciporp rop es-acatsed( sodalumrof j sotiecnoc ed lanigiro oalucitra a CMT ad seiubirtnoc sad amU .sacitslopogilo seidnoc bos sodacrem sod aicnicife ad otnemua od lorp me acilbp oa ad sedadilibissop sa erbos omoc missa ,oudorp ed amit atnalp e odacrem ed ohnamat ertne sossapmocsed sod setnerroced saicnicifeni ed aicnrroco levvorp ad onrot me inibaL-solyS e niaB rop adivlovnesed roiretna oatnemugra a adot mbmat arongI .sanredom sairtsdni san aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp laer o arongi sievtsetnoc sodacrem sod airoet a ,satsilaerri etnemacnarf sesetpih ed satsuc s aditnarag ,sadalatsni saserpme salep sadimussa seisop sad edadilibatsetnoc ad otseuq esilna a rizuder oA
061
.aigolodotem aus ed mbmat omoc ,sociret sodatluser e otnemivlovnesed ues ed sanepa on oisopmi alep ,lanoicidart aimonoceorcim a moc IO ad oacifinu a revomorp ed mif o moc adazilamrof etnematla megaugnil alep mamirp sogoj sod airoet an sadaiopa sesilna sa ,rodazimixam e lanoicar ,ocigtartse otnematropmoc o odnaroprocnI .socisslcoen soledom son aticlpmi aigolodotem a odnimussa IO avoN an anroter aroga ,otnemipmor od sovitom sod mu me etnemataxe uiutitsnoc es euq ,oartsba arup an odatnemadnuf odotm O .)3 .p ,5991 ,elenetnoF( oartsba ed uarg odavele mu a atlov amu euq omoc ahnesed ,sogoj sod airoet ad latnemurtsni od oazilitu alep atneserpa es omoc amrof ad ,ejoh e acisslcoen aimonoceorcim ad oa ovitanretla etnemlaicini ociglodotem ohnimac mu uiuges lanoicidart IO ad airoet ad aciftneic ourtsnoc ed ossecorp o ,amus mE .oirbliuqe od acsub an sadaclac atudnoc ed sarger rop uo oauta ed sodacrem sues ed siaruturtse sedadicificepse salep satsopmi seanimreted sa oditaxe moc odnirpmuc ,adatropmoc meb amrof ed maiga samrif sa lauq on )saxodotro-on sesrev san( ossecorp mu uo )saxodotro sesrev san( odatse mu omoc aicnrrocnoc a mavalutsop ,lairtsudni oazinagro ed uo sacisslcoen ,sacimnoceorcim sairoet sad maertsniam o euq racatsed oa otnop etse meb emuser )072 .p ,2991( refpuK .lautibah otnemasnep oa sasrevni etnemlaretil sesulcnoc a avel euq ,saserpme sad satudnoc sa erbos seisopus me asserpxe ,laicnerrocnoc edadilavir a otnop lat a odnazitafne ,siairaserpme satudnoc sad ocitsnimreted retrac on es-arocse IO avoN a ,sogoj sod airoet ad latnemurtsni on adaiopA
ed uarg od acreca searedisnoc a es-egnirtser adidneerpme sele rop acimnid ad esilna a mrop ,sodacrem sod omsimanid e ohnepmesed ed e )avitefe e laicnetop( aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sad setnanimreted setnatropmi os siaruturtse sotnemele so euq marecehnoceR :somajeV .anadum ed sossecorp soa sodanoicaler samet racot oa serotua sod zedimit a ratatsnoc arap otiepser a saidi siapicnirp saus rerrocrep atsaB .saruturtse sassed oamrofsnart ed serotaf son sonem e ozarp ognol a )edadilibatse( oirbliuqe ed sotisiuqer son siam sesilna saus rartnec rop maratpo inibaL-solyS e niaB ,)sodacrem sod oartnecnoc aicndnet a moc mavatse euq sodapucoerp( siairtsudni saruturtse sad oatum etnenamrep ad setneic etnematrec arobmE
si e v t s e ai c n r r o c n o c e d s e i d n o c e o d a c r e m e d a r ut u rt s E 1. 1. 3
.odacrem ed saruturtse sairprp sad oamrofsnart e oiutitsnoc ad ozarp ognol ed setnanimreted soa ,otnatertne ,aicntropmi acuop mareD .ohnepmesed ed e aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc saus erbos sodacrem sod siaruturtse sacitsretcarac sad aicnulfni ad odutse o arap marubirtnoc otium inibaL-solyS e niaB
s o d a c r e m s o d o m si m a ni d s u s r e v e d a dili b at s e e d s e i d n o C 1. 3
aicnrrocnoc ad acimnid airoet amu a oerid me :ldnietS
261
oirbliuqe ed odacrem ed aruturtse a racifitnedi uorucorp inibaL -solyS ,odacrem ed e sacinct seidnoc sadad ed odnitrap ,missA .saserpme salep adatnerfne laicini oautis a mavaziretcarac euq socimnoce e socinct sodad sod ecaf me ,)oerp raretla me sadicelebatse saserpme sad esseretni od esilna aiv( avitefe e )setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne ed sedadilibissop sad esilna aiv( laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ad seidnoc sa uodutse ,sarvalap sartuo mE .searetla savon revomorp ed saserpme sassed etrap rop esseretni reuqlauq h on lauq an oautis avon amu essecelebatse es euq ta )setnartne siaicnetop uo sadalatsni j( saserpme sad sotnemivom so uogitsevni rotua o ,etnemairotaela sadamot sacimnoce e sacinct seidnoc rop adinifed laicini oautis amu ed odnitraP .inibaL-solyS me aralc etnemralucitrap ozarp ognol a odacrem ed aruturtse ad edadilibatse ed sotisiuqer sod esilna A .seavoni ed osufid e oareg ed sossecorp sod arodamrofsnart arof asoredop a sesilna saus me raroprocni ed odnaxied ,anadum etnemetrof metsiser ,sadicelebatse zev amu ,euq ,edadilibatse ed uarg otla moc saruturtse omoc soilpogilo e soilponom so marahlO .aruturtse ad seamrofsnart sa racilpxe mairatilibissop euq ,otnemitsevni ed sesiced sad ralucitrap me ,siairaserpme sesiced sad airoet amu a oerid me ranava atimrep son euq lareg siam oalumrof amu marecerefo on sam ,aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp oirprp od megrus euq seacifidom e sea satrec ed oturf ,artuo arap odacrem ed aruturtse amu ed oulove a es-acifirev ,)levtse oarugifnoc amu omoc adidnetne( ozarp ognol ed oirbliuqe ed oautis amu a oerid me otnemivom on ,euq maratatsnoC .aiedacnesed euq searetni sa e odacrem od oamrofsnart ad acimnid asse ,airtsih asse rasilana edop es omoc maressid on sam ,otreba e odanimretedirulp ,ocirtsih ossecorp mu ed atluser otnemom odad mu me airtsdni adanimreted me etnegiv odacrem ed aruturtse a euq maritimdA .oirbliuqe ed oisop amu arap mahnimac setse otnauqne adartne sarierrab sad arutla odaicossa sodacrem sod edadilibatsni/edadilibatse
361
.etnaida somerev emrofnoc ,)V .pac ,2591( ldnietS me oralc siam tse otnop etsE .setnerrocnoc soa ovisserga on sadnev ed orofse ed lamron levn mu airevah ,ajes uO 1
.adnev ed siaicepse sorofse men )2.2 ;)sievslupxe etnemlicaf e atsopser ed edadicapac mes ,siegrf siam setnerrocnoc artnoc ,lareg me ,es-anoicerid oilpogilo me ,sila ,ooda ajuc( oerp ed savisserga sacitlop men )1.2 :sadicelebatse saserpme sa ertne aicnrrocnoc ed avisserga aigtartse reuqlauq ed ooda aicndnet h on )2 ;sazerutan sasrevid ed adartne sarierrab ed aicntsixe an sodaiopa ,adartne ed sovitidepmi ozarp ognol ed soerp ed sievn ed ecaf me setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne aicndnet h on )1 :seidnoc satse bos ,euq rezid es-edop ,serotua sessen esab moC .sacitslopogilo odacrem ed saruturtse sad edadilibatse ed seidnoc sad samugla racifitnedi arap marubirtnoc inibaL-solyS e niaB ,esetns mE .)sodaicossa sele a ozarp ognol ed etimil-oerp etnednopserroc o e( adartne ed oidnoc ad serolav sievssop sod esilna aus an ,niaB me sodartnocne res medop seralimis sodatluser ,inibaL-solyS ed socirmun soiccrexe socitdid sod oilxua o mes arobmE .)sadnev ed laicepse orofse( sadnev ed savisserga 1 sacitlop arap oavitom on )3( :oidnoc ariecret amu ,otne ,riulcni es-eved edadilibatse ed seidnoc sa ertnE .sotudorp ed oaicnerefid a rahnapmoca mamutsoc euq sadnev ed orofse me sadaiopa saigtartse sa mbmat regnarba odnedop ,soerp a egnirtser es on aicnrrocnoc ed amrof a ,osac etseN .sodaicnerefid sotudorp ed aicntsixe a raroprocni a odom ed sadailpma etnemlicaf res medop ,)oengomoh otudorp moc( orup odartnecnoc oilpogilo od osac od esilna a moc saditbo ,sesulcnoc satsE .saserpme ed adas e adartne aicndnet h on )2( e oerp ed savisserga sacitlop arap oavitom h on )1( :euq odom ed ,aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sad edadilibatse ed oautis etnednopserroc
461
a moc( oudorp ed salacse ed osrepsid ad edadilaer an maicnedive es euq e sovitudorp sossecorp so raziretcarac mamutsoc euq sacigloncet sedadiunitnocsed s sanepa on sadived ,)setnartne siaicnetop sa ertne mbmat e( sadicelebatse saserpme sa ertne sanerefid setnatropmi ed aicntsixe a marecehnocer inibaL-solyS omoc niaB otnaT
s o d a c r e m s o d a ci m ni d a n s ai rt e mi s s a s a d l e p a P 2. 1. 3
.sadimuser amica ,odacrem ed saruturtse sad edadilibatse ed seidnoc sad acreca sesulcnoc saus ed edadilav a egnirtser euq o ,inibaL-solyS e niaB ed esilna an atnoc me sodavel etnemadived marof on euq ,socimnid sotiefe setnatropmi etnemetnatimocnoc zudorp ,sadailpma snegram sasse rareg rop etnematsuj ,mbmat sam ,orcul ed snegram seroiam ratnetsus ed sezapac )sotsuc ed siaicnerefid son sadatnessa( adartne sarierrab sasoredop sanepa on areg alacse ed saimonoce ed aneserp a euq ed opecrep aterroc alep raemoc a ,aicnrrocnoc ad acimnid airoet amu a oerid me setnatropmi sossap ued ldnietS ,esilna ed otejbo etse regele oA .siairtsudni saruturtse sad omsimanid ed seidnoc sad odutse o uiugesrep )2591 e 5491( ldnietS ,sodacrem sod edadilibatse ed seidnoc sa erbos seneta saus marartnecnoc inibaL-solyS e niaB otnauqnE .)sadnev e oiubirtsid ,oudorp ed sotsuc so regnarba a odom ed ,alpma amrof ed sadidnetne( alacse ed saimonoce sad aicnveler ad osnetxe a arap euqatsed moc ,adartne sarierrab sad azerutan a e arutla a otse seidnoc sassed esetns otnemele ed lepap odnahnepmeseD .sacifcepse )adnamed ad edadicitsale e odacrem od osnetxe( odacrem ed seidnoc a e )ocinct etnemairporp odad o( otudorp ed oaicnerefid ed e oudorp ed seidnoc a adaicossa tse ,etnemasicerp siaM .edadilibatse ed oautis adanimreted aleuq megiro mared euq odacrem ed e sacigloncet seidnoc ed onujnoc adad amu a ,odom ossorg ;siaruturtse sotnemele ed oarugifnoc atrec amu a adaicossa tse adnev ed orofse ed levn od e )orcul ed snegram sad e( oerp od ,odacrem ed aruturtse ad edadilibatse assE
561
,aires serotua setse rop atircsed )edadilibatse( ozarp ognol ed oirbliuqe ed oautis a euq rezid edop es euq odom ed ,saserpme sad otnemicserc ed laicnetop ed e odacrem od otnemicserc ed axat ed laicepse onujnoc adanimreted amu :ajes lauq ,odacrem ed aruturtse ad oamrofsnart-on a rarugessa a odom ed ,ralucitrap otium lanoicida oidnoc amu ,edadrev an ,airigixe )amica satsopxe marof sadireuqer saminm seidnoc sajuc e( inibaL-solyS e niaB rop adidneterp edadilibatse ed oautis A .ardnegne otnemicserc omsem esse euq sanretxe saimonoce rop e alacse ed sanretni saimonoce salep sadanoislupmi ,mecserc saserpme saus euq me ossap omsem on ,sodacrem sod levn me oartnecnoc etnecserc ad oditnes on otnemivom etse omoc rartsnomed ,siameda ,e lairtsudni aruturtse ad otnemivom etnenamrep oa oslupmoc amu h ,satircsed etnemroiretna saserpme ertne edadienegoreteh ed seidnoc samsem sa bos etnemataxe ,omoc rartsom uorucorp ldnietS ,otaf eD .ossid etnematsuj ratart a es-ahnupsid ldnietS .odacrem ed saruturtse sad sacimnid seidnoc sa erbos aterraca etnemairassecen orcul ed snegram e sotsuc ed siaicnerefid so ,ralucitrap me saserpme ertne sanerefid sad otnemicehnocer o euq seacilpmi sa ratart ed maraxied ,edadilibatse ed seidnoc sa ragitsevni rop odatpo meret oa ,inibaL-solyS e niaB ,odacrem ed saruturtse sa macram euq setnatropmi sotnemele sessed opecrep ad rasepA .sadicelebatse saserpme sa sadot a sievsseca on alacse ed saimonoce ed aneserp ad ,ralucitrap me ,etnerroced levnimileni e acesnrtni sotsuc ed oaicnerefid euqatsed ed lepap marubirta ,etnemlanoicidA .)sadanoicisop roip s sadanoicisop rohlem sad( saserpme ed aiuqrareih atrec amu a megiro odnad ,sanerefid sartuo ertne ,orcul ed snegram e soerp ,)sadnev e oiubirtsid ,oudorp ed( sotsuc ,etrop ed somret me ,saserpme ed aengoreteh oalupop amu rop ,lareg me ,maziretcarac es sairtsdni sa euq ,missa ,marecehnoceR .sotudorp ed oaicnerefid adaicossa etnemlarutan edadisrevid mbmat sam ,)airtsdni amsem amu me aserpme ed sohnamat setnerefid ed otnemom adac a aicntsixeoc
661
1 olutpac ues on sadatneserpa sa ralucitrap me ,ssenisuB giB dna llamS ,orvil oriemirp ues on ,5491 me sadizudortni seisoporp sad enrec o ,)2591 ed( msilatipaC naciremA eht fo noitangatS dna ytirutaM orvil on ,odanava e odadnuforpa evisulcni e odamoter ahnet ldnietS arobmE 2
.)3 e 2 ,1 .spac ,2891( seramiuG rop adicehnocer mbmat ldnietS ed seiubirtnoc sad aicnveler A .)3891( ohnituoC e )851-751 .p ,5891( sassoP rev ,otnop etse erboS 3 .oilpogilo o lartnec aicnrefer omoc odnet ,sodacrem sod acimnid e aruturtse ad odutse od aicntropmi a arap etnematerroc atnopa euq oxelfer amu ed es -atart ,atelpmocni arobmE .)551 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( alacse ed saimonocesed sad aiclaf a raicnedive e alacse ed saimonoce sa razirolaver atissecen euq o arap ,ohnamat o moc oaler adraug sotsuc ed aruturtse a omoc ed e ;savititepmoc seidnoc e sotsuc ed laer osrepsid a rirbocne oa ,asonagne avitatneserper amrif ad alep airtsdni ad aruturtse ad esilna a riutitsbus ed avitatnet a omoc rartsom oa etnematsuj ,acisslcoen avitanretla airoet amu ed ourtsnoc ed orofse on uohnepmesed euq lartnec lepap olep airtagirbo oatic ed orvil etse ,)avitatneserper amrif a e llahsraM(
;)2591 ed orvil ues od ,III e II ,I solutpac emrofnoc( acimnid esilna amu me sol-iresni odnasiv ,acitrc e osiver ldnietS ed marebecer samet setse ,lanoicidart airoet alep sodaredisnoc arobme :avitudorp edadicapac ed ossecxe e )orcul ed snegram ed e( soerp ed zedigir ;saserpme sad ohnamat od acimnoce aicnveler ad acreca anaillahsram osiv ad acitrc esilna an es-odnaiopa ,5491 ed orvil ues me j ehlated me odacessid otiecnoc :alacse ed saimonoce :es-macatsed ,anaildniets esilna an sodatart samet so ertnE 3.setnatropmi sacitlana seavoni sporp e acimnoceorcim airoet ad siartnec sotiecnoc snugla uiurtsnocer ldnietS ,otnat araP .sacitslopogilo seidnoc bos aicnrrocnoc ad acimnid ad odutse on sociret sonava setnatropmi ratnemadnuf uitimrep e ,saxodotro-on sa omsem ,acimnoce esilna a avangerpmi euq ocittse oirbliuqe ed laicnerefer oa etnemavisiced es-spo ldnietS ,)2591 ed ,msilatipaC naciremA eht fo noitangatS dna ytirutaM e 25491 ed ,ssenisuB giB dna llamS( sohlabart serbelc siod sues mE
a ci m ni d e ai c n r r o c n o c e r b o s l d ni et S e d si a rt n e c s ai dI 2. 3
.etnaida etnedive racif emrofnoc ,ldnietS rop satreboc seautis sa ertned laicepse osac mu ,edadrev an
761
.ocimnoceorcam e orcim esilna ed sievn sod acimnid oalucitra an ocigtartse lepap ues olep es-macatsed )sorcul sod anretni oalumuca e avitudorp edadicapac ed ossecxe ,oerp ed zedigir( sotiecnoc uo samet somitl srt sO 4
sad ohnamat o euq adidem orcul ed saxat sad oavele auntnoc amu moc ,edadilibatner ed aiuqrareih amu ,odom ossorg a ,ednopserroc aserpme ed sohnamat ed aruturtse euq odom ed ,aserpme ad etrop o moc asrevni oaler amu adraug otsuc ed aruturtse a ,otnatroP .alacse ed saimonocesed rop sievnimile -on e )saserpme saneuqep s sievssecani ,otnatrop ,e( alacse ednarg me oudorp sadaicossa otsuc ed snegatnav metsixe ,sarvalap sartuo mE .seroiam saserpme s mbmat sievsseca os sealatsni saneuqep a satreba saimonoce sa ,ortuo ed ,e saserpme sednarg s sanepa sievnopsid os saimonoce satrec ,odal mu ed ,euq uovresbo )13-82 .p ,5491( rotua o ,otaf eD .sodacrem so raziretcarac mamutsoc euq saserpme ertne orcul ed snegram ed e otsuc ed siaicnerefid sod etnanimreted lapicnirp o alacse ed saimonoce s osseca on airtemissa a ,ldnietS moc odroca eD .)siaicnetop e sovitefe( setnerrocnoc solep sadanrotnoc meres ed siecfid savititepmoc snegatnav setnatropmi ed esab a meutitsnoc satse euq j ,alacse ednarg me sadnev e oiubirtsid ,oudorp ed saimonoce mecelaverp edno odacrem mu ed osac o aires omoc ,setnerrocnoc saserpme sad ohnamat on sanerefid a mednopserroc siaicnerefid sesse odnauq etnemralucitrap ,saserpme sa ertne orcul ed megram e otsuc ed siaicnerefid ed aicntsixe a atnoc me ravel eved acimnid airoet amu euq ed opecrep aterroc ad uitrap ldnietS
si e v ni mil e - o n si ai c n e r efi d s o r c ul e d et n of : al a c s e e d s ai m o n o c E 1. 2. 3
.riuges a odatneserpa samet sessed acreca rotua od seisoporp siapicnirp sad oirmus mU .)2591 ed orvil ues od ,V olutpac emrofnoc( odacrem ed saruturtse 4 sa erbos latipac ed oalumuca ad acimnid ad sotiefe so edadilanigiro moc uotart ldnietS ,etnemetnerrocer atic meuq a ,ikcelaK me etnemetrof es-odnaiopa e xraM ed seiubirtnoc sa odnamoter :socimnid sotiefe sues e saserpme sad sorcul sod anretni oalumuca
861
.aserpme ad e )odadutse siam levn o( ovitudorp ossecorp uo atnalp ad ,otudorp od levn oa rad es medop siaer alacse ed saimonoce sA 7 .sadurfusu res medop ohnamat ed snegatnav siauq son ,sodacrem sednarg a ,etnemlarutan ,rigirid es a mednet saserpme sednarg euqrop otsI .sairtsdni setnerefid ertne mbmat omoc ,airtsdni amsem amu ed ortned ohnamat ed sessalc setnerefid sa ertne sanepa on acifirev es edadilibatner ed aiuqrareih a ,edadrev aN 6 .aserpme ad etrop o moc atnemua orcul ed megram a euq odom ed ,seroiam sotnemicelebatse sod rovaf a otsuc ed siaicnerefid metsixe ,lareg me ,euq ed oamrifa a moc maroborroc euq sacirpme saicndive salpma ed aicntsixe a uotnopa ldnietS )VI .pac( 2591 ed orvil ues me ,oditnes omsem oN 5
,redop esse marofer ,odal ortuo rop ,adartne sarierrab ed aicntsixe ad setnerroced ,saserpme sa ertne odacrem ed redop ed sanerefid metelfer odal mu rop es ,sorcul ed siaicnerefid so euq uozitafne ldnietS .savitalumuc os saserpme sednarg sad snegatnav sa euq raicnedive etimrep euq ,siaicnerefid sessed socimnid sotiefe so erbos lanigiro oagitsevni amu ,)2591 ed orvil ues( roiam arbo aus me ,redneerpme iof ldnietS ed etniuges ossap o ,etrop roiam ed saserpme sad rovaf me sievnimile -on siaicnerefid sorcul e sotsuc ed aicntsixe a adicehnoceR
s o d a c r e m s o d o a rt n e c n o c e s a vit al u m u c s n e g at n a v : o r c ul e ot s u c e d si ai c n e r efi d s o d s o ci m ni d s oti ef E 2. 2. 3
.odacrem on avititepmoc oisop rohlem amu ed e )oerp roiam rop ajes ,otsuc ronem rop ajes( orcul ed megram roiam ed onetbo a ohnamat roiam ed etnerrocnoc oa metnarag ,meratsefinam es oa ,sabmA .)otudorp oirprp on ajes ,somusni son ajes( soerp serohlem ed onetbo ed redop oa sadaicossa sairtenom etnemarup snegatnav ed uo sosrucer sod oazilitu an 7siaer saimonoce ed ravired medop ohnamat oa sadaicossa savititepmoc snegatnav sA .)oriedadrev 6 on oirrtnoc o e( etrop oneuqep ed saserpme s sievssecani e sievnimile-on snegatnav satrec satreba os seroiam saserpme s ,somiv omoc ,euq j ,seronem saserpme sa euq od satla siam orcul ed saxat ,lareg me ,mt seroiam saserpme sa ozarp ognol on ,aicnqesnoc mE 5.)03 .p ,5491 ,ldnietS( avele es ,latipac olep odidem ,saserpme
961
)2(
)ii
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.avitirtser sonem oacilpa ed res rop ,otiecnoc odnuges etse etnematerid razilitu rop somatpO .licfid ossergni o lauq on airtsdni amu ed osac od esilna an ,)aimonoceorcim adacided ,orcul ed snegram e sotsuc ,oerP( orvil od etraP ariemirP ad etnatropmi siam o etnemadicehnocer ,V olutpaC on eled osu zef e 85 anigp otiecnoc etse uinifed ldnietS .sorcul sednarg mbmat retbo otsuc roiam ed rotudorp o ed ,sairtsdni satium me mumoc ,osac o aroprocni euq odom ed ,on uo lamron orcul ret edop lanigram rotudorp o ,opecnoc atsen ,missA .adirefer amica oidnoc adnuges ad aicngixe a mes ,airtsdni amu ed odavele siam otsuc ed serotudorp so sianigram serotudorp omoc aredisnoc euq ,olpma siam otiecnoc mu odnuges O .)orez odiuql orcul mu ,aidm me ,mairet ,satnuj ,opurg etsed seroip e serohlem sa euq ropus airatsab ,osac etsen( otnujnoc me ,airtsdni adad amu ed seronem saserpme ed opurg oa ,etnemavitanretla ,uo etnemlaudividni )sia(lanigram )se(rotudorp )s(oa adacilpa res edop opecnoc asse euq odnes ,)lamron orcul( otsuc a laugi oerp moc , otsi ,etnedecxe mes e ;otsuc roiam ed rotudorp :seidnoc saud a etnemaenatlumis zafsitas euq ,)llahsraM e odraciR me odaripsni( otirtser siam otiecnoc mu ,16 e 95 a 85 ,02 sanigp s rotua olep odirefer ,oriemirp O :lanigram rotudorp ed sotiecnoc siod a aicnrefer zaf )2591( ldnietS 8
)1(
otrec me , laer ]orcul ed[ megram a lauq on ossecorp odacilpmoc mu h ,odom esseD .acinct oavoni ed ossecorp o moc ,odnadum erpmes otse :saxif os on laicnerefid otsuc ed snegatnav rarugessa arap sedadinutropo sa euq ,siameda ,oralc ahnit )85 .p ,2591( ldnietS .sodacrem sessed omsimanid oirprp od adnia edneped omoc missa 8,)odavele siam otsuc ed serotudorp( sianigram serotudorp sod sacitsretcarac sa ,ralucitrap me ,e setnetsixe otsuc ed siaicnerefid sod edutilpma a ,etnedecerp oartnecnoc ed uarg o omoc siat ,sodacrem sod siaruturtse sotnemele ed etnemavisiced mbmat edneped sam ,sadivlovne saserpme sad siaudividni saigtartse e saisarcnissoidi sad edneped etnemaivbo ,zev aus rop ,atsE .otseuq me sairtsdni san aicnrrocnoc ad edadisnetni ad ,etnemlaicurc ,edneped socimnid sotiefe sessed osnetxe A .odacrem ed aruturtse ad anadum ed edadilibissop a erbos ,otnatrop ,e saserpme sad osnapxe ed edadicapac a erbos edadilibatner roiam ad seacilpmi sa ragitsevni a spsid es mbmat sam ,ohnamat ed sanerefid s sodaicossa edadilibatner ed siaicnerefid ed aicntsixe a esilna aus me uoroprocni sanepa on rotua o ,amrof atseD .sodacrem sod oartnecnoc aicndnet levroxeni airacilpxe euq o ,sorcul seroiam moc saserpme sad otnemicserc roiam oa olumtse mu os euq me adidem an
071
.odanimile res odavele siam otsuc ed rotudorp o etnemlevavorp lauq an ,aicnviverbos alep atul amu racovorp ,asnetni etnemetneicifus e laer rof osserp asse odnauQ .laicnerrocnoc osserp amu ,etnemlaicnetop uo laer ,etsixe airtsdni reuqlauq me euq oralc ahnit )85 .p ,2591( ldnietS 01 .)16 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( odavele siam adnia otsuc moc samrif ed ossergni levssop olep reuq ,odavele otsuc ed samrif sad oanimile alep reuq ,acolsed es megram airprp a ,riuges a oralc siam racif omoC 9
,latipac od edadisnetni an seairav e oudorp ad oacifisrevid( sorcul ed anretni oalumuca a arap sievssop soruodaocse sortuo evisulcni odnaredisnoc ,sadicerovaf siam saserpme sad latipac ed oalumuca ed ossecorp oirprp od aicnqesnoc omoc lairtsudni oartnecnoc aicndnet ad acreca rotua od seisoporp sa ralucitrap me ,otiepser etse a ldnietS ed acisb oatnemugra a es-emuser ,riuges A .sotsuc ed seuder sad e ocinct ossergorp ountnoc od sotiefe so atnoc me ravel eved euq ,ozarp ognol oa odirefer amelborp mu ed es-atarT ?)osserp aleuq oreviverbos euq sianigram serotudorp so ,osnetxe rop ,e airtsdni an orcul ed snegram sa ranimreted a arof airprp a ,sila ,euq( airtsdni amu ed roiretni on avititepmoc osserp ad arodaluger asuac a lauq :avisiced otseuq amu ratnerfne uosicerp rotua o ,otnat araP .sodicerovaf 01 sonem serotudorp so ranoisserp ed missa odnaxied ,adicrexe res on airedop ale seidnoc euq bos omoc meb ,odacrem od oartnecnoc ranigiro airedop recserc arap osserp atse saicntsnucric euq me uosilana rotua O .aruturtse amsem atse raretla edop euq )ozarp ognol on sorcul seroiam ed os euq sarotneted( sadautis rohlem saserpme salep adicrexe avititepmoc osserp amu ed etnof omoc mbmat sam ,odacrem od siaruturtse seidnoc sad odatluser omoc sanepa on sorcul so raredisnoc ed otaf on tse ldnietS ed sasoredop siam seiubirtnoc sad amU
s o d acr e m s o d o m si m a ni d e a vitit e p m o c o s s e r p , o r c ul e d a n r et ni o al u m u c A 3. 2. 3
.etnenamrep acitsretcarac omoc es-mtnam seroiam sedadinu sad rovaf me socitmetsis otsuc ed siaicnerefid ed aneserp a ,etnatsbo oN 9.esilna ad aditrap ed otnop o on e odatluser o ,oditnes
171
.odacrem od etrop roiam ed saserpme sa ,lareg me ,oS .)56 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( sodotm sovon me sarienoip saleuqa os savissergorp saserpmE 31 .etnaida sodamoter ores sacitslopogilo aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc bos aicnveler aus e adajenalp asoico edadicapac ed otiecnoc O .adnamed ad adipr sam etnenamrep osnapxe amu a uo sianoisaco sotnemua a ataidemi atsopser ritimrep a etnemlapicnirp adanitseD 21 .setnecserc socsir sod onaikcelak oipcnirp o ,mbmat ,uomoter ldnietS ,otnemadividne ed emulov oa etnavujdaoc lepap mu ,etnematicilpmi ,riubirta oA .)iix .p ,3891 ,ohnituoC( osrevni zudni e anoisserp sodnuf ed anretni oalumuca ad oxulf o euq ed anaikcelak esetpih adicehnoc a avacolocer ldnietS ,ele moC .iuqa ta sodatart serotua sortuo sod ldnietS aicnerefid e latnemadnuf otnop etsE 11
mu ,aicnqesnoc rop ,e anretni oalumuca roiam amu matilibissop ,zev aus rop ,euq ,orcul ed snegram seroiam a )31avissergorp uo arodavoni( adautis rohlem aserpme a mezudnoc )sotsuc ed arotuder acinct oavoni reuqlauq a ,lareg siam arienam ed ,uo alacse ed saimonoce a sadived( sotsuc ed seuder :)26 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( odimuser missa res edop rotua olep adidnefed oatnemugra ad laicrap oobse mU .otnemitsevni oa olumtsesed ed rotaf mu omoc ranoicnuf ossi ,odajesed levn od oxiaba revitse edadicapac ad oazilitu a es )5 ;asoico avitudorp edadicapac 21 ed odajenalp levn otrec moc rarepo marucorp saserpme sa )4 :sadaremune amica srt sad mla ,siatnemadnuf sesetpih sartuo saud me adnia odaiopa es ret uoticilpxe ldnietS ,2591 ed orvil ues ed )6791( oide adnuges oudortni aN .)odacrem od otnemicserc ed axat an iulfni on aserpme a ,ajes uo( adad odot mu omoc otseuq me airtsdni ad otnemicserc ed axat a )3 ;aserpme amu ed otnemitsevni oa ovitnecni 11 etnatropmi mu )sorcul ed oneter ad ritrap a anretni oalumuca omoc odidnetne( lairaserpme latipac od otnemua o )2 ;odacrem uo airtsdni airprp aus me etnemlaicnereferp metsevni saserpme sa )1 :)26-16 .p ,2591( sacisb sesetpih srt me es-odnaiopa ,esilna atse redneerpme arap etnematsuj 2591 ed orvil ues ed V olutpac o uovreser ldnietS .)avitudorp edadicapac ad oazilitu ed uarg on e otnemadividne ed axat an
271
.soriecret ed siatipac a osseca ed edadilicaf roiam alep mbmat omoc oirprp latipac od otnemua olep sanepa on odatilibissoP 41
edneped euq( sadautis rohlem saserpme sad osnapxe ed laicnetop o ertne oaler a oaredisnoc me avavel ldnietS ,etnemacificepse siaM : s a di c el e b at s e el e n s a s e r p m e s a d e d a di vit a r c ul e d ) si ai c n e r e fi d s o e ( si e v n s o si v - - si v o t s e u q m e o d a c r e m o d o m si m a ni d O ) 1 :lairtsudni acimnid ad esilna an sovisiced os serotaf ed sotnujnoc siod ,ldnietS moc odroca eD
o d a c r e m e d s a r ut u rt s e s a d a ci m ni d a d s et n a ni m r et e d s e r ot a F
.sievssop seautis sairv sa ertned amu asse ,otaf eD .airtsdni an savissergorp saserpme sad avitaler oapicitrap a etnemua euq mes ,olpmexe rop ,rerroco edop oailpma assE .sodicerovaf sonem setnerrocnoc ed satsuc s otief res eved otnemicserc esse seidnoc euq bos e otseuq me odacrem on sadnev ed osnapxe avitefe me rizudart es redop arodavoni aserpme ad osnapxe ed laicnetop roiam o saicntsnucric euq bos raugireva a es-spsid ,etnemacificepse siaM .oatum ed ossecorp essed oerid a e osnetxe a ragitsevni a spsid es e a uorap on ldnietS saM .oatum etnenamrep airtsdni ad aruturtse a arrupme ,oa me ,euq seadarg ed euqel olpma mu es-avresbo ,amus me ;airtsdni airprp aus an artnocne es otnemitsevni ed ahnil ariemirp aus euq odnes ,recserc arap manoisserp e adailpma etnemralucitrap anretni oalumuca mebixe asojatnav siam oisop me saserpme sa ,omertxe ortuo on ,e )26 .p ,2591( opurg omoc ,oralumuca adan etnemlevavorp ,siamron sanepa sorcul mtbo odnauq ,sianigram serotudorp so ,omertxe mu me ,otaf eD .recserc arap )osserp etneqesnoc e( edadicapac aus ed somret me mbmat ,sartuo sa sadot ed mla ,sanerefid savitacifingis matneserpa saserpme sa euq ed etnatropmi oatatsnoc a ta sotsuc ed siaicnerefid sod sotiefe sod esilna a etnaida odavel ret rop ,oiubirtnoc etnaveler me odutitsnoc es airet j ,iuqa essarap ldnietS rop adivlovnesed oatnemugra a eS .laicnerefid megatnav aus a atnemua euq adidem ecserc laicnetop esse euq amrof lat ed 41,aserpme ad osnapxe ed laicnetop roiam
371
.)222 .p( saneuqep samrif ed adartne a rative medop on sednarg samrif sa es e sal-tievorpa medop sednarg samrif sa euq od adipr siam axat amu a matnemua aimonoce an osnapxe arap sedadinutropo sa es saneuqep saserpme s satreba sedadinutropo s ednopserroc euq ,aimonoce an soictsretni ed otiecnoc o uizudortni arotua a ,saserpme sednarg ed odal oa etrop oneuqep ed aserpme ad orutuf o ranimaxe oA .)9591( esorneP rop odatnavel iof otnemugra oriemirp O .mumoc otium mbmat euq o otudorp/latipac oaler ronem moc latipac me avisnetni sonem aigoloncet ragerpme meredup es ,savissergorp sa euq )roiam ta uo( axat amsem an edadicapac a railpma massop ,orcul ed snegram seronem moc omsem ,euq ed aicntsnucric a e odacrem od soictsretni son saserpme saneuqep ed osnapxe ed etneqerf edadilibissop a :seacifilauq saud sonem olep eregus )92 aton ,361 .p ,5891( sassoP ,siareg sahnil saus me ,ldnietS ed otnemugra o moc odnadrocnoc arobmE .sadautis rohlem saserpme s roirepus omtir me recserc ed sedadilibissop sacuop mt sianigram saserpme sa ,seidnoc satse boS 61 .odartnecnoc oilpogilo o e setse ertne aires roiam anerefid A .omsimanid e aicnicife ed soirtirc soa otiepser zid euq on ,odartnecnoc ocuop oilpogilo o e ovititepmoc ordap o ertne sanerefid sednarg h on euq ed )6.2.2 metibus on adanoicnem j( oailava aus moc levtapmoc ,oirrtnoc oA .niaB a ohnartse avaos on mbmat odacrem ed aruturtse ed sopit siod sessed edadimixorp A .ldnietS ed esilna an sodatarter etnemairotafsitas otse osicerp roiam moc etnemlevavorp ,etse ovititepmoc oilpogilo mu otnauq avititepmoc etnemacipit airtsdni amu otnat ,edadrev aN .laicifitra adidem aob me e lit ocuop aires ocitslopogilo e laicnerrocnoc sodacrem so ertne adigr otium arietnorf amu ,ocimnid euqofne etneserp o bos ,euq odniregus tse rotua od amsem oinifedni a ,)761 .p ,5891( sassoP araP .)17-16 .p ,2591( ldnietS 51
.siamron sorcul e latipac ed emulov odizuder ,etrop 61 oneuqep :seidnoc setniuges s odnedneta e airtsdni ad latot oudorp ad avitacifingis alecrap rop odnednopser sianigram serotudorp ed oremn ednarg mu ed aicntsixe a lapicnirp acitsretcarac a ,osac etseN :) o vitit e p m o c ai c n r r o c n o c e d o r d a p u o( 51 s e r ot u d o r p s o r e m ni m o c ai rt s d ni a m u e d o s a c O : A o s a C ) a 2 .socipt sosac siod raredisnoc sporp ldnietS ,airtsdni amu ed roiretni on ragul ramot medop euq aicnrrocnoc ed serdap sod odutse o arap ,etnemacificepse siaM
m o c( o t s e u q m e ai rt s d ni a n et n e gi v ai c n r r o c n o c e d o r d a p O ) 2 .setnarepo elen aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sa arap seacilpmi setnedive moc ,odacrem od otnemicserc ed laicnetop o redecxe saserpme sassed osnapxe ed laicnetop o ed sacitslopogilo sairtsdni me etneqerf osac o rasilana ehl-avasseretni ,ralucitrap mE .odot mu omoc otseuq me airtsdni ad osnapxe ed axat a e )anretni oalumuca ed axat aus ad
:) si a ni g r a m s e r ot u d o r p s o d s a cit s r et c a r a c s a e o d a c r e m o d o a rt n e c n o c e d u a r g o , a d a rt n e s a ri e r r a b e d si e v n s o a r a p e sil n a a n e u q at s e d
471
.)37 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( latot oudorp ad alecrap aneuqep amu rop etnemos sievsnopser majes sale otnujnoc me euq edsed ,sievnimile etnemlicaf etrop oneuqep ed saserpme mbmat odacrem on meviverbos ,amica otircsed lanigram rotudorp ed opit od mla ,es atropmi on ,edadrev aN 81 .otsim e odaicnerefid ,odartnecnoc soilpogilo so egnarba osac esse ,)63 aton ,761 .p ,5891( sassoP araP .)47-27 .p ,2591( ldnietS 71
:sacipt seautis setniuges sa uocifitnedi e ,odacrem od omsimanid o moc o-odnatnorfnoc ,airtsdni ad aruturtse a erbos avissergorp uo arodavoni aserpme ad osnapxe ed laicnetop roiam od seacilpmi sa uosilana ,oditnes etseN .sotsuc ed arotuder acinct oavoni amu ed oudortni ad sotiefe so railava a es-sporp ldnietS ,satircsed amica saicntsnucric saud sad amu adac boS
s a ci pt s e a uti s : a n r et ni o al u m u c a a a r a p s o r u o d a o c s E
.levredisnoc ,otnatrop ,res 81 edop lanigram rotudorp ed opit essed oanimile arap oirssecen sadnev ed orofse O .)sadautis rohlem saserpme rop sadicrexe savititepmoc sesserp a ritsiser arap ariecnanif edadicapac meussop euq j( avitefe aicnrrocnoc alep airtsdni ad sievnimile etnemlicaf on e )sievzerpsed on adartne sarierrab rop saditnarag( laicnetop aicnrrocnoc a erbos snegatnav satrec moc saserpme os ,aicnqesnoc roP .lamron od amica etnatsab orcul ed snegram e latipac ed emulov otrec ,odizuder on etrop :seidnoc setniuges s odnedneta e airtsdni ad latot oudorp ad avitacifingis alecrap rop odnednopser seled mu adac ,sianigram serotudorp ed oremn oneuqep mu ed aicntsixe a lapicnirp acitsretcarac a ,osac etseN :) o cit sl o p o gil o ai c n r r o c n o c e d o r d a p u o( 71 li cfi d o s s e r g ni o l a u q a n ai rt s d ni a m u e d o s a c O : B o s a C ) b 2 .)sadicerovaf siam saserpme ed odacrem ed oapuco ed savisserga saigtartse a ritsiser ed edadicapac meussop on euq j( avitefe aicnrrocnoc alep sievnimile etnemlicaf os e )adartne sarierrab sadizuder salep( laicnetop aicnrrocnoc ad osserp etrof amu a satiejus os :laicnerrocnoc osnet alpud amu a sievrenluv saserpme os ,aicnqesnoc roP
571
.opit essed saserpme savon ed ,odacrem on ,adartne ad oavitefe a egixe ,otnujnoc me ,sianigram serotudorp sod avitaler oapicitrap ad oailpma a euq odom ed ,)savissergorp( sadicerovaf siam saserpme sad a euq od ronem axat amu a sam ,)B osac on atircsed oautis a omoc( osnapxe ed edadicapac meussop uo ,)ovititepmoc aicnrrocnoc ed ordap oa etnednopserroc ,A osac on atircsed oautis a omoc( osnapxe ed edadicapac meussop on uo )sianigram( saserpme satse euqrop otsI .otnemges etse epmoc euq saserpme ed latot oremn on otnemua ed oiem rop rad es oailpma atse ,odot mu omoc sianigram serotudorp ed otnemges od oapicitrap roiam amu atropmoc airtsdni ad osnapxe ed axat a lauq on ,osac omitl etseN .odailpma uo oditnam res redop )sianigram( seronem saserpme sad otnujnoc od ovitaler osep o otnauqne ,ratnemua on a rednet seroiam saserpme sad avitaler oapicitrap A 91
.setnerrocnoc so ertne sotirta ed etnof etnatropmi amu atuap me acoloc euq o ,odavitefe etnemanelp res edop on )sorcul ed anretni oalumuca ed axat alep odinifed( sadicelebatse saserpme sad osnapxe ed laicnetop o siauq san seautis sievssop ed otnujnoc mu ed ,aroga ,es-atarT : s a d a uti s r o hl e m s a s e r p m e s a d ) o s n a p x e e d l ai c n et o p o , o s n et x e r o p , e( s o r c ul e d a n r et ni o al u m u c a e d a x at a e u q o d r o n e m r of ai rt s d ni a d o s n a p x e e d a x at a e S )ii .riuges a somerev omoc ,mepmoc a euq saserpme sad laicnetop oa ozav d on airtsdni ad omsimanid o odnauq ,ajes uo ,mauta euq me odacrem od otnemicserc ed axat seroirepus )edadivitarcul ed sievrovaf siaicnerefid me sodadlapser( latipac ed anretni oalumuca ed sievn matneserpa savissergorp saserpme sa odnauq amelborp O .)saserpme savon ed adartne ed otnemivom o meribini 91 on setnetsixe adartne sarierrab sa es( odacrem od oartnecnoc ed siaicini sievn sod ouder ratneserpa ta uo levtse etnemlevaozar recenamrep a rednet airtsdni ad aruturtse a euq odatluser O .sorcul ed anretni oalumuca ed axat aus alep odinifed osnapxe ed laicnetop o etnemanelp razilaer rargol arap aicnrrocnoc ed avisserga aigtartse uo lanoicida orofse reuqlauq sadicelebatse saserpme sad megixe on euq seautis sievssop ed otnujnoc mu ed es-atart ,ajes uO .adautis roip a ta adicerovaf siam a edsed ,saserpme saus sadot ed osnapxe ed sesneterp sa radomoca me edadlucifid atneserpa on odacrem od omsimanid o ,osac etseN : s a d a uti s r o hl e m s a s e r p m e s a d ) o s n a p x e e d l ai c n et o p o , o s n et x e r o p , e( s o r c ul e d a n r et ni o al u m u c a e d a x at a e u q o d r oi a m u o l a u gi r of ai rt s d ni a d o s n a p x e e d a x at a e S )i
671
.sadnev ed sasepsed sad oailpma ;)otsuc roiam ed ,lareg me ,odahnapmoca sam ,oerp laugi moc otudorp rohlem( edadilauq ed otnemua ;oerp ed ouder :saiv sairv rop rassecorp es edop ,odazilaer etnemlamron levn o euq od osnetni siam sadnev ed orofse mu rop adinifed ,sadnev ed laicepse ahnapmac A .odacrem od oslupxe a ,etimil on ,e odacrem od savitaler salecrap ed adrep a setnerrocnoc sues soa ropmi odnasiv savisserga aicnrrocnoc ed saigtartse reuqer )erahs tekram( siatot sadnev san oapicitrap aus railpma ed otnetni ues on ossecus o ,sarvalap sartuo mE .odacrem on avitaler oapicitrap aus ed oailpma a ritnarag ehl ed zapac laicepse sadnev ed orofse mu redneerpme ratissecen avissergorp aserpme a ,odot mu omoc airtsdni ad otnemicserc ed axat a euq od roiam axat amu a otnemicserc ed laicnetop ues razitercnoc assop euq arap ,otnatertnE .edadisnetni laugi ed recserc rop osserp amu me azudart es sorcul ed anretni oalumuca aus ed otnemua o euq odom ed ,odacrem oirprp on sadnev saus ed oailpma a arap etnemavisulcxe sosrucer sues razilanac edop adautis rohlem aserpme A :) o r c ul e d m e g r a m a d o s s e r p m o c et n e q e s n o c a e( ai rt s d ni ai r p r p a n s a d n e v s a d o s n a p x e a r a p a vi s s e r g a a citl o P 1 ai g t a rt s E :sadazitametsis missa res medop rotua olep sadasilana seautis sA .sodacrem sues me matnorfed es sale siauq so moc sianigram serotudorp sod aicntsiser ed edadicapac ad etnemlaicurc edneped seredl saserpme s sievnopsid sepo ed euqel o euq ,ralucitrap me ,avazitafne ldnietS .)sodacrem sod oartnecnoc ed suarg son e sianigram serotudorp sod oaziretcarac an ,adartne sarierrab sad levn on sanerefid a sodaicossa( aicnrrocnoc ed serdap setnerefid ratpac marucorp somiv omoc euq ,B e A sosac solep satircsed seautis saud sa bos sotnitsid socimnid sotiefe uirbocsed ldnietS ,saicntsnucric satseN
771
.)6591( inibaL-solyS me omoc ,silA 22 .airtsdni ad latot osnapxe ed axat a assapartlu ,odot mu omoc airtsdni ad sadnev san matneserper sadnev saus euq oroporp alep adacilpitlum ,savissergorp saserpme sad osnapxe ed axat a osac etsen ,sarvalap sartuo mE .atulosba oartnecnoc animoned ldnietS euq o rerroco edop otne ,sotulosba somret me evisulcni ,adizuder ajes odacrem on saserpme sartuo ed aneserp a euq mes ,osnapxe ed laicnetop ues etnemanelp razilaer levssop siam on j ,airtsdni ad osnapxe ed axat adad amu arap ,lauq ad amica saserpme sednarg sassed osnapxe ed amixm axat alep odinifed ,ocitrc levn otrec rassapartlu seredl saserpme sednarg ed anretni oalumuca a eS 12 .ldnietS rop adiregus avitaler oartnecnoc ed oanimoned a ad ,saserpme ed oslupxe revomorp ed edadissecen mes ,odacrem on roiam avitaler oapicitrap amu sanepa ritnarag euq oret satse ,savissergorp saserpme sad osnapxe ad otulosba etnatnom o euq roiam rof adnia odacrem od osnapxe ad otulosba etnatnom o mrop ,sadautis rohlem saserpme sad sorcul ed anretni oalumuca ed axat a euq od ronem rof airtsdni ad osnapxe ed axat a eS 02
reuqlauq mes ,siamron sanepa sorcul moc odnarepo odavele siam otsuc ed serotudorp ed oidnoc aus atsiv me odnet ,etnemroiretna odinifed ocitrc levn o adecxe sadautis rohlem saserpme sad osnapxe ed edadicapac a osac ,setnerrocnoc sessed oremn otrec mu ed oslupxe a arap evisulcni oapse odnevah ,sedadlucifid seroiam ecerefo on sianigram setnerrocnoc ed otnemges od odacrem ed salecrap ed oartbus a osac etsen ,otaf eD .laicepse sadnev ed orofse o oredneerpme seredl saserpme sa ,)A o s a c ( si e v ni mil e et n e mli c a f m e r o f si a ni g r a m s a s e r p m e s a e S . a 1 :etnemroiretna sodaticilpxe B e A sosac sod sacipt saicntsnucric sa uoredisnoc ldnietS ,oditnes etseN .)serotudorp ed axiaf assed ogrupxe ed edadilaicnetop etneqesnoc 22 e otsuc ed seidnoc sad ,ralucitrap me( atnerfne euq sianigram serotudorp sod sacitsretcarac sad etnemlaicurc edneped zev aus rop euq ,odacrem ed atupsid alep atul ad otsuc o erbos oailava aus ed odnedneped ,savisserga sacitlop ed ooda a levhlesnoca on raredisnoc edop ,oavoni ed edadicapac roiam ed e sievrovaf siam sotsuc ed arotneted ale odnes omsem ,avissergorp aserpme a ,otnatertnE .)sosrucer seronem ed setnerrocnoc ed oremn 12 odanimreted ed oanimile acilpmi euq( atulosba oartnecnoc ed uo )odacrem on lautnecrep oapicitrap aus ed ouder a sanepa ,sianigram 02 serotudorp ed oslupxe aterraca on euq aleuqa omoc rotua olep adinifed( avitaler oartnecnoc ed aicnrroco ed edadilibissop a uocifitnedi ldnietS ,adicerovaf siam aserpme ad a e airtsdni ad otnemicserc ed axat a ertne ossapmocsed od osnetxe ad odnednepeD .odacrem od oartnecnoc ad otnemua oa airizudnoc savisserga saigtartse sad ossecus O
871
.)ocinct ossergorp ed oudortni alep etnemralucitrap( snegatnav savon racsub a adarrupme aserpme a ,adaigelivirp oisop aus redrep on arap etnemataxe ,opmet omsem oa ,sam )ii ;)aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sad e aruturtse ad edadilibatse atrec h oditnes etsen e( laicini megatnav ad etnerroced avititepmoc osserp ad ouder h )i :euq rezid assop es zevlaT .sadarepse res medop )otnemicserc ed laicnetop ,otnatrop ,e( megram ed seailpma savon euq odom ed ,ravoni etnemaunitnoc a adagirbo es-v ,odacrem oirprp ues on adaigelivirp oisop aus redrep resiuq on eS .radomoca es edop on redl aserpme a ,opmet omsem oA .sianigram serotudorp artnoc sea saus ed odatluser o erbos elortnoc ocuop met aserpme a ,)roiretna od oirrtnoc oa( osac etsen ,euqrop ta ,asoletuac siam anrot es alE .siamed edrat rof j odnauq aditnes ajes s e adibecrepsed essap ale euq arepse es sanepa ;aicnrrocnoc revah ed axied euq oN 52 .avitpursid oa amu arexe aicnrrocnoc a euq a sotnemidepmi h on ,anadum a moc medrep euq sale os on e etsuja ed ossecorp od elortnoc ,A osac od saicntsnucric san ,mt seredl saserpme sa euq me adidem aN 42 .setnahlemes samrif ed ossergnier o etimrep on adicelebatse otsuc-oerp oaler a euqrop ,levsrever on sam ,ossecer ed uo osnapxe ed sodorep me rerroco edop euq oanimile amu ed otnatrop e ,ozarp ognol a onemnef mu ed ,etnemlaicnesse ,odnatart somatsE .etniuges atla ed odorep on etnemavon etrevni es euq e ,socimnoce solcic so sodot me axiab ed odorep o etnarud erroco euq airropmet oanimile a on ,adatart iuqa ,samrif ed oanimile a euq ,etnemlanoicida ,uocatsed )36 .p ,2591( ldnietS 32
.amulova es adidecus-meb arodavoni aserpme ad anretni oalumuca a euq me ossap omsem on odacrem ed oartnecnoc rerroco etnemairassecen on osac etsen ,ajes uO 52.)sianigram serotudorp ed oanimile a esnepmoc euq ednarg ot megatnav amu elumuca arodavoni aserpme a euq sonem a( otla otium res edop laicnerrocnoc osserp a ritsiser arap ariecnanif edadicapac moc setnerrocnoc ratnerfne ed otsuc o ,avissergorp aserpme ad otnemicserc ed axat a euq od ronem rof odacrem od otnemicserc ed axat a es ,mroP .mis ,adicerovaf siam aserpme ad a euq od roiam odacrem od otnemicserc ed axat ed adasilana etnemroiretna oautis aN .airtsdni airprp an sadnev saus railpma odnasiv avitudorp edadicapac aus ,oroporp amsem an ,ridnapxe ri avissergorp aserpme a es rednopser a otseuq A .arodavoni aserpme ad osnapxe ed edadicapac ad ,otnatrop ,e anretni oalumuca ad otnemua ,orcul ed snegram ed otnemua a avel sotsuc ed arotuder acinct oavoni amu ed oudortni a osac etsen mbmaT .seidnoc satrec bos sanepa laicepse sadnev ed orofse o oredneerpme seredl saserpme sa ,)B osac( si e v ni mil e et n e mli c a f m e r o f o n si a ni g r a m s a s e r p m e s a e S . b 1 .ovititepmoc etnemacipit aicnrrocnoc ed ordap moc sodacrem 42 me oartnecnoc a erroco omoc racilpxe uiugesnoc ldnietS ,esilna asse moC 32.siaicnerrocnoc sesserp a ritsiser arap ariecnanif edadicapac
971
.orcul ed megram a erbos ovitagen otiefe ues atsiv me odnet ,litsoh acitlop ad rodedneerpme o arap mbmat sotsuc mes oa amu on ,adidecus-meb avisserga aigtartse a odnauq omsem ,setnerrocnoc ed )atulosba uo avitaler( oapicitrap ad satsuc s ridnapxe ,B osac od sa bos ajes ,A osac od saicntsnucric sa bos ajeS .sodacrem sod oartnecnoc ed aicndnet a sanepa on seredl saserpme salep adicrexe laicnerrocnoc osserp ad odatluser o saM .asotsuc e adagnolorp etnemamertxe res a ednet serotudorp sessed oanimile alep atul a ,oriecnanif redop otrec moc e odacrem ed levzerpsed on alecrap ed serotneted sianigram serotudorp metsixe omoc ,euq B osac od edadicificepse A .lairtsudni oartnecnoc ed levidemerri ossecorp mu otnemivom me ep euq ovitalumuc otiefe mu ardnegne ,saserpme sa ertne orcul ed megram e otsuc ed siaicnerefid meraiopa oa ,alacse ed saimonoce sad odazilareneg sonem uo siam onemnef o ,esetns mE .)37 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( sianigram samrif sasse erbos asnetni osserp amu recrexe levssop anrot es euq me otnop o ajnita savissergorp samrif sad laicnerefid otsuc ed megatnav a euq arap opmet mugla ravel ,sednarg os sianigram samrif sa odnauq ,euq ,otnatertne ,oralc tsE .etrof etnemetneicifus ajes avititepmoc osserp a euq edsed ,oautis amsem sadavel res medop airtsdni reuqlauq me sianigram samrif sa sam ,samrif saneuqep sad avisulcxe acitsretcarac amu ,otnatrop ,os on siamron sorcuL .ednarg etnemetneicifus sotsuc ed laicnerefid mu merignita savissergorp samrif sa es ,ajes uo ,etrof etnemetneicifus rof airtsdni an avititepmoc osserp a es siamron sorcul ed levn oa sadizuder res medop ,sednarg omsem uo ,saidm samriF .)...( soneuqep os on sianigram serotudorp so euq me airtsdni amun mbmat ranoicnuf edop oartnecnoc ed ossecorp o euq acifingis otsI .airtsdni ad adas airprp a ,etimil on ,e odacrem od savitaler salecrap ed adrep a setnetsiser sianigram setnerrocnoc a ropmi arap sadnev ed orofse od oacifisnetni airssecen a razilaer a eticapac sa euq etimil otrec odignita revit savissergorp saserpme sad laicnerefid megatnav a euq sioped etnemos ratsefinam es a rednet avititepmoc osserp A .roiretna osac on otnauq otnat aserpme ad osnapxe ed oditnes on anoisserp on anretni oalumuca ed omtir od otnemua o ,oilpogilo on ,euq uiulcnoc ldnietS ,ossi roP
081
.otseuq me airtsdni ad otnemicserc ed axat a e sadautis rohlem saserpme sad osnapxe ed axat a ertne etsuja oirssecen o aelebatse es euq ta ,laicepse sadnev ed orofse o rarudrep otnauqne ,etnemavissecus missa e 1+t me anretni oalumuca ad ouder e orcul ed adeuq avissergorp amu a setnecudnoc os etnemroiretna satircsed savisserga saigtartse sa sadot ,otaf eD
.) 3 6 . p , 2 5 9 1 ,l d ni et S( s o d at o d a s al e r o p e d a di vit u d or p e d ot n e m u a e d s o d ot m s ort u o e s a ci n c t s e a v o ni et n ai d e m s a mrif s e d n ar g s a m u gl a e d s ot s u c s o d o u d er al e p o d a c o v or p , or c ul e d s n e gr a m s a n ot n e m u a m u et n e ml ai c r a p r a s n e p m o c a r e d n et s a d n e v e d a h n a p m a c a e u q , ot n atr o p , s o m ul c n o C . s a mrif s a s s e d etr a p r o p a s n et ni si a m s a d n e v e d a h n a p m a c a m u ,r oi a m a nr et ni o al u m u c a a m u e d oi e m r o p r e v a h , s ot s u c s u e s ri z u d er m ati mr e p s e hl e u q s a ci n c t s e a v o ni s et n e c er a o di v e d ,l e v n o d a ni mr et e d r a s s a p artl u s a mrif s e d n ar g s a d s a m u gl a e d or c ul e d m e gr a m a e s , airt s d ni a d o s n a p x e e d e ci d n o o d a d , mi s s A . or c ul e d m e gr a m a u s e d e d n e p e d , z e v a u s r o p , e u q , s a mrif s a s s e d a nr et ni o al u m u c a e d a x at a d , o d ut n o c , e d n e p e d s a mrif s e d n ar g s a d o s n a p x e e d a x at A . a s n et ni si a m s a d n e v e d a h n a p m a c a m u e gi x e o d a cr e m o n s a mrif s e d n ar g s a d a vit al er o a pi citr a p a n r oi a m ot n e m u a m u e u qr o p , o d ot m u o m o c airt s d ni a d s a d n e v s a d ot n e mi c s er c e d a x at o al er m o c s a mrif s e d n ar g s a d s a d n e v s a d ot n e m u a e d a d ar e p s e a x at a d o n uf a m u , s a d n e v e d e d a di n u r o p , s a d n e v e d ot s u c r oi a m e d u o , o u d or p e d ot s u c r oi a m e d u o , s o di z u d er s o er p e d a mr of a b o s oi cfir c a s m u o m o c a di nif e d e u q ] a vi s n et ni s a d n e v e d[ a h n a p m a c a e u q r e zi d s o m e d o P
.riuges a sodizudorper e sodanoiceles sohcert snugla me adamrifnoc res edop rotua od oatnemugra ad azeuqir A .ldnietS ed setnaveler siam seiubirtnoc sad amu ,adivd mes , atsilatipacretni aicnrrocnoc ad sarof sairprp salep oa me otsop euq etsuja ed onegdne omsinacem osoredop essed oaticilpxe A .megiro ued euq a oartnecnoc ed otnemivom od onimrt olep mbmat otnatrop levsnopser odnes ,odacrem od otnemicserc ed omtir oa metsuja es snegram satse euq ta avissergorp aserpme ad orcul ed snegram sad ouder ed otnemivom mu a etnemaenatlumis oicni d ,odacrem ed oartnecnoc ed ossecorp mu a oicni d euq me opmet omsem oa euq ,sadnev ed laicepse ahnapmac amu ed ooda ad odnauq aruatsni es euq etsuja ed omsinacem od otnemanoicnuf o e azerutan a azeralc moc spxe e uocifitnedi )56-36 .p ,2591( ldnietS ,otaf eD
181
.)461 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( etnemanegoxe adad atse odnauq ,odacrem od osnapxe ed axat a e ,orcul ed snegram san etelfer es euq ,sadautis rohlem saserpme sad otnemicserc ed laicnetop olep adicrexe avititepmoc osserp a ertne etsuja ed levirav amu ,etniugesnoc rop , airtsdni ad aruturtse A .)oirrtnoc o on e( orcul ed snegram ed aruturtse avon -es-ratsuja airtsdni ad aruturtse A 62
.)56 .p ,2591( orcul ed megram a etnemavon rizuder 62 a ednet e odavele otsuc ed samrif ed oanimile zudnoc euq ,avissecxe anretni oalumuca amu ed avisolpxe arof a e ;orcul ed megram a ratnemua a mednet euq ,savissergorp samrif rop otsuc ed seuder sa :siatnemadnuf serotaf siod ed oaretni a ratlasser metimrep e orcul ed megram ad oartnoc ed otnemivom o martsom euq selpmis socifrg sosrucer ed om odnanal ,otnop esse rartsuli uorucorp ldnietS .otseuq me airtsdni ad otnemicserc ed axat a moc etnezidnoc ajes sadicerovaf siam saserpme sad anretni oalumuca ed axat a euq odom ed ratsuja es meved mbmat snegram sa omoc uortsom ldnietS .)adartne sarierrab sad levn olep sodinifed seleuqad mla( airtsdni an orcul ed snegram s setimil metsixe euq ,otnatrop ,etnatropmi osulcnoc amU .)odacrem od a siv- -siv savissergorp saserpme sad otnemicserc ed axat a ertne ossapmocsed o euqolocer otsuc ed seuder savon ed onetbo a euq ta sonem olep( aicnrrocnoc ed savisserga sacitrp ed ooda uizudnoc euq oavitom a rassec ,odacrem od omsimanid ed uarg olep sodinifed setimil sotrec ed ortned adidneerpmoc etnemavon revitse otnemicserc ed laicnetop roiam moc saserpme sad osnapxe ed axat a odnauq ,ajes uO
.) 4 6 . p , 2 5 9 1 ,l d ni et S( airt s d ni a d ot n e mi c s er c e d a x at a m o c et n e zi d n o c z e v a m u si a m s a mrif s a s a d ot e d a nr et ni o al u m u c a e d a x at a a nr ot e u q l e v n m u a , s a mrif s art u o e d s a s n e p x e s , airt s d ni a n or c ul e d s n e gr a m s a d ai d m a o di z u d er o r et m r o p ; s a ci n c t s e a v o ni s a d s et n err o c e d si ai c n er efi d s n e g at n a v s a , s a d n e v e d s a h n a p m a c s a u s r o p et n e m a ci n u , o d urt s e d m a h n et o n s a mrif s a s s e e u q l e v v or p .l e v r o v af o a uti s m o c s a mrif s a d ot s u c e d s e u d er s al e p a d at n e m u a et n e m air ar o p m et s et n a ar of e u q , airt s d ni a n or c ul e d s n e g r a m s a d ai d m a n o u d e r a m u , m b m at , o d a c o v o r p r et e v e d )... ( o art n e c n o c e d o s s e c or p o u o c o v or p e u q , ot s u c- o er p et s uj a O . airt s d ni a n or c ul e d s n e gr a m s eti mil m u e p mi o i d n o c a s s o n e u q ri ul c n o c o t n e s o m e v e d , or c ul e d s n e gr a m s a u s e d e d n e p e d , z e v a u s r o p , at s e e , a nr et ni o al u m u c a e d a x at a u s e d e d n e p e d s a mrif s a s s e d o s n a p x e a e S
281
.sosrucer ed anretni oalumuca ad avititepmoc osserp alep sadacovorp sabma ,asioc amsem ad sotcepsa siod sanepa ,edadrev an ,meutitsnoc ]sabmA[ )...( atulosba oartnecnoc megiro d ,opmet omsem oa ,euq ,anretni oalumuca ad ocimnid e ovisserga retrac od aicnqesnoc amu ,amsem is me , sorcul sod oapicitrap oatimil a euq artsnomed esilna etneserp A )...( .oartnecnoc ad airoet amu aiciporp son ale ,ragul odnuges mE .sona somitl son sadanodnaba marof euq sam ,xraM lraK ed e socisslc satsimonoce sod sadicehnoc mare euq ,latipac ed oalumuca a e aicnrrocnoc a ertne seagil sa uotlasser esilna asson ,ragul oriemirp mE :)17 .p ,2591( ldnietS oirprp od sarvalap saN 72
avissecxe e adailpma anretni oalumuca amu moc es-odnatnorfed ,euq me oautis a rauimse uorucorp etnedecerp esilna A :) ai rt s d ni ai r p r p a n s a d n e v s a d o s n a p x e a r a p a vi s s e r g a a citl o p a m u o d n ati v e( s o vit a n r etl a s o r u o d a o c s e s o rt u o a r a p s o r c ul e d a d ail p m a o al u m u c a a r a nit s e D 2 ai g t a rt s E .aletuac etnecserc egixe euq ,osogirep siam etnemavissergorp laicnerrocnoc ogoj mu ed erroced oartnecnoc aicndnet a ,mecelatrof es sianigram serotudorp so ele moc otnuj e anava oartnecnoc ed uarg o euq adidem ,euq adnia rartsnomed etimrep ,otrauQ .oavoni avon adac a adacolocer erpmes mrop odnes ,riavse es ta arof a edrep )megiro ed odacrem od omsimanid olep sotsopmi setimil so assapartlu sadicerovaf siam saserpme sad otnemicserc ed laicnetop o euq me seautis ed arodareg( etneicifusni odacrem ed omsimanid e adaicnerefid edadivitarcul ed onujnoc etnereni oartnecnoc aicndnet a ,otsuc ed arotuder oavoni ed oudortni adac a ,euq rartsnomed etimrep ,oriecreT .orcul ed megram e anretni oalumuca 72 ed axat ,airtsdni ad osnapxe ed axat ertne oaler etnatropmi a aralc siam ranrot ed otirm o ebixe ,lanigiro odot ed ajes on sodacrem sod oartnecnoc ed ossecorp o arap oacilpxe a arobme ,odnugeS .sotsuc soa ,etrap ednarg me ,sodatpada soerp moc e sarodavoni saserpme samugla arap euqatsed ed oisop ,sacinct seavoni a saarg otsuc ed seuder ,etnecserc edadivitudorp rop adaziretcarac ,edadilaer ad zul levsualp laicnerrocnoc atul ad oircsed amu atneserpa ,oriemirP :sotirm soirv met etnedecerp esilna A
381
.aserpme ad adarebiled aigtartse ed levssap etnemlicaf odnes on ,socinct serotaf ed ,otnatrop ,etnemlaicnesse ednepeD .lareg me sacigloncet seavoni ed oudortni a moc adanoicaler siam tse aicnrroco aus sam ,avissecxe anretni oalumuca amu arap oruodaocse mu omoc ranoicnuf ,otaf ed ,edop avitudorp edadicapac/latipac oaler ad ,acinct anadum rop ,oavele amu euq uovresbo )07-66 .p ,2591( ldnietS ,)k( latipac ed edadisnetni ad osac oN .adanoicisop rohlem aserpme ad etrap rop sorcul ed avissecxe anretni oalumuca a arap soruodaocse sievssop me mairiutitsnoc es sotnemele setse euq odom ed ,)u uo g ,k serotaf son oaretla uo sodacrem sovon arap oacifisrevid( sairtasnepmoc sanadum marroco euq me seautis sa rasilana otne es-edop ,oisopartnoc roP .)avitudorp oacifisrevid( sodacrem sortuo arap sosrucer sod etrap adazilanac rof on ;)edadicapac anelp a oudorp e sadnev ertne oaler = u( aserpme ad edadicapac ad oazilitu ed uarg o odaretla rof on ;)soirprp sosrucer e siaer sovita ertne oaler = g( aserpme ad otnemadividne ed axat a adacifidom rof on ;)laicnetop otudorp uo edadicapac ed anelp oazilitu moc launa otudorp o e siaer sovita so ertne oaler = k( aserpme ad latipac ed edadisnetni a racifidom es on :otnemivom essen ,es odacrem on avissergorp aserpme ad adnev e oudorp ad osnapxe ed axat laugi me rizudart es a riv redop etnemos anretni oalumuca ad osnapxe ed axat a ,otaf eD .laicnerrocnoc atul setnereni sotsuc e sotirta so ,missa ,)odnauneta uo( odnative ,sovitanretla soruodaocse sortuo arap sosrucer sues razilanac edop arodavoni aserpme A .setnedecxe sosrucer sues arap levssop onitsed ocin o ,otnatertne , on etsE .aserpme ad otnemicserc ed edadicapac a etnemanelp razilaer rargol arap aicnrrocnoc ed avisserga aigtartse amu ,ajes uo ,sadnev ed lanoicida orofse mu oirssecen es-zaf ,otnat arap ,euq ed etneic ,odacrem oirprp o arap etnemavisulcxe sosrucer sues ranitsed rop atpo avissergorp aserpme a ,odacrem od osnapxe ed laicnetop o etnarep
481
:)47-37 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( soruodaocse sortuo arap )etrap me sonem olep( sodigirid majes aserpme alep sodalumuca sosrucer so euq levssop ,osac etseN .sosoredop siavir moc laicnerrocnoc atul an sodivlovne sotsuc e socsir sotla so atsiv me odnet ,sianigram serotudorp ed oanimile a etnemairassecen on avissergorp aserpme a arap avitarcul siam avitanretla a ,otnatertne ,B osac od saicntsnucric saN .)661-561 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( levredisnoc ajes sianigram samrif salep adapuco alecrap a edno ,]A osac[ opit etsed odacrem mun oartnecnoc aicndnet amu rargalfed ed orcul ed snegram ed etnecserc oaicnerefid amu ed adnuiro avititepmoc osserp a maepmi euq socitmotua somsinacem h on , sodaredisnoc sotiefe so arap ,anegxe etnemlaicnesse airtsdni an latipac ed oacifisnetni laruturtse aicndnet amu etrap ,euq riulcnoc es-edop ,otnatroP .sievnopsid sonretni sosrucer a ozav rad etnemacinu odnasiv sedadivita ed oacifisrevid ed aigtartse amu ratoda aserpme a etnemlicifid ,ozar amsem alep avitudorp oacifisreviD ;odacrem ues railpma ed seidnoc met es ,etnedecxe edadicapac me ritsevni a etimil es adidecus-meb arodavoni aserpme a euq levvorp ocuop meb siop ,adailpma anretni oalumuca a arap oruodaocse me riutitsnoc es etnemlicifid )u( edadicapac ad oazilitu ed uarG ;)otsopo otnematropmoc o ,evisulcni ,levsualp siam odnes( sadivd ragap arap anretni oalumuca aus ed otnemua o ezilitu euq levvorp ocuop ,otnemitsevni ues ed sorcul retbo arepse odacrem on adautis rohlem aserpme a es siop ,riac etnemlicifid )g( otnemadividne ed axaT :)07-66 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( adatnemua anretni oalumuca a arap oruodaocse me mautitsnoc es oacifisrevid e u ,g euq levvorp ocuop ,aicntsiser ed edadicapac mes setnerrocnoc moc ,otaf eD .sianigram serotudorp ed oanimile a avissergorp aserpme a arap avitarcul siam avitanretla a ,A osac od saicntsnucric saN .sianigram saserpme ed satsuc s odacrem ed oartnecnoc ed arodareg avititepmoc osserp a rative mairitimrep euq serotaf siamed son sanadum ed aicnrroco ed sedadilibissop sa uosilana ldnietS ,B e A sosac solep satircsed seidnoc sa boS
581
.)36 .p ,2891( seramiuG mbmat reV .)3591( nosniboR rop odacatsed odis ahnit j otnop etsE 92 .matsixe adnia arobme ,sadatimil otium os orcul ed snegram sad osserpmoc ed ,etniugesnoc rop ,e asse omoc airtsdni amu me onretxe latipac ed oiem rop aicnrrocnoc ed savitcepsrep sa ,lareg mE .oneuqep res otnemitsevni oa ovitnecni o e ronem meb res atsiverp orcul ed axat a ,seavoni s saarg ,sievredisnoc siaicnerefid snegatnav rarugessa assop atse euq sonem A .amrif avon amu me otnemitsevni od adarepse edadivitarcul ed adidem amu riutitsnoc ed egnol ,otnatrop ,tse atsilopogilo airtsdni amu me setnetsixe orcul ed saxat sad levn O .oditnes essen orcul ed snegram sad osserpmoc revah oN .sadaretlani orecenamrep edadicapac ed oazilitu ed sievn sodanimreted a odiuql orcul ed snegram sa sam ,ovitom esse rop oriunimid orcul ed saxat sa e edadicapac ed oazilitu an ouder amu revah ,siamed sa moc odacrem o ridivid sanepa amrif avon a ,odal ortuo rop ,eS .setnetsixe samrif ranimile adneterp osac ,amrif avon ad ovititepmoc sadnev ed orofse olep atsopsnart res a arierrab ad arutla ad adidem a setnanier orcul ed snegram sad azednarg A .siamed sad atsuc setnetsixe samrif sad amu ed osnapxe ed a otnauq ednarg ot ominm on edadlucifid A :)37 .p ,2591( ldnietS 82
,soxiab siam res a mednet sorcul so ossi rop etnematsuj ,sacitslopogilo 92 san euq od licf siam otium ajes )siamron sanepa sorcul odnirefua sianigram serotudorp sotium moc( airtsdni ed opit essen sonretxe sosrucer ed ossergni o arobme :ovititepmoc etnemacipit aicnrrocnoc e d o r d a p m o c s o d a c r e m a o e ri d m e o a cifi s r e vi D .adicehnocsed ehl airtsdni avon a euq 82 ed etnavarga o moc ,odacrem oirprp ues me sodatnerfne so euq azerutan amsem ad maires otnemicserc ed laicnetop ues ravitefe arap samelborp so ,adartne sarierrab setrof h euq me sodacrem arap ridnapxe es aserpme a es :sacitslopogilo sairtsdni a oerid me oacifisreviD :otiepser etse a sesulcnoc setniuges s uogehc ldnietS .sadatnerfne res a aicnrrocnoc ad seidnoc sad esilna asoiretirc amu ,otnatrop ,rigixe megiro ed o on euq sodacrem sortuo me ritsevni ed edadinutropo a erbos oailava A .sadicelebatse j saserpme sad aicnrrocnoc a moc es-ratnorfed ri avissergorp aserpme a ,onitsed ed airtsdni adac me ,saM .)avitudorp edadicapac ad oailpma etneqesnoc a e latipac ed sneb ed oisiuqa moc( otnemitsevni me sosrucer sod oacilpa a retnam etimrep euq oruodaocse mu es-amrof ,sairtsdni sartuo me saserpme savon rairc arap sodasu os sodalumuca sosrucer so euq me ,osac omitl etseN .)sodacrem sovon( oacifisrevid e )u( edadicapac ad oazilitu ed uarg od ouder ;)g od ouder( sadivd ed otnemagap
681
.)961 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( soirtasnepmoc sotiefe sosoremun a atiejus tse ale ,aicndnet adot omoC .onaciremA omsilatipaC on oangatsE e edadirutaM :2591 ed arbo aus ed olutt o aD .sodartnecnoc sodacrem me aicnrrocnoc alep odivomorp etsuja ed omsinacem on atsinoicangatse uo avissecer aicndnet ,missa ,avarbmulsiv ldnietS 13 .airtsdni airprp aus me ritsevni ,ragul oriemirp me ,mereferp soirserpme so euq ed ,ele rop etnemlaicini adatneserpa esetpih ad aicnnitrep an anerc aus ramrifaer rop uonimret ldnietS ,oacifisrevid ed sedadilibissop sad esilna aus ed osulcnoc omoC 03
.odacrem od otnemicserc ed axat a e aserpme ad osnapxe ed laicnetop o ertne etsuja ed levirav amu omoc ,missa ,airanoicnuf adazilitu edadicapac A 13.orutuf otnemitsevni ed sesiced sa erbos avitagen aicnulfni levtiveni moc ,edadicapac ad oazilitu ed levn od adeuq amu a mbmat )etimil met atse euqrop ta( e otnemadividne ed axat an ouder amu a ravel a ednet ,odacrem od otnemicserc ed omtir oa roirepus etnemlevavorp ,anretni oalumuca ednarg a ,socitslopogilo sodacrem me ,odnes missA .odacrem oirprp ues me etnemlaicnereferp 03 ritsevni a saserpme sa odnavel ,sairtsdni ertne siairaserpme sosrucer ed oxulf o airibini euq o ,sednarg maires oacifisrevid alep sadatnerfne sedadlucifid sa ,ldnietS arap ,amrof atseD .odacrem ovon on meuta j euq saserpme ed oisiuqa aiv d es oacifisrevid a euq omsem odivomer etnemlatot on euq oluctsbo ,sodazirailimaf otse on lauq a moc airtsdni amu me massergni euq soirserpme solep odatnerfne ocsir o ratnecserca someved ]rotaf etse[ ele A .)...( lanoicida sadnev ed otsuc odavele mu atnerfne amrif avon a ,amrof reuqlauq eD .airtsdni avon amu me massergni siairaserpme sosrucer lauq olep etneqerf siam oiem o riutitsnoc ecerap ,acitrp an ,etsE .opmet razimonoce sonem olep sam ,aletneilc ad otnemagap o rigixe euq o ,sodapmacne merof sotnemapiuqe sues e etnetsixe amrif amu ,aicntsni ariemirp me ,es adative res edop odacrem mu ed oamrof alep rarepse ed edadissecen A )...( .es-ridnapxe etnetsixe j amu euq od odacrem mu riurtsnoc e adan od ritrap amrif amu licfid siam euq avatnopa )47 .p ,2591( ldnietS ,odom reuqlauq eD .setnetsixe selen orcul ed snegram sadignirtser j sa siam adnia rimirpmoc a orednet sacitslopogilo sairtsdni san sodalumuca setnedecxe sosrucer so ,sodacrem sessen rartenep oa :etnavarga amu adnia airevaH .adartne sarierrab sadizuder sad osserpxe omoc
781
.osnapxe ed o rotua olep odazilacof otnemitsevni ed opit o euq odom ed ,)lit adiv aus ed mif on latipac ed sneb riutitsbus a odanitsed( oisoper ed o e )sotudorp sod edadilauq rarohlem uo sotsuc rizuder a satsiv moc ovitudorp ossecorp od oacifidom a arap odatlov( oazinredom ed otnemitsevni o ldnietS ed esilna ad sodulcxe otse euq ravresbo ebaC 23
;edadicapac ad oazilitu ed uarg od ouder moc ,ajes uo ,etnedecxe avitudorp edadicapac a railpma odnasiv sotnemitsevni sovon razilaer ;)osnapxe adidneterp a razitercnoc arap aicnrrocnoc ed savisserga saigtartse a rerrocer ed oret euq odnebas( odacrem oirprp on sadnev saus railpma odnasiv sotnemitsevni sovon razilaer :)airtsdni an latipac ed edadisnetni 23 ad otnemua lautneve mu rop adicrexe res edop euq airtasnepmoc oa ad mla( setnedecxe sosrucer so arap soruodaocse setniuges so somiv omoc uotnopa ,saicntsnucric satseN .sotsuc ed sarotuder seavoni ed adidecus-meb oudortni ad etnatluser ,odacrem od osnapxe ed laicnetop o etnarep avissecxe e adailpma sorcul ed anretni oalumuca amu raocse arap ,lareg me ,mepsid savissergorp saserpme sa euq savitanretla sad adahlated esilna amu ,V olutpac ues me ,uedneerpme ldnietS
a n r et ni o al u m u c a a a r a p s o r u o d a o c s e s o d e sil n a a d s ai c n i cif u s nI
.)8 .p ,medI( asoidnepsid siamed rop anrot es levcalpmi aicnrrocnoc a siop ,)47 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( oaretla evarg erfos ,otnemitsevni ed axat alep ,edadicapac ed oazilitu ed sievn sodanimreted a orcul ed snegram sad ,otnatrop ,e anretni oalumuca ed axat ad acitmotua oatimil A .sosrucer sesse meussop euq sod otnemitsevni oa ovitnecni o zuder euq o ,sahnil savon me rassergni arap soirssecen sianoicida sorofse solep odatlucifid sairtsdni sartuo me setnedecxe sosrucer sod oxulf O .sairtsdni sassen latipac ed sneb sod osnapxe a arap oirssecen emulov o rassapartlu a ednet ,otnatrop ,anretni oalumuca A .setnetsiser sianigram serotudorp ed satsuc s recserc arap oirssecen sadnev ed orofse od edadisnetni odived B osac on odacidujerp v es ,A osac on sedadlucifid mes arepo euq ,laicnerrocnoc osserp alep odicrexe onegdne etsuja ed omsinacem O
881
.latipac ues ed edadilibatner a railpma ,levssop es ,e ravreserp racsub mbmat sam ,)sodacrem sovon me e megiro ed odacrem on( ovitudorp otnemitsevni od ocsir o rizuder sanepa on ed saserpme sednarg sad esseretni oa edneta etnemetneqerf sariecnanif seacilpa arap sosrucer ed oanitsed a ,)2 .pac ,5791 ,dooW( aserpme ad zediuqil ed sedadissecen sa ritnarag arap oirssecen etnemlareg ominm levn mu ed mlA 53 .)961-861 .p ,5891( sassoP e )3891( ohnituoC ,)2891( seramiuG rop sadatnopa saicnicifusni sa aroprocni adatneserpa iuqa oazitametsis A 43 .)2 .pac ,5791( dooW uotnopa meb emrofnoc ,soxelpmoc siam meb os aserpme amu ed sodnedivid ed acitlop ad setnanimreted so euq oneta a ramahc mes on sam ,satsinoica soa sogap sodnedivid sod otnemua ed edadilibissop a ratnecserca somaredop ,sotiefe somsem so araP 33
;)anredom 53 aserpme ednarg a arap etnecserc etnemadicehnocer aicntropmi ed( ariecnanif oacilpa ed sedadilibissop sa uoredisnoc oN )1.1 .airtsdni airprp aus ed arof aserpme ad latipac od oazirolav e osnapxe ed sedadilibissop sa odnamitsebus ,esetpih ariemirp aus oserp otium uocif ldnietS )1 :euges omoc sal 43 -zitametsis somedoP .savissergorp saserpme sad setnedecxe sosrucer so arap soruodaocse sod esilna aus an sodanacla ad ritrap a sodatluser soa e sesetpih samsem satse a sadanoicaler otse mbmat ldnietS sadigirid sacitrc siapicnirp sa ,res ed raxied airedop on omoC .saserpme sad saigtartse sad otejbo odnes on ,)etnemanegoxe( adad etnemarietni adaredisnoc otseuq me airtsdni ad otnemicserc ed axat a )b( ;airtsdni airprp aus me etnemlaicnereferp metsevni saserpme sa )a( :sotsopus siod rop etnemacificepse siam ,rotua olep sadimussa siaicini sesetpih salep sodanoicidnoc etnemetrof otse ldnietS rop adidneerpme esilna ad sodatluser sO .)airtsdni avon an sadicelebatse j saserpme sad oaer ad azerutan a e edadisnetni a ,ralucitrap me( onitsed ed odacrem od aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc sad e sacitsretcarac sad mbmat ,avitudorp oacifisrevid ed sedadilibissop sad esilna ad osac on ,e )rotua olep sodasilana ,B e A sosac( megiro ed airtsdni an etnegiv aicnrrocnoc ed ordap od edneped sarodavoni saserpme salep aigtartse rohlem ad ahlocse A .aserpme ad avitudorp oacifisrevid a odnevomorp ,sodacrem sovon me ritsevni ;aserpme ad otnemadividne ed axat ad ouder etneqesnoc 33 a moc ,sadivd ed otnemagap arap sosrucer so razilitu
981
.odacrem ovon mu odnairc ,oavoni aus moc ,airatse airprp ale euq j ,odacrem ed oapuco ed avisserga siam aigtartse amu rednefed ed oisop me ,)setnetsixe j sotudorp ed sotnemges me etnematerid rerrocnoc ed svni oa( otudorp ovon mu odnecerefo odacrem ortuo me airartne aserpme a ,osac etseN 83 .)36 .p ,2891 ,seramiuG( airtsdni an adaigelivirp oisop amu is arap rarugessa ,amrof assed ,e sadicelebatse samrif sa euq soxiab siam sotsuc a rizudorp edop etnartne aserpme a ,aigoloncet avon a odnasu ,osac etseN 73 .)771 .p ,2891 ,seramiuG( sairmirp sedadivita saus ed a euq od sadavele siam otnemicserc ed saxat moc sairtsdni ed oerid an macifisrevid samrif sa ,sosac sod airoiam an ,euq mamrifnoc sacirpme saicndive sA .adnamed ad otnemicserc odipr ed sodorep me adatilicaf etnememrone oacifisrevid a euq ,mbmat ,atnoc me ravel es-eveD .airtsdni an aserpme ad oisop a recelatrof etnemlevavorp ed mla ,)9591 ,esorneP( edadivita ed opit ovon mu ed oicni oa sodaicossa etnemlausu sazetrecni e socsir sod sotium ative euq j ,aserpme ad sedadivita sad oacifisrevid ed larutan ohnimac o etnemetneqerf lacitrev oargetni a arap odatlov otnemitsevni o ,otaf eD .megiro ed oudorp aus an azilitu aserpme airprp a euq somusni arap oudorp ad oazilacitrev a e adicelebatse j aserpme ed oisiuqa aiv sodacrem sortuo me adartne a ,olpmexe rop ,omoc ,sedadivita ed oacifisrevid a ratilicaf medop saigtartse samuglA 63
me zacife etnemamertxe ,lairotes adnamed ad osnapxe ed axat airprp a raicneulfni aserpme a ed edadilibissop a uoredisnoc oN )1.2 .airtsdni airprp an latipac od oazirolav e osnapxe ed sedadilibissop sa uozerpsed ldnietS ,)odot mu omoc( otseuq me airtsdni ad otnemicserc ed axat a adad omoc mamot saserpme sa euq ed esetpih leiF )2 .otudorp ed uo 73ossecorp ed res edop euq ,acigloncet 83 oavoni a ,aicnrrocnoc ad amra etnatropmi amu a adaicossa oacifisrevid ed edadilibissop a uoredisnoc on ,ortuo ed ;setnetsixe j sodacrem sortuo me ritepmoc 63 arap sadatnerfne sedadlucifid san uoregaxe ,odal mu ed :euqrop oacifisrevid aicntropmi adived a ued on ldnietS ,otaf eD .sosojatnavsed uo sovitibiorp lareg me adnev ed sianoicida sotsuc airacilpmi e opmet airamot sedadivita sartuo me adartne a euq odnatnemugra ,socitslopogilo serotes ertne etnemralucitrap ,latipac ed setnedecxe ed oalucric sotnemidepmi mairitsixe euq uiulcnoc rotua o ,oacifisrevid a atnoc me odavel ahnet arobmE .saserpme sednarg ed setnedecxe sosrucer so arap odatimili etnemacitarp oruodaocse mu adaredisnoc res edop atse edadrev an odnauq ,avitudorp oacifisrevid ed edadilibissop a uomitsebuS )2.1
091
.saserpme sad erahs-tekram so erbos sanepa sotiefe sues raredisnoc a eveta es sam ,)etnemanegoxe adad omoc al-mot ed svni oa( lairotes adnamed ad osnapxe ed axat airprp a erbos seredl saserpme sednarg sad adnev ed siaicepse sahnapmac sad sotiefe so erbos sasoredop sesulcnoc odartxe ret ,orofse ocuop moc ,airedop ldnietS 93
:ldnietS ed otaf o tse sadatnopa amica saicnicifusni sad etrap aob ed megiro an ,adidem ednarg mE .roiretxe on oterid otnemitsevni razilaer ed edadissecen a mes osac etsen ,sonretxe sodacrem me oapicitrap retnam aserpme a arap avitanretla amrof amu es-iutitsnoc lacol rotudorp mu ed otnemaicnecil o uo/e aigoloncet ed aicnrefsnart a ,otaf ed ;)seitlayor ed otnemibecer od acort me( aigoloncet ed adnev ;sedadivita ed sahnil siapicnirp saus me roiretxe on avitudorp oarepo recelebatse ed ,otnatrop ,es-atart ;adadilosnoc ajetse on adnia sodacrem sod acitslopogilo aruturtse a edno sesap me etnemralucitrap siailif ed oalatsni a moc ,)EDI( roiretxe on soterid sotnemitsevni ed amrof an siatipac ed seatropxe ;sianoicidart sotudorp sues moc sianoican sodacrem sovon rirpus a adanitsed avitudorp edadicapac ad oailpma moc ,sairodacrem ed seatropxe :)6 .pac ,2891 ,seramiuG( rop rad es edop oazilanoicanretni ed otnemivom O .atsilopogilo aserpme ad otnemicserc ed laicnetop o arap oruodaocse etnatropmi mu riutitsnoc edop onretxe odacrem o ,otaf eD .lanoican odacrem ues od arof arap es-ridnapxe atimrep a euq oazilanoicanretni ed aigtartse amu odnevomorp ,acifrgoeg arietnorf aus ad osnapxe aiv auta euq me airtsdni airprp an adaiopa recserc aserpme a ed edadilibissop a uoredisnoc oN )2.2 .aserpme alep odirpus j odacrem od oavoner etnatsnoc a revomorp a odom ed ,otudorp ed seavoni ed acitmetsis oudortni an adaiopa otudorp ed oaicnerefid ;odacrem on ecerefo j euq sotudorp sod oomorp ed sodotm sortuo e adnagaporp a odnacifisnetni ,aserpme ad sadnev ed acitlop airprp a :ed oiem rop ,lairotes odacrem od osnapxe ed axat a ocuop mu raicneulfni levssop sam ,setimil metsixe euq oralc 93.sanredom siairtsudni searugifnoc satium
191
)3
)2
.)ivx .p ,3891 ,ohnituoC( airssecensed e adibacsed ariecnanif oaidemretni soluctsbo ed aicntsixe ed esetpih a euq recehnocer aerap arobme ,)lairtsudni rotes on esilna aus uortnec euq me adidem an ,levsneerpmoc euq o( anretni oalumuca a arap oruodaocse omoc ariecnanif oacilpa ed edadilibissop aticlpxe onem zef on ldnietS 34 .)6 .p( otnemitsevni o ecerovaf mbmat euq o ,aid me ejoh metsixe on sairtsdni ertne sosrucer ed oalucric sedadlucifid sA .oa ed sahnil sasrevid a sedadivita saus marednetse lareg me saserpme sednarg sA .arreug-sp ed oautis an sovon sotnemele sortuo ,adnia ,metsixE .)8-7 .p( atiertse atsilopogilo oautis amu arap adas amu recerefo ,mbmat ,edop euq ,oriegnartse on soterid sotnemitsevni ;marucorp euq osnapxe a arap otreba opmac mertnocne e odacrem od seidnoc sa merepus samrif sa euq metimrep sovon etnemlaer sogitra :sotudorp ed oavoni ;odacrem on oapicitrap aus metnemua euq ,sonem oa ,etimrep euq odotm ,sadnev moc sotsag :aicnrrocnoc ed samrof sartuo a siam zev adac odirrocer mt ,setnecer sacop me ,satsilopogilo samrif sA :euq uomrifa ldnietS ,onaciremA omsilatipaC on oangatsE e edadirutaM orvil od oide adnuges oudortni an ,otaf eD 24 .)71 .p ,2891 ,seramiuG( arodavoni amrif ad odacrem ed alecrap ad otnemua orem o otnauq ,odot mu omoc airtsdni alep adnamed ad osnapxe a otnat racilpmi ,otnatrop ,medop otudorp ed seavoni sA 14 .)861 .p ,5891( sassoP ed somret so odnazilitU 04
)1
.sodacrem sod osnapxe a arap 34 24 sotudorp ed oavoni ad aicntropmi etnematicilpxe es-uirefer omoc missa ,savitudorp oazilanoicanretni e oacifisrevid ed a omoc odacrem od setimil sod osnetxe a revomorp ed edadilibissop a otnat uitimda rotua o ,otaf eD .2591 ed orvil ues od oide adnuges oudortni an ,6791 me saicnicifusni sasse sadot esauq etnematicilpxe recehnocer rop uonimret ldnietS oirprp o euq ratnopa ebac ,aitsuj roP .sodacrem 14 sovon arap oacifisrevid ed acitlop aus me adidecus-meb res aserpme a ed sedadinutropo seroiam mairc mbmat omoc )sorudam j sodacrem ed otnemicsaner o ritimrep rop etnatropmi etnemralucitrap( otudorp ed oaicnerefid etnatsnoc an adaiopa aicnrrocnoc ed aigtartse amu arap esab ed mevres sanepa on euq ,otudorp ed seavoni sa esilna aus me raroprocni ed odnaxied ,)otsuc ed sarotuder( ossecorp ed seavoni sa uoigelivirp rotua o ,otaf ed ;osrevni ed sarietnorf savon ed rodairc omoc ocinct ossergorp od latnemadnuf lepap o odaroprocni ret on )2 e ;anredom aserpme ednarg ad otnemicserc o maziretcarac euq oazilanoicanretni e oacifisrevid ed sossecorp so ramitsebus a uovel o euq o 04,oneta adived a moc aserpme a odatart ret on )1
291
.oirbliuqe ed oerp lat essed oanimreted an ,adnamed ad edadicitsale ed otiecnoc oa lanoicroporpsed aicntropmi siameda odniubirta ,)levtse( odigr oerp o ,oirbliuqe on ,euq ramrifa a sanepa es-odnignirtser ,racilpxe arap odauqeda latnemurtsni ed epsid on sodacrem sod lanoicidart airoet a euq onemnef mu oilpogilo me soerp ed zedigir a ,ossid rasepA .airton ,aimonoce ad adautneca oarter ed sodorep me omsem ,soerp so rizuder me satsilopogilo saserpme sad aicntuler A
s o e r p e d z e di gi R
.)II olutpac( adajenalp asoico edadicapac ed aicntsixe a ;)III olutpac od otejbo( soerp sod zedigir aicndnet a :2591 ed orvil ues on ,rotua od oneta marecerem e aicnrrocnoc ad setnanoicidnoc setnatropmi mbmat os odacrem ed saruturtse sassed sacitsretcarac sartuo sauD .odacrem ed oartnecnoc ed ossecorp etnerrocer mu arap seidnoc mairc e aicnrrocnoc ad evahc-setnanoicidnoc meutitsnoc osnapxe ed sedadlaugised sa euq odom ed ,seredl serotudorp sod rovaf me sacitslopogilo odacrem ed saruturtse san sorcul ed anretni oalumuca e otsuc ed siaicnerefid setneqesnoc sod e alacse ed saimonoce ed aneserp adanoicaler )2591 e 5491( ldnietS ed oatnemugra a somimuser e sominuer ,iuqa tA
a d aj e n al p a s oi c o e d a di c a p a c e s o e r p e d z e di gi r : s et n a v el e r s a m et s o rt u O 4. 2. 3
.ariecnanif e acimnoce oartnecnoc aicndnet a ,etniugesnoc rop ,e sadidecus-meb saserpme sad oazilanoicanretni e oacifisrevid ,otnemicserc ed setnedive sossecorp so ,aicntsni amitl me ,acilpxe euq a sorcul ed anretni oalumuca ozav rad rop osserp ad arof A .ele a mted es on rarcul e recserc ed fa ues on aserpme a ,odacrem oirprp on otnemitsevni oa edadiroirp ed anaildniets esetpih a levozar ajes arobme ,amus mE
391
.adnamed ad searetla a lig atsopser matilibissop euq ,oudorp ad otseg an sanredom sacinct ed osu on ralaf mes ;adajenalp asoico edadicapac ed e sodabaca sotudorp ed euqotse ed ominm emulov otrec mu ed onetunam a omoc siat ,acimnoce azetrecni levtiveni adaicossa edadilibisiverpmi a raziminim metimrep euq avreser ed sopit snugla ed onetunam a ralucitrap me ,saserpme s matlaf on ossi arap somsinaceM 64 .)6591( inibaL-solyS e )6591( niaB rop odivlovnesed aires etnemroiretsop omoc ,soerp ed oamrof a arap setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne ed seidnoc sad etnanimreted lepap o ,otnatrop ,oralc ahnit ldnietS 54 .oerp ed seuder a acitsle ocuop uo acitsleni adnamed ed avruc amu matnerfne euq ,otnatrop ,manigamI 44
lareg me ,avititepmoc osserp ad mbmat mednepeD .sanepa on sam ,)inibaL-solyS e niaB rop odatnopa omoc( otsuc ed siaicnerefid snegatnav sad medneped sorcul so euq rezid aireuq rotua o ,ossi moC .soerp ed oamrof airprp a moc ,etniugesnoc rop ,e sodacrem son etnegiv aicnrrocnoc ad edadisnetni a moc oagil etnatropmi mt siauq so ,airtsdni amsem amu ed saserpme ertne ohnamat ed sanerefid s etnemlapicnirp sodived otsuc ed siaicnerefid so :)adnamed ad edadicitsale ed ragul on( otiecnoc ortuo mu ragerpme rop ,edadrev an ,assap soerp so racilpxe arap ldnietS ed atsoporp A .adnamed an seairav 64 sad oerid amsem an atrefo an seairav ed oiem rop otief etsuja O .ozarp otruc on adnamed ad savitacifingis on seairav a etnerf aretla es on oerp o ,socitslopogilo sodacrem sod etrap roiam an ,sodasilana etnemroiretna serotua sortuo maratnopa j omoc ,otaf eD .odacrem od salecrap ed adrep sehl-odnatupmi ,sodicelebatse j siavir sues solep odiuges res on assop oerp ed otnemua o euq memet soirserpme so ,setnerrocnoc sovon ed adartne ed ocsir od mlA 54.)23-13 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( adnamed ad edadicitsale etnerefer oaredisnoc reuqlauq on e ,airtsdni an sossergni sovon ed romet o marboc etnemlaer euq od sodavele siam soerp rarboc ed medepmi so euq o ,odal ortuo ed ,e 44)soerp ed arreug ed ocsir o ratnerfne ,missa ,e( sodiuges res memet euqrop soerp mezuder on soirserpme so ,odal mu ed ,euq erroco euq o ,edadilaer aN .sacitslopogilo sairtsdni sad setnacram soart sod mu euq etse arap acisslcoen oacilpxe a moc aicndrocsid latot e oafsitasni aus uoticilpxe ldnietS
491
.)51 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( ?adartne sarierrab setrof moc sacitslopogilo etnemacipit sairtsdni me asoico edadicapac ed aicntsixe a racilpxe omoc ,ajes uO ?atsilaer adaredisnoc res edop on adartne ervil a euq me sairtsdni san etnedecxe edadicapac a ,otne ,racilpxe omoC .)sartxe sorcul ed oanimile a etimrep euq atse ( adartne ervil ed esetpih ad edneped etnedecxe edadicapac a ,olpmexe rop ,atiefrepmi aicnrrocnoc ed oledom oN 74
.)42 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( opmet on odartnecnoc e ountnocsed etnemairassecen aserpme amu ed otnemitsevni o euq odom ed ,ecserc odacrem ues euq adidem ,laudarg amrof ed avitudorp edadicapac aus ridnapxe rotudorp oa levssop on etnemselpmis ,otnemapiuqe od e atnalp ad edadilibarud e edadilibisividni sadaicossa sezar rop acinct azerutan ed serotaF )1 :etnedecxe avitudorp edadicapac ed adarebiled e adajenalp avreser ed adazilareneg aicnrroco a arap sasuac ed siapicnirp sotnujnoc siod uotnopa )52-32 e 02 .p ,2591( ldnietS .sairtsdni sassen setnacirbaf solep lamron otaf omoc atieca iof etrap azetrec moc ,lanoicnetni-on adaredisnoc res assop etrap arobmE .sacitslopogilo sairtsdni me etnedecxe edadicapac ed emulov ovisserpxe ed aicntsisrep ,omuser me )d ;setnetsixe j saserpme salep sadidneerpme seailpma ed mbmat sam ,setnerrocnoc sovon ed ossergni od sanepa on odatluser omoc edadicapac ad osnapxe )c ;adnamed ad setna ratnemua a ednet edadicapac a euq odnatoned ,osnapxe ed sodorep me omsem edadicapac ad oazilitu ed uarg od oiunimid ed ortsiger )b ;osnapxe me sacitslopogilo sairtsdni arap evisulcni ,edadirepsorp ed sodorep son omsem etnedecxe edadicapac ad lareg oinmoderp )a :oacilpxe rohlem rigixe a sacirpme saicndive setnatropmi ed aicntsixe a uotnopa )81-61 .p ,2591( ldnietS .oirbliuqe ed seautis me asoico edadicapac ed aicntsixe a racifitsuj 74 a atimil es euq ,lanoicidart acisslcoen airoet alep odiceralcse lam onemnef mu mbmat ,onredom omsilatipac od sacitsretcarac sad amu ,etnetsisrep e laruturtse etnedecxe edadicapac ed aicntsixe A
a d aj e n al p a s oi c o e d a di c a p a C
.etnemroiretna soditucsid marof setnanimreted sojuc e ,sadicerovaf sonem sad otnemirted me sadicerovaf siam saserpme salep adicrexe
591
:setnatropmi sotcepsa siod esilna aus me odnatlasser ,etnedecxe edadicapac ed aicntsixe euqatsed ed lepap uovreser ldnietS ,onemnef od sasuac sad esilna asorogir amu me e sacirpme saicndive me odaiopa etnemadiloS .)52 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( )setnerrocnoc sod atsuc uo adnamed ad otnemua olep( amrof amugla ed odacrem ues o ratnemua ed anarepse an etnedecxe edadicapac etnemadarebiled mtnam oirserpme o ,esetns me )d ;)ozarp otruc ed( adnamed ad sacilcc seairav ratnerfne a aserpme a ratilibah arap ovisiced avreser-edadicapac ed odajesed levn otrec mu euq rezid es-edop ,lareg siam odom ed ;)02 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( sopit soirv ertne adnamed ed ordap od soivsed sievssop ed osac o arap ,avitudorp edadicapac ed avreser amugla airssecen es-zaf ,oiubirtsid assen sanadum siautneve etnematerroc reverp licfid e ,sadarapes sealatsni megixe euq ,otudorp ed sedadilauq e sopit sosrevid ertne adubirtsid tse aserpme ad adnamed a etnemetneqerf omoc )c ;)32 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( )rarrecne es levrovaf odorep o odnauq odacrem ues o evisulcni ranoisserp a riv ed lanoicida etneinevnocni o matneserpa euq( seroditepmoc sovon rop otlassa ed sadamot uo sodicelebatse j siavir rop sodataberra sol-v odnative ,adnamed ad osnapxe ed axat ad seareleca sievssop a odnednopser )on uo sodarepseni( odacrem ed soapse sovon reuqsiauq rapuco a oriemirp o res ajesed rotudorp odot )b ;)32 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( edrat siam sadnev saus ridnapxe ed zapac res arepse siop ,roiam arutuf oudorp amu ritnarag a odom ed edadicapac aus a ranoisnemid arucorp ,otirtser odacrem mu sanepa ratsiuqnoc )otruc etnemairassecen on( laicini odorep mu etnarud euq odnebas omsem ,atnalp amu irtsnoc odnauq ,rotudorp ovon odot )a :etnedecxe edadicapac etnemadarebiled retnam missa odnehlocse ,adnamed ad otnemua od )sioped on e( setna avitudorp edadicapac a eilpma rotudorp o euq arap ,adnamed ad orutuf otnematropmoc oa otnauq azetrecni etnemlapicnirp sodanoicaler ,sovitom snob h acimnoce azerutan ed serotaF )2
691
.savissecxe orcul ed snegram sad oanimile ed otnemivom od atluser etnedecxe edadicapac a ,oirrtnoc oa ,atiefrepmi aicnrrocnoc ad airoet aN 94 .adnamed ad orutuf otnematropmoc oa otnauq ralucitrap me ,savitamitse e soluclc sues razilaer arap savitejbo sesab mt on soirserpme so euq j ,ahlaf evarg amu euq o ,acimnoce azetrecni ad sotnemele so esilna aus me etnemlatot odarongi ret ed sodacrem sod e soerp sod lanoicidart airoet a avasuca )41 .p ,2591( ldnietS 84
ed aicntsixe a aiciporp ,adartne a ridaussid oa ,euq e maaf o sortuo so euq setna ananob a ratievorpa etimrep euq ,atsopser ed edadicapac aus atneserper edadicapac ed avreser a oicdrepsed me riutitsnoc es ed setna ,laudividni atsilatipac od atsiv ed otnop od ,amus mE .)setnartne siaicnetop soa avitarta on orcul ed snegram e soerp ed acitlop amu ed ooda ad ,etnemaivbo ,mla( seroditepmoc sovon ed adartne ad osaussid ed amra asoredop amu iutitsnoc asoico edadicapac ed onetunam a ,otaf ed 94;sacitslopogilo etnemacipit sairtsdni sa maziretcarac euq savissecxe orcul ed snegram sa e adartne sarierrab sa rarofer etimrep euqrop :laicnetop e ;siavir sues ed odacrem ed salecrap ed oaroprocni alep ajes ,adnamed ad osnapxe ed sievrovaf sodorep me ajes ,saserpme sad erahs-tekram o ridnapxe ed otiutni oralc o moc aditnam asoico edadicapac atrec amu ,otaf ed ;sodicelebatse j siavir soa etnerf odacrem ed salecrap savitcepser saus ratnemercni e rarugessa a matilibah sa rohlem euqrop :avitefe :aicnrrocnoc a ratnerfne arap seidnoc serohlem me saserpme sasse acoloc euq oitepmoc ed lamron ordap mu etelfer seredl saserpme sednarg salep etnemralucitrap adnamed ad )etnerf an uo( mla edadicapac riurtsnoc ed acitlop ad aicnqesnoc omoc etnedecxe edadicapac ed emulov otrec ed adarebiled onetunam a ,siamedA .atsilatipac aimonoce amu me aserpme 84 ad sesiced ed ossecorp o e edadivita a ahnapmoca euq azetrecni a artnoc asefed ed amrof amu omoc atsiv res edop mbmat asoico edadicapac ed adajenalp oneter a ,otrecni orutuf mu ratnerfne aserpme a ed oiem mu seuqotse ed e sadiuql savreser ed onetunam a omoc missA :)l ai c n et o p e a vit ef e( ai c n r r o c n o c a e a z et r e c ni a r at n e rf n e a r a p l ai r a s e r p m e ai g t a rt s e o m o c a d aj e n al p a s oi c o e d a di c a p a C ) 1
791
)2
.siam adnia al-varga a orednet avissecxe asoico edadicapac ranimile ed siaudividni savitatnet lareg me ,atsilatipac aicnrrocnoc ed seidnoc bos ,euq arbmel )161 .p ,5891( sassoP ,oditnes omsem etseN .odajenalp oazilitu ed levn od aruges oacidni amu iutitsnoc on ozarp ognol a odanacla etnemlaer oazilitu ed uarg o euq rezid reuq otsi ,socitrp somret mE .adnamed a erbos odaedacne otiefe oa odived ,odot mu omoc aimonoce a arap oditbo res assop odatluser omsem o euq acifingis on ossi ,airtsdni acin amu arap oirbliuqe mu retbo essedup es euq omsem )lapicnirp e( ;opmet ognol egixe etsuja ed opit etse :sovitom siod rop ,odajesed oa adnopserroc etnatluser eled edadicapac ed ossecxe o euq etnarag on etsuja ed opit esse euq ,otnatertne ,oneta uomahc )62 .p ,2591( ldnietS 25 .)otnemitsevni ed sesiced sa erbos sotiefe moc mbmat( oazilitu ed uarg od etnedneped etnematerid soturb sorcul ed oxulf oirprp o ,siamedA .otnemitsevni ed sesiced sa erbos recrexe edop euq rodibini otiefe olep ovitudorp osu ues ed levn olep odatneserper rohlem res edop ,ldnietS arap ,euq ,)iiix .p ,3891 ,ohnituoC( latipac ed euqotse od lepap o atnoc me ravel oirssecen odnes ,orcul ed axat ad etnemavisulcxe onuf res edop on otnemitsevni o euq aredisnoc ]ldnietS[ ,ikcelaK omoc missA 15 .)63 .p ,5891( sassoP mbmat rev ,adnamed atrefo ad etsuja od otseuq a erbos adniA .)161 .p ,5891( sassoP rev ,otnop etse erboS 05
)1
.otnemitsevnised olep oirssecen es e ,)o-odnarelecased 25 uo o-odnareleca( otnemitsevni ed omtir olep odicelebatse airav adnamed a odnauq atrefo a atsujaer euq omsinacem o sacitslopogilo sairtsdni me ,ozarp ognol on ,missA .)iiix .p ,3891 ,ohnituoC( osrevni ed ossecorp o es-ebini )adajesed aidm ad oxiaba( etnemlaicnatsbus riac oazilitu ed uarg o es ,asrev-eciv ,e sadalumitse ores otnemitsevni ed sesiced ,odajesed levn o rarepus ovitefe oazilitu ed uarg o es ,otaf eD .edadicapac 15 ad oazilitu ed uarg od aterid onuf amu etse euq odom ed ,avitudorp edadicapac ed osnapxe me otnemitsevni ed axat a matefa adajesed -on asoico edadicapac ad levn on seairav ,opmet omsem oA .adnamed oudorp ad rodaluger omsinacem omoc 05 )orcul ed megram uo( oerp oa odubirta etnemumoc lepap o missa odnapuco ,odacrem o moc aserpme ad oaretni ed lartnec acimnid levirav omoc oilpogilo on anoicnuf oazilitu ed uarg o ,ovitefe o moc odajenalp edadicapac ed ossecxe o ratnorfnoc ritimrep oA : ot n e mit s e v ni o d et n a ni m r et e d e a d n a m e d o u d o r p a d et s uj a e d l e v i r a v o m o c e d a di c a p a c a d o a zilit u e d u a r G ) 2 .)xi .p ,3891 ,ohnituoC( azetrecni ronem e sorcul seroiam arugessa euq amra amu ,setna , oicdrepsed ed svni oA .setnetsisrep sesab me )lareg axat ad amica( siamron-arpus sorcul
891
.ikcelaK ed acimnoce acimnid a moc arap otibd ues etnematicilpxe uecehnocer ldnietS ,sohcert soremni me ,silA 45 .)1.4 meti ,4 .pac ,5891( sassoP e )3891( ohnituoC ,)3 e 2 ,1 .spac ,2891( seramiuG me odaiopa ,adidem aob mE 35
on oangatsE e edadirutaM
35
zef e ,)iiiv .p ,3891 ,ohnituoC( ocimnid e otelpmoc ocimnoceorcam ametsis mu ed ,oicni o edsed ,otnatrop ,odnopsid 45,aditrap ed otnop ues o ikcelaK me racsub iof ldnietS ,xraM ed e socisslc satsimonoce sod seisoporp sa maracram euq latipac ed oalumuca e aicnrrocnoc ertne sexenoc sa esilna ad ortnec oa atlov ed essexuort euq aciret avitanretla avon amu ed edadissecen a odnedneerpmoC .siairtsudni saruturtse sad omsimanid ed seidnoc sad odutse on avatse euq odasseretni ,aicnrrocnoc ad acimnid airoet amu a oerid me oiubirtnoc arienoip aus alep etnemlapicnirp sam ,saserpme sa ertne aicnrrocnoc ad otnemanoicnuf ed somsinacem sod oagitsevni an )uovoni ,etnemetneqerf ,e( uonava euqrop sanepa on otirm etse evetbO .sodacrem sod acimnid ad e aicnrrocnoc ad otnematart on ,ocittse ouobacra ues e etnanimod aixodotro alep otsopmi essapmi o moc uepmor rotua o ,avitairc e arienoip arbo atse moC .aimonoceorciM ad odutse on ocram mu ,ldnietS ed ,onaciremA omsilatipaC orvil od etrap ariemirp A
l d ni et S e d o i u bi rt n o c a e r b o s s e a r e di s n o C 3. 3
.ocimnoceorcam e orcim sievn so ertne acimnid oalucitra an ocigtartse lepap apuco euq sotiecnoc sod mu etnedecxe edadicapac a ,amus mE .)x .p ,3891 ,ohnituoC( otnemitsevni ed sesiced sa erbos iulfni ovitefe asoico edadicapac ed levn o omoc ,asrev-eciv e adajenalp asoico edadicapac a rasnep ai-es-redop )osrevnised ed uo( osrevni ed sesiced sad oiem rop etnemos ,oditnes esseN .)lairaserpme aigtartse etnenitrep e( laicnednet sam ,acilcc levirav amu me ,missa ,odniutitsnoc es on ,siarutnujnoc serotaf ed edneped on avreser-edadicapac ed odajesed levn o ,anaildniets osiv an ,euq oralc aciF
991
.)xi .p ,3891 ,ohnituoC( ]2591 e 5491[ ldnietS ed arbo an ,odalucitra etnatsab odom ed ,soditnoc mavatse j ,)6591 me( inibaL-solyS e niaB eoJ rop etnemetnednepedni adivlovnesed etnemroiretsop ,oilpogilo ed airoet ad siatnemadnuf sotnemele so sodot euq ed otaf o arap oneta a ramahc aitsuj ed reved 55
,etnetsisnoc ,atelpmoc acimtsis oargetni ariemirp a ,orienoip odom ed ,uiurtsnoc ldnietS ,orvil ues ed ariemirP etraP an sadalumrof oilpogilo ed seidnoc me aicnrrocnoc ed samrof e soerp ed oamrof ,otsuc ed saruturtse sa erbos saciret sesetpih ed otnujnoc on esab moC .)58 .p ,8991 ,ergiT( odacrem ed saruturtse sad oamrofsnart e oarugifnoc ad oacilpxe an laicnesse rotaf meutitsnoc saserpme ertne sairtemissa euq rartsnomed arap ,missa ,uiubirtnoC .oatum etnenamrep me etnemlevaroxeni ,odacrem ed saruturtse sad )onegdne( oamrofsnart ed ossecorp o moc e )soerp sod oamrof a moc ,etniugesnoc rop ,e( aicnrrocnoc ad edadisnetni a moc oagil etnatropmi mt saserpme ertne otsuc ed siaicnerefid so euq uortsoM 55.)otsuc roiam ed serotudorp sod ralucitrap me( setnerrocnoc saserpme sad sacitsretcarac sa e adartne ed seidnoc sa atnoc me odnavel ,)orcul ed megram/oerp ed e otnemitsevni ed sesiced( siairaserpme saigtartse sa erbos seacilpmi saus ocnifa moc uiugesrep ldnietS ,sanerefid sartuo ertne ,oavoni ed edadicapac ,osnapxe ed laicnetop ,orcul ed snegram ,otsuc ,ohnamat ed somret me ,saserpme ertne edadienegoreteh levroxeni ad odnitraP .matnerfne euq oitepmoc ed etneibma od setnatropmi serodinifed sotcepsa ,odacrem od acitslopogilo aruturtse alep e adnamed ad otnemicserc ed omtir olep sotsopmi setnanoicidnoc sod ecaf me otnemicserc ed ossecorp ues on aserpme alep sodatnerfne setimil sod e lairaserpme osiced ed acigl ad sehlated odnalever ,laicnerrocnoc atul a assecorp es omoc odom oirprp od ,saserpme sa ertne aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp od sadazerpsed uo sadarongi otne ta sanaun airtseam moc uodnevsed uo uouimse ldnietS .odagerga otnemitsevni od setnanimreted sod esilna an ranava odnitimrep ,ocimnoceorcam onalp o moc sealer saus e ovitudorp otnemitsevni ed siairaserpme sesiced sad airoet amu ed sacimnoceorcim seadnuf sa raeniled rop otium
002
a uoziretcarac ,)3891( ohnituoC atnopa omoc ,mroP .)saserpme sa ertne siaicnerefid snegatnav sad ,aicntsni amitl me ,rodinifed( anadum ed sossecorp sod onegdne etnanimreted etnatropmi omoc ol-tart odnacsub ,ocinct ossergorp od lepap o uoredisnoc ldnietS .4 olutpaC on sadarolpxe res a setseuq arap aneca euqrop sasioc sartuo ertne ,oneta ecerem ldnietS ed oiubirtnoc a erbos otnop omitl mU .ocimnoceorcam e orcim sonalp so ertne oalucitra ad sacimnid sesab sA )2 e ;siairtsudni serotes sod levn me aicnrrocnoc e oalumuca ad airoet amu ed sacimnoceorcim sesab sA )1 :radnuf ed oditnes on os ldnietS ed siartnec seiubirtnoc sa ,esetns mE .sodacrem sod aruturtse a amrofsnart e amrofnoc euq latipac ed oalumuca a azilaer es euq me etnassecni otnemivom o rareg ed zapac ,atsilatipac aimonoce ad azerutan airprp an odatnessa ,euq latnemadnuf ossecorp omoc aicnrrocnoc ed otiecnoc o uednetne ;sacimnidorcam saicnqesnoc sairs met atsiverpmi oairav ajuc e ,satsilopogilo saserpme sad aigtartse ad e aruturtse airprp ad oturf omoc edadicapac ed ossecxe o uotart ;odacrem od oaruturtse ad ovita otnemele omoc sam ,oirbliuqe od acsub amu ed lanif odatluser omoc on e ,orcul ed snegram san sam ,soerp son eveted es on ldnietS :riuges a etnemadimuser sodatneserpa ,)071 .p ,5891( sassoP rop edadeirporp moc )atelpmoc megatsil amu recerefo ed onetni mes( sodacatsed sotnop son adatpac res edop anaildniets osiv ad arof A .)iiiv .p ,3891 ,ohnituoC( otnemitsevni od oanimreted ad amelborp oxelpmoc on ocifcepse osep moc e aticlpxe levirav omoc avitudorp edadicapac ad oazilitu ed uarg o odnaroprocni ,ikcelaK ed osiv a receuqirne e ranimuli arap etnemavitacifingis uiubirtnoc ldnietS ,etnemasicerp ,]odagerga otnemitsevni od oanimreted[ opmac etseN .]orvil od adnugeS etraP an odatart omitl etse[ ocimnoceorcam e orcim sonalp so ertne )...( aticlpxe
102
.24 aton asson ediV 65
*
.)i x x . p , 3 8 9 1 , o h nit u o C( l ati p a c e d o al u m u c a e d l ai c n e d n et a x at a er b o s m a ut a e u q s air ti d art n o c s e s n et s a d ot n e mi c er al c s e o d a c s u b a n , s e si v s a u d s a d e s et n s e d a vit at n et a m u r o p , et n e m air a s s e c e n , r a s s a p at sil ati p a c a ci m ni d a r e d n et n e ar a p a s oil a v o i u birt n o c a m u e d e d a dili bi s s o p a e u q oi er C . o ci n c t o s s er g or p o m e bi ni ar o m ar g alf e d ar o e u q si a s u a c s o x e n s o d o a cifil a u q a d o , aj e s l a u q , at sil ati p a c o al u m u c a a d ai c n d n et a d o t s e u q a d si ai c n e s s e s o el c n s o d m u er b o s o x elf er a d o n a v a o a si e v s n e p si d ni , et n at s b o o n , o s s ot nit si d s o d ot m m o c , s et n er efi d s o cir et s a m et si s e d o d nitr a p , e u q s er ot u a r et e p m u h c S e l d ni et S . s a v o n et n e m ari et ni si air a s er p m e s ar ut urt s e e s er ot e s e d o air c a d s v art a , m l a si a m , e s a d a zili b at s e o t n e t a s at sil o p o gil o s e a mr of e d s a ci n c t s e s a b s a d o ul o v er m o c , s o hl e v e s o v o n si a vir ert n e a d arri c a o it e p m o c e d s a d n o e d s v art a o di d n ufi d er p m e s r o d a v o ni o ci n c t o s s er g or p O . s a d a zil at sir c o t n e t a s at sil o p o gil o si air a s er p m e s ar ut urt s e e d ot n e mi c s e n e v uj er o e n tl u mi s m o c , o hl e v o d ai c n c s el o s b o a a cil p mi , ar o d air c- o i urt s e d e d a mr of a n ol- z af o a , s a m ,l ati p a c e d o al u m u c a a di p r e d s ari et n orf s a v o n rir b a e d r e d o p o s a n e p a o n m et o n air et e p m u h c s o ci n c t o s s er g or p o e u q et s art n o c m u r a mrif ar a p ot n o p et s e n r ar b m el er e d r a xi e d e d o p e s o N
.)6 .p ,2591 ,ldnietS( otnemitsevni oa olumtse osoredop me es-odniutitsnoc ,osrevni ed sarietnorf savon ed rodairc omoc latnemadnuf lepap ues uitimda ,ocinct ossergorp oa etnemacificepse oaler moC .orvil ues ed oide adnuges oudortni an satsinoicangatse sesetpih sadigr sad es-uoicnetinep ldnietS 65,etnemroiretna somanoicnem omoC
.)I V X . p( at sil ati p a c o al u m u c a e d a d a g er g a a x at a d et n a zili b at s e s o n e m ol e p u o at si n oi c ar el e c a o dit n e s o n o d n a n oi c n uf o a s u a c a d ar ut urt s e a m s e m a r a ni g a mi ai- e s-r e d o p , s et n a n g at s e s o vit al u m u c s oti ef e e d s v ni o a , o s ufi d e d s ot n e mi v o m s et n e q e s b u s m o c , o sr e v ni e d s a d n o s a s or e d o p r al u citr a e d z a p a c ,r et e p m u h c S al , oir n oi c ul o v er -l a n oi c a v o ni o pit o d r e s e d o p o ci n c t o s s er g or p o e s e u q et n e m atr e C
.)iiix .p( sotnemapiuqe e saniuqm ed oareg avon adac a ,oxif-latipac od ovitudorp redop od otnemaoiefrepa od etnatluser ,latnemercni e ountnoc opit ed ossecorp omoc oavoni
202
.oilpogilo od laicepse me e odacrem ed saruturtse sad airoet ad ourtsnocer adajemla sairssecen ,sotiecnoc ed oinifeder e samet ed oanedroer atelpmoc amu arap aicnrefer ed ordauq lapicnirp on es-riutitsnoc edop ldnietS ed aciret oiubirtnoc a ,)171-071 .p ,5891( sassoP arap ,adnia siaM .)071 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( oudorp ad oazilanoicanretni a mazitafne euq sad mla ,amrif ad sariecnanif sairoet sa omsem e oacifisrevid ed ossecorp oa esafn od euq sairoet sa , siareg sotcepsa sues son uopicetna otaf ed ldnietS euq adartne sarierrab sad airoet a ,pu kram e latot otsuc od sairoet sa omoc siat ,sairoet sartuo ed sodatievorpa sotnemele rop sodatnemelpmoc res medop e sievtapmoc os ldnietS ed aciret oiubirtnoc ad siaicnesse sotcepsa so euq acatsed ,oditnes etseN .)14 aton ,961 .p ,5891( artnocne es adnia euq me obmil od al-tagser arap oneta adavoner amu ed arodecerem ldnietS ed acimnoceorcim airoet a ,acimnid edadilanigiro e aicnnitrep aus alep ,euq evisulcni ednefed sassoP 75
.)i v x . p , 3 8 9 1 , o h nit u o C( a nr et ni o al u citr a e o d et n o c o d e hl e u q s et n atr o p mi si a m s e a ni mr et e d s a e si a n oi c n uf s e al er s a a cr a m e d e a cifit n e di e u qr o p et n e m at a x e , o nr e d o m at sil ati p a c a m et si s o d l ai c n e d n et ot n e mi v o m o d o s n e er p a e d s a dil s e s a cir si a m s a vit at n et s a d a m u o d n e s a u nit n o c ) o d a g er g a l e v n a ot n a u q l air ot e s l e v n a ot n at( o al u m u c a e d ol e d o m u e s e d l a s u a c o el c n o e o ci m n o c e or c a m o n al p o ar a p or ci m o n al p o d m e g a s s a p e d a mr of a u s a dil v e c e n a mr e P
.aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp oirprp od sodatluser ,sanegdne sievirav omoc sodacrem sod oartnecnoc e saserpme sad ohnamat redneerpmoc a mavel edadivitalumuc e sairtemissa omoc ed otiepser a searedisnoc saus ralucitrap me 75,sacitslopogilo seidnoc bos aicnrrocnoc ad airoet amu ed ourtsnoc an euqatsed ed lepap ecerem e asoilav ldnietS ed aciret oiubirtnoc a sam ,otrec ,soivsed e saicnicifusni metsixE .etnemaidrat uecehnocer euq anucal ,aserpme ednarg ad oazilanoicanretni e oacifisrevid ed sossecorp soa e sotudorp ed oavoni e oaicnerefid oneta adived a odad ret on iof ,somiv omoc ,ldnietS ed latipac odacep O
.)inibaL-solyS e niaB ed seiubirtnoc sad lapicnirp ocof( 2 olutpac emrofnoc ,alacse ed saimonoce ;)rodlaK ed seiubirtnoc sad ritrap a ralucitrap me( 1 olutpac on oditucsid emrofnoc ,)etrop oneuqep ed saserpme a omsem levsseca( sotudorp ed oaicnerefid :a etnemlapicnirp sadaicossa otse savititepmoc snegatnav ed setnof sa ,seamrofni a omsem uo samirp-sairtam ,somusni a odaigelivirp osseca lautneve od mla ,serotua soirv odnugeS .somagehc euq me otnop od oailava everb amu ratneserpa arucorp ,mrop ,setnA .savititepmoc snegatnav ed )etnassecni( acsub ad socimnid sotiefe son adaesab aicnrrocnoc ad anairetepmuhcs -oen megadroba ad seiubirtnoc odninuer ,socitslopogilo sodacrem me aicnrrocnoc ad acimnid an sadartnec sesilna sa ,atnicus etnatsab amrof ed euq adnia ,ratneserpa arucorp olutpac etse ,lanif oa odnagehc ,sam sodacrem sod oartnecnoc/oazimota ed uarg on sadartnec sesilna sad seiubirtnoc san tse eset atsed oagitsevni ed otejbo O
s e r a ni mil e r p s e a r e di s n o C 1. 4
socitslopogilo sodacrem me aicnrrocnoc ad acimnid an sadartnec sesilna sad odutse o arap satoN
402
.)271 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( odacrem ed aruturtse ad oamrofsnart ed laicnetop ues ed e aicnrrocnoc ad seidnoc sad acittnis osserpxe omoc ,lareg siam levirav omoc orcul ed snegram sa arap atlov es airoet ad lartnec otejbo o ,)ozarp ognol ed( orcul ed snegram sad oanimreted alep levsnopser lapicnirp a adartne sarierrab sad edutingam a omoC .anretni a omoc laicnetop aicnrrocnoc a otnat odnegnarba ,ocitslopogilo odacrem odad mu me aicnrrocnoc ad setnanimreted sod e azerutan ad esetns a omoc satsiv res a massap e ,sortuo ertne ,odacrem ed aruturtse ad setnenopmoc sod mu siam sanepa res ed maxied adartne sarierraB 2 .oilpogilo ed rodinifed otnemele oriemirp o a razilacol somaredop ,sea ed aicndnepedretni ed aneserp a atceted es j ,atircsed oautis an ,euq ed otaf selpmis olep alatsni es adartne arierrab a lauq an ,somixrp siam siavir ed aicntsixe moc odazimota odacrem ed rodlaK rop atircsed oautis ad odnarbmel ,rogir A .)271 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( .sadautis rohlem uo seroiam sa arap sonem olep ,saserpme ed sohnamat so sodot arap ones ,adartne sarierrab ed aneserp alep sam ,setnerrocnoc ed oremn oneuqep olep etnemairassecen odaziretcarac res ed axied oilpogilO 1
sa acraba euq aigolopit amu sporp )491-381 .p ,5891( sassoP 2,adartne sarierrab ed e oilpogilo ed sotiecnoc so riurtsnocer ed siopeD 1 .siaruturtse seidnoc sa moc setnezidnoc saigtartse ratoda ed ret ed oautis a bos aserpme a acoloc euq ,aicnrrocnoc ad siaruturtse setnanoicidnoc so odnazitafne ,odacrem ed saruturtse sad euqofne o moc es-ahnila ,esilna ed etrocer omoc amrif a maigelivirp euq serotua ed seiubirtnoc sasoilav sa recehnocer ed raxied meS .osac adac me adauqeda siam aicnrrocnoc ed aigtartse ed opit e adartne arierrab ed opit ertne oaler a ratpac arucorp euq ,setnanimoderp aicnrrocnoc ed serdap ed odutse on adaiopa odacrem ed saruturtse ed aigolopit amu ed oalumrof an uonava sassoP .)aicnrrocnoc ed samrof( avititepmoc aigtartse x odacrem ed aruturtse odnalucitra ,seiubirtnoc sasse sadot rinuer etimrep )4 .pac ,5891( sassoP rop atsoporp aicnrrocnoc ed serdap ed aigolopit A .sodacrem sod oartnecnoc aicndnet a ardnegne euq omsinacem od osneerpmoc a arap odniubirtnoc ,siairtsudni saruturtse sa erbos orcul ed snegram e otsuc ed siaicnerefid sod socimnid sotiefe so rasilana oa mla ri uitimrep )3 olutpac on odatneserpa( ldnietS ,oditnes esseN .onegdne oamrofsnart ed ossecorp mu me ,seatum atneserpa mbmat lairtsudni aruturtse a euq es-v ,)acirtsih avitcepsrep me( adavresbo rohlem saM .lairtsudni aimonoce ed sodutse so arap lartnec ,adartne sarierrab ed otiecnoc on adatpac e adicerem aicntropmi a inibaL-solyS e niaB ed seiubirtnoc s d otcepsa essed aicnveler A .odad oditnes etsen ,odassap ed etnenopmoc etrof mu met aruturtse a euq edadrev .ocittse euqofne olep macep seiubirtnoc satse ,setnatropmi arobmE
502
.onairetepmuhcs etroc ed acimnoce oulove ad socimnoceorcim sotnemadnuf sod onrot me asiuqsep ed amargorp otsav mu ejoh euq o mararuguani ,retepmuhcS me sodaiopa ,siartnec sotiecnoc e euqofne ojuc serotua ,)8891 ,4891( isoD e )2891 ,7791( retniW e nosleN ed seiubirtnoc sa arap euqatsed moC 5 .satsilatipac saimonoce sad oartnecnoc ed ossecorp o arap etnemasoredop odniubirtnoc ,alacse ed saimonoce mbmat ranigiro ed zapac omsinacem mu ed etnof omoc sotudorp ed oaicnerefid ad acreca inibaL-solyS ed oatnemugra a rarbmel elaV 4 .siairaserpme saigtartse sad onalp on - ocinct ossergorp otnauqne - evercsni es mbmat ,laruturtse otisiuqer ed mla ,ocigloncet ordap o ,otaf eD .aigoloncet ad oidnoc alpud a uocatsed sassoP ,mif roP .etneserp siam tse aserpme ad oirsiced ossecorp od aimonotua a edno aicntsni a ,adivd mes , avititepmoc aigtartse a ,siaruturtse setnanoicidnoc solep satsopmi seirtser sa etnemetnedive sadaD .sodacrem sod oaircer e soa oatpada ed sacitlop sa e oriecnanif ,ocigloncet sievn so sodot me ,seredl saserpme sad osnapxe ed sacitlop sa odnacraba ,aicnrrocnoc ed saigtartse sa )2( ;)otudorp od oaicnerefid ed edadilibissop a arap euqatsed moc adnamed ad sacitsretcarac ,otudorp ed opit( sotudorp sod oazilitu )oudorp ed sotsuc ed aruturtse a e alacse ed saimonoce sad aicntropmi a arap euqatsed moc ,sodireuqer latipac ed sneb e somusni ed opit( oudorp ad socigloncet sotnemireuqer so edsed odnegnarba ,avitudorp-ocinct aruturtse ad sotnemele uo avitudorp aruturtse an oudorp ed sedadinu saus uo saserpme sad oresni a )1( :)771 -571 .p ,5891 ,sassoP( sotnemele setniuges son esab moc odinifed aicnrrocnoc ed ordaP 3
ociret laicnerefer mU 5.serodiuges sues e retepmuhcS ed seiubirtnoc san odartnec ,ocimnid siam euqofne mu ed aroga es-atarT .olutpac etsed otejbo ,oavoni ad lartnec etnematulosba lepap oa etemer euq o ,rovaf ues a sairtemissa savon ed etnassecni acsub a sarvalap sartuo me uo ,savititepmoc snegatnav saus railpma ,levssop es ,e retnam arap saserpme salep adidneerpme acsub etnenamrep ad edadissecen a acoloc euq o ,soruol sues erbos ratnes medop on alacse ed saimonoce sad setnerroced savitalumuc snegatnav sadils me sadaiopa saserpme sa omseM .senerep os on snegatnav sa saM .oaicnerefid 4 ed saimonoce s e alacse ed saimonoce s sadaicossa snegatnav sad etnerroced edadivitalumuc ad lepap o arap euqatsed moc ,socitslopogilo sodacrem me sacigtartse sesiced a etnerf saserpme sad otnematropmoc o maziretcarac euq sovititepmoc serdap sod siaruturtse setnanimreted so erbos aidi aob amu a es-uogehc ,otnatrop ,iuqa tA .osac adac ed ocitsretcarac 3aicnrrocnoc ed ordap o odnevercsed ,)socitslopogilo -on ed oditnes on( sovititepmoc etnemairporp sodacrem e ovititepmoc oilpogilo ,otsim uo odartnecnoc-odaicnerefid oilpogilo ,odaicnerefid oilpogilo ,odartnecnoc oilpogilo :odacrem ed saruturtse setniuges
602
.)772 .p ,5991 ,.la te sassoP( atelpmocni euq adnia ,aicnrrocnoc ad acimnoce airoet acir siam e rohlem a es-artnocne ,retepmuhcS mE 6
omoc otircsed omsilatipac o ,sonegxe serotaf ed etnemetnednepedni ,missA .atsilatipac ametsis od )oirnoicatse-on( ovissergorp retrac o racatsed uorucorp )2491( retepmuhcS ,siareg sahnil mE .sacitsloponom seisop e savitarapmoc snegatnav ed oadilosnoc/oulossid e oamrof ed ossecorp mu omoc siatipac ertne aicnrrocnoc ad anretni acigl airprp ad erroced oazilartnec /oartnecnoc aicndnet a ,odom etseD .latipac od oazilartnec e oartnecnoc ed ,etnemacificepse siam ,e oalumuca ed ossecorp od esab an tse aicnrrocnoc a ,xraM mE .sacimnid seacilpmi saus ed e aicnrrocnoc ad otnemanoicnuf od otnemidnetne on uonava retepmuhcS ,rotom ues o aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp on met euq e )savitudorp sarof sad otnemivlovnesed ountnoc on osserpxe( otnemivom me ametsis mu omoc etnemlatnemadnuf omsilatipac od atsixram osiv ad odnitraP .sacitslopogilo seidnoc bos aicnrrocnoc 6 ad odutse on lartnec rotua mu etnemadicehnocer retepmuhcS
s o ci m ni d s oti ef e s u e s e s e a v o ni e d a c s u b a : r et e p m u h c S e d s e il s A 2. 4
.ocisslcoen oa ovitanretla amgidarap mu ed ourtsnoc an lartnec etnematulosba ,onairetepmuhcs-oen euqofne od sodadnuforpa siam sodutse arap aiug mu rotiel oa recenrof etnemacisab odnasiv atnicus oatneserpa amu ed es-atarT .)sodacrem so e saserpme sa erbos ,etnemaenatlumis ,sotiefe moc( maretla es e mamrof es sale omoc ,etnemlapicnirp ,e )snegram e sotsuc ed sanepa on lareg me( sairtemissa sad lepap od otnemidnetne rohlem mu arap siartnec sotnemele so rizudortni olutpac etsed ovitejbo O .sadanimreted etnemaenatlumis ,sanegdne os saigtartse e aruturtse lauq on e ovita lepap ahnepmesed aserpme a lauq on oxelpmoc e otelpmoc siam
702
oavoni ad aicntropmi a odalever ret ,somiv omoc ,iof )2591( ldnietS ed seiubirtnoc siapicnirp sad amu ,orcul ed snegram sad e sotsuc ed siaicnerefid sod socimnid sotiefe so erbos esilna aus mE
s a s e r p m e s a d o a zi n a g r o e d a m r of a d e si ai rt s u d ni s a r ut u rt s e s a d o at u m et n e n a m r e p : ai c n r r o c n o c a d s o ci m ni d s oti ef E 1. 2. 4
.atsilatipac aicnrrocnoc ad otnemanoicnuf od acreca retepmuhcS ed sepecnoc siapicnirp sa ratneserpa meti etsed ovitejbo O .arodairc oiurtsed uonimoned retepmuhcS euq ,oatum ed onegdne e etnassecni ossecorp od rotom o omoc es-alever ,esilna ad ortnec oa adala ,aicnrrocnoc A .aicnrrocnoc ad latnemadnuf ovitom oirprp o omoc sam ,oirrtnoc o omoc on otsiv res a omitl etse odnassap ,oilponom e aicnrrocnoc ertne oisopo lanoicidart a rasneper o-uitimrep aciret arutsop assE .omsilatipac od acimnid ad esilna a arap seavoni ed ossecorp od seacilpmi sad aicnveler a omoc meb ,seavoni ed oudortni an erpmuc )oirropmet( oilponom ed uo oirnidroartxe orcul od acsub a euq lartnec lepap o oralc ahniT .atsilatipac omsimanid od ogam on odautis oamrofsnart e arutpur ed ossecorp mu omoc aicnrrocnoc ad osiv amu ahnit retepmuhcS .)rotua o racatsed ,opit reuqlauq ed( seavoni me adaesab aleuqa ,ajes lauq ,oatum me e litsoh etneibma mu me aicnviverbos alep atul an epmi es euq aicnrrocnoc ed amrof an ,ralucitrap me ,e rosluporp otnemele omoc saserpme sa ertne aicnrrocnoc an tse arodamrofsnart acimnid assed esab A .)oirbliuqe ed seautis racifitnedi on e( revom mezaf o euq sarof sad otnemidnetne on es-rartnec eved acimnoce airoet ad lartnec otseuq a euq uednefed retepmuhcS ,oatatsnoc assed odnitraP .oirnoicatse ratse edop acnun ,azerutan airprp aus alep ,euq ametsis mU .etnecserc edadivitudorp a edno ,oamrofsnart etnenamrep me ovitulove ametsis mu
802
.saserpme sad oazinagro a erbos e )odacrem o( siairtsudni saruturtse sa erbos ralucitrap me ,aicnrrocnoc ad socimnid sotiefe sod odutse on ,otne ,sorofse rartnecnoc sporP .setnatropmi seacilpmi a avel )sotelosbo setse odnanrot( sohlev so euq setneicife siam )lareg me( sodom sovon ed oudortni a euq razitafne avasseretni rotua etse A .)411.p( irtsed e airc sa ele omoc rebas etnaveler o otnauqne ,setnetsixe saruturtse sa artsinimda omsilatipac o omoc ed amelborp o v es ,etnemlamroN .)rotua od ofirg ,311 .p( avon amu odnairc etnemetnassecni ,ahlev a odniurtsed etnemetnassecni ,ortned ed ritrap a acimnoce aruturtse a anoiculover etnemetnassecni euq ocigloib omret od osu o metimrep em es lairtsudni oatum ed ossecorp mu matneserper seavoni satsE
.) 2 1 1 . p( air c at sil ati p a c a s er p m e a e u q l airt s u d ni o a zi n a gr o e d s a mr of s a v o n s a d , s o d a cr e m s o v o n s o d , etr o p s n art u o o u d or p e d s o d ot m s o v o n s o d , o m u s n o c e d s n e b s o v o n s o d err o c e d at sil ati p a c a ni u q m a d ot n e mi v o m o m t n a m e ai ci ni e u q l at n e m a d n uf o sl u p mi O )... ( . oi r n oi c at s e ,r at s e e d o p a c n u n s a m , t s e a c n u n s a n e p a o n e , a ci m n o c e a n a d u m e d o d ot m u o a m r of a m u , a z e r ut a n ai r p r p al e p , )... ( o m sil ati p a c O
:arodairc oiurtsed ed ossecorp od retepmuhcS ed oinifed asomaf a saidi sasse atarter rohlem euq megami A .sairtemissa ed oareg ed asoredop etnof oavoni a e sairtemissa radnuforpa arap acsub amu omoc )ldnietS rop odaunisni j omoc( ecerapa atse euq j ,aicnrrocnoc ad sarof sairprp salep etnemanegodne odardnegne oavoni ed ossecorp od odatluser omoc ,sonegxe serotaf ed etnemetnednepedni amrofsnart es euq ametsis mu omoc omsilatipac od otnemidnetne on ranava retepmuhcS a uitimrep opecrep assE .)orcul ed siaicnerefid so matefa mbmat euq( oavoni ed samrof sartuo a odidnetse res edop rodazilibatsesed lepap esse euq oralc uocif ,)2491( retepmuhcS mE .snegram e sotsuc ed siaicnerefid sod sarodacifilpma ,etniugesnoc rop ,e sotsuc ed sarotuder ovitudorp ossecorp on seavoni sa etnemacificepse atnoc me aravel ldnietS ,esilna atseN .setnetsixe odacrem ed saruturtse razilibatsesed ed oditnes on
902
.)9991( sassoP aivliS .M rev ,atsilatipac ovititepmoc ossecorp od siareg sacitsretcarac sad adahlated siam ossucsid amu araP 8 .sodaremolgnoc soa lanasetra anicifo ad ,lanoicazinagro otnemivlovnesed :)211 .p ,2491( retepmuhcS 7
.siatipac ed oazilartnec/oartnecnoc aicndnet airprp ad esab an ajetse aicnrrocnoc a euq ,otnatrop ,rahnartse es arap oN .aicnrrocnoc ad ovitejbo oirprp o omoc sam ,oirrtnoc o omoc on es-alever oilponom o ,oditnes esseN .)oirropmet( oilponom ed uo oirnidroartxe orcul od acsub ad acigl alep sadaiug etneibma essen es-mevom saserpme sA .)471 .p ,5891 ,sassoP emrofnoc( oazirolav ed acsub an siatipac soirv sod otnematnerfne ed ossecorp mu ed ,otnatrop ,es-atarT .etnenamrep oirnidroartxe orcul olep acsub a ,latipac od oudorper e oalumuca ad acigl airprp alep adarrupmE .sacitsloponom seisop e savitarapmoc snegatnav ed oadilosnoc/oulossid e oamrof ed ossecorp etnerrocer mu me ,serotudorp sod oaicnerefid auntnoc a evomorp ,)atiefrep aicnrrocnoc ed oledom on odazilaedi emrofnoc( siatipac so razienegomoh e ralevin ed oirrtnoc oa ,siatipac ertne aicnrrocnoc a ,otaf eD .atsilatipac acimnid ad lapicnirp rotom on es-odniutitsnoc ,)!levssop orcul roiam olep euq od siam( odacrem on aicnviverbos alep saserpme ertne etnenamrep atupsid amu odut ed setna atsilatipac aicnrrocnoc a ,latipac ed oalumuca ed lareg otnemivom oirprp od levrapesni etnargetni etraP
l ati p a c o d o a zi r ol a v a d 8 a c s u b a : at sil ati p a c r et ni ai c n r r o c n o c e d o s s e c o r p o d l a r e g a ci g l A 2. 2. 4
.)saserpme( seiutitsni/seazinagro sad oatum 7 etnenamrep amu es-assecorp ,olelarap mE .odacrem ed aruturtse airprp a e sotudorp so ,avitudorp esab a racifidom a aicndnet etnenamrep mezudnoc )azerutan reuqlauq ed( seavoni sa ,aicnrrocnoc ad amra lapicnirp omoC .anegdne e )sotrus me arobme( etnassecni amrof ed assecorp es euq ,ametsis od onretni oamrofsnart ed ossecorp oirprp on atluser siairtsudni saruturtse sad oatum etnenamrep A
012
.)411 .p ,2491 ,retepmuhcS( atrop amu rarof es a odarapmoc oiedrabmob mu omoc missa ,ortuo od otrep ,aicnrrocnoc ed opit essed aicnicife A 9
.oirsaussid redop etrof odnecrexe ,siaicnetop uo sovitefe sele majes ,maaema euq setnerrocnoc so erbos )511 .p ,2491 ,retepmuhcS( etneserpino aaema amu etnemarem odnauq mbmat sam ,otaf ed etsixe odnauq sanepa on ega aicnrrocnoc ed opit esse euq racatsed etnatropmi .saserpme sad aicntsixe 9 airprp a e secrecila so moc exem )setnetsixe odacrem ed saruturtse sa odnazilibatsesed ,soerp zuder e edadivitudorp e oudorp atnemua ,edadilauq uo otsuc ed avisiced megatnav amu a ragul d ozarp ognol on euq acnavala asoredop( seavoni rop aicnrrocnoc a otnauqne ,saserpme sad seudorp san e sorcul son etnemlautnop sanepa mexem ,lairtsudni oazinagro ed samrof e oudorp ed sodotm ,ralucitrap me ,setnairavni seidnoc ed odigr ordap mu ed ortned adnia sam ,sadnev ed orofse e edadilauq me aicnrrocnoc a omsem e soerp me adaiopa aicnrrocnoc ed lanoicidart amrof a euq uocatsed )411 .p ,2491( retepmuhcS .)sotelosbo manrot es ,zev aus rop ,euq( sohlev so euq setneicife siam sodom sovon ,sarvalap sartuo mE .cte ,oazinagro ed samrof savon ,sodacrem sovon ,aigrene ed setnof savon ,etropsnart ed soiem sovon ,sotnemirpus ed setnof savon ,oudorp ed sacinct savon ,sairodacrem savon ed oiem rop d es ,retepmuhcS uotrela omoc ,euq avisnefo e avita aicnrrocnoc a atnoc euq aicnrrocnoc ed opit o ,oatum etnenamrep a etnacram oart ojuc ,atsilatipac edadilaer an ,otaf eD .oavoni a ,)2491( retepmuhcS uozitafne omoc , etnednutnoc siam aicnrrocnoc ed amrof a sam ,)6591( niaB uocatsed emrofnoc ,setnatropmi os oaicnerefid ed snegatnav sa e alacse ed saimonoce me sadaiopa snegatnav sA .sievssop samra sa sadot odnasu ,odacrem ed soapse sues )railpma uo( retnam matnet ,otnematnerfne ed ossecorp esseN .setnerrocnoc soa etnerf savititepmoc snegatnav ed riurfusu marucorp saserpme sa ,latipac ues ed oazirolav ed acsub aN
s e a v o ni s a d l a rt n e c l e p a p o e s a vitit e p m o c s n e g at n a v r o p et n a s s e c ni a c s u b e d o s s e c o r p O 3. 2. 4
112
.)odidrep ovititepmoc osarap o siv--siv( saenropmetnoc satsilatipac saimonoce sad seavoni ed omsem e osnapxe ed omtir od ouder aicndnet atsopus amu ed e aicnrrocnoc ad edadisnetni ronem ed ominnis omoc odacrem ed oartnecnoc roiam a amot euq ocittse euqofne mu rop adaziretcarac ,sacitsloponom sacitrp sad lanoicnevnoc osiv a moc ocitrc ogolid mu uecelebatse )iiiv .pac ,2491( retepmuhcS ,otseuq atsed otnematart oN 01
.edadilanif aus samsem is me matogse euq sairtaderp e savitirtser sadidem omoc etnemselpmis e arup on e ,seavoni me sadaiopa savisserga siam aicnrrocnoc ed saigtartse ed etrap omoc satsiv res meveD .setnoziroh e sovitejbo ed salpma siam savititepmoc saigtartse ed otxetnoc on ,)setneicifeni on e( sairssecen os savitirtser uo satsiloponom sacitrp sadamahc sa euq uortsom )2491( retepmuhcS ,ozarp ognol ed avitcepsrep amu odnatodA .serodarpmoc sod atsuc seisop sassed setnerroced sorcul so ratnemua e sadatsiuqnoc j seisop ravresnoc mesiv euq sacitsloponom savisnefed sarbonam ed ozarp ognol a aicnveler a etnemlevaredisnoc zuder ,sadnev ed orofse/edadilauq me e soerp me aicnrrocnoc ad aicntropmi a e ecnacla o rizuder ed mla ,airtsdni amu ed etnetsixe aruturtse a erbos sasioc savon sad otcapmi O
01
ai c n r r o c n o c e d o s s e c o r p o n s a viti rt s e r s a cit r p s a d l e p a p O 4. 2. 4
.siavir sues artnoc om ranal edop aserpme amu euq amra asoredop siam e lapicnirp a )azerutan reuqlauq ed( oavoni a euq oralc ret osicerp sam ,)ovisnefed /ovissap x ovisnefo/ovita( sotnemom setnerefid ,sedadisnetni setnerefid ret edop aicnrrocnoc a ,otaf eD .avisserga siam aicnrrocnoc ed opit esse opmet o odot etnarud mecrexe on saserpme sa euq edadrev .atsilatipac ametsis oa etnereni ,onegdne ossecorp mu ed ,otnatrop ,es-atarT .soirnidroartxe sorcul rop arucorp ad esab an tse euq ,ocimnoce onemnef mu oavoni a ,oditnes etseN .latipac od oazirolav ed soapse sovon ed oairc a etimrep ale siop ,azerutan reuqlauq ed ,lareg me oavoni a aicnrrocnoc ed etnatropmi siam amrof a ,setnerrocnoc so artnoc saugrt mes atul an ,esetns mE
212
.socnavalos soa e - evom es euq sam ,]levsiv ocuop[ otnitsidni sanepa on ovla mun rarita omoc ,)811 .p ,2491( retepmuhcS rop adacove megami amu odnasU 21 .saled oxiabed rop evom es euq onerret mun p ed es-meretnam ,aicntsni amitl me , saserpme sad ovitejbo o euq uorbmel )411 .p ,2491( retepmuhcS ,ovitisop lepap ues ed e savitirtser sacitrp ed ooda mavel euq sovitom sod oaterpretni aN 11
e soerp ed ouder( ozarp ognol on sievsiv os sodatluser sojuc )lareg me seavoni me sadaiopa( savisnefo/savita aicnrrocnoc ed saigtartse matoda ,seredl saserpme sa ralucitrap me ,saserpme sa ,odacrem ed soapse sues railpma e retnam rop etnassecni acsub an ,missA .sievsnepsidni os iroirp a sam ,setnedecxe sorcul me ratluser e sairssecensed ,iroiretsop a ,es-rartsom medop savitneverp sea siaT .).cte ,ozarp ognol ed sodapicetna sotartnoc ,sossecorp ed soirropmet soderges e setnetap omoc siat( serotetorp soicfitra egixe sotnemitsevni ed opit esse ,amrof asseD .seavoni 21 ed otcapmi o bos etnemlaicepse ,)811.p( otnemom reuqlauq a radum medop uo madum euq seidnoc bos etnemlaicepse ,adipr anadum ed seidnoc me ozarp ognol ed otnemitsevni o ralucitrap me ,)oruges omoc siat( adraugavlas ed sea satrec egixe otnemitsevni reuqlauq ,missA .atsilatipac osiced ed ossecorp oa etnereni azetrecnI .)opmet rahnag arap ,ominm on( setnerrocnoc so rajarocnesed es-asiv ,amrof atsed ;).cte ,seavoni s osseca od savitirtser siel ,edadicapac ed odajenalp ossecxe ,sadnev ed aicam ahnapmac ,ozarp ognol ed sodapicetna sotartnoc ,sossecorp ed soirropmet soderges e setnetap :olpmexe rop( satsilatipac sesiced sad sazetrecni e socsir ratserrartnoc ;sievrovafsed seautis rasnepmoc euq od siam ed sezapac sorcul ranoicroporp medop sadidem sasse ,amrof atsed ;)sovissecer sodorep me ,sodartsinimda soerp e orcul ed megram ad asefed ad oiem rop ,olpmexe rop( )811 .p( sairropmet sedadlucifid raivila e oivan o razilibatse :ed oditnes on otium rezaf medop salE 11.oacifingis avon meriuqda savitirtser sacitrp sa ,atsilatipac acimnoce azetrecni ed seidnoc bos ,euq retepmuhcS ed lartnec otnemugra O
312
.)911 .p ,2491 ,retepmuhcS( soierf mt euqrop asserped siam madna sievmotua so euq ramrifa euq od ossi rezid laxodarap siam oN 31
ad ocisb rotom o ed etnemetnednepednI .ozarp ognol a otnemivlovnesed o arap oidnocerp savitirtser seidnoc saus moc oilpogilo O .arodairc oiurtsed ed ossecorp od ognol oa sadairc os euq adartne sarierrab ed aicntsixe a mepus ,zev aus rop ,savitirtser sacitrP .oavoni ed ossecorp olep sadairc savititepmoc snegatnav ed oatnetsus a odnasiv ozarp otruc ed savitirtser saigtartse ,edadrev an ,os sacitsloponom sacitrp ed amahc es euq o ,amus mE .)otnemitsevni ed sesiced sad adamot an anaruges roiam ranoicroporp oa( edadilibatse e )sotnemitsevni sod ,osnetxe rop ,e( sorcul sod edadilibatnetsus :lepap olpud ues od erroced ozarp ognol a otnemivlovnesed o arap edadilanoicnuf auS .atsilatipac ametsis od sanadum ed otxetnoc od ortned oaterpretni avon eriuqda oerp ed zedigir a ,laicidujerp acitrp omoc ,ozarp otruc ed avitcepsrep amu me ,atsiV .)721 .p ,2491 ,retepmuhcS( ol-zilibatse ed svni oa ,ametsis o siam adnia razilibatsni ,osserped an ,edop soerp ed edadilibixelf lasrevinu e >aentnatsni< atiefrep amU :oerp ed zedigir alep adanoicroporp edadilibatse a siv--siv soerp ed edadilibixelf ad edadilibatsni ed rodareg e rodatsaved otiefe o ritucsid oa retepmuhcS rop adacifilpmexe meb sacitsloponom sacitrp sad edadilanoicnuf A .latot oudorp ad roiam e 31 levtse siam osnapxe amu rizudorp medop ,lanif oA .)911 .p( medepmi euq od siam ,megetorp euq a ozarp ognol a osnapxe ed ossecorp mu ed ,sievtiveni etnemetneqerf ,setnedicni os savitirtser sacitlop ,)711 .p( arodairc oiurtsed ad enerep otnev o bos ,otaf eD .)soerp ed sotict sodroca ,letrac opit od oicrmoc oa seirtser ,oudorp oirtser ,soerp ed zedigir( ozarp otruc on savitirtser sacitrp ed ooda sarvalap sartuo me ,sotaidemi siam sodatluser odnasiv savisnefed/savissap aicnrrocnoc ed saigtartse ed ,olelarap me ,ooda ed edadissecen a acilpmi euq o ,sazetrecni e socsir sodavele ,otnatertne ,matneserpa saigtartse satsE .)edadivitudorp e edadilauq ,oudorp ad otnemua osorogiv
412
.)a9891( sassoP rev ,aicnrrocnoc ad avissap e avita sesnemid sad adahlated siam ossucsid amu araP 51 .)311 .p ,2491 ,retepmuhcS( ozarp ognol a ohnepmesed od edadicolev uo levn o arap oidnoc amu res edop asse siop ,opmet on otnop muhnen me aaf o on euq ametsis mu a roirefni res ,ozarp ognol on ,missa omsem ,edop levssop arienam rohlem ad sedadilibissop saus etnemanelp ezilitu opmet on sotnop so sodot me euq on uo ocimnoce ,ametsis reuqlauq ametsis mU .ozarp ognol on oazimito avel ozarp otruc on oazimito ed ossecus a euq rasnep levssop oN 41
;)ozarp otruc ed saigtartse( sadicelebatse seisop ed oatnetsus/oavreserp a odnasiv etnemacisab savitirtser sacitrp ed ooda ad oiem rop atsiloponom aserpme ednarg ad savisnefed sarbonam :ovissap/ovisnefed :51sievicossidni e seratnemelpmoc sotnemivom siod ed adatod aicnrrocnoc A .sievrapesni e sairssecen secaf saud met aserpme ednarg a adiresni tse euq me ovititepmoc ossecorp o edadrev an siop ,aicnrrocnoc e oilponom ertne oisopo aslaf amu etsixe euq rartsom retepmuhcS ed saciret seiubirtnoc sednarg sad amu euq rezid es-edoP .aicnrrocnoc ed opecnoc aus ad azerbop a roiam amelborp ojuc ,satsilatipac saserpme sad savititepmoc saigtartse sa erbos lanoicidart osiv a retaber retepmuhcS a uitimrep amica esilna A .)221 .p( setsurt soa adaac amu ed rovaf me lareg ozar amu h on euq artsom alE .latatse oatnemaluger a artnoc oisoporp amun iutitsnoc es on oatnemugra assoN .seecxe os setse retepmuhcS arap sam ,oudorp ad ozarp ognol ed otnemivlovnesed o erbos sosoicinrep sotiefe meracovorp savitirtser uo sarodaluger saigtartse ,sosac sotrec me ,ed rerroco edop ,etnemaivbO .aserpme ad arienitor oauta ad etrap odnezaf ,acitmetsis e etneicsnoc oavoni alep acsub a ,oilpogilo on ,odatluser omoC .ametsis on sedadilibatsni sad rednefed es ed e savitirtser sacitlop sa racilpa ed zapac acin a siop ,arodairc oiurtsed ed ossecorp od lapicnirp etnega o atsilopogilo aserpme a ,missA .ozarp otruc on savitirtser sacitrp sad edneped omsilatipac 41 on ozarp ognol on otnemivlovnesed O .edadivitudorp ed seidnoc sad airohlem a e sodacrem ed oailpma a odatluser o ,orcul o res oavoni
512
,oavoni odubirta lartnec lepap o e aicnrrocnoc ed anairetepmuhcs oon a ralucitrap me retepmuhcS ed oaripsni boS
at si n oi c ul o v e a vit c e p s r e p a m u m e s e a v o ni e d o el e s e a c s u b e d o s s e c o r p m u o m o c ai c n r r o c n o C 3. 4
.otnemicserc ed aniuqm amu omoc es-atropmoc atsilatipac aserpme a ,otxetnoc etsen ;atsilatipacretni aicnrrocnoc ad arof rop adizudortni etnemetnerrocer euq ,oavoni etnemlatnemadnuf odagil tse )edadivitudorp ad otnemicserc ountnoc on osserpxe( omsilatipac od ovissergorp otcepsa o ;saserpme sa ertne sairtemissa ed oailpma e oarolpxe ad ,sarvalap sartuo me ;saserpme sa ertne siaicnerefid snegatnav ed oairc ad oiem rop odacrem ed soapse sovon ed acsub a asiv euq ,oavoni ed ossecorp od levicossidni aicnrrocnoc ed otiecnoc ues :euq racatsed ,missa ,uedneterp retepmuhcS * .saserpme sad e odacrem od oadomoca etnemlevaroxeni avel on etnecserc oartnecnoc a euq recehnocer osicerp ,retepmuhcS araP .sarodavoni savisnefo saigtartse moc odroca otiefrep me ,satsiloponom savisnefed sarbonam ed ooda etnemataxe odived ,etrap ednarg me ,sam ,otiepsed a on d es ossI .)141 .p ,2491 ,retepmuhcS( latot oudorp ad ozarp ognol a osnapxe ad ,ralucitrap me ,e ocimnoce ossergorp od aniuqm asoredop siam an ,sesnemid saus me ecserc euq adidem etnemlaicepse ,iutitsnoc es euq ,ega missa euqrop etnemataxe ,E .)ozarp ognol ed sacitrp e ozarp otruc ed sacitrp odnagujnoc( sadiriuqda snegatnav sa ratnetsus ,soirnidroartxe sorcul riugesnoc ed mla ,arucorp atsilatipac aserpme a ,latipac ues od oazirolav ed lareg acigl adanidrobus erpmes omoc e ,amrof atseD .)avitudorp oacifisrevid ad oiem rop odicrexe etnemetneqerf redop esse ,sotercnoc somret me( savititepmoc snegatnav ed ourtsnoc a odnasiv seavoni me sadaiopa ovisnefo redop otla ed e ozarp ognol ed saigtartse :ovita/ovisnefo
612
.asiuqsep ed otnematraped mu recelebatse ,ol-tnetsus redop etnes euq ogol ,anredom aserpme a zaf euq asioc ariemirp A :)921 .p ,2491( retepmuhcS atnopa omoc ,silA .sievtimi etnemlicifid siam os euqrop etnatropmi etnemralucitrap oavoni ed opit etsE 61
.etnemacidaropse oatum e oairav racovorp medop sasrevda seautis mbmat omoc ,oatimi uo odazidnerpa rop ,sodadreh res medop sodiriuqda seretcarac so sanepa on euq adnia mavresbO .ravoni ed avitatnet an ossecus ed on uo aicnrroco ed edadilibissop a evisulcni odnaton ,sacitneg seatum sa moc seavoni sad acsub a manoicaler )2891( retniW e nosleN :osac oriemirp on aticlpxe sonem on sam ,osac odnuges on etnargalf acigloib aigolana a ,)161 .p ,b9891( sassoP acatsed omoC .odacrem ed e ovititepmoc etneibma olep saditembus os seavoni satse euq a )seicpse sad oeles ed ossecorp oa odnednopserroc( oeles ed ossecorp od e ;odacrem ed soapse sues railpma/retnam rop fa ues on saserpme salep odidneerpme ,)sacitneg seatum ed ossecorp oa odnednopserroc( seavoni ed etnassecni acsub ed ossecorp od :oaretni ad matluser sianoicutitsni e sacimnoce sanadum sa euq mednefed serotua so ,sarvalap sartuo mE .etneibma oiem od oeles etnemlevaroxeni saditembus ,seicpse sad sacitneg seatum ed ossecorp oa ,oamixorpa ariemirp amu me ,odarapmoc res edop ,)61sacigloncet sa arap euqatsed moc sam ,azerutan reuqlauq ed( seavoni sad lapicnirp otcapmi o bos ,atsilatipac aimonoce a otnemivom etnenamrep me mtnam euq lanoicutitsni e acimnoce oamrofsnart ed ossecorp o euq lartnec aidi A
s ei c p s e s a d o ul o v e e d o s s e c o r p o m o c a ci g l oi b ai g ol a n A 1. 3. 4
.)anainiwrad airoet( seicpse sad oulove ed ossecorp o :ocimnid laicnerefer mu ed ortned sam ,acigloib aigolana aticlpxe me adaiopa ,laicnerrocnoc acimnid ad atsinoiculove megadroba amu meporp )7791( retniW e nosleN atsilatipac acimnoce edadivita ad rodazimanid lapicnirp omoc
712
.)851 .p ,b9891 ,sassoP( laruturtse oamrofsnart e anadum ed sam ,oirbliuqe ed on sairtejart )...( .opmet od ognol oa oaretni assed etnatluser otnemivom o ratpac rarucorp oa ,ovisulcxe etnanimreted otnemele omoc solp sod reuqlauq raigelivirp mes ,aruturtse-aigtartse oaretni an es-artnec ,odacrem susrev amrif oisop a etnemacimanid rarepus odnedneterp ,otnat araP .avitudorp esab aus ed ritrap a odacrem ed saruturtse sairprp sad oamrofsnart ed acimnid an sam ,socittse sociglofrom soirtirc rop sodasilana e sodacifissalc sodacrem me reuq ,etnemadalosi amrif an reuq adartnec siam on ,avitanretla acimnoceorcim airoet amu ed ourtsnoc etnatropmi etropa mu ed ,otnatrop ,es-atarT .osufid/oareg e oeles/acsub ,aruturtse/aigtartse alucitra euq ,opmet od ognol oa ovitaretni ossecorp mu ed egreme etnatluser airtejart a ,sarvalap sartuo mE
.) 2 6 1 . p , b 9 8 9 1 , s a s s o P( s e a v o ni e d o el e s e a c s u b e d s o s s e c or p s o d s v art a , at si n oi c ul o v e a cit a m u n , et n e m a vit c e p s er s ot si v , s e a v o ni e d o s ufi d e o ar e g e d s o s s e c or p s o d m e g a dr o b a a ar a p o vit a nr etl a o cir et o cr a m o o m o c at s o p or p o p m et o d o g n ol o a ) o d a cr e m o d( a r ut u rt s e e ) a mrif a d( ai g t a rt s e ert n e a n e g d n e o ar et ni A
.)2891 ,retniW ;nosleN( opmet on etnematnujnoc sodanimreted os odacrem od sodatluser e aserpme ad otnematropmoc ed serdap lauq olep ocimnid ossecorp mu ed es-atart ,atsinoiculove euqofne o odnuges ,amrof atseD .oriuges airtsdni ad otnujnoc o e saserpme sa euq )161 .p ,b9891 ,sassoP( sairtejart sa omoc meb ,saigtartse satrec atiejer uo anoicerider ,anoicnas )sesiced saus rop ,saserpme sairprp salep mbmat sam , oavoni amu on uo odnadilav odacrem olep odautefe( oeles ed e )siairaserpme saigtartse me odaiopa( acsub ed sossecorp so ertne acimnid oaretni A .oirbliuqe ed oisop amugla a otnematsuja ed ossecorp mu ed ocif sodizuder res medop on etnematrec E .iroirp a sodanimreted res meredop ed egnol otse euq sairtejart uo sotnemivom arap oapse es-erba ,odacrem oa e aicnrrocnoc setnereni oeles ed somsinacem solep odanoicnas res a ahnev aserpme ad sesiced e acsub ed ossecorp od odatluser o euq arugessa adan ,otaf ed ,omoC
812
.sodaicnerefid siairaserpme sotnematropmoc ed otnemicelebatse o arap errocnoc otsi oduT .ocsir oa osreva ed sievn setnerefid so aicnulfni mecrexe ,siamedA .arutpur ed sotsuc so moc sadatnorfnoc os ,zev aus rop ,euq ,saigoloncet sad otnemaoiefrepa susrev aicncselosbo ed axat otnauq savitatcepxe sa aredisnoc oirserpme o ,otnat araP .aigoloncet ahlev an sotnemarohlem e X a seratnemelpmoc saigoloncet ed sotnemaoiefrepa ,)X ed atutitsbus( Y aigoloncet avon amu me sotnemaoiefrepa/oudortni ,X aigoloncet airprp an sotnemaoiefrepa :a otnauq )sadaicnerefid etnemlevativeni( savitatcepxe sa atnoc me avel oirserpme o ,seavoni ed ooda ed osiced aN .)5 .pac ,2891( grebnesoR rev ,acigloncet oavoni amu ed arutuf airtejart ad oinifed an e siairaserpme sesiced san sacigloncet savitatcepxe sad lepap od ossucsid amu araP 71
ed sossecorp so ertne aterid oalerroc h on ,raemoc arap )a :adatimil etnemednarg edadilibisiverp ed ,satrecni etnemralucitrap os sacigloncet seavoni sa euq zev amu ,ossecorp uo/e otudorp ed seavoni mevlovne setse odnauq ralucitrap me ,sotnemitsevni sovon moc sadanoicaler s ta )1 olutpac emrofnoc ,sodazimota sodacrem ed atart es odnauq omsem( oerp e oudorp erbos osiced a edsed acraba e satsilatipac sesiced ed adamot ed ossecorp on etnatsnoc amu azetrecni ed aneserp A .ocimnoceorcam otxetnoc od oailava ad mla ,serodimusnoc sod oaer e setnerrocnoc ed oaer e oa 71,ocigloncet otnemivlovnesed oa otnauq savitatcepxe me es-aiopa ,otrecni etneibma oa odived adacilpmoc etnemairassecen ,osiced ed adamot A .socitslibaborp soluclc racilpa levssopmi ele a euq ed oditnes on ,otrecni etnemairassecen orutuf mu a sadirefer sesiced ramot ed oifased ednarg o matnerfne saserpme sa ,savititepmoc snegatnav saus railpma ,levssop es ,e retnam rop etnatsnoc atul sadilepmoc e avititepmoc osserp etnemetnenamrep saditembuS
s a nit o r s a d l e p a p : a z et r e c ni b o s s e a v o ni e d a c s u b e d o s s e c o r p o d l a r e g o a zi r et c a r a C 2. 3. 4
.seavoni salep sadatefa sairtsdni sad oulove ad etrap ,etnemlanif ,e odacrem ed edadivititepmoc aus ,oudorp ed sotsuc sues aretla oudorp ed sossecorp e sotudorp sovon ed oatimi uo oudortni an saserpme samugla ed ossecus o euq ravresbo oa )701 .p ,8891( isoD rop adacifilpmexe ,aruturtse e aigtartse ertne atiertse oaretni a rartsom megadroba atsed sotirm sednarg sod mU
912
.)61 .p ,8991 ,ahledaG( arodazimixam aigtartse a lauq ed etna-xe oailava amu matimrep euq sovitingoc sotnemele matlaf sam ,adatnet res ta edop sorcul ed oazimixam alep acsub A 91 .)4891( isoD e )2891 ,7791( retniW e nosleN mbmat ediV .)5 .pac ,2891( grebnesoR rop sodatart marof sotnop siod sO 81
.rodavoni orofse oirprp on e sesiced ed adamot an anitor setnega sod oseda a ,missa ,ecelaverP .sianoicnevnoc sotnemidecorp ed ogerpme on osserpxe rohlem ,aidm oinipo a riuges ratnet ed ,ovisnefed e osoletuac otnematropmoc mu ed ooda rerrocer saserpme sa ,atsilatipac oluclc on azetrecni ed aicntsixe ad otnemicehnocer oa etnerf ,otxetnoc esseN ?saserpme sa matropmoc es otne omoc ,sodatluser soa otnauq anaruges reuqlauq mes ridiced ed edadissecen a moc atnorfed es atsilatipac aserpme a edno ,acigloncet oavoni ad otxetnoc od aicnulfni a boS .sorutuf sotnemicetnoca so reverp arap seidnoc sonem 91 otium e )setnega so ertne oaretni ad sodatluser sod edadixelpmoc a atsiv me odnet( etneserp od seidnoc sa railava arap etneicifus avitingoc edadicapac meussop on ,sorofse sues ed otiepsed a ,setnega sO .sadad seidnoc bos odinifed meb ovitejbo mu ed oazimito a ropus atsilaer on omoc missa ,)axelpmoc siam ovitejbo-onuf reuqlauq ed men ,orcul ed men( oazimixam ed soirtirc me adaesab edadilanoicar a ratoda omoc h on ,otxetnoc esseN .oazimixam ed soxodotro soirtirc me es-raesab ed egnol tse siaudividni setnega sod acimnoce edadilanoicar a ,atsilatipac oluclc ed etnoziroh on azetrecni ed aneserp aN .sodicehnocsed sotnemele ed oremn roiam mu atnoc me evel etnega o euq epmi otudorp ovon mu ed uo oudorp ed odotm ovon mu ed oudortni a siop ,aditn etnemralucitrap orutuf oa otnauq azetrecni a ,ocigloncet ossergorp od ,otibm etseN .aigoloncet amu ed oulove otnauq savitatcepxe s ,sosac sotium me ,sadagil otse savititepmoc snegatnav ed oailpma/oavreserp otnauq savitatcepxe sA .siaudividni setnega sod seailava ed aicngrevid 81 e ossapmocsed revah a ednet )b ;seavoni ed osufid e oareg
022
.amrif ad siatnematropmoc sairoet ed oanimoned a bos sodapurga ,hcraM e treyC ,nomiS serossecederp omoc evet osiced ed ossecorp od omsilaer on esafn A 12 .)4.4 meti( etnaida odatneserpa res otnop etsE .acinct osnemid ad ovitalumuc retrac o odnatpac ,larutan airtejart manimoned euq ,rossimorp siam etnemlaicnetop e ocigloncet onava o arap levvorp siam )seerid uo( oerid ad lepap o macatsed retniW e nosleN ,sacinct sedadilaicnetop s oaler moC .)361 .p ,b9891 ,sassoP( aserpme ad aicntepmoc ed sacifcepse saer sad e oaticapac ad odal oa ,ocigloncet otnemivlovnesed ed ahnil adanimreted rop sadicerefo sedadinutropo sa - socinct e - seavoni sad odarepse onroter o socimnoce serotaf rop opmet omsem oa adanoicidnoc ,acitsrueh ,acitsnimreted-on ,acsub ed aigtartse amu omoc adinifed res missa edop D&P me sotnemitsevni sod edutingam e otnemanoicerid oa otnauq sesiced ed adamot A 02
sesiced sa euq zev amu ,odal ortuo ed ,sotsuc sotla moc ones sievgirroc men ,odal mu ed ,sodarugessa men sievsiverp os on azetrecni bos sesiced ed setneinevorp sodatluser so euq ed otaf on etnemlaicnesse asuoper otnemidecorp ed opit etsed ooda ad edadilanoicar A .).cte ,ravoni oerid euq me ,ritsevni omoc( rezaf euq od ahlocse ed ossecorp on saserpme salep sadacilpa etnemetneuqerf sanitor oS 12.asrever airahnegne ed sedadivita e saigoloncet ed oazilauta e oatropmi ed samrof ,acigloncet ocepsorp ed saigtartse ,)02otudorp olep laicnetop adnamed a e acinct edadilibaiv ed laicnetop o atnoc me mevel euq soirtirc odnuges( sievtner etnemlaicnetop sotejorp ed oanedro ,D&P me otnemarutaf od oarf adanimreted amu ed otsag o ,olpmexe rop ,odnevlovne ,seavoni rop acsub ed sanitor sadanimreted me masserpxe es sarger satse ,ocinct ossergorp od ralucitrap osac oN .sanitor e sotnemidecorp ed sotnujnoc e )satem( sovitejbo ed oinifed an etnematercnoc es-mezudart e )otnemivlovnesed e asiuqsep me otnemitsevni e lareg me otnemitsevni( ozarp ognol ed etnoziroh moc sedadivita a otnauq ).cte ,soerp ,oudorp( ozarp otruc ed etnoziroh moc sianoicarepo sedadivita a sadirefer sesiced a otnat es-macilpA .aigtartse amu manimoned serotua so euq o rarugifnoc atudnoc ed sacitrp sarger ed otnujnoc o e ocsir ronem ed sahnil es-ralever rop mabaca selpmis sacitrp sarger ,)7791( retniW e nosleN odnugeS .sodinifed siatnematropmoc serdap mamrofnoc ,setnega sod airtsih an sadatnessa ,euq )lanoicnevnoc uo lautibah amron ed opit mugla me sadaiopa( sarienitor osiced ed sarger sadatoda os ,otaf eD
122
.soirtaluger somsinacem e sacilbp saicnga omoc siat ,lanoicutitsni retrac ed oeles ed setneibma sortuo ed aicnulfni a raredisnoc adnia es-eveD 22
.saserpme salep saigtartse ed adarebiled ooda 22 aiv ,etna xe mbmat sam ,setnerrocnoc saserpme ertne uo/e odacrem olep osufid ad svarta ,tsop xe oeles a euqrop otsI .ovisulcxe on sam ,lartnec omsinacem ues odacrem on met oeles ed ossecorp O .laicrap )ogec uo odarebiled-on ed oditnes on ,larutan( acigloib aigolana a sam ,seicpse sad oeles ed ossecorp oa ednopserroc seavoni ed oeles ed ossecorp o ,atsinoiculove megadroba aN
et n a x e
) o d a c r e m( t s o p x e e ) s a s e r p m e s a d s e si c e d( : s e a v o ni e d o el e s e d o s s e c o r p o d l a r e g o a zi r et c a r a C 3. 3. 4
.ecerefo ,otsefinam j orutuf uo ,etneserp ocigloncet otxetnoc o euq seavoni ed ortcepse o erbos sadartnec ,sedadinutropo savon ed ,saserpme salep ,)hcraes( acsub ed ossecorp o manimoned ]retniW e nosleN[ serotua so euq o aziretcarac ,samsem sad ritrap a setnetsixe sanitor sad anadum ed ,rodavoni etnemacificepse orofse o ,)161 -061 .p ,b9891( sassoP atnopa emrofnoc ,silA .sanadum a sotiejus otse mbmat sesiced ed adamot an saserpme salep sodatoda sotnemidecorp so ,sorienitor arobme ,euq racatsed ebac ,omitl roP .sesiced ed adamot ed ossecorp on saserpme sad otnematropmoc on anitor ed e socitsrueh sotnemidecorp sodacifitnedi odis odnet omsem odarugessa res edop on odatluser mob mu ,sarvalap sartuo mE .sorienitor etnemlaugi sodatluser mezudorp etnemairassecen on sorienitor sotnemidecorP .sodatluser soa acilpa es on omsem o ,onevnoc e anitor ed ooda alep es-aziretcarac osiced ed adamot ed ossecorp o es ,saM .evlovne o euq azetrecni a e edadilibisreverri aus :seavoni ed acsub ed ossecorp od siatnemadnuf sacitsretcarac saud acatsed atsinoiculove megadroba a ,amus mE .)061 .p ,b9891 ,sassoP( sievgoverri etnemacisab os ,)sossecorp e sotudorp sovon( seavoni me etnemralucitrap ,ritsevni ed
222
seavoni ed oeles e acsub ed sossecorp sod sotiefe so erbos es-mted meti omixrp o ,sedadiraluger sassed ratart ed otiutni o moC .)otnatrop ,sievziroet( sedadiraluger atneserpa ;oirtaela on otnemivom esse e )sodacrem ;saserpme( seamrofsnart ed otnemivom mu mareg )aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp oirprp oa setnereni ,somiv omoc ,os euq( seavoni ed oeles e acsub ed sossecorp sO .sievrapesni etnemaciroet ,oirnoiculove ossecorp on savitaretni e saentlumis ,otnatrop ,os oeles e acsub ,sievugnitsid etnemacitilana euq adniA .ocitsnimreted-on odom ed euq adnia ,siaruturtse e sianoicutitsni ,siatnematropmoc serotaf odnegnarba sobma ,seavoni ed oeles e acsub ed sossecorp so ertne oaler atiertse a etnedive .)261 .p ,b9891 ,sassoP( ovisiced ocimnoce lepap mu ret medop sacinct sacitsretcarac sa lauq on ,tsop xe odazilaer oeles ed ossecorp od svarta amitl atsed avissergorp oaxif an otnauq otnat ,etnegiv larutan airtejart alep odicerefo laicnerefer ordauq od ortned sedadinutropo savon ed acsub an es-atsefinam aigoloncet ad anretni acigl a ,odal ortuo eD .soirssecen sotnemitsevni so raicnanif redop a odom ed ,edadilibatner ed e sadnev sad orutuf otnematropmoc od otiepser a ,sotudorp uo/e saigoloncet savon ed orosba/otnemanal ed e D&P ed saigtartse saus me ,saserpme sad savitatcepxe sad svarta etnatropmi sonem on amrof ed sam ,odacrem olep acigloncet airtejart ad oeles an ,etnedive siam amrof ed ,d es adnamed ad aicnulfni a ,missA .)...( ,aigoloncet ad larutan airtejart ad anretni acigl alep otnauq adnamed alep otnat sodaicneulfni os seavoni ed osufid e oareg ed sossecorp so ,atsinoiculove euqofne o odnugeS .hsup ygolonhcet e llup dnamed ,odazilaicepse ograj on ,etnemavitcepser ocigloncet ossergorp od anretni acigl sodanoicaler serotaf e odacrem od adnamed sodanoicaler serotaf merefretni )acsub ed ossecorp on omoc missa( oeles ed ossecorp on ,tsop xe uo etna xe saM .odacrem od e aserpme ad seidnoc sad oanimreted an edadienatlumis a aicnedive )odacrem ed aruturtse e saserpme( sairtejart e )oirsiced ossecorp( siairaserpme saigtartse satrec ratiejer/ranoicerider/ranoicnas ed ossecorp O
322
.cte ,aserpme ad setnerroc sedadivita sa razinagro ed samrof savon rop odnassap ,ogitna otudorp mu rizudorp ed amrof an sotnemaoiefrepa soneuqep ta siacidar siam sacigloncet seavoni me odaiopa ossecorp/otudorp ovon mu ed :opocse omisslpma mu egnarba siairaserpme aicnrrocnoc ed saigtartse sad odetnoc o euq odom ed ,sievssop samra sa sadot melav atupsid etnenamrep ed etneibma esseN .aicnviverbos ed secnahc saus e ohnepmesed ues rarohlem odnasiv odarebiled ossecorp mu ed ortned aicnrrocnoc ed saigtartse rinifed ed sezapac os euq ed anerefid etnatropmi a moc sam ,seicpse sad oeles ad oa ralimis acimnoce oeles ed ossecorp mu a ,missa ,es-etembuS .ossecus ed sedadilibissop sa erbos etna-xe azetrecni levredisnoc moc ,siavir sues a etnerf snegatnav riurtsnoc rop ,adavoner etnemetnenamrep res eved euq ,acsub amu a adilepmoc atsilatipac aserpme a ,saugrt mes oitepmoc ed ,oinifed rop ,euq etneibma mu me osnapxe e aicnviverbos aus alep atul etnassecni aN
si a r e g s e r d a p e d o a cifit n e di : s a ci g l o n c et s e a v o ni e d o s ufi d e o a r e g e d s o s s e c o r p s o n s e d a di r al u g e R 4. 4
.eset atsed opocse od arof ,aserpme adac ed sedadicificepse sa arap ,ajes uo ,sacigloncet seavoni ed osufid e oareg ed sossecorp son saserpmeretni sanerefid sad odutse o arap etemer euq o ,rotes omsem mu ed ortned saserpme sa ravoni a osneporp aus an merefid mbmat ,amica sanerefid sad mla ,euq racatsed ebaC .opmet od ognol oa e serotes setnerefid ertne oavoni ed saxat san e oavoni ed acsub ed sodom son sadavresbo sanerefid sa macilpxe euq serotaf so )2 e ;lareg me ,sovitavoni sossecorp sod oaziretcarac a )1 :ratneserpa odnarucorp ,)ossecorp ed e otudorp ed( sacigloncet seavoni sad ocifcepse osac on
422
.)2891 ,7791( retniW e nosleN ed e )8891 ,4891( isoD ed seiubirtnoc san etnemlapicnirp esab moC 32
moc etnemlausu ,serodedrep e serodecnev so odnanimreted tsop xe oeles moc ,etnecelaverp acitrp a moc e sartuo sa moc samu metepmoc sacigloncet savitanretla savon lauq on ,oirnoiculove ossecorp mu omoc odaracne res edop acigloncet oulove ed ossecorp O
32
s a ci g l o n c et s ai r t ej a rt e s a m gi d a r a p : o a v o ni e d s e r d a P 1. 4. 4
.acigloncet oavoni ed ossecorp od )sacimnoce e sacigloncet( sacitsretcarac me sadatnessa otse sedadiraluger satsE .raziroet ed orofse on ranava metimrep euq sedadiraluger odnatneserpa ,oirtaela otnatertne on ossecorp etse ,azetrecni ed odacrahcne arobmE .acigloncet oulove ed ossecorp o erroco sanitor satsed ritrap A .seavoni rop acsub ed sanitor sadanimreted me masserpxe es sarger satse ,ocinct ossergorp od ralucitrap osac oN .siatnematropmoc serdap sotrec odnamrofnoc ,setnega sod airtsih an sadatnessa ,sarienitor sarger ed ooda alep d es azetrecni ed seidnoc bos osiced ed ossecorp o ,2.3.4 meti on odatnopa emrofnoC .osiced ed adamot an sonrotsnart zart euq o ,)2 .pac ,2891( grebnesoR uocatsed omoc ,sodapicetna res ed sievssap os sodatluser sues men ,adabaca e atnorp mev on acigloncet oavoni a euq amelborp O .atsilatipac aicnrrocnoc ad laicnesse o riartsba aires ocinct ossergorp od acimnid a riartsbA .satsiloponom sadner ed onetbo ed lapicnirp amrof a iutitsnoc e sievtimi etnemlicifid siam os euqrop etnatropmi etnemralucitrap oavoni ed opit essE .ocinct ossergorp on adartnec aicnrrocnoc a euqatsed ed lepap emussa ,oditnes etseN .sasioc savon uonimoned retepmuhcS euq on matluser euq sa ,seroiretna seidnoc sad arutpur ed uarg mugla me matluser euq sa os sezacife siam saigtartse sa ,missA .latipac ed oazirolav e oairporpa alep atupsid an sofnurt ed rivres medop euq saleuqa sarvalap sartuo me ,soirsrevda solep sievirporpa etnemlicaf on snegatnav riurtsnoc masiv euq saleuqa os sezacife siam saigtartse sa ,sadidecus-meb odnauQ
522
.)2891 ,retniW ;nosleN( sairdnuces senevni ed adno amu rop sadiuges sianoisaco sairmirp senevni rop adaziretcarac res ecerap saigoloncet satium ed airtsih a euq ed otaf on mbmat es-asserpxe acigloncet anahniziv lat amu ed aidi A 42
.ocigloncet amgidarap ed avitingoc aruturtse atse uonimoned )2891( isoD ,edrat siaM .ocigloncet emiger omret o odnizudortni ,sacimnid siat ed sovitingoc sotcepsa so maritucsid retniW e nosleN .orarpmoc serodimusnoc so euq matiderca saserpme sa euq o omoc meb ,ranacla etnemlevavorp medop socigloncet sotnemicehnoc euq metelfer euq ,onava ed sahnil seralucitrap ed ognol oa es-odnassecorp sovitalumuc sotnemarohlem so moc ,siarutan sairtejart manimoned )7791( retniW e nosleN euq o recerapa a ednet ,savitalumuc saigoloncet satium mE .setnedecerp s seroirepus sam ,setnahlemes 42 res a mednet siauta seavoni sa lauq alep ,ocinct otnemicehnoc od avitalumuc osnemid a emirpxe e somsem is me metogse es ravoni ed osiced ad sovitagen e sovitisop sotiefe so euq edepmi ,satalerroc saer me sotnemicehnoc revrosba ed zapac ,acigloncet anahniziv amu ed aicntsixe A .seerid sairv me so-odnarohlem ,odanacla etnemaiverp iof euq od ritrap a e erbos sodaesab ,metno ed sonava so riuges a mednet ejoh ed socigloncet sonava so ,lareg mE .ocinct onava oa oerid mevorp ,acitmetsis oeles amu merevomorp ed mla ,e airtaela etnematirtse megiro ret ed egnol otse odacrem ed oeles ed etneibma oa sadicerefo sacigloncet seatum sa ,amrof atseD .sonava sorutuf arap aiug mu mevorp siauq sa ,oirusu od sedadissecen sad otnemidnetne levozar h mbmat omoc ,on euq so e etnemacigoloncet sodidecus-meb etnemlevavorp siam ores sotejorp ed sopit euq racifitnedi etimrep euq otnemicehnoc levozar h ,sacigloncet saer sasrevid siam saN .adazilacof etnematla etnemetneqerf sacigloncet savitanretla ed oareg a euq ,otnatertne ,mavresbo retniW e nosleN .odacrem ed setneibma solep adicrexe acitmetsis oeles asoredop a omoc meb ,acigloncet oulove an azetrecni ed sotnemele so ,missa ,es-macatseD .)2891 ,retniW ;nosleN( rodecnev o res meuq erbos etna xe azetrecni levredisnoc
622
.)2691( nhuK ediV 52
ocigloncet amgidarap mu ,amus mE .seroditepmoc so arap osufid adipr a artnoc ,levssop euq erpmes ,sol-draugavlas e sotnemicehnoc sovon ririuqda odnasiv ,sodanoiceles etnemlaugi socifcepse sotnemidecorp e sarger moc etnematnujnoc ,siarutan saicnic sad sodavired sodanoiceles etnematla soipcnirp erbos odaesab sodanoiceles socimnoceoncet samelborp ed oulos ed ordap uo oledom mu omoc ,missa ,odinifed res edop ocigloncet amgidarap mU .oagitsevni ed ocifcepse ordap mu e setnaveler samelborp sod oinifed amu ,atsiv ed otnop odanimreted mu maroprocni socigloncet so otnauq sociftneic samgidarap so otnaT .socigloncet samgidarap h mbmat ,)sociftneic asiuqsep ed samargorp uo( 52sociftneic samgidarap ed aicntsixe a eregus aicnic ad aifosolif anredom a omoc missa ,etnemasicerp siaM .aigoloncet e aicnic ertne ,sotnemidecorp e oinifed ed somret me ,edadiralimis alpma amu h euq eregus )4891 ,2891( isoD .)511-211 .p ,8891 ,isoD( socifcepse sotnemidecorp e soledom ed otnemanifer e otnemivlovnesed o acilpmi oavoni ed seulos ed acsub a ,aipa es oavoni a lauq o erbos )otnemicehnoc ed esab( sedadicapac e sotnemicehnoc ,seamrofni ed otnujnoc essed mla ,siamedA .serotnevni sod etrap rop sadacifidoc-on e sacifcepse sedadicapac omoc meb ,)siarutan saicnic san ,olpmexe rop ,megiro moc( lamrof otnemicehnoc od e aivrp aicnirepxe ad sadartxe seamrofni ed osu o reuqer euq o ,socigloncet samelborp ed oulos a evlovne acigloncet oavoni a ,siareg otium somret mE
s a m gi d a r a p : s a m el b o r p ed o ul o s o moc s o ci g l o n c et a ci g l o n c et o a v o nI
.odacrem aiv oeles e osufid aus me adnia sonem e eseng aus me levsiverp odot ed on euq adnia ,airprp anretni acigl amu meussop seavoni sa euq meregus saidi satsE
722
.)511-411 .p ,8891( isoD rev ,socigloncet samgidarap erbos seartsuli e seacilpxe seroiam araP .adasu res a lairetam ed aigoloncet a e aferat a arap sodazilitu sociftneic soipcnirp so ,rehcneerp edneterp es euq sedadissecen sa ,opmet omsem oa ,enifed ocigloncet amgidarap mu ,sotercnoc somret mE 62
.)adineva uo( airtejart amu maziretcarac euq sacinct sesnemid sa ertne soirbliuqesed ed odavired met oavoni oslupmi etnatropmi mu euq riregus a sacirpme saicndive setrof h ,silA .sele ertne sffo-edart so atnoc me mavel etnenopmoc uo otnemapiuqe ,otudorp otrec mu a sacifcepse sacitsretcarac sa rarohlem ed oditnes on sorofse sO .acinct anadum ed sodavresbo serdap sod mumoc acitsretcarac amu ,amgidarap adac a sacifcepse ,oavoni ed sadineva satsed aicntsixe a euq mamrifnoc sacirpme saicndivE .setnaveler aredisnoc amgidarap o euq sievirav sa ertne ffo-edart solpitlm son onava olep asserpxe es euq socigloncet samelborp ed ouloser ed lamron edadivita alep sadinifed res medop sacigloncet sairtejart sa ,sarvalap sartuo mE .oavoni ed adineva ed eicpse amu ,acigloncet airtejart )711-511 .p ,8891( isoD rop adanimoned amgidarap mu rop sodinifed socigloncet e socimnoce sffo-edart ed ognol oa ocigloncet ossecorp od edadivita A .siaudividni saigoloncet sad levn oa ravresbo es a ednet euq oavoni ed sodanedro etnemavitaler serdap arap mbmat elav otsI .samelborp revloser arap sedadicapac ed oisiuqa an savitalumuc ,sasicerp seerid me sadazilanif ,saviteles etnemetrof os oavoni ed sedadivita sa ,otaf eD .acigloncet anadum ed sodavresbo serdap sod adanedro etnemavitaler azerutan an asserpxe es ocigloncet otnemicehnoc od avitalumuc acitmgidarap azerutan A
s a ci g l o n c et s ai r t ej a rt : o a v o ni e d s e r d a p e s o ci g l o n c et s a m gi d a r a P
.siairtsudni serotes sotium me ,edadilareneg ed sievn setnerefid moc samgidarap ed aicntsixe a odnalever ,acinct anadum ed serdap setnerefid ed acirpme oavresbo a moc levtapmocni on lareg siam oinifed atsE .sodaicossa ele a saferat/sotnemidecorp 62 e samelborp so omoc meb ,oagitsevni ed opmac otrec mu animreted
822
,sadatoda acsub ed saigtartse sad etrap mairaf etnemlicifid euq )stceffe ni-kcol( sosrevinu sortuo ed osulcxe a acifingis ralucitrap ocigloncet osrevinu mu me adartne a euq j ,setneicife siam sodatluser airatneserpa euq a ednopserroc etnemairassecen on sorofse so martnecnoc es lauq an oerid a ,avitalumuc azerutan assed aicnrroced me ,euq rezid reuq otsI .savitanretla sairtejart a etnerf etnedulcxe retrac etneqesnoc ues moc ,acigloncet airtejart amu ed ognol oa ocinct ossergorp o aziretcarac euq avitalumuc azerutan odad res eved euqatsed ralucitraP .acigloncet oulove ed siaer sairtejart es-odnatseg ,odassap on odanacla ossergorp od ocitscotse odatluser o otnemom adac a oditbo ossergorp o euq me adidem an ,atercnoc osnemid amu omoc ,sorofse ed oartnecnoc a arap serossimorp siam omoc sotsiv onava ed sohnimac son zudart es euq ,avitingoc osnemid amu otnat meussop odnaeniled es ov euq sacigloncet sairtejart sa ,missA .roiretna odorep on odanacla otnemivlovnesed od oigtse od etnedneped etnemetrof odorep mu me oditbo odatluser o odnes ,edadivitalumuc ed acitsretcarac etrof amu atneserpa ocinct ossergorp o euq ed otaf o aicnqesnoc omoc met ,sedadivita ed odatimil otnujnoc mu me ,oerid atrec amu me sorofse ed oartnecnoc A .sodartnecnoc ores setnega sod socigloncet sorofse so edno odninifed ,otnemivlovnesed e asiuqsep ed amargorp o atimiled ocigloncet amgidarap O
s o ci g l o n c et s a m gi d a r a p s o d ai c n i cif e s u s r e v e d a dili bi s r e v e r ri : o ci n c t o s s e r g o r p o d e d a di vit al u m u C
.ocigloncet otnemicehnoc ed sacilbp e sadavirp samrof ertne seanibmoc e otnemicehnoc ed sesab ,acsub ed sodom socifcepse evlovne amgidarap adac ,ossid mlA .)811 .p ,8891 ,isoD( seralucitrap sairtsdni e saserpme sad acigloncet oalumuca e oitepmoc ed ossecorp oa sonegdne os euq setnanimreted e )arup aicnic me sonava soa ,olpmexe rop ,sodanoicaler( oavoni ad sonegxe setnanimreted ertne ocifcepse onalab mu epmi ocigloncet amgidarap adaC .sairtejart san anadum amu acilpmi etnemlareg amgidarap on anadum amU
922
.)1.3 oes ,4891( isoD rev ,adahlated siam ossucsid amu araP 92 .ecnedneped -htap opit od sossecorp ed aicnulfni a alever odassap on uerroco j odazidnerpa o siauq san oavoni ed sedadivita me sosrucer ed oacola ed ordap otrec mu ed orofer O 82 .)71 .p ,8991 ,ahledaG( )sarodazimixam uo( seroirepus sepo ed acsub a - odnignirtser sonem olep uo - odnaeuqolb ,sarossimorp merof ecerefo euq sacigloncet sedadinutropo sa otnauqne levsreverri ,adidem ednarg me ,es-anrot etse ,ocigloncet amgidarap otrec mu ed ooda a spa ,arodazimixam aigtartse a lauq railava metimrep on euq seidnoc me rerroco osiced ed adamot ad mlA .oazimixam ed otsopusserp muhnen ecedebo on ocinct ossergorp o ,aicnqesnoc mE 72
.ocimnoce onroter ues etnaidem ocinct ossergorp od soturf sod adavirp edadilibairporpa a oavoni ad sadavired snegatnav sad adavirp edadilibairporpa )3 ;saserpme sad ravoni ed edadicapac e oavoni ed serdap soa etnereni edadivitalumuc a sacigloncet sedadicapac san edadivitalumuc )2 ;sievtner e setnaveler socigloncet sonava ed oudortni ed edadinutropo a acigloncet edadinutropo ed uarg )1 :setnatropmi 92 siam sacitsretcarac saus ed srt riugnitsid eporp isoD ,seavoni sad acimnoce osnemid a ratpac rohlem araP .laruturtse acimnoce anadum ed rotaf manrot a euq aigoloncet ad sacitsretcarac sa racifitnedi etnenitrep ,otnatroP .odacrem ed saruturtse sad oamrofsnart/oairc ad aicnlecxe rop rotudni otnemele o ocinct ossergorp O
e d a dili b ai r p o r p a e e d a di vit al u m u c , e d a di n ut r o p o : s e a v o ni s a d a ci m n o c e o s n e mi D
.socinmegeh odnanrot es ov euq sairtejart e samgidarap so enifed ,aicnrrocnoc me setnega solep aditbo avitaler )ozujerp uo( edadivitarcul ad svarta ,euq oviteles etneibma mu omoc arepo odacrem o ,aicntsni amitl mE .roiretsop otnemom 82 72 mu me serossimorp siam etnemacincet messartsom es euq omsem
032
.)4891( ttivaP e )731-431 .p ,8891( isoD ediV 13 .)961 .p ,b9891( sassoP rev ,edadisrevid ad sotcepsa srt setsed esetns amu araP 03
.)801 .p ,8891 ,isoD( sacilbp sacitlop ,sacimnoceorcam saicndnet ,otnemaicnanif ed sedadilicaf ,odacrem ed seidnoc ,sacinct sedadicapac ed atrefo ,sopmac setnerefid me aicnic ad odatse omoc siat siareg serotaf )b e ;airtsdni adac ed roiretni on e aserpme adac ed ortned sodareg solumtse e sedadicapac )a :ertne oaretni ad matluser sotudorp e sossecorp sovon ed ooda e otnemivlovnesed ,acsub a ,etnemacipiT .serotes setnerefid ertne oavoni ed saxat san e oavoni ed acsub ed sodom son sadavresbo sanerefid sad sovitacilpxe serotaf sod oaterpretni ad ritrap a ,osufid e oavoni ed siairotes serdap ed oacifitnedi ad oerid an ranava es-edop ,)edadiblibairporpa e edadivitalumuc ,edadinutropo( acimnoce osnemid aus an e )sacigloncet sairtejart e samgidarap( acigloncet osnemid aus an adatpac ,sovitavoni sossecorp sod lareg oaziretcarac an odaiopA
13
si ai r ot e s s e d a di cifi c e p s e s a d s ot n e m el e : si ai r ot e s s e r d a P 2. 4. 4
.otnematropmoc 03 ed edadisrevid e acigloncet edadeirav ,sacigloncet sairtemissa ed somret me atsefinam es edadisrevid assE .ovititepmoc etneibma od lartnec oart mu omoc saserpme sad edadisrevid a mamrifnoc ,amica etnemacitetnis sadatneserpa ,acigloncet oavoni ed ossecorp od )sacimnoce e sacigloncet( sacitsretcarac sa euq ,racatsed ebaC * .opmet od ognol oa e saserpme sa ertne ,serotes so ertne mavresbo es euq sanerefid sad azerutan ad osneerpmoc a arap lepap etnatropmi mahnepmesed ,socimnid soslupmi e sacimnoce-oncet sairtemissa ed oareg an ,etniugesnoc rop ,e savititepmoc snegatnav sad oailpma e oatnetsus ,oairc ed ossecorp on merefretni euq me adidem an ,sacigloncet sairtejart sad e samgidarap sod sotubirta srt setsE
132
.oanimreted licfid ed os sotsuc sues e )saserpme etnemlapicnirp( seazinagro e saossep me odaroprocni etnemlareg lamrofni orofse ed opit laT 23
:serotes ed siapicnirp sopurg ortauq uocifitnedi e oavoni ed osu/oudorp ed lairotes aimonoxat amu uevlovnesed )4891( ttivaP ,serotes e saigoloncet ed snumoc sacirpme sacitsretcarac samugla odnapurgA .)laropmetretni e lairtsudniretni ,lanoicanretni( searetla saus e ,ocigloncet ossergorp od sacitsretcarac sa e omtir o racilpxe arap esab a meutitsnoc e satercnoc seautis ed edadeirav a macilpxe serotaf setsed seanibmoc setnerefiD .)siairtsudni sealer omoc siat salpma siam sacimnoceoicos seidnoc ,sovitaler soerp ,odacrem ed seidnoc ,edadilibairporpa ed somsinacem a sodanoicaler( riga arap socimnoce sovitnecni e sedadinutropo satse rehloc arap aserpme ad sacifcepse sedadicapac savitefe ,oavoni ed sacifcepse sedadinutropo ertne seanibmoc setnerefid e otnemicehnoc ed sadavirp e sacilbp samrof ed sadairav seroporp aroprocni oavoni ed ossecorp O .)4891 ,ttivaP .fc( soiridemretni somusni e latipac ed sotnemapiuqe me sadaroprocni e sairtsdni sartuo rop sadivlovnesed seavoni ed ooda a )d e 23;gnisu yb gninrael e gniod yb gninrael ed sossecorp so moc sadaicossa ,aserpme adac ed ortned sadazilanretni ,sedadilanretxe ed seralucitrap samrof saleuqa )c ;)saossep ertne saicnrefsnart ,sacinct seaicossa ,seacilbup aiv ,olpmexe rop( sacigloncet sedadicapac ed e oamrofni ed osufid ed siamrofni sossecorp )b ;)D&P ed soirtarobal etnemacipit ,sadazilamrof asiuqsep ed sedadivita( sosoidnepsid etnemacimonoce e sodazilamrof acsub ed sossecorp )a :)111 .p ,8891 ,isoD( rebas a ,ocigloncet onava ed socisb sodom ortauq sod avitaler aicntropmi an merefid serotes sO
232
ed acsub an sotnemitsevni so ;D&P ed soirtarobal me sadazilamrof os oavoni ed sedadivita sa ;sociftneic sonava solep sievssop sodanrot socigloncet samgidarap sovon a adalucniv etnematerid oavoni A .)desab-ecneics( aicnic me sovisnetnI )4 .lacitrev oargetni etneqerf ratneserpa e ossecorp ed saigoloncet sairprp saus ed avisserpxe alecrap rizudorp ,D&P me savisnetni ,sednarg res a mednet saserpme sA .savitacifingis os )oiubirtsid ed seder ,D&P ,otejorp ,oudorp( sopit soirv ed alacse ed saimonocE .)soxelpmoc sotudorp ed oacirbaf a e soxelpmoc sametsis ed oinmod o mevlovne etnemlareg oudorp ed sedadivita sa e ,sotudorp a otnauq sossecorp a otnat es -anoicaler oavoni A .)evisnetni-elacs( alacse me sovisnetnI )3 .atla etnemavitaler oavoni ed edadilibairporpa amu me matluser savitalumuc e sacifcepse seaticapaC .)axiab siam etnemetneqerf lamrof D&P ed edadivita a( sotejorp ed otnemarohlem ed siamrofni sedadivita ed oiem rop sadarolpxe etnemetneqerf os sam ,setnadnuba etnemlareg os oavoni arap sedadinutropO .sotnemapiuqe ed oacirbaf e otejorp me otict etnemlaicrap e odazilaicepse otnemicehnoc mu raroprocni a e soirusu sues moc otatnoc otiertse me rarepo a ,saneuqep etnemavitaler res a mednet saserpme sA .serotes sortuo sotium me martne euq otudorp ed seavoni a etnemlapicnirp es-merefer oavoni ed sedadivita sA .)sreilppus desilaiceps( sodazilaicepse serodecenroF )2 .)alacse ed saimonoce savitacifingis samugla rop sadaziretcarac sedadivita me seecxe moc( sednarg otium etnemlamron os on saserpme sa e satirtser etnemavitaler os sacigloncet sedadicapac ed edadilibairporpa e edadivitalumuC .sianoicazinagro seavoni a e ,etneicife osu ues a uo/e rotes od arof odizudorp otnemapiuqe on siatnemercni sotnemarohlem a es-rirefer a mednet saigoloncet sad sotnemicehnoc ed esab A .D&P me sotsag so os o omoc missa ,sadatimil siam os sadareg etnemanegodne sedadinutropo sA .rotes oirprp od arof sadanigiro e soiridemretni somusni e latipac ed sotnemapiuqe me sadaroprocni ,ossecorp ed seavoni etnemlapicnirp os seavoni sA .)detanimod-reilppus( serodecenrof rop sodanimoD )1
332
.8791 ,weiveR ygolonhceT .snoitavonnI lairtsudnI fo snrettaP ,olpmexe roP 43 .)9891( sellerieM e )4991( kcabrettU ,)4991( nosleN ,)4891( isoD me etnemlapicnirp esab moC 33
,otnatertnE .odicehnocer etnemalpma e odacifitnedi res a mev ocisb otejorp rohlem o ,oatnemirepxe e opmet moc ,e sartuo sa euq od rohlem etnemselpmis setnairav sad amu euq rasnep es-edop ,oipcnirp mE ?aicntsixe ahnag etnanimod otejorp mu ,etnemataxe ,omoc saM .egreme etnanimod otejorp mu ,opmac etsen serodasiuqsep sotium ed sarvalap saN .sartuo sad sasnepxe a satse arap sodazilanac res a orassap sosrucer e oneta euq odom ed ,sartuo sa ranimod ori setnairav satsed sacuop samugla uo amu ,oitepmoc e opmet ed odorep mu spA .sopurg setnerefid rop setset e esseretni ed otejbo ores satiuM .sadidecus-meb ores setnairav sievssop ed otnujnoc mu ed siauq a oaler moc azetrecni levredisnoc h ,aicntsixe rahnag a aemoc aigoloncet avon amu odnauq ,euq avresbo es euq O .acitslibomotua airtsdni a erbos sodutse me etnemlapicnirp sodaesab 43,kcabrettU e yhtanrebA ed sohlabart son etnemralucitrap adazilacol ,atomer siam megiro met ,edadrev an ,oisoporp atsE .aigoloncet amu ed adiv ad rerroced on radum ecerap etnemetneqerf airtsdni ad aruturtse a euq ,oatnemugra a radnuforpa mes arobme ,maratnopa )2891( retniW e nosleN ,opmet acigloncet anadum ad otseuq a raredisnoc oA
o d o g n ol o a
o a rt n e c n o c e s a vitit e p m o c s n e g at n a v 33 e d e d a di vit al u m u c :l ai rt s u d ni o ul o v e e si a r o p m et r et ni s e r d a P 3. 4. 4
.seavoni ed osufid e oareg ed siairotes serdap rinifed arap megaretni acigloncet oavoni ed ossecorp od sacimnoce e sacigloncet sacitsretcarac sa omoc rartsuli arap lit adnia ttivaP ed aigolopit a ,adazilautased etnemavitaler arobmE .)sodazilaicepse etnematla odacrem ed sohcin me otecxe( sednarg res a mednet saserpme sa ;soiridemretni somusni uo latipac omoc serotes ed oremn olpma mu me martne oavoni ed sotudorp sues ed oroporp atla amu ;sotla otium os oavoni
432
.)1.pac ,4991 ,kcabrettU ,olpmexe rop ,otiepser a ediv( revercse ed saniuqm sa arap YTREUQ ordap on odalcet od osac o ovitartsuli 83 .)9891( ruhtrA e )5891( divaD ,olpmexe rop ,ediV .serotua sosrevid rop sodacatsed os oaretni ed saimonoce a sodaicossa sotcepsa setsE 73 .kcabrettU e yhtanrebA ed sohlabart son sodahlated os ocinct ossergorp od edadivitalumuc sodaicossa sotcepsa setsE 63 .osaca rop adicelebatse ,edadinutropo ed otseuq amu rop etnemselpmis aditbo res edop laicini megatnav amU 53
odorep levredisnoc mu ,otnatertne ,revah edoP .siatnemercni es-manrot otudorp od otejorp ed sotnemarohlem e ,meunimid siacidar otudorp ed seavoni ,aicntsixe ahnag etnanimod otejorp mu euq zev amU .sodatluser serohlem rizudorp 83 mairedop salpma searugifnoc sartuo e sotejorp sortuo euq rerroco airedop meB .somit res mesicerp edadeicos alep sodaxif setnanimod ametsis e otejorp euqrop ozar h on ,sosac so sobma mE .etnanimod seulos 73 ed ametsis uo oarugifnoc amu es-aieniled ,odatluser omoC .ralucitrap etnairav aleuqa atsiv me odnet sodatejorp seratnemelpmoc sotudorp me sotnemitsevni sotief os ,adnia ,uo ,etnairav atrec amu arap seralucitrap os euq satnemarref evlovnesed omoc meb ,ecserc ralucitrap etnairav amu asu e iussop meuq ed oremn o odnauq rerroco medop oaretni ed saimonoce ,socimtsis sotcepsa odnaredisnoc ,odnugeS .srta arap otium sodaxied 63 os setnerrocnoc sotejorp euq otsop ,riuges a ocimnoce ohnimac ocin o al-nrot etnemeverb medop sotnemarohlem seroiretsop ,redl aigoloncet a erbos sodartnecnoc majes sosrucer euq zev amu ,E .savititepmoc sal-nrot arap sodigixe res medop sonava seroiam euq zev amu ,siavir saigoloncet ranava rezaf ed savitatnet sad sodariter majes sosrucer euq ed oditnes on sovitnecni setrof h ,setnerrocnoc saus erbos megatnav amu ahnag aigoloncet amu es ,otaf eD .atupsid ad onimrt odipr mu arap rizudnoc edop )53megatnav assed etnof a rof lauq ajes( sartuo sa erbos aigoloncet amu ed laicini megatnav amu ,ocinct ossergorp od acitsretcarac avitalumuc azerutan a odnaredisnoc ,oriemirP .atelpmoc siam oacilpxe amu arap sodireuqer os soxelpmoc siam sotnemele sortuo
532
.)4991( kcabrettU ediV 14 .metimda serosnefed sues euq od adatimil siam are etnanimod otejorp od airoet ad oa ed arefse a euq uotnemugra mbmat )7891( ttivaP .sadazilaicepse e setnegrevid os serodimusnoc sod sedadissecen sa lauq an ,socitucamraf sotudorp ed airtsdni an e ,seralimis sosu arap sodizudorp os setnerefid etnematelpmoc sotudorp ed edadeirav amu etnemetneqerf lauq an ,socimuq sotudorp ed airtsdni ad aicnirepxe an es-axiacne etnanimod otejorp mu ed oon a es oralc odot ed tse oN .seralimis sadnamed mt serodimusnoc so euq me e ,ametsis mu otudorp o euq me sairtsdni me rohlem es-axiacne oacilpxe a ,ele odnugeS .ossi erbos omsicitec mugla assefnoc )25 .p ,4991( nosleN .lasrevinu ale euq matiderca serotua snuglA 04 .sosac ed oremn ednarg mu asilana ,olpmexe rop ,)4991( kcabrettU 93
.oartnecnoc ad oditnes on ordap etse e sairtsdni sad ocipt oulove ed ordap mu revah ecerap ,ocinct ossergorp od edadilibairporpa e edadinutropo ed suarg sod sanerefid sad etnemetnednepedni ,euq odnacidni ,savititepmoc snegatnav sad e ocinct ossergorp od ovitalumuc retrac oa adaicossa tse edadiraluger laT .sodacrem sod oartnecnoc aicndnet etnerroced a e savititepmoc snegatnav ed edadivitalumuc a :mumoc oart mu odnazitafne ,otnop mu me rigrevnoc mecerap lairtsudni oatum ed ossecorp o erbos seacilpxe sA
l ai rt s u d ni o ul o v e e d o r d a p m U
.sovitalumuc sossecorp setnatropmi ed acimnoce azerutan ad acreca )sacitmelborp e( setnasseretni otium setseuq ed osneerpmoc rohlem amu arap odniubirtnoc ,sairtsdni ed otnujnoc olpma mu ed setnatropmi sotcepsa adicule 14)sodatnom -on sotudorp ed osac on( arodaticapac aigoloncet uo )sodatnom sotudorp a odacilpa( etnanimod otejorp ed otiecnoc o ,ossid otiepsed A 04.oacilpa aus ed oazilareneg ed edadilibissop a erbos osnesnoc ajah on arobme ,sairtsdni ed otnujnoc olpma mu arap adatset odis met etnanimod 93 otejorp mu ed aidi an adaiopa oacilpxe ed acisb ahnil A .socigloncet serdap uo sametsis ed megadroba an ,socimtsis sotcepsa sod aicnulfni a azitafne euq oacilpxe ad amixorpa es euq o ,sovitanretla sotejorp arap soapse so siam zev adac es-megnirtser ,otudorp ed ralucitrap otejorp eleuqa arap odatlov ossecorp ed aigoloncet ad onava o eS .ossecorp ed aigoloncet ad siaicnatsbus sotnemarohlem h euq me opmet ed
632
.)4991( kcabrettU ediV .)sodatnom-on sotudorp ed osac on( arodaticapac aigoloncet amu ed uo )sodatnom sotudorp sod osac on( etnanimod otejorp mu ed aicngreme adaicossa ,lareg me , esaf avon atse arap megassap A 24
adartne sarierrab sa sale moc e sacigloncet sairtemissa sA .oavoni ad soirusu e serotudorp ertne avitisop oatnemilaer ed osoutriv olucrc mu es-evlovneseD .sosu ed roiam ortcepse mu a odatpada e odazinordap anrot es otudorp o euq adidem ,ossecorp ed seroiam seavoni malumitse euq sesserp setrof zudni sadidecus-meb saserpme sad oudorp ed semulov sod osnapxe a 24,apate adnuges amu mE .sadadilosnoc on adnia sanitor moc ,etneicifeni mrop ,levxelf ovitudorp ossecorp o odnes ,saneuqep adnia os oudorp ed salacse sA .ocinct ossergorp od onava odipr o e sotudorp ed edadeirav a ,saserpme savon ed ossergni o manimoderp odorep etseN .sarienoip saserpme sa mecnacla sairtadrater saserpme euq arap iubirtnoc saserpme ertne evahc-sodagerpme snugla ed aicnrefsnart A .airtsdni an edadilibom e adartne sarierrab sednarg marurtsnoc es on adnia ,atla acigloncet edadinutropo a euq me opmet omsem oa ,apate atseN .amgidarap ovon o aipa es euq me socigloncet e sociftneic sotnemicehnoc so mareg euq seiutitsni sa moc e otudorp od soirusu so moc sotiertse solucnv sodireuqer odnes ,siatnemadnuf os acinct oamrofni ed soxulf sO .otudorp ovon od siaicnetop soirusu sod sedadissecen sad avitamitse amugla a e )airtsdni ad ortned uo arof sodareg( sociftneic sotnemicehnoc sovon soa es-maicossa acinct anadum ad setnof sA .)amgidarap ovon olep satreba sedadilibissop sad oarolpxe a arap sadairc( savon saserpme ed odacrem on ossergni od ritrap a ,lareg me ,e otudorp ed seroiam seavoni ed oiem rop etnemlapicnirp ,adipr amrof ed es-assecorp anadum A .sievxelf e sasrevid os sacigloncet sepo sa ,ocigloncet amgidarap ovon mu ed oinifed an ,apate ariemirp aN .sosufid setimil moc ,ountnoc ossecorp mu ed etart es arobme ,airtsdni ad oulove an sapate srt riugnitsid es-edop ,ocinct ossergorp od edadivitalumuc e edadinutropo ,edadilibairporpa ed sotiecnoc sod ralucitrap me om odnanal e ,isoD ed seiubirtnoc san esab moC
732
.soerp e sotsuc ed ouder a aicnveler eriuqda apate atsen ,sotudorp sovon ed otnemivlovnesed on etnemlapicnirp es-avaesab aicnrrocnoc ed aigtartse a roiretna apate an otnauqnE 34
.ocigloncet amgidarap od oulove a moc otnuj siairtsudni saruturtse sad oartnecnoc aicndnet a odnacatsed ,opmet od ognol oa siairtsudni saruturtse sad oulove ed ordap ocipt o amica ratnopa es-uorucorp ,esetns mE .sossecorp e sotudorp sohlev sod oiurtsed mevel euq sossecorp e sotudorp sovon ed oairc moc airtsdni a ridavni a mahnev saserpme sartuo euq rative medop on sam ,otudorp ed oaicnerefid e siatnemercni sotnemaoiefrepa aiv ,adartne sarierrab sa rarofer ed oditnes on rauta medop satsE .saserpme sednarg sad elortnoc bos aigoloncet ad oinmoderp o meifased euq seavoni ed aicngreme alep sodaaema res medop soilpogilo setsE .alacse ed sacittse saimonoce ed sopit sotnitsid me es-maipa edadilibom e adartne sarierrab sa ,apate atseN .setnerrocnoc saserpme sad anaredil otnauq ,sodatluser sues a erefer es euq on otnat ,ecerapased on sam ,es-zuder oavoni ed sedadivita s avitaler azetrecni A .levsiverp e raluger siam ordap mu odniuges ocinct ossergorp o moc ,sievtse e sadartnecnoc siam os odacrem ed saruturtse sA .odazitamotua e latipac me ovisnetni ,odigr es-anrot oudorp ed ossecorp O .etrop ednarg ed e sadazilaicepse os saserpme sA .siatnemercni os sossecorp me e sotudorp me seavoni sA .atirtser siam acigloncet edadinutropo A .edadirutam an artne airtsdni a ,apate ariecret aN .esaf avon es-rauqeda a odom ed sianoicazinagro sanadum setnatropmi evomorp e 34osnapxe ed ossecorp od ecaf me saigtartse saus alumrofer aserpme A .odazitamotua etnemlaicrap ,edadilibixelf ronem moc mbmat sam aicnicife roiam moc ,alacse roiam me es-azilaer oudorp ed ossecorp O .sacigloncet sedadicapac sa maicnerefid e malumuca es euq adidem ,saserpme ranimile ed e acigloncet edadisrevid a rizuder ed oditnes on arepo odacrem olep oeles ed ossecorp O .sadas sad rovaf a ,etnemavissergorp ,es-anilcni airtsdni an saserpme ed adas e adartne ed onalab O .alacse ed sacimnid e sacittse saimonoce sad otnemivlovnesed o moc seroiam es-manrot edadilibom e
832
.)4991( nosleN e )8891( eteoS e isoD ,)8891( oginesrO e isoD ed seiubirtnoc san etnemlapicnirp esab moC 44
.ocigloncet odazidnerpa ed ossecorp on sadatnessa ,sotercnoc somret me ,otse sarierrab satse ,otnatroP .roiretni ues me edadilibom sarierrab e sodacrem son adartne sarierrab sa ,osnetxe rop ,e sairtemissa sa marofer euq sacittse saimonoce s mamos es euq sacimnid alacse ed saimonoce es-odnatseg ,setnecserc sonroter ed amrof a bos es -atsefinam saserpme sad ocigloncet odazidnerpa ed ossecorp O .sadartnecnoc sonem uo siam saruturtse ed ,otnatrop ,e sairtemissa ed serodareg sonem uo siam res medop )sairtejart setnednopserroc saus e( socigloncet samgidarap so ,sacitsretcarac saus moc odroca ed ,sarvalap sartuo mE .sadartnecnoc siam saruturtse odnareg ,railpma es a orednet siamed so erbos setnega snu ed snegatnav sa ,atneserpa euq edadivitalumuc ad edadisnetni ad e ocigloncet amgidarap odanimreted mu ed rogiv od odnednepeD
s a ci m ni d al a c s e e d s ai m o n o c e e o ci g l o n c et o d a zi d n e r p a e d o s s e c o r P
.mbmat savitalumuc sacitsretcarac ratneserpa a ednet savititepmoc snegatnav ed onetbo a setnetap omoc soirtaluger somsinacem ed oiem rop uo odivlovne otict etnenopmoc od edutriv me ajes edadilibairporpa aus e ocinct ossergorp od avitalumuc azerutan a adaD .sanerefid e sairtemissa ed oareg a ,retepmuhcS rop odatnopa omoc , oavoni an sadaiopa savisnefo/savita aicnrrocnoc ed saigtartse ed ooda ad odatluser O .adaila asoredop amu sianoicazinagro sojnarra uo sotudorp ,ossecorp ed aigoloncet a adanoicaler reuq adidecus-meb oavoni a odnes ,savititepmoc snegatnav ed onetunam/oairc alep etnenamrep acsub ad edadissecen a socimnoce setnega soa epmi odacrem ed soapse railpma e ravreserp ed avitatnet a ,aicnviverbos alep atul aN
o ci g l o n c et o d a zi d n e r p a o d 44 l e p a p o : s a s e r p m e s a d s a vitit e p m o c s n e g at n a v s a d e d a di vit al u m u C 4. 4. 4
932
.)8991 ,ahledaG( socifcepse serotes me lairtsudni e acigloncet oaticapac a otnauq sotnemicehnoc ed acirneg esab amu otnat evlovne ocigloncet odazidnerpa o ,oditnes etseN 64 .acigloncet anadum ed onemnef od setnatropmi sesnemid mbmat es -manrot lanoicanretni oicrmoc e ocimnoceorcam otnemicserc ,oditnes etseN .lanoicanretni oresni ed ordap od oulove ad osneerpmoc a arap evahc-levirav ,odazidnerpa ed orofse od oturf ,oulove etnatsnoc me otse ,zev aus rop ,euq sacigloncet seaticapac ed somret me sianoican sanerefid sad etnemlaicurc edneped etsE .sesap sod laicremoc oresni ed ordap o manimreted mbmat ocimnoce omsimanid od setnanimreted serotaf so euq rarbmel elaV .acimnoce edadivita ad otnujnoc o erbos setnatropmi socimnid sotiefe moc ,ocinrtele oxelpmoc o erbos otcapmi ues e acinrteleorcim ad osac o etsE .odot mu omoc acimnoce oulove an sovisiced sotcapmi recrexe medop ,zev aus rop ,euq samgidarap sovon sod otnemivlovnesed o arap evahc-serotes metsixe ,otaf eD .otnemivlovnesed e otnemicserc ed sianoican sairtejart sa e otnujnoc ues me acimnoceorcam edadivita a odnatefa ,rarbodsed es medop edadivita ed rotes odanimreted mu me saserpme sad sacigloncet saigtartse sa ,setnanoicidnoc sessed onuf mE .acigloncet oulove ad e sovititepmoc serdap sod somret me atneserper euq arutpur ad edadisnetni ad e lairotesretni e artni oartenep ed uarg od ,setnanimod samgidarap sod oarepus ed edadicapac aus ed edneped aicngnarba auS .acimnoceorcim lairotes atibr egnirtser es etnemairassecen on sadaicossa sairtejart sad e ocigloncet amgidarap ovon mu ed otcapmi o euq avresbo )4991( ahledaG 54
.lanoicutitsni /acirtsih e lairotes/acigloncet :sacifcepse sesnemid setnatropmi evlovne euq e lanoicacude otseuq rizuder es ed egnol tse euq oxelpmoc ossecorp mu odazidnerpa ed ossecorp o ,omuser mE .setnenitrep 64 lairotes acimnid alep e ocigloncet amgidarap olep odanoicidnoc odazidnerpa od es-atart ,sarvalap sartuo mE .sacifcepse siairotes e sacigloncet sacitsretcarac salep odinifed ,ralucitrap odazidnerpa o mis sam ,ocirneg odazidnerpa mu oN .ocigloncet odazidnerpa ed o sotiefe sues e sairtemissa sa rasnep es arap lartnec otiecnoc o ,aicnrrocnoc ed ossecorp od avitulove osiv atsed ortneD
l a n oi c utit s ni / a ci r t si h e l ai r ot e s / a ci g l o n c et : s a ci f c e p s e s e s n e mi d s a u s e o d a zi d n e r p A
.sesap e seiger ,socimnoce serotes ,saserpme ed ovitaler 54 otnemivlovnesed od somret me sotnemarbodsed iussop etnemaivbo euq o ,serodedrep e serodahnag metsixe siauq san seautis ed oarugifnoc ed ,saicngrevid ed oailpma ed acsub e onetunam ,oareg ed ossecorp etnenamrep o ,otnatrop ,omsilatipac oa etnereni
042
.)5991( nameerF e )2991( llavdnuL ,)3991( nosleN ,olpmexe rop ,ediV .oavonI ed lanoicaN ametsiS ed otiecnoc on adatpac lanoicutitsni osnemid A 84 .)6991( sassoP aivliS .M rev ,adahlated siam ossucsid amu araP 74
.)02 .p ,8991 ,ahledaG( sacigloncet saigtartse saus ,otnatrop ,e otnematropmoc ues anoicidnoc e setnega sod oa alep amrofsnart es ,etnemaenatlumis ,euq ovitulove ocirtsih ossecorp mu a adanoicaler tse oarugifnoc auS .)oasnart ed sotsuc so mazitafne euq serotua so mezaf omoc( acimnoce edadivita ad etneicife oazinagro ed acsub amu ed oturf omoc etnemselpmis uo )lanoicidart acisslcoen osiv( sodad sortemrap omoc uo sadasnep res medop on seiutitsni sa ,atsinoiculove avitcepsrep an ,amus mE .).cte ,oriegnartse latipac od oapicitrap ,sadaremolgnoc 84 sonem uo siam saruturtse( siairaserpme sedadivita sad oazinagro ed odom o e sianoican sodatsE sod onevretni ed edadicapac a e lepap o ,sianoicacude sametsis sod otnemanoicnuf o e aruturtse a arap euqatsed moc ,sianoican saimonoce sad oazinagro ed sianoicutitsni samrof a es-aicossa ocigloncet odazidnerpa o ,omitl roP .etneqesbus ocigloncet ohnepmesed od setnanoicidnoc setnatropmi os samgidarap sovon a etnerf oamrofsnart ed edadicapac aus e saivrp sianoicazinagro saruturtse sa ,otnatroP .roiretna amgidarap oa sadaicossa sanitor moc sarutpur matneserper euq sianoicazinagro saruturtse savon reuqer etnemlareg ocigloncet amgidarap ovon mu ed aicngreme a ,otaf eD .sianoicazinagro samrof savon a sadaicossa otse mbmat sacigloncet seavoni sa ,odal ortuo roP .aserpme ad acimnid edadivititepmoc airprp a ,osnetxe rop ,e setneqesbus sairohlem ed onetbo ed edadicapac a animreted odazidnerpa ed esab a ,ajes uO .acigloncet esab assed ritrap a riulove arap edadicapac aus menifed omoc meb ,socifcepse soivres e sotudorp rizudorp ed edadicapac aus e aicntepmoc ed saer saus menifed siauq so ,socifcepse e socitrcnissoidi adidem aob me sotnemicehnoc ed arotneted edadinu amu omoc ,otnatrop ,atsiv res eved aserpme A .seamrofni ed aicnrefsnart selpmis ad ritrap a sadidnufid etnemlicaf os on savitalumuc sairtejart sa euq rezid reuq otsI 74.sotict setnenopmoc setrof moc sotnemicehnoc ed esab amu ed ritrap a erroco ocinct ossergorp od edadivitalumuc a aserpme ad edadilaer an ,sotercnoc somret mE
142
.)12-02 .p ,8991 ,ahledaG( adaziroirp res eved amitl atse euq es-ednetne ,aciret aicnveler a e lamrof aicngele a ertne ,aivadoT .)...( lanoicutitsnioicos osnemid erefer es euq on etnemlaicepse ,oazilamrof aus me sedadlucifid epmi etnemaivbo otejbo od edadixelpmoc atsE .)...( odazidnerpa ed ossecorp o madlom e megaretni euq ,sianoicutitsnioicos sacitsretcarac ta sovitudorp serotes soa e samrif s ,samgidarap sovon soa sacifcepse sacitsretcarac edsed evlovne euq oxelpmoc ossecorp mu ,missa ,otnemivlovnesed O )...( .sianoican saimonoce sad ozarp ognol a omsimanid o ,etrap ednarg me ,racilpxe arap )...( iubirtnoc seiutitsni san e samrif san odatsurcni odazidnerpa ed ossecorp od atict e acitrcnissoidi ,acifcepse azerutan A 94
.levsividni e otict retrac ues ,ocinct ossergorp od avitalumuc azerutan ad oturf ,edadirapsid etnecserc aicndnet etneqesnoc a e sievrepus etnemlicifid snegatnav ed uo osarta ocinrc ed seautis ed oareg a moc ,sesap e seiger ,serotes a oaler me mbmat sam ,saserpme sa ertne sanepa on ,sairtemissa ed oairc ed ossecorp mu ed sievicossidni ,sianoicutitsni e sianoicazinagro ,socigloncet somret me savitatilauq sanadum setnatsnoc me azudart es atsilatipac ocimnoce otnemivlovnesed o euq rahnartse es ed on ,onairetepmuhcs-oen laicnerefer essed zul .sacifcepse sedadilanoicutitsni me e socigloncet samgidarap 94 ,savititepmoc saruturtse me d es aicntsixe aus mrop ,retepmuhcS uocatsed meb omoc ,oulove ad e ocinct ossergorp od rotom o atsilatipac aserpme a ,missA .acifcepse etnemlairotes edadilanoicutitsni amu ogisnoc zart ocigloncet amgidarap adac ,ovon uo ogitnA .seralucitrap sodacrem son ,ajes uo ,sadiresni otse euq me ovititepmoc otxetnoc on atercnoc oanimreted amu meussop lanoicutitsni etneibma od e lanoicazinagro ,amrif ad sesnemid satsE
.seitilibapac eroc saleuqan soriecnanif sotnemitsevni sovitacifingis e ,aicnirepxe rop odazidnerpa ed etnatnom levredisnoc mu egixe etnemlausu sasioc ed odatimil oremn mu omsem rezaf arap edadilibah a ,ossid mlA .cte ,etneibma on sanadum a rednopser e racifitnedi ed samrof saus ,rarpmoc e razilaicremoc arap seralucitrap sehcaorppa sues ,meb mecehnoc sale euq seralucitrap saigoloncet san ranava e rarepo meulcni siauq sa ,meb rezaf medop sale euq sasioc ed odatimil oremn mu mt )serohlem sa ta( saserpme sa euq ocisb otnemugra O .)0991( lemaH e dalaharP ,olpmexe rop ,reV 1
e seaticapac ed ourtsnoc a odnazitafne ,odal ortuo roP 1.marepo sale lauq on otxetnoc o ratnerfne arap matilibah rohlem sa euq )seitilibapac eroc( seraelcun uo siartnec sedadicapac ed oxelpmoc otnujnoc mu mevlovnesed sadidecus-meb saserpme euq ed oisoporp odaicossa asiuqsep ed oproc ortuo mu ed oagerga alep etnemlevaredisnoc adiceuqirne res airedop amica adairamus arutaretil an aditnoc lanoicazinagro odazidnerpa ed oon a euq ratic elav ,olpmexe ed olutt a sanepA .seiubirtnoc setnatropmi ratneserpa ed es-uoxieD .sianoican saimonoce sad e serotes sod ,saserpme sad levn on sedadicificepse saus odnacidni ,acigloncet anadum ed ossecorp od osneerpmoc siaicnesse sotnemele siapicnirp sod snugla os osufid e oavoni ed sossecorp sod airnoiculove azerutan a e setnecserc socimnid sonroter so ,ecnedneped yrotsih retrac o ,sacigloncet sedadicapac ed somret me saserpme ertne sairtemissa sa ,oavoni ad acimnid a moc adaicossa odacrem ed saruturtse sad anegdne azerutan a ,megadroba atseN .ocimtsis e ovitalumuc ,ocimnid ,ovitulove ossecorp mu omoc ocigloncet otnemivlovnesed od opecnoc amu me adaiopa ,atsilatipac acimnid ad rotom o acinct anadum ed ossecorp on azilacol euq ,anairetepmuhcs-oen megadroba ad sotnemele so ,atnicus etnatsab amrof ed euq adnia ,ratneserpa es-uorucorp ,4 olutpaC on ,amus mE
sianif searedisnoC
442
.)1002( .la te azuoS e )1002( sertsaL e otaloissaC ,olpmexe rop ,reV 2
!iuqa rop omsem acif eset atse sam ;onairetepmuhcs -oen laicnerefer on adaiopa aciftneic oudorp a odis met etnecserc euqrop ta ,rarolpxe a otium e ratnecserca a h otium ,mifnE .siacol sovitudorp sojnarra uo sametsis ed otiecnoc on 2 sadaiopa seiubirtnoc setnatropmi mbmat h ,etrop ronem ed saserpme ed otnemges o arap setnaveler etnemralucitrap ,saviteloc snegatnav
.1002 .luj/.rba ,1 .n ,1 .v ,etnoziroH oleB ,edadivititepmoC e d a ri eli s a r B at si v e R r et s ul C . si a c ol s e a v o ni e d e s o vit u d or p s a m et si s e s ai e d a c , s e a r e m ol g A . M . M . H , S E R T S A L ,. E . J , O T A L O I S S A C .152-932 .p ,1 .v .0991 ,CEPNA :FD ,ailsarB ...sianA .0991 ,ailsarB ,81 ,AIMONOCE ED LANOICAN ORTNOCNE :nI .llahsraM e d ai m o n o c e e d s oi p c nir p s o n oir bli u q e e o p m e T . C . J . F , O H L A V R A C .8791 , s k o o B ci s a B : kr o Y w e N .f l e s ti r a w t a y cil o p a : x o d a r a p t s u rtit n a e h T . R , K R O B .6891 .voN ,83-9 .p ,tnemelppus ,83 .v ,drofxO ,srepaP cimonocE drofxO . k o o b e h t e c n i s t n e m p ol e v e d : y tili b at s et n o C . R , G I L L I W ,. W , L O M U A B . 2 8 9 1 , h ci v o n a v a J e c ar B tr u o cr a H : kr o Y w e N . s e r ut c u rt s y rt s u d ni f o y r o e ht e ht d n a st e k r a m el b at s et n o C . R , G I L L I W ,. J , R A Z N A P ,. W , L O M U A B . 7 8 9 1 ,. c n I s s e r P I A J :t u cit c e n n o C ,hciwneerG .esitaert a :noitazinagro lairtsudnI .D .P ,SLLAUQ ,.J ,NIAB . 2 7 9 1 ,. o C d n a n w o r B elttiL :notsoB .noitazinagro lairtsudni dna yroeht ecirp no syassE .J ,NIAB .6591 ,.P .U drawraH :.ssaM ,egdirbmaC .noititepmoc wen ot sreirraB .J ,NIAB .724-714 .p sianA .5991 ,dirdaM ,3 ,SOTSOC ED LANOICANRETNI OSERGNOC :nI .nicrosba rop oetsoc led lepap le :sovitartsinimda s oi c er p e d s o d a cr e m s ol n e t s o c- ll uf l e d ar o d a ni dr o o c n i c n u F . J . M , C I C A B .) ot n e m ar ot u o D , e s e T( . 7 9 9 1 , ai m o n o c E e d ot u tit s nI . p m a ci n U : s a ni p m a C .l airt s u d ni a citl o p a ar a p s e a cil p m i e s o v it a m r o n sotnemarbodsed :anairetepmuhcs-oen megadroba A .C .A .M ,ATSITPAB .9891 .raM ,lanruoJ cimonocE .stneve lacirotsih y b ni- k c ol d n a , s nr ut er g n i s a er c nI . s ei g ol o n h c et g n it e p m o C . B , R U H T R A .501-99 .p ,5 .pac .9791 ,rahaZ :orienaJ ed oiR .otxetitna mu :aimonoce A .P ,ERON ,.F ,NEERG :nI .oartnecnoc a e aserpme A .)7791( .S ,HCTIVONORAA
aifargoilbiB
642
.1991 .oga ,2 .n ,02 .v ,orienaJ ed oiR ,ocimnocE otnemajenalP e asiuqseP .anacirema-etron aicnirepxe a :oatnemalugerseD .Q .M .M .E ,ANIRAF .8891 ,rehsilbuP retniP :nodnoL .yroeht cimonoce dna egnahc lacinhceT .la t e . G , I S O D : n I . e d a rt l a n oit a n r et ni d n a e g n a h c l a c i n h c e T . L , E T E O S ,. G , I S O D .8891 ,rehsilbuP retniP :nodnoL .yroeht cimonoce dna egnahc lacinhceT .la te . G ,I S O D : nI . st n e m n ori v n e y r a n oi t ul o v e ni e g n a h c d n a r oi v a h e b , s er u t c urt s f o w ei v r e v o n a : n oi t a m r of s n a rt d n a n oit a ni d r o o C . L , O G I N E S R O ,. G , I S O D .8891 .tpeS ,1711-0211 .p ,3 .n ,62 .v ,erutaretiL cimonocE fo lanruoJ .noitavonni fo stceffe cimonoceorcim dna serudecorp ,secruoS .G ,ISOD .4891 , n alli M c a M : n o d n o L . n oit a m r of s n a rt l ai rt s u d ni d n a e g n a h c l a ci n h c e T . G ,I S O D .2891 ,yciloP hcraeseR .egnahc lacinhcet fo snoitcerid dna stnanimreted e ht f o n oit at er pr et ni d et s e g g u s a : s eir ot c ej art d n a l a ci g ol o n h c e T . G ,I S O D . 3 7 9 1 , s et n o F s nitr a M : ol u a P o S/ a n e s er P lairotidE :aobsiL .htimS madA edsed oiubirtsid e rolav od sairoeT .M ,BBOD .5891 ya M ,2 .n ,57 .v ,weiveR cimonocE naciremA .YTREWQ fo scimonoce dna oilC .P ,DIVAD .5691 ,relleskooB yelleK .M sutsuguA :kroY weN .llahsraM derflA fo scimonoce ehT .)5391( .J .H ,TROPNEVAD .) s at s i m o n o c E s O( .3891 ,larutluC lirbA :oluaP oS .ldnietS oa oatneserpA .C .L ,OHNITUOC . ). r g o e m i M ( .5791 .luj ,eficeR .CEPNA ad aimonocE ed onisnE e acimnocE airoeT e d oir ni m e S II o n o d at n e s er p a o hl a b ar T .ll a h sr a M e s arl a W e d a n ar e h a : a ci m n o c e o r ci m ai r o et a d l a ut a o d at s e o e r b o s s at o N . C . L , O H NI T U O C .7791 ,1 .n ,1 .v ,scimonocE fo lanruoJ egdirbmaC . n oit c u d or p f o e d o m t s il ati p a c e h t f o n oit ul o v e e ht d n a n oitit e p m o C . J , N O T F I L C .0491 .nuJ ,03 ,weiveR ci m o n o c E n a ci r e m A . n oitit e p m o c el b a k r o w f o t p e c n o c a dr a w o T . M . J , K R A L C .6991 ,maX :oluaP oS .latipac od oazilaidnum A .)4991( .F ,SIANSEHC . 6 5 9 1 , ar u tl u C e d o d n o F :ocixM .acilponom aicnetepmoc al ed aroeT .)3391( .H .E ,NILREBMAHC
742
.1 .v ...sianA .2991 ,odroJ od sopmaC ,02 ,AIMONOCE ED LANOICAN O R T N O C N E : nI . e d a di vit it e p m o c e ai c n rr o c n o c e d s e r d a P . D , R E F P U K .7891 ,avitcepsreP :oluaP oS .de .2 .saciftneic seulover sad aruturtse A .)2691( .T ,NHUK . 2 7 9 1 , ar ut l u C e osserpxE :orienaJ ed oiR .orcul e azetrecni ,ocsiR .)1291( .F ,HTGINK .4291 .tpeS ,531 .n ,VIXXX .v ,lanruoJ cimonocE ehT .4291-2481 ,llahsraM derflA .M .J ,SENYEK .) s a t s i m o n o c E s O( . 3 8 9 1 ,l ar ut l u C lir b A : ol u a P o S . at si l ati p a c ai m o n o c e a d o z ar p o g n ol a e s a cil c c s a n a d u m sa erbos oiasne :acimnoce acimnid ad airoeT .)4591( .M ,IKCELAK . 3 8 9 1 ,s onhce T :dirdaM .nicubirtsiD al e rolaV le erbos soyasnE me osserpmieR .beF ,acimonocE .yticapac ssecxe dna noitcefrepmi tekraM .)5391( .N ,RODLAK .72-31 .p ,1 .v . 0 9 9 1 , C E P N A : F D , ail s a r B ... si a n A . 0 9 9 1 , a il s a r B , 8 1 , A I M O N O C E E D L A N OI C A N O R T N O C N E : nI . a mrif a d air o et a e ll a h sr a M . M . R , S A I S E L GI .6891 .tuo ,414-973 .p ,3 .n ,8 .v ,acimnocE arutaretiL .l ai r a s e r p m e ot n e m at r o p m o c e s o e r p s o d ai r o et A . ) 9 3 9 1 ( . C , H C T I H ,. R , L L A H . 2 8 9 1 ,r a h a Z : ori e n a J e d oi R .l airt s u d ni o a zi n a gr o e d o d u t s e m u : a m rif a d ot n e mi c s e r c e o al u m u c A . A . E , S E R A MI U G .) ot n e m ar ot u o D ,eseT( .6791 ,aimonocE ed otutitsnI .pmacinU :sanipmaC .arielisarb lairtsudni aruturtse an aserpme aidm e aneuqep A .N .E .C ,SEVLANOG .8991 ,52-7 .p ,1 .n ,81 .v ,acitloP aimonocE ed atsiveR .anairetpmuhcs-oen avitanretla megadroba amu arap sotnemele e laidnuM ocnaB od osiv ad onrot me etabed o d a citr c a m u : ot n e m i vl o v n e s e d o d ai x o d otr o a v o n A . G . A . C , A H L E D A G ...sianA .4991 , 2 2 , A I M O N O C E E D L A N OI C A N O R T N O C N E : nI .l ar ut urt s e a n a d u m e s i air a s er p m e s ai g t art s e , s o ci g l o n c et s a m gi d ar a P . G . A . C , A H L E D A G .5991 ,91 ,scimonocE fo lanruoJ egdirbmaC . e v it c e p sr e p l a cir ot si h ni n oit a v o n n i f o m et s y s l a n oit a n e h T . C , N A M E E R F
.)otnemarotuoD ,eseT( .5991 ,PSU :oluaP oS .lairtsudni oazinagro ad sairoet sad airtsih an odotm e ossergorP .C .M .A ,ELENETNOF
842
.4891 ,31 .n ,dnalloH-htroN ,yciloP hcraeseR .yroeht a dna ymonoxat a sdrawot :egnahc lacinhcet fo snrettap lairotceS .K ,TTIVAP .58-16 .p .1791 ,niwnU & n el l A e g r o e G : n o d n o L . e si r p r et n e l a n oit a nit l u m e h T . ). d E ( . J , G N I N N U D :nI .ygolonhcet fo refsnart eht dna esirpretne lanoitanitlum ehT .K ,TTIVAP . 2 8 9 1 , s s e r P y ti s r e vi n U d r a v r a H :. s s a M , e g di r b m a C .egnahc cimonoce fo yroeht yranoitulove nA .S ,RETNIW ,.R ,NOSLEN .7791 ,6 ,dnalloH htroN ,yciloP h c r a e s e R . n oit a v o n n i y r o e h t l u f e s u f o h c r a e s n I . S , R E T N I W ,. R , N O S L E N . 3 9 9 1 , s s er P y ti s r e vi n U dr of x O : kr o Y w e N . s i s y l a n a e vit a r a p m o c A . s m et s y s n oit a v o n ni l a n oit a N . ). d E ( . R , N O S L E N .4991 ,1 .n ,3 .v ,egnahC etaroproC dna lairtsudnI .snoitutitsni gnitroppus d n a s er ut c urt s l airt s u d n i , y g ol o n h c et f o n oit ul o v e- o c e h T . R , N O S L E N .9791 ,arreT e zaP :orienaJ ed oiR .XX olucs od ocimnoce otnemasnep O .)3691( .C ,INOELOPAN .8591 .nuJ ,66 .v ,ymonocE lacitiloP f o l a n r u o J .t n orf yl o p o g il o e h t n o st n e m p ol e v e d w e N . F ,I N A I L GI D O M . 7 8 9 1 , e citr V s e i d E/ si a n u bir T s o d at si v e R . d E : ol u a P oS .otnemicserc e oilponom ,acigloncet aicndnepeD .)9691( .M ,VAHREM .) o d art s e M , o atr e s si D( . 9 8 9 1 , ai m o n o c E e d ot u tit s nI . p m a ci n U : s a ni p m a C . a n it a L a cir m A a d s ai m o n o c e s ai c n r ef er r al u citr a p m o c , s a n air et e p m u h c s - o e n s e i u birt n o c s a d o s i v er a m u :l a n oi c a n r et ni oicrmoc e lairtsudni oamrofsnart ,aigolonceT .P .G .J ,SELLERIEM .9391 .raM ,17-46 .p ,tnemelppus ,1 .n ,92 .v ,weiveR cimonocE naciremA .esirpretne elacs-egral fo seicilop noitcudorp ecirP .S .E ,NOSAM . 0 7 9 1 , sr e h s il b u P y ell e K . M s u t s u g u A : kr o Y w e N . s n oit a n d n a s e s s al c s u oir a v f o s n oiti d n o c e h t n o s e c n e u lf ni ri e ht f o d n a , n oit a zi n a gr o s s e n i s u b dna euqinhcet yrtsudni yduts a :edart dna yrtsudnI .)9191( .A ,LLAHSRAM .) s at s i m o n o c E s O( . 2 8 9 1 ,l ar u tl u C lir b A : ol u a P o S . ai m o n o c e e d s oi p c ni r P .) 0 9 8 1( . A , L L A H S R A M .7891 ,02-3 .p ,2 .n ,8 .v ,ergelA otroP ,EEF soiasnE .onailati rosrucerp ues od e affarS ed savititepmoc seidnoc b o s s ot n e m i d n er s o d s i el s A e d a v it ar a p m o c e sil n A .) 6 8 9 1( . A ,I H C S E N A M . 2 9 9 1 , sr e h sil b u P r et ni P : n o d n o L . g n i nr a el e v it c ar et ni d n a n oi t a v o n ni f o y r o e ht a dr a w o T . n oit a v o n ni f o s m et s y s l a n oit a N . B , L L A V D N U L
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