ELECTRICAL MACHINES II UNIT I SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS PART A ( 2 MARKS) 1.

1. State the type of synchronous generator used in a hydro-electric power station. The type of synchronous generator used in a hydro-electric power station is the salient pole rotor type alternator. Since hydro-electric power stations use low speed turbines, the alternators coupled to them are also of low speed type, typically less than 1000 rpm. Salient pole type alternators have low speeds as the number of poles is more than 6. Salient pole type rotors are mechanically weak due to the projecting poles and hence they rotate only at low speeds. 2. Explain the meaning of synchronous reactance. Synchronous reactance is the phasor sum of the two reactances namely XL (Leakage reactance) and Xar (Armature reaction reactance). The leakage reactance XL is due to the leakage flux in the air gap and hence it is due to the inductance of the armature windings which is a physical element, while the armature reaction reactance, Xar is a fictitious reactance, which is due to the effect of armature reaction which opposes the main field flux and not due to any physical element. Hence the synchronous reactance Xs is given by, Xs = XL + Xar Synchronous reactance is an important parameter which is responsible for the reduction in voltage (voltage drop) at the terminals of the alternator when loaded. 3. Define voltage regulation of an alternator and list the methods for determining voltage regulation of an alternator. Voltage regulation of alternator is defined as the change in the terminal voltage of the alternator when the full load is switched off (i.e. change in terminal voltage from when the full load is thrown off and brought to no load condition) divided by the full load terminal voltage, when the speed and field excitation are kept constant. The voltages specified are phase voltages. This is usually expressed as a percentage and hence % Regulation = Eph Vph x 100 Vph at constant speed (called the synchronous speed) and field excitation

4. Define synchronous speed. How is it related to the frequency of generated emf? Synchronous speed is that constant speed at which the synchronous machine runs so as to generate the rated voltage at the rated frequency. If Ns is the synchronous speed in rpm, f is the frequency of the induced emf in Hz and P is the number of field poles of the synchronous machine, then Ns = 120 f / P or f = PNs /120

5. What are the various functions of damper winding provided in alternator? Most of the alternators have their pole-shoes slotted for receiving copper bars of a grid or damper winding (also known as squirrel- cage winding).the copper bars are short-circuited at both ends heavy copper rings. These dampers are useful in preventing the hunting (momentary speed fluctuations) in generators and needed in synchronous motors to provide the starting torque. Turbo- generators usually do not have these damper windings (except in special case to assist in synchronizing) because the solid field-poles themselves act as efficient dampers. It should be clearly understood that under normal running conditions, damper winding does not carry any current because rotor runs at synchronous speed. The damper winding also tends to maintain balanced 3-phase voltage under unbalanced load conditions. 6. Write the E.M.F. equation of an alternator. The EMF equation of an alternator is given by Eph = 4.44 Kp Kd f Tph where Eph = Induced EMF per phase Kp or Kc = pitch factor or coil span factor Kd = distribution factor f = frequency in Hertz = Flux per pole in weber Tph = No. of turns per phase in armature winding. 7. What is meant by armature reaction and mention its effects. When the alternator is loaded the armature starts increasing. This armature current produces its own flux which tends to either aid or oppose or distort the main field flux. This effect is known as armature reaction. The effects of armature reaction are: (i) magnetizing effect ( for zero power factor leading loads pure capacitive load) (ii) demagnetizing effect (for zero power factor lagging loads pure inductive load) (iii) cross magnetizing effect (for unity power factor loads resistive loads) When the power factor is less than unity, both cross magnetizing and demagnetizing effects (for lagging pf) and both cross magnetizing and magnetizing effects (for leading pfs) are present. 8. Draw the phasor diagram of an alternator on load of lagging power factor. Eph Ia Vph IaRa I Xs

PART B (12 MARKS OR 16 MARKS) 1. Derive the EMF equation of three phase alternator from first principles.

2. Discuss the Potier method of predetermining the voltage regulation of an alternator.

3. Explain two reaction theory of salient pole synchronous alternator. 4. Explain in detail the synchronous impedance method (emf method) of predetermination of voltage regulation of an alternator. 5. Describe with neat sketch the constructional details of an alternator. 6. A star connected 3 phase, 6 pole alternator runs at 1000 rpm, having flux per pole of 0.1wb sinusoidally distributed. Its stator has 54 slots having double layer winding. Each coil has 8 turns and the coil is short chorded by 1 slot. Calculate the no load phase and line voltages. 7. (i) Explain the necessary conditions for synchronization? (4 marks) (ii) Explain the parallel operation of two alternators. (8 marks)