Passive Solar Energy Book

MICROFICHE -REFERENCE LIBRARY
4 project of Vol&te& in As,ia 31 s\: 1 rO \ .@&* /
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by: Edward Mazria Published by: .. Rodale Pfess, Inc. 331East Hinor Street Emmaus, PA 18049 USA
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, : O The best book tie Ii&e seen on passive solar. b;il&ngs becau:e-it makes the ; fundamental,.r&isons why su,ch buildings are highly desirable so crystal clear. And, once you really understand the fundamentals Qf any suI+ct, the I Drest iSeasy. , ; > William 8. Edmondson, Ed?tor, SolarEnergy--Dige&-~--~? I -----; 3
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Copyright @ 1979 , by Edward Mazrja
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form{ or by any means, electronic or mechadical,.includrng photoor any. information storage and copy, recording, retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher. S L * f3ookDesign hy 7 A lcpley
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Bjb;liography:. p. Includes index, 1. Solar energy~ 2.Solar heating. I. Title. 78-21656 696 \ TJSiO.M32 1979b ISBN,O-87857-260-0 (Hardcover) I BN O-87857-237-6 (Paperback) $ 1 hardcover 9 4, 8'10
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-- Direct Gain Systems 9. 10. 11. _ 32SOLAR WlNDg>WS c , CLERESTORIES AND SKYLIGHTS MA&ONRY HEAT STORAGE JNIERLOR. WATER -WALL.c e. \ .> \ %I 8 1 i 24 t 153 1
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Thermal Storage Wall Systems 13. S[ZIbk THE WALL i4. WALL DETAILS I Attach%d Greenhouse
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15. SIZING THE GREENHOUSE 16. GREENi-lOuSE CONNECTIONp

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THE ROOF POND POND DETAILS . ; , GREENHOUSE . DETAILS 1
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26. INSULATION ON THE OUTSIDE 27. SUMMER COOLING V.

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THE TOOLS
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The Sun Charts--how the sun works, the cylindricdl ~ sun chart, sun charts, sun time, plqtting the skyline . . . The Solar Radiafion Calculator--hourly radiatiov . totals, daily radiation totals, splar intensity masks The Shadingcalculator-p/ottirfg the sha$ng mask
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1. Perfocwa+ce Calcblations 2. Percentaie of Solar Radiation Absorb&i 4. ,/,;I ,//. by Various Sdrfacqs, . =..>, )A&* , ./3. Averqhe Daily Sol/wRad~iak5~ + -3. )I, :y -2. 2.,- &ASeI$ge _ Daily Te/nperattires (Fj in North r, . i j . / id :u _.~ ii ..- \ I Amqkica -; --_-_-~-1 Ij* &jree-D.ays _,.,. .,. .:.. _ .*r- ....-. -.-l:,. I , ..t.,.. ,. . I _ ,._ ,._ __ _: ___- - - 7 - - -._ _ .~-_.. -__-.-- .._. _- - ----l- 6; -f&@r-&++%m ~1 .JY- A--_ . .~~-,. ip-.--... _--.,.__ -- ._~.._~ 1..___ 7. Pqcentage of Ehhanceknt of Solar. H&t =* I * 7 l , @in with Speclillarf$flectors .* . 8. -C nveision Tables I 9
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JOGRAPHY
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Four years *igo, when .I kegan writing this book, information concerning passive solar heating was,virtually nonexistent. During this time many fri ds have worked with me to generate portions of the information in ihe text. Their work andassistance made the scope of this book possible. J -I want to especially thank: ....,. I
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Steve Baker whoworkedclosely withme for t.wo years to genera!e. data I *for the- formulation of the patterns and calculation p.rocedures. His - %tsight and kno-w.ledge ofthe subject add a dinet$ion to, the book that would otherwise be-absent. I am grateful not only for his contribution to the book, but for his support,and friendship during iti. production. j. A * .1 :* Robert Young who spent numerous hours assembling the .Appendix, producing the technjcal drawi.ngs and photograiphing,many of the build-. . y. 1 -ings.presented .in the book. i 4 Ir
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Raymond Har@;n.$ho gave generously of his time, at the conception ,. of the-hook, to answer my seemingly endless questions about solar energy I -, 1. ., ~ an~d.he&transfer, .. _~~ f c;:-.. .~~ .s b . I
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Acknowledgments /. h-Haggard and Polly Cooper (of their patterns onroof

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oh Cettingsfor his beautiful photographs. - P. I. eagement. : &&lStone~ fbrher early .and c

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c . . * . Thei.conti.nuing support of, many -friend.q ,&heir confidence in me and patience i inade.it all,possible: Joyce Brown, Bonnie Katz, Aaron Mazria;,Gary Goldberg, David Tawif, Jim Greenan, Larry Keller, Charlene Cerny, KantFowitz, Barbara.Levy, J. Douglass and Sara Balcomb, Nichols, Rosalie Harris, Carol Bickleman, Boyd B&&it&m Tim Zanes, Peter Calthorpe, Jim Van Duyn, Eric Hoff and Richard CT in the text .is modeled after The Pattern by Christopher Alexander, Center for Environmental . , . Language Structure,
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building that is strongly related to* site, climate, local buildid) m,aterials ,and the>sun. It implies a,,specMI.relatio~ship to naturalpsocesses that offers the potential for an inexhaustiblesupply of vital energy. This attitude is obviousjy j not entirely new, since much vernacular architecture has always reflected a . . strong relationship to daily and seasonal climatic and solar variations:In recent years, however, relying on the misconception of an infinite and inexpensive energy suf~ply, people have choseen t abandon these Ion&standing con- P .f .; siderations. II I \ /
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Architecture in the twentieth century has been characterized by an emphasis environGment this on technology to the exclusion of othervalues. In the built concern manifestsitself in *the materials I we build with, such as plastics and synthetics. There is an existing -dependknce on mechanical control of the indoor enviro?ment rather than exploitaeion of climatic and other ,natural nts. In a ,sense,, we have become processes to satisfy our comfo~rt since windows.must be inoper-prisoners of complicated mechanical able and sealed in order for work. A minor power. or equipmenf failure can ,make these buildings uninkabitable. Today, little.attention is paid to the unique character andvariation of local climate and building materials. One can now see essentially the same type building from coast to 1 coast. 4 . 4 Today, there is a strong, new interest in passive solar heating and cooling systems becaus,e they simpjify rathe+r than complicate life: Passive systems are simple in concept at-ii. use,-.ha\Re few moving parts and require little or no maintenance. Also, these systems do not generate thermal pollution, since they
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.~ require ho external energy input and produce no physical by;products or waste. Si.nce solar,energy is c0nyenientty.distributed.b alIpa$+ of the globe, expen# sive transportation and, distribution netwolk$ of energy are also eliminated. .d * .I r Jr. k-t ; .A Shce a buildingor some element of it is the passive system; TheAappllcatipn of passive solar energy must be included in every step of a buildings design. ,.,_. +eWhereas conventional or a-ctive solar-he.atingiystems can!be s6mewhat independent df the conceptual organization of*:; buildi&, it is extremely difficult to add a passiv,e system to a buildjng once. it hasiheen &signed.
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To date; a&hitects,cbuilders and owner-buiklers have made l#tl,e use of the ^ information available conce.roing passive systems because it :is &o technical: cumbersome and time-consu&ring.,in application. To be useful, information mus+t lead to the ne&essary degt;afe of accur$y at yach stage of a buildings , design. The de.gree of accuracy increases as the-design moves from the -A , pschematicstagd through detailed drawingsancl models and finally to construe,+tion documents. lh the eartystages, it vnakes no sense to perform extensive heat, loss and gain calculations,.since the building wfll change, amany times 1 I< before a design is complete. =? < _. n -3, !: ?I > The- basic purpose of this book is to make technical information acchssi I? e to a.lI people. The text is written in such a way as to facilitate this. TheLarious elements that make up a passively heated building are- expJained separately -. and,ordkred in a sequence that makes them easy to apply to a buildings _i p -.. design. The illustrations that accompany the text are intended to convey very. .tPchnical information in a.simple and clear format. sdp /= 4 Tiisbook deliberately does not use pr;ofessional architectural and, ehineeringd * graphic symbols to represent various. mateiials and concepts, but, instead, illustrates them with a degree of r;e.aIism. The @hotographs shew, existing en ,applications ofboth entire systems as well LIS specific details., i k . i . y .
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c f T$ allow, for change resulting&&new experiments and observation, the book t. a way-that \permits ;he..&rder to in1prov.e and ad.d information I e .is structuredin ..,* ( -Bsm& IS Iearned about passive sys~&r~s.~ ~Since each element *of. a passive , .i .; syster?i..is treated separately in the text, the. Eetetrieval of specific Pieces .of. 1.. inform.ation is made easy. : \ I .b m ,I * I \ ,5 ,e c L8 L .-.-.I. .-.. .?:,, all locationsbetwer$n 28: and 56 ,adapted to the same latitudes in ~ e I . the Sfuth,ern Hemisphere by simp.ly reversing the sea&s and reversing true \I ..... I-I.., .,.~IYwI,*, ,,u ,aemuy<.,& ,. ,,:, bJ 0 u T . j , /- j _ 2 1 . - - -_ -. / ,,.~, \; . . \ f * \ r> e * , = I\. .5 . .%..
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;\* most of ;he information you willneed . building. Its contents: are ordered~ in applications to system design and I the fundamental c.oncepts of -1 It provides the foundation for k. \ ,.* < _ \ . ; .. \._ II, 2; r;,.. L @F I ,~ .% :. \ 3
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&, The P&s&e; Sqlar Energy Book ; 3 .. . Y. c a_ A., L il i I_ 3 -,. - , d n T, --L _I. -... e.. given in the following chapters. ~Chapter 3 -;-- -...._und<6%a~$~+he-in~n -D presents the various types of passive @ems. i%i&i~g&ec~ral, examples of, ~ i j. each. system are included; .along with. performance data,, to giv.e-~o~rarr----------~. a Pndication of-their applicability to a wide range of climates, and xlocations. In I . : . the chapter on design patterns; chapter 4, a method for designing a passivasolar hearted building is provided: The intenthere is to lead you through, a :, process that allows you 10 choose-and size a.system suited t9 yourlparticu,lar a 7-b ---:* -needs. Once a building and system has been designed, its performqnce can be .., a calculated and then adjusted, if. necessary. The graphic tools that follow in? . chapter 5 concern the suns position and movement across the skydome, 3: z. solar intensity for different orientations, obstructions to solar collection i I Y and. .the design of ,fixed -,ori movable shading devices. And finally, in bthe 4. j. ,b. ,, ;Appendices;~d$ta-necessary to accurately design and. calcutate a pa&e a system is +zse.nted. geforeyoubegin reading this book, however, keep in j -. $,;, * mind Ifhat good destgn is the integratiliii~~f-many concerns of. which soiar .__ ii*. . -*I0 4-l. . energy is b,u,t dhe. 1 , . ;-.,,.__ . ,). 1 ..._____ et . * 8 *, :-..__ . ., y iThe Form&t * t ): / -*, \ ., . . ~ . .. . . The Pass&e Solar Energy Book covers a wide range of passive solar concepts : : L * * ,jc , ., a6nd .information. In.order to understand the d&Is of a particular; passive sysa: 5_-c tern, .it is impoHant to first derstand .the fundamental principles behind all , *a * the systems. To help you ~GZ fundam,Gifa~s, chapters 2 through &are ti b c,.;*- Y w-ritten in such a way. that the sentences in_ boldtype+summarjze, the text that I. -0 . :*,a. Y <,,.r . b * ~YIows. By themselves, these s ntences+&ten read in sequence, form a con-. 2 ,, ,, . (. ,,(.a .. tjnuous text; To read the book, first read only thh_bold type, consulting the text ; i1xl,! Ir . . ,:. Yo clarify and embellish .particu.lar po.infsbfinformation. This will iake you only \ A,yG) s* , . * :ati hour or so. Once you :have* read the book in this {way, you can ,go baik ;; .:, \ -s , . ; ,z ,I. * * and read,the entire text to acquir+ a full understanding of the detai.ls.4 . .a . -. . ... 1 \,, : . * _ ./
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The thermonudlear fusions at the core of the sun release energy in the form high-frequency electromagnetic rhdiati.on. The theory which Furrently is i , \ ai !;-?a t , : ss_. . 4. :1 ,. / .. ./ . * + I : I. . _.,I ,, *, I I *. I., L :
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ccebted states tt-rat electromagnetic radiation can be represented as either a combinak, of rapi y alternating electric and magnetic fields (or waves) or This definitioh of radiation is difficult to energy particles calle r photons. under-stand and visualize, But.~t& theory behind i-t ?Itcrws usto.dexribP and predict how radiation,will hct. Radiant energy is produced at the solar core at temperatures estimated between 18,000,000 to 25,000,OOO Fahrenheit UO,OOO,OOO ,to 14,000,000 Cqlsius). The average temperature at the surface D Of the sun is only Io,oooF~(~,~~QC). \ \ 3 ,
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At an average temperature of 10,OOOF, the sun radiates most of. its ene& at ,, ,1-11 ,.,, ..;,.,, very hrgh ~~eq~~~c~e~,,~sho~,w~v~engths), Visible .l.i.ght ma.kes up 46% of the _, total energy emitted from ?he sun, Visible,light, or the wavelength to whi&h i.j & the human eye is sensitive, extends from 0.35 <to 0.75 microns (the unft used I_ to m-easure wavelength is the micron or micrometer which is equal to a 1 millionth 4)a meter or .~0~04 of an inch). It is m-ade up of allIthe familiar $,, I~colors from the shorter wavebngth violet (&35microns) to blue, green:yellow, orange,&td the longer wavelength red (0.75 m.icrons). Forty-nine percent of the, radiatibnemittedfromthelsun is in the infrared (below red) band.,Infrared - b , r,adiation, which tie experience as heat, is radiation at wavelengths longer than the red end of the visible spectrum (greater3han 0.75 microns). The remaining band at wavelengths portion of the suns radiati.on is emitb ,d in: the ultra-violet sbrter)than the violet. end of the visi& spectrum,.(smaller than 0.35 microns). All etectromagnetic -radiation I,eavin$ the sun travels through space at a uniform rate, in the form of diverging rays, traveling at the speed of light which is 786,280 miles a second 1(3oo,000 kilometersa second). The earth a small. f body compared to the,, sun, intercepts such -a-small p&t of the svns radiant output that thecsuns ia@ are assumed to be a parallel beam. At a dGtanee of- . 93 million miles from the.sun, the earth intercepts approximately 2 billionths of the suns:radiant output or the eqd$&nt of about35,000, times the total _. energy used by all people. in one year. ? I I ,i * @ The Solar Constant, -v&ch defines the, amdunt of rpdiatkm or heat energy reachipg theoutside of the earths atmosphere, is 429.2 Btus.per square fqot . . pqr hour (1.94 calories. per square centjmeter per hour);= In otherwords,if we located a-square foot of material just butside the ,karths atmosphere and perpendicular to. the GZis r~yys, itwou,[d intercept 429.2, Btus of energy, each hour. --LThere aie slight variations in the? numerical value of the Solar Constant bee--the earths orbit around the sun is almost perfectly circular, ,.> within this orbit the sun is slightly off center. This difference is important to scientists doing, detailed calculations out in /space, Ibut on the earths surface the variation isso*slight it has little.effect onthe solar heating of buildings. .
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.I. Of all thq solar radiation intercepted .by t&.ear+ (including theatm&&&re), as muchas,%% of it is refl;ected.!bick into space. The ~~lect,.kf energy: I / ,: *t 2 _ _ i 3. 4 * 1 9 j I . /
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-from an object is,called the albecJo of the object. The GIbedo of th; earth taken as a whole is 35 10 40%. Most ,of this energy isreflected back Cnto space fro; clotids and atmospheric dust, but some reflection bccurs at the surfa~ce of. the earth from surfaces such as water, snow and sand. . _ \., . _ . Part bf the remaining portion of ,sdar radiation, while passing thiough*the earths atmosph re, is scattered in all directiooS as it interacts~wit~--ai;.rnolef 1 cuks and dust -partijcles. As a result, some of this scattered or diffused radiatiQn comes to eaith from all parts of .the skyd.pme. Scattered radiation a primarily in~the blue porfion of the visible spectrum, is re;ponsible for the blu2 c.olor of the clear sky>
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* Fig. 11-2:. WIhat happens.to solar radiation intercepted by the 0 . earth& atmosphere. I&. , (m \ , \ 1 I . II . . _ \ 1 : 1 t .., , I. D 1. \, r -8 I, iv _
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. : * - .s i -\ : While #&ds and dust,scatfei and reflect,Ytipproximately,a third of the incoming . energy, the .watet vapor, carbon diqxide and ozone in the atinosphere absorb r .. . . an&her IO_to ?IS%. In the upper atamosphere, ozone removes.yi,rtuaIly all the * high7Cequency ultra-violet rad$ation reaching the earths surface. This is , eisential since ultra-violet radiatlori. can. cause skin burn and eye damage and . ,/a y _/. it can bq letbal even in moderate d9ses. yater vapor and carbon dioxide in D 0 .~ .the lower atmosphere .absorb portions of the radiation, primarily in th$ . 2 ,_ . ,infrared band. *I . I r. Besides the composition of the atmosphere,- the most iTp&tant fa&or in determining the &ng+,, of solar rac&tion reaching the ea@s surface- is the , :a . .l&ngth of atmosphere jhe-radiation must pass through. Durir)g, the day when . the sun is directly dverhead., radiation travels through the least amount-pf . -. J . .I C. , _I .I 0 : .,. gx.-,<~ I h ,y .. d -k -. 8 . I ,
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The Passive Solar Energy Book .
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tmosphere en route to the earths surface. ,As the sun moves Ftoser to the orizon (sunset), the path of th,e- radiation through the atmo$here lengthens.. he more atmosphere or air mass that ra$ation must pass throughl;/the less its energy content will be due-to the in&eased, absorption,and scattering of the /radi&i.on. At sunset the,radiation content of the solar beam is sufficiently low /to enable us to glance d,irectly at t-he sun. As th.&;!height above sea level I increases, the amount of atmosphere that solar radiation must pass through /.decreases. Therefdre, the energy coptent of sblar radiation at high altitude *: locations will be somewhat higher. . _ i : . ( Because of the eatihs tilt and iotation, the, length!of atmosphere that solar - radiation passes throkgh will vary with the time of day and month of the year. . The path of the earth around the sun is a sl-ight ellipse, barely distinguishable I once a day on an axis that ! axis,is tilted23Vz o (exactly n around the sun.
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<. toperpendicular (1 \ < Ii to t HFrqisphere receiveq fewer hour: of, sunshine, pr&ils in t& Southern Hemisphere. ,I 3 /d
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The angle the bun,% rays rqake witW a surface wili determiye how- much ehergy ttiat surface receives. Since solar radiation comes to earth i,,nessentially parallel I rays, a surface that is perpend(cular to those rays will intercept the greategt amount of energy.As the suns rays mosF,away from being perpendicular, t the energy intercepted by a surface wiU decrease.
Perhqps the best way t.0 imagine this pi; tq think of- the parallel rays - :, of the Sun as a handful ,of pencils held with thebr points touching a *a -==a%<-.> of energy. c~--Y..._. -__!abIetop. 7hd dots made by the points represent unifs _- When the pencils are held perpendicular toqthe tabletop, thedots are . p . 9 as compactly arrariged. as possible: enefgy density-: per -sqciare inch is 2 \ ,; 54, at amaximum. As the pencils are inclined towa&+ theparalIel, the h 7 * I . . :. dots beg;20 coyer largkr and !argQr areas: en&rgy density per+square . I J. d -3 , .. in:*-. : &easing. -2% BarbaraFrancis 1. + ,,2 7,
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6. The Passive Solar En;rgy *Book , I i *_ * However, a surface can be facing as muchas 25 away.from perpendicula; to the sun and still intercept over 90% of the direct radiation. The angle that the rays of the sun make with a line perpendicular to a surface (also called the angle of incidence) will determine the percentage of direct sunshine intercepted by that surface. Table II-1 lists the percentage .of sunshine intercepted- by .a surface for different incident dngles. / . n ; . ;
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Pircentage of Radiation Striking a Surface at Given Incident Angles 7. a

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Solar Intercepted (perce_ntJ. / \ . / .
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1oo.b ) 1 \ 99.6 . . , 1 i, 5 i 98.5 10 1 \ 96.5 15 . I .c, 94.0 20 = ;, 90.6 25. . 1 .i - Y 1 86.6 = , !,30+ . .7 81.9 : 35 . P L 76.6 -0 40 . .45 70.7 ._ . . 50 $. 64.3 - I o 55 ., : 57.4 sg.0 60 -.: _. 42.3 u & 65 . 1 * : 34.2 . *> ~~~ . . 70 -~ ~,~ 25.8 *!75, r.,:. . -17.4 / / 80 II 0 85 * 8.7 / .. 0.0 ., 90 L 4se I. - j ,a\..-- . P I .r / . ANGLEa=+LEC?F~ /I ., ,.:; :----- .I ,. ;*I &UaJG&b=%m. I L .e. . 5 \ \, .~. ; ? a I.8 .* c \ i , . . I 1 ; ., e . / 0 ..,*, * :~, /i. i i.
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5 > , , The totql amount d energy interce!pted by a s&-face &mists of not only direct radiation, butalso diffuse and reflected &djation. The total amount of radiant energy intercepted b,y a surface is greater than that from the direct rays alone. Diffuse radiation, 0~ the energy scattered by ttie atmosphere and redirected to the earths surface, can be as-much as 50% of the total when the sun is, at a lo& altitude: and ltj0"/0 on a completely cloudy day, However, on clear days /diffuse radiation comprises. only a small fraction of the total. The intensity of radiation reaching a surface from a reflective material. depends upon the quality of that materials surfa% finish and the angle of inci.$&-rce between the solar beam and the ,reflector. The larger the angle of incidence, the more the radiation will be ref!ected-. S - : -. ,; ,1. It js important f realize that. the collection of solar radiation is deperident on the area of -the col,lecfing surfac.es. The energy content of solar radiation is A fixed. by the output of the ,sun. To collects certainamount of energy from thle sun, an area large/enough, to collect it is necessary.., This applies to all solarheaiing systems from south-facing glass in a.reside%ce to collectorsthat focus the sun!s energy,. The area intercepting the suns rays will determine -the ..j . maximum amount of radiant energy that cat-r be collected. + 0 1 n I . . .<-
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As solar radiption strikes the surface of a material, three things can happen. The radiation. can be reflected, transmitted and/or absorbed. _ c I . .
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=. [l)epending on the gurface,&&re of the matdrial, reflected radiation w-ill either be scattered (diffused) or reflected in a ptedictable~~~anne;:iRoughi~~xtured I 1 .-_ surfaces will scatter radiatio,n,.while,surfaces such as aGSirrc%$ highly polished ,aluminu.m wili reflectiight in p.red;ctdble parallel rays. For example: a masonry, wall, because,ofthe irregularities of.its surface, vyill not reflect $adiafion ina predictable ,manner. It will &attersr diffuse the radiation. in all*direct-ions. In \ .. . , >! I -. contrast, a very smo,$-r z$dhighI~$olished surface will produte a predictable -m.>. -,,.. reflection. (!n this manner, lig&@nd other radiant energy source3 can 64 . - -_~. controlled.)Yhe at-&e &which the:rays strike a .refle&ng surfacgW$ill *be equal tothe angle of tt$. reXJc%d rays, q-5 to ;put it anothec way, the angle ,of : , :: * 0 : 't i ., in;cidence wilLequal the. ;iijgle of.reflect%n. 1 * 6 ._ 2.. iL II . L UI 2. * .$ I -. : h&t. v& per&w as color is the resultof~ v&X&-radiattin in certain: wave .I ,t j lengths beitig refiected, f~om%~&rface;~ while, all the other tiavelengths. are 2 . _ . , 1.i* I> / . ../I *.<l - 1 . ., r , .. 7 , -* $3 ,.I . -*Y .15 -. I y.. ;sr 2 : *yj 1 -* .. - + ,i : y: . . i ,. :* ' ,a. :+A 1 '".,, . ..--..i.--. ----\
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.$ I . . k material that tra&&its most of the visible radiatidn that Strikes it is TRANS.nPARENT. The direct passage of sunlight through. a material is best illustrated _ :~ by.ordinasy window glass. Most of the solar. radiation passes through glass wjth *I .i v&r-y little distortion. During a clear ,win.ter, day, for examtile, a vertical single i2. pla)eglass window transmits about 85% of the solar ene&y-strikinh its surface, .< . doutile glass about 75%. Other materialscan be equaily-t.ransmis;ive but will deflect or scatter the radiation that passes. through .it. We refer to, these materials a5 being TRANSLUCENT.. , .
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characteristics
\ Some radiation is reflected and some is ahsorb. by the glass. Reflection losses are greatly dependent onl,tt+e angle--of incidence of the radiation striking the I
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Solar rqdiation $bsorbedby a .s&stdnce ii conver@ itSto iherr$ svqy.cfr heat. Solar r8di;itibn ,absoybed by the moleculesat t,he surface of a material will accelerate their movement. As the vibrational inovempnt of mdkules. i %:.i . . in a mateliol iryreases, tha heat conteqt of !he rrfbte?Zi.iqi&$y~. I . . 0 L . - . d. ,- : . . + As hei1 i+zikdleda to i solid rkatekat,*ik temperature will r&k Ther~fork,~tem~ . ljera~re~is4\F$ mekure of&e intensity bf heat, which is defi(;ed In tey oFt,he . mgverqpnt crf molecules.:. ihe, ,&ore rapid,this ,moyement,. the hkghei the. _ m, I . -.V ,: L - .,! . ~ ~temgg?ratu@ie.:.; 9 I * ?I . . . .
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9 . 3 Y & it is h&ted .by soiai radiation, a material seeks to achieve e&ilibri~um . itsl&rr&mdings thrdwgh thrke basic heat W&r processes:-conductiqti, . t I ,. * %&tin and. radktiqn. I .._ .c 1. ., I , .Ei . * _ ., . . L ,, 1
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Prqcesses
First, as solar radiation is absorbed by a/material, the at&orbed redistributd itself within the mateiial as ,it is passed or COrupuCTED between I mdlecu,les. Conduct$n: @the process ,in &ich heat ene\gy is transferred : _ betweT molkcu~eswjthin a substance, orbktween two substances in physical :.a \ , 1 _.__ contact-,, by-dil_ectmolecular interaction. The &qmer molecules bump info and I rjass some,of the+-vibrat&naI energy to adjacentrnolecules. The dilection of 1 \ heat flow is always frot?warm.to $ool.As themolecules at the surface of a I material are heated by solar radiation, they $ass this energy to cooler adjacent++ L- molecules dispersing the heat through the rr&$ialso th&dt. takes on a more . -ttwdh-e rate of h&t flow or the thermal co&c@CtjVjt~ (k).of-a --, * , subst$nce is dep@ndent on the capability of its moleculesto sendh,and3receive ,_X heat. Forexam$$q,-metal, dill feel colder,to the touch than wood c&the ,.same . .,., . . low temperatur$ This is due to the fact that metal/has a higher con?lu&ivi~ i ._ hnd it will absorb heattnd pass it from its surface to its than wood. The more heat conducted from the hand, .A In general, because gases are poor conductors, ,. ockets are usually poor conductors.,A goo,d example of this is building -:.--- , ,insulation.which cgntains- thousandsqf tiny air poc.ket:s. $ - * 8 . :. .. k--__- --L Second, H hate!ial will Yransfer h,pat &&gy . from its kfaceto the moiecules 0 .:7. --- ._ : of Gmt$!_u_ig-?-.by CONVECTION. f;onvection is -defined.: as 0) the : , transfer of heat betweer&urface. and a moving fluid, or (2) the transfer of .L. . hea,! by: the movement of the molecules.-....I.. __ onepo&t-in from a fluid to another. . \ ,.;l-n-canv~ctiop pro&seS, heat again always moves from warm%-c&LA&e - o ..a ! a?luid such.as wate-ror air come into physical contact with a : .,, ;... . ., ;cool*moleculesof ,.I. I!, yarm surface,,sdme of thevrbrationaf energy at the surface &f the material is. :
,5
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The P$ssive Solar Energy Book 5:. .l
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fluid .is pumped~,or blown across-a surface, the rate of topve&e heat . tra&er will increase. AS a cool fluid comes in coittict __ with a warm surface,------..surface EZFiFfid. t.~~f~~~.-i~~~~~S~nce~ the rate of heat flow fron43e increkes as bhe temperaturb difference between t@~ sub&nces increases, the faste<.:the! wcmed fluid moletiules are removed frc$i tt$.surface tnd replaced by cooler molecules, .qke ofaster twill be the rate qf heat traiisfkr.-For example, . .. 22 .. > i
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when ai:i.is bagwn against the surface of ahot spoonful of liquid, it cools faster. . The air molecules that have been warmed at the suriace of the liquid are blown away,j&d replaced by cooler airimolecuIes which are,capa,ble of absorbing L: 2 more heat. This protess is.called FORCED CbNVECTlON. w
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And third, all materials RADIATE en rgy all the tim:. All. m?terials are constantly radiating therm;1 energy j-n.. 1 II ,dlrec%ns bkcause of the continual vibrational mavement of~mole$& (r+easured as temperature) at their surface. ig contrast to solar radiation, which corisists of shortwave radiation emitted at.very high temperatures, thermal radiation experienced as ,heat donsists of longwave infrared radiation emitted at a much lower temperature. ,; ! D
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As the fice dies dowrrayd the flame an,d coals becorrie more@red and htly-less heat . . . after, awhile .the flame give off less light an disappears, the coals ome dull red in a,ppearance, then a darker no more? Light is no longer emitted from red, and finally they I the war,m coals, but h,eat contiriues to b& g.jven a&. Th6 warmth 1of the. coals-;is felt for- hours as radiated heat or infrared radiation, Ijut jris not seen as light. $6 I , : . John Mather* * I, 4 : - = energy a material radiates debends .L1 I P ,- !I The output of thermal radiation from a surface not only tekperature,.bAt also with the quality or EMkSlVTTY of the z .+ *John R. Pjather, Climatology: Funda6JentaisandzA&lications. >, 0 .,: i ,j IT , ., ! i e
on the temperature i varies Gth surface surface. In general, . 23 ,.,
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.* most materials are good emitters of thermal radiation, that is, they radiate. . thermal energy easil). -ihe emitGnce.(E) pf a material is afiindicator of that Mos,t building ,ma@rials,. fgr materials abilit~,~~ give off thermal.radiation. . example, haye ermissivities of 0.9 which means that they radiate? 90% of thei thkrmal. energy theoretically possible at a givbn temperatclie: Normally, highly ,.: slach as shiny,metals, arepoor emitters of t ,mal;,r8diation. b ;, polished-surfaces, T \ I * - This me&s they radiate very Iittl,e,heat at a given te&perature: I \,,; _ . I P
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radiition; some w~ill jreflect it reflect thermal, radiation will the surjace rather th n on jts ect solar i_s a good indic,$ion of the ability uo ref P the ability to reflect the-rmal radiat!o,n. Mdst t 01 color, act as a black bc@y, * bsorbihg 4 - .I > n L3 I t ,r
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.i 1; general, &&higl$ p&shed oi shiny Sirfaces, such as, altimqpuk foil, reflect large amoknts of .ahe thermal iadiatiqn t-hey intercept. The/ designers of .air@~n& tak6 advantage bf this principle bj/ provid,ihg the unqersides of : airplarjes with, a polished metal finish: so tha,t ihermal -energy or heat radiated _. ..! 1 _ Jrsrn ti hot.asph$t rqnway will be,refl@ted, this keeping the interjors of th: ,, pldnestCcoqler w,hen phrked at a terminal. 3 . .. . / b.> I
0 The amount bf thermal radiatibn/A shriace intercepts depends on th% angle the ., _,,... 4 .Iradi&ion mak& with that surfi&. This. is- the-same $priiicib 1 that. applies to e 0 ; . .I . polar r,adiation. Two surfaces that lare+ar&lel ts and facing each other will . _~ i .-- ... --:c--..-----exchZije. a maximum Gnouht of theC?iKGdradiation, while suriaces facing each , .. t er.at an angle wil-I exchangclesG If both. bddies have the Sameatjsorptivity, : \ 5, e result of this ener& excharige is anet radiant heat trahsfer frpni the warm :,, .\I. I O. . body td the- cpql ,body.. .,---: * I;. 8. .r ,$,S -2 ? .__-~ -. , I
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This process of trapping heat is commonly known as the greenhouse effect. A good example of the reslllt of this etiect IS the heat that bbilds ilp in an ;lutomobile that has been sitting in the sun for a few hours. Other materials, s,uch as some plastic glazing materials that adniit a high percentage of solar radiation, will allow as much as 4O%*oi the thermal rhcliation they intercept to pass through. In this-aspect, these maderials are slj,$?tly tess desirable for usp in solar heatin,g. 3
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store the tieat until exactly the opposite.
*This does nbt imply that radiation loss.esfro& 2 space are eliminated. Although glass does iot tr_aq,Smit thermal: radiation, it absorbs this energy and then reradiates and conducts it to the / outside, but at the tower temperature of the glasssurfa&. I. .. I 25
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approaches
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to the solar heating of buildings:
I; There ark basically two distinct active and passive.
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In &neral,.active systems employ hardware and mechanical equipment to n collect atid transport heat. Flat plate or focusing cdliectors (usually mountedion the roof of a buil,ding) and a separate heat storage unit (rock bin, w.aier,.tank or combination of the two) are often the major.elements ofpthe system. Water OT air, pumped through the coHector, absorbs heat and transports it to the storage unit. This heat is then supblied from the storage unit to the spaces in a bujlding F 1, by a completely mechanical distribution system. ,
, . ,
Passive systems, on theother hand, collect and transport heat by nonmechan, * i&l means. The most,common definition of a passive solar-heating and coolisng . . system is that.it is a system in which the thermal energy flows in the system are and natural convection.. In 17 . by natural means, such as radiation, conduction essence, the building structure orsome element of it is the system. There are . no separate collectors, storage units or mechanical elements. The most striking difference between the systems is that the passive system operates on the energy av%ilable in its immediate environment and the active system imports -e--energy, such as electricity, to pow-t&-&s and pumps which make the . 2 system work: -, . Q G 1 F There are twb basjc elements in every passive solar-heating system,: south.; facing glass (or transparent plastic) for solar collection, and. therma! mass for
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heat ab&rptioq, storage and Odistributi?d. Popular belief has it that iiassive _. ~. _-, _. ..-ovI.T-e... building. must iriC6Lporate large quanlX& ?if?hYG? two elemGif~~.~-6r~~ studies ;how, hotiever, that while there must be some thermal mass and glazing in each space,when propeily designed they are not necessirily excessive. This will become evident Gh&Y you read the sizcing procedures a given in chapter, 4, .(pes,ign Patterns. _ I. To establish a framework for understanding passive systems, three concepts will be defined: DIRECT CA\N, INDIRECT GAIN and ISOLATED GAIN. Each explaini th& relationship between the su?, heat storage and living space. Within each of these categoric? we are able to identify various systems,
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Gain
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The firsi and simplest approach to passive solar heatirig is th@ concept bf Direct Gain. Simply defin.ed, the actual living space isdifectty Heated by sunlight. When the space is used as a solar collector, it must also cqntain a method for absorbing and..storing enough daytime, heat for cold *winter nights. In other words, with the direct gain approach *the space be&mes a live-bn solar dollector, heat storage and distribution system all in one. One important note, Direct Gain Systems arealways working. This means they collect and @sj use every bit of energy that passes through the glazing-direct or diffuse. Because of this, th& notonly wart well in sunpy climates, but also in Floudy climates with great ,amourjts of d&use solar &nergy, ti,here active .systems can ._-._ - -: hardly pqrform as effectively.
_
--
In this approach, there is an expanse of south-facing glass and enough. thermal mass, strategically located in a space, for beat absorption and storage. Southfacing glass (the,coIIec,,tor) is exposed to the m&in& amount of solar energy i! winter, and minimum amount in summer. For this reason; it is the Pdeal location for admitting direct sunlight into-a ,pace: Since a portion of this solar heat gain (sunlight) must be stored in the s$ace for, use at night (and pos$bly during periods of cloudy weather), .tRe floor and/or wal.ls must be. 1 cpnstructed of materials capable @f storing heat. -. ~ t7. Today; the tw6 most.common materials used for heat storageTare masonry and water. Masonry theimal storige materials cnclude concrete, currdrete block, brick, stone .,and adobe, either individually or in various combinations. Typicallyg~at least one-half to two-thirds of:the-total surface area in a space is construFt@d of thick-masonry. This imb!je$, that the interior be IargeLy cdn. 3 4 s- i u 0 ., ,
29
1 i 2
df e,xposed mass the other hand, ~A,, i&rs%tl~~ one wall of a space. Thelwater wall- is located in < ~ the Space in such a way that direct sunlight strjkes jtfor most of the day. M&terial$.commo$y used to construct- thg. wall are plastic,.or metal containers. During the daytim:e, the mass is charged with heat so that at night when out. u 0 door-and sp$ce tempe,t+t;res begin to .drop, this-heat is returned to the space.
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~l~nho~ summer climateswithcool nighttime t&nperatures,*the mass can also . act to keep a building @cool :during the day. First, because of its time-lag&a properties, massive walls keep heat from reaching..the interior of the building until the evening when outdooretemeeratures are cooler. Second; outdoor air circulated, through tlie buildingTat night cools the interior mass so it absorbs heat and provides cool i.n,terior-surfaces du$ing the da.y. e PI 3 one-of the earlikst and largest contemporary examples of a Direct Gain System n is thI! St. Qorg.e.sXounty Secondary School in Wallasey, England, near Liver.*Ap~ol. The building, d.esigned by-architect Emslie 2 Morgan, was completed in 1962. .Public reaction to the building at that time was that the architect flad somehow harnessed. a new physical principle. It was not until the late 1960s p ,. that extensive research and testing of the building was begun. @
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The -build$tg, constructed of masonry, hasEla transparent qouth wall for m@mum solar.gain in winter. Concrete, 7 to 10 inches in thickness, forms the roof and floors, with the,north walj and interior partitions u-?ade of %in.ch br;jck. Th;s masonryis the principal means of heat storage in the building.,..lt is exposed to the0 interior and insulapd frqm theV+terior with 5 inches of expanded polystyrene:.QBy contrast, the eni~rk south wal! of the building is esserrtially transpayent. Tti sheets of gfass, the outside layer Clear ,ahd the insid,:e translucent, make. up the roughly 230-by-27-foot wall. The translucent _ layerrefracts~d(rect sunlight diffusing it over the surface area of interior mass, somewbat..uniformly. ,r c> 0 i . L..
The ~masok$ krior stoie$. heit and acts to p&venk large fluctuations j,of itidoor temperatures over the day. Becorded classroom flu)ctuations are on the average Gnly 7F throughout the year (cl&r-day ftuctuations are ;omewt+at higtier). Thticlearly illdstrates the effect masonry has in keeping indoor tem 0 b peratures rel$tively stable. c ,~ 81 m %; : rgytosupply, roughly 5O?b hf he The south heating needsenou& wall &nits .: : .buildings during S r; kd all this i? a less-than-ideal . * climate. Wallasey is located on, the wes f England at 53NL. Its outdoor o temperatures are moderated by the f Stream, but the current also * , .brings,with it much fog and cloudy weather. te; at best thought to be . / margina~l&suited;for solar energy application, utlding is heated5d% by -the sun with the remaining 50% supplled by lig students. The conventional heatjng system, originally installed, was Fever and su bsequentjy @ B removed. . < 0 . & -2. ,. a 0 jai _. \ 9 . .. -: *31 x \_.. .: 0
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Percentage of Heating Supplied cGiIijjh esttmateT-(196&69)
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Soiir energy Incandescent lights , cl l.JOOi~n classroom 2,400 in art .rooin S&dents: 15 tq35students per c!ass
SOURCE: ]osebh E. Perry, Jr., <The Wallasey ference and Workshop Proqedings
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of a direct gain concept-.is Maxamillians New Mexico. The restaurant employs al

of...i,ts-wioterheating-creeds-anda-- cboting loads. I
~._____.~~__-....._...._131i~~c~~Gain~~em-~o.suppI.ya-m~~por.t~ion natural cooling system to me:t its surhmgr 4 2 I .* 0 \.
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absorb and store the incidem energy during the daytime .
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at night when the
: in .a radiant .heated space, is felt as i being warmer than a conventi nally heated space at that same temperature. To avofd the possibility of,overheating in winteP, the.clerestories were slightlyundersized to allow%rthe heat gains frpm lights, pe,ople and appliances. r ; Y ,, ?. - < ., . ------:--..I .~. __ _: r --~ - -- . .._ _.__ . _, -.- .\ -c lr . -7 3r =,,. b o d + : ., . . P. (_. . , e = / ~ ~ . I
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In-so-&m&, cboli& is accomplished by ,ket$ing the sun out and by ventilating a the space gt night. Most often, nighttime temperatures in Albuquerque drop into the IOW 60s: By opening both,windows on t&e main level and the vents po*sitioned high in the clerestories, 2 convection &irent is inducek; cool air is drawn inthrough the low openings and warmed air rises out thcough the hrgh vents. The masqnry in the-space, cooled throughqtit the evening, by this 1 1 . , . * .* , 1 I a I 1 i a t. :_ - 1 37 , ,Y i .*, 3 4 i* , I . .\ 1, / i \ ..P 0 f. e 0 . I. , ),
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, The Passivd Solar Energy Book , . m , * ,: ,\ .I r .? ... I * natural flow of +jr, absorbs h,,&t and provides cool: interior surfaces throughout , / : _--- * - .- ,,. ,&----z.----..-e,* the ciay,> -A&o, when ou@Zir temperatuces;ana..j.~~ti~~-~re most rrifFiiSe , I . shading devices p$rtiit~onlyindirect tight to filter into the,restaurant. h r Duringjbe++$-+f of 1976-77 ..,...,....a.-.*...L comfortably .>..f the with .,.a_. . . . . ~.,:. i- ,. *~ :.,*._,-,,C~A**.l.-*-..%-..+a,~.%., ,w...B*.A.A.l.l. the restatiraqt qp&!ed ___._. -.-.-Io.a.I .oI s?ln (and people) as itsonly heating source. . I D * L 2 +d yet anotgei example; the Schiff residence in western. Wyoming, demon; ..r stcates $h&t~ iassive solar -.heating can work effectively in very cold norttiern climdt&T$e residence design.ed by Marc Schiff and Robert Janik ~8s corn~- -. pl&?d$%PZ. tt is sjmilzir to the pievious example i.n:(hat it has a south-facing, $awtoDth ti[\erestory that admits direct sunlightinto the. building. However, .-. . c ; :\, ^ _ I 1 9.
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mas.s for heat storage 1s con~~~~nccl 11;1 COII( rcatcl hlc)( L. \\A\ tIIlr~(l \t,t(t> ( one rtlt(x and flnishecl \Gith pipster, and scntl,lllX,, thls Dlrryt (I,lln SL ~ivn1 IU~C rIon\ in th(> ~rll( way as the ~allssey School ~&fit1 ,\~~.~~~n~~ll~;in~ rvqtCjurClnt , that even during periods of 0 F weather t,he buildipg Figure III-4 illustrates maintained temperatures which were 56 F above outdoor tcmpeA$ures. It I\ inmesting to note that there 15 no hta,lttn$ \\stcam two wood-burning stoves, one in thca II\~I~s I)~cc dncl oni ~fi tlitl ni,l>tvr t)(>(l 2 room. The owner >tates that ahe house feels \cr) comtnrtablc clokvn to ahou~ -,,,62F a?? temperature and tolerable to about 5.5 F due tc~the fact that the \v*aIJq and floor are from 3 to IO F \\,irmer In the evcnlng tl>Jn--the,alr ttamper>ture _.
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Many applications of interior water walls employ a combination of materials. For example, the Karen,Terry house in Santa Fe, New Mexicq, is a Direct Gain System with both inter:& masonry and wat.er walls. The house, eloggated the contour of the south-sloping terrain. dong the north-south axis, follows Tl-ie interior, separated into three IevCls by ietalnlng ~~11s containing ivatrr, IS retdlnlng wall5 constructed mainly of brick, adoh: and concrctc block. Th consist of Twenty-eight 55-gallon drums filled with water and p~rl,lnti(-orroslvc 1 additive, and covered with mud plaster. Sunlight enters the space through These Aere,t south-facing clerestories tilted at a 45 @ angle from horizontal. stories are plated in such a way that sunlight, at mldday rn lvlnter, strikes the water walls for maximum heat absorption .
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Karkn Terry house, Santa Fc, New MCXICO
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In the winier of Ib75-76, the auxiliary heating supply for this hwse consisted, of one-half &ord o(,wood, burned ih a small adobe iireplace. Wi-tt/lout applying temperainsulating shutters $ver thP dazing ,at night, the house t$aintai~ed b tures in.YqZnz +&&high 60s for most-of+& wirliel. w+aest recdided t&mpel;iIure in the hbuse that winter, was 53F.early onq morning. I I r I
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0 .r 0,. : TV w..,il cyy~.~, ,.,,...,.,+ >v*eitjng Its surface to temperatures as high as 150F.C This beat is <transferred to the ai; in the space b&t\vecn the wall and glass. - A (. L, , Thr.ou&h openings or vet?tS loc;tted;at the top of the tvall, warm $ir rising in tlT&.%? aii.$pac&&nters the room while sim&aneo;sIy drawing cool room air through r the low vents in thYwall. In this%ayjcjclitional heat Can be supplied- to a @cc . c .. <during periods of sunny weathm. , \ I , ., house Od.eillo, France. A well-known itxample of this systUeQmis the Trambe The hous&, built in 1967, was designed by Feiix Trornbc an$*a.rchiiect, ]a.cqucs Michel. Phe double-glazed thermal watl i.s..cor?structed of codcrete, apprdximately 2 feet thick, and painTed black to absorb the--sunlight that pas&es thro;gh the glass. The house is heated primacily by radiation and canveitibb on fromfhe inside face of the wall. 53 .. .Re,sulis heating, indicates heating parable from stbdies shoi that apptoximately 70% of this buildings yearly needs are supblied by solar energy. .Rcscarchun(lcr.taken since 1974 in [hat ,Ibs~t 36% of the energy ir;lciiclcnt on the glass I\ *piiccliw thci systtlfiis ctiiiclc~nq I\ co&~the building int winter. In this spn&, to a good active solar heating sys\cm.
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The Passive Solar En,eFw Book ~ o ) oo . 4 .a %a r ,(, .\, \ I I_ for a large j_ locatjon cjears the ihadows from trees in winter and alsd.provides .single south-facing o&door space, r r i T 8 / 0 . 1;. - 1; The solar collection system con&s of a IS-inch concrete wall, paidted black, .-. L *.-L ---- I e i --~~t~--t~&h~gt~ oJ d ou ,,I e-s t rength windoiv glass placed in frontof the wall. by radiation and convection from theOinside : - Heating is mainly accomplished .. :.. ,,,...... . ..,a; face of the wall. H,owever, vents located at the top and bottokn of the wkll 1 on each floor p&-n-tit daytime heating by the natural convection of warmed air from-the front face. b PE J _..: i ; . 4 -.i _ AQ d. ,:. . . L :
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AC&ding to data gathered i; th&Ginter of 197s7$ ihis passive jystem I -%edu&dspac@ he&g costs by 76%. Most often,tegnperature fluctuations in. .. 3 * the house during-this period were small, o.n the 6;de.r. of 2 to.6F. Down- stairy the seasonal high and low teinperatuves were 68 and 58F, with the avkdage about63F, atid upstArs.72 and 62F, with an-estimated average of - * ** 6;Iq. The up.stairs experienced*slightly higher temperatures die to the 1 . T-, migqatidh of warmed air through the open stairwell cotinecting the levels; :.L ~ ; SeGqtiaJ mogifications, such as the, addition of operable datipers to pr,event reve se thermocirc.ulation at-night and a door at the top of ttie open stairwell o to r duce .heat migration tb the second #loor, wkie- madedbetween 1976 and . o J9P f . This improved t!e systems.perforl;nance so that the solar contribution . . I %$wai.greater that year, feducing heatingcosts by 84%.
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, I Essentjally masonry.and water thernGl St&rage wills collect ;tnd distiibutq heat 0 . to.a space in the-same way only a ,w&r .tiall transfers this heat through the .w&by convection rather ta an by cgqluction. The exterior face of,awdter ur;ual!y painted,b!a_kl.~r .a &&&&Jor-for .- ---.-- -. maxiniu.m s&G absMption. = As thk wall absorbs sunlight;its stirfaqk temperature rises; however, ednvec, tioq..curren~..-wi-thi~~~~r,~ti=T&yz ~-~ tributitig the collected he& throughout the entire volume of water (see pdttern 12 iti :jhe next chaptei fpi a .comple& description of this process). This heat .is ibert supplied to the sbace mainly by ;adiation (and some convecti&) from . the interior faqe okthetiall. I, . -~ 4 , iL----f$~. -- i . I The clas$c~ ex&ple ;oof the Water, Wall. System is the St&z Baer residence iti ;ColYrales,$Je\?i Mexiio;-T)eXhouse *s a series of ten so.nnected. doies which. i enclose 2,000 jquare feet,.,&, floor area. The domes actually employ a com- . j
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Some of the south-facing walls are vertical and contain water-filled 5%gallon , metal drums, stacked horizontally in a metal support frame.--The. walls 440 square feet in area, are single-glazed and fitted with eiteri alf These panels: a,re hinged t.o the wall at th$ bottom SO .that their open &&ition, they fu?($pn.a!, reflectors, incre.asing through tde sguth wall. Atgnight, hoisted into a-vertical wall, they insulate l&e wall*~o keep the heat cdlec&d by. space. control ove;the heat output of&e systemhas been : Ccriains ar*e drawn over the: inside face of the wall when L
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This system kee& temperatuies inside the b&lding betwe& 63 and 7OPF throughoht most of the winter. The water wall, tog her w$h- in@hor adob;! concr$c floor, moderates. the daily fl tuatiomYLof temperaturs uilding.VFluctuations tire small,,on the rder of S<i. As a result. of its large thermal capacity, the building respon slowly to.outdoor weather. - ----ext,remes.. For this res0.n ,.,-. durikg p.eri& of clo dy weather_~h~~.~.v~rag~ indoor P
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temperature.will,drop three wood-burning wood each year. I. AQach-4
only I$to 3F each day. Auxiliary heating, provided by stoves, consumes a total &of approximately one cord of - , .. % It : \ I 3 .( . : .z ( ; ,I f ,
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D t An attachGd.greenhotise is esskntially a combination @f Direct and Indirect + -Cain Systems. In this cas&a gre,enhouse (or sun-rpom) is*constructed. onto the j south side of a building \Nith a mass wall separafing the greenhouse from the building. Since it is directly heated by sunlight, the greenhouse functions as as y Direct CainSystem. However; the s,oace adjacent to the greenhouse receives f: I zr .. 11sneatJrom the mass wall, * sunlight is,absorbed by the back wall in the gr&nhouse, convertvd L $@$ally; L : t& heat, and a pQtiion of thisheat is then t&nsferred\into the building. in this L b ;: sense, the attach@ greenhouse is simply .kn expanded Thermal Storage4 Wall - !i -F 1% System, only instead of the gl,ass face being a Sew inches in front of the wall I it*.j,s a few feet, or wide enough to grow plant;. By constructing.vents or smal; windows in the wall, warm.daytime%greenhouSe air can--also ,be.circulited to _~..~-adjacent spade&T-Tv -..- I--+ , - - - -~- -i, .I: ,: < P
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.To be effective ass heating source for ihe building, ,the cotimori wall is usually constructed of either masonry or water. ,A wall constructed of lightweight materials .has very little m.ass, and heat storage capa-city. Therefore, at night;as outdoor temperatures drop, the wall is not a heat source for the building or thegreenhouse. i ., I i I/ :\, .t There are many possible, variations that allow-for design flexibility in attached greenhouse application. For example, active systems such as fans can be used fo in~ure+t?t a greater percentage $ heat is extracted from the greenhouse to heat adjofning spaces&(see fig. IV-16$1X; In this case, warm air ducted from the, greenhouse is stored in a rock bed usually located under the floor of the spaces being heated. Heat is then delivered to the space passively by radiation and cohvection~froz,m the,floors surface. ._ I(
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In w&&r, the po~~qls are exposedto &nlight during the day and then-covered with insulatingpaiiels at night.:-!$eqt collected by the ponds ismostly radiited I from-the ceiling directly tojheppace below. The con;ection of heat from thP _ .ceili.ng to iir i&he sp%ce plaisa relatively mi& role. . : 0 Ir&umme~t~e pa?el;posiiions are reversed, icovering the ponds d.uiing the da) !G protect them from the sun and heat ind removing thev at night to allow Ahe ponds. to bee-cooled by n;lturdl~ con+vection and by radiation to the ~901. night sky. After being cooled at night, the ponds ar% then read9 to absorb heat * .b ftorn the space belbw the following day.
,based on Hays desigri, was built. The. residence, pesigned by architects John Edmisten hnd Kenneth-Haggard, is located in ah area that has both heatihg a&d . 6 . coolin$ requirements. ;. iP 0 A ,.
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A third app!oach to passive solar heating is the c&cept of Isolated Gain. 1 ~ In principle, solar c4lection and thermal storage are isolated from the living spaces. This relationship a,llows the system to ftiction independefitly of the . building, with h&at drawn from,the system, only when needed. a The most common a&$cation of ihis cb$cept is >the natural cpnveciive loop,., 0 Th,e major cbmponeIi!s o? this system include a flat plaie colkctor and &eat
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stor&$ tank. Ttio ty&es of h6at iransder and storage mediums are used: w!at&,r 3 .and air with rock storag-e.& the water or Air in a collector is heated by Isuntight, it rises and enters tile ;op of the storage tank, while simultanedusly. s pul,ling cdoleFwater or air from-the bottom~.of the t,ank into the coll&ktor. ? -This natural convection currentcontinues as long as the sun is shining. ... i _ I \ .,. .,. . l&rhaps,the simp,lest,use of the convective loop is the thermosiphbnivg\ h8t water heater. Alth6ugh there a* many variatsns of this system..moit/ are ! , 1 - 1 chtiiacterjzed by a flat plate colleqtorconnected to a well-ins:ula.ted water tank 1 by irqulation-wrapped pi,ping. The tank is dways located above~the colleFtor . i 1 to i&uce a convective. flow of fluid, 1
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the bin where it ig returned to the collector by a duct. At night, warm air is supplied convectively t? the ho&e from the top of the bin while cooler air isO being drawn, from the house to the bottom of the bin. : . a \ 1 ! -=
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% ; ), i iz., 8 VT,T 1 .>a !,: I SMH~y claims havd be& mz&de for ihe $dvantages of pa$sive solar heating f -systems. These claims cprr be separated. into three categories: econbmic, . e architectiiral,and covfart/health. It is Prnportant to realize that the extent to which an.y of these claims is Galized depends on the-extent*0 which the actual * 1 1. .dksign - is successful in ach-ieving i,ts_goals. r-r -,: ----A : ,$ : I Y * . . Of great integst to&&e iAvolv4ir-i pasGves)istems is th4. possibility that the ( . * .system not only affords large savings .of energy fdr heating, blrt that it also can . ,.. be inclu$ed at little or no addi&nal cost in the original design and constnr---. ,, Sihce- the pirice of m aterials.varies e-2, -tiog sf a b~ilc&jj. greatly from &ace to pIa& i:t is not possible to generhTize about\ this claiin. In iome situatibns, such . 1 as a masonry building, it is p&Ale -& incl&Wa Direct .Gain Syste& at nb \ _ extra c&t. In qthqs:?aG$ wh~~maso~ ... A ,-I the.ektra cost may be considerable. The s/ghifiicant econotiic advantages of-i, . _\ , system&an only be:evaluated in.terms of +I partijcular installation. 1.. 1. : ., j .t .
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%--The questkm of comfortdepen~&prima& cm-the miintenance of a$ermal 2. ri lose beat at a:kte equal to its production 0--m-environment i~9,wliich .&e ,bodv I ll..- ne h&l (w fhi\;er bn the other. The a&rage without ._--. need twsweat on ,$ _--I__- the :--. ._.._,i . t* a :, 9 &ork to maintgih circulatjdit,respiraCtin and Y.....UPU .-RI-._,.~..-,-.~U~~~~ltat rest must cpntihpally ~.&W&..ftinctiong. .Th& energy needed tocarry ot+#hese functidns is I Q . ag$pximately 80 Btus per hour: Sncethe h&&n body is-$sse?tially a heat 7x_. engit$e with a thermal efficiepcy of about 20%, it Vmust dissipate 460 ~~ttis~~@r~ ., ..m --.-:hou: of-waste heat to%s sur.roundings. , I .~ , _I d . 1, Th.e body. dissipates this heat by .three mechanisms: evaporation, convection j, . f an adult at rest with light clothing in ,, 1 and ra@i6tion. For sta$&rd conditions, 74J %ir teyperature and 50% relative humidity .has Anrevaporation of . 1 7 perspiration froin the skin of approximately 25% of the tpt;?l body heat ,loss or, 100 Btu/hr. The loss of heat by convkction to the surrounding air constitutes banot-her 25% oral00 Btu/hi, The remaining 50% or 200 Btu/hr is by .P radiation I II. . . 4 G to surrounding objects (walls, floor ah.d furniture). 0 . ,. a I * r s . 1 Frodthesd figures it ,is possible tystalqlish a relatlo$ship between, the average 1 :. temperature of all ttie surrounding$urfaces or mean radiant temperatute (mit) . . I, ..I ptj#cfy&qZ~~~*:~-~t 15 &QJfqq(+&+& a ,c$p/o~ I.~- , al. : $.. _ &-eater effect or;l. body heat loss than a one degree change in air temperature. :: . .I. ,; ..I s Ot, for thk .sa&7e f4.eling of cowfort (?OF), for each I F increas.e in mrt the e. 4 . i.. * Table Ill-2 give_st& yaltes of mrt ( space iir temperature can ge a> *. and the corresponding air.tem to produce a feeling of 70F. 8~~m , {, ( Notice t.hat a mrt of 15F 63F will producq the spme I 1 I l---r--m---;--- .,I,. ?. __y-- fe&ling,of comfort ass 70F mrt atid 70F air temperature, 1 , _ . .I * 0: i-. .! 1. e q i. / J *\. r-J - . .J I.. +../ .bt i + .,, I t I f :+ 0 0 i .I.- !. b 1,s. \
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Within their omfort range, most people kill dccept the statemint that the lower the ai P temperature in a space, the greater the sensation of comfort and health. Many people feet coo-ter a~i is ntore invlgo:atIfig, iresher and less- stuiiy, and tha.t [heir ability to work (and think incrcClsc$ 1r1 a spaccl whercx they Ire warm but,tneair temperature is tower than 71)F! As has been previously noted, the iriside passively heated space is usually somewhat lower, than in a space heated by, conventional B . air temperature for comfort in a lower, and frequently substantially (convective) means.
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Another relatively intangible advantage of passive solar heating is the main: healing systems taining of a warmer floor. In cold ctimCItcs, convcclior~-l\/J:,o e, can lead lo unusually large itoor-to-ceiling temt)cralure p,r;l$icnls, with IOLV : floor temperature5 causirig thermal disConi(ort. In d pa5I;ivcty tbc~L\tNl <pqcc, however, the. surface tgmperalurc of the> floor I; usunIty found 10 be higher _ _ ...._._than....a ,similar floor in a space with a convccrive hcaLlng sys~cru,.regardlrigs of whether the systen,\ is ;1 direct gain, thcr.niJt storage ~vatt or ~.ooi pond. -i 1 By contrast, the, maior problem associated~ with passive systems is one of control. Since each system has a large heat storage capacity Lvhich is an integral 1 part of the buildings structure., its ability to respond quickly to changes is greatly impeded. Also, storing heat -requi.res a change in the temperature of a 0 matGriat, and sinke >torage n-iateriats are an Integral part 0i the living space, ExcessivP gpacc Icmperaturc the space wilt atsd fluctuate in Lcmperature. flvcluations can lead 1~; unsatisiaclory comiort concti\lons II,J~C! system js not . L properly dIesigned. Fortunately, however, there? are relatively simple solutions to these problems. For residential applications, temperature control i;cludes operable .wihdows, applications, fhe shading devices and a back-up heating system. In large-&ale , .solution to control lies in cmhoosing a back-up system that can respond effectively tb the users comfort requirements. There&ill always be, fluctuations of i I indoor temperature but these ,,can be minimized by pro-petty >izing -. -and tocating fhermal mass in a spice. -; 4 il. 1 1 . I ..._. b. : * - \ . . 1 . , P I I f , . .. . ( ** li * 65 I Di q. a; I 1 . _, D 5 1 ,a : ,A* ,I s
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All adts of.building,,tio matter how large or small, are based on ruks ,of themb. -Architects, contractors, mechanical engineers wld.-owner-builders design and .build ,buildings based on the rules of thumb they have dev&opGd through years of their own or-other peoples experiences. For example, a rulerof thumb a to determine 6e depth of 2-in& root joists .is given as half the span of the ioists(feet) in inches; in other wor&. to span a 20-foot space one ,would need roughly 2-by-lO-?nch joists. Calculations are used to verify and modify these rules of thumb after the building has been designed. 1. I_ We call these rules of thumb pattelns, Each pattern tells us how to perform and combine specific.acts of building. We perceive these patterns in our mind. * They are the accumulation of our experiehces about the design and constructionof buildings. The qua!:ity of a building, whether it w.ocks well or not, will depend largely upon the+atterns we use to create it. ~, 9 I
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To be useful in a design process, rules of thumb must be specific, yet not overly. restrictive. For examplhif you are required to know the heat loss of .a . space hefore applying a rule\of thumb. to size south-facing glass areas, then ,the * - 0 rule of thtimlj is too specifiP9nd of little use since a building ,has not yet been * defined. If, on &e.other hand, therule of thumb recommends an approximate size of glass needed for each square foot of building floor a\r%a, then the glass o . *~ -----carr-be-~ncorp~~?ted.,~nto the-buildingls de&n. After cornpletIng a preli-binary I : I \I ^) design, spaceJeat (asses can be calculated and. the glazing areas adjusted 2 i \\ * accordingly. ,;; ! ~I, 4
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: This ch&ur co$ains twenty-seven patterns for the application of passive solar r * energy systems to building, desjgn. ,The patterns are ordered in a rough, 4 .. :. LOCATION(l), BUILD.I~G sequence, from large-scale concerns -BUILDING .*. b . . SHAPE AN~~~T)RIENTATlO~N(2)-to smaller ones-MOVABLE INSULATION (23), REFLECTORS (24):fro.m applications with the most influence on a build- -\ .-: . m .:L-,w_ --ings design toon.es which de&with specific details of the heating system. _. e--._I When-us.ed in this sequence, the patterns form?a step-,by-step process for the -~-design of a passive solar heated bui1din.g. Each pa@etn contains a rule of .> r thumb,, based :on-all the available information at this. time-for that particular ,* --d&t ofthe b,u.ih%ngs des,ign. ._ ., : c, . P . * . Each pattern is connected -to other pattems which relate. to it. Every.pattern I -is~.i.ndependent,iyet it needs other patterns to help make it more complete. . , Larg&scale p$&erns set the context for the ones that follow, and each succeedI * i.ng pattern lielps;refine the one that came before it. For example, a .window I ,* * I will be more. effective as a solar. energy collector if the pattern, MOVABLE . * : _* F I,NSULATIONf23), which recommenbs using insulating shutters over windows, 0 .I, 1 r at nigh$is used wit,h the pattern, SOLAR WINDOWS(9)I r iat (Is ,. N \z . * 3 #Lb , :. i p .:h * \ ,* Each pat)tern has the same format. First, most d . ,,a Y -i or .a vi&$ ./epIesentation ,, of the pattern.) Second, I para&aph which relates the pattern to the larger f& _ \. for it. Then there is a statement of the problem. -After the problem statement Yr is t.he recommendation+he solution to the problem+-w~hIch gives a specific ! .s> : rule of thumb which can be applied to the bui,ldings design. Also included in . , .j c 2 most recommendations is. a diagram describing the rule of thumb. Then, the .-._.. . ( ~ 1&.. p$te.rn Js >cross-referenced, to .the smaller. patterns that relate to it and help m$kd it more. cornpIe& Andfinally; there. is theb information, which contain% p , a, I CL. all the avail;abfe .data about the pattern and evidence for 0 its validity. * I. i I$ . .. . + Together tbe p$tf(erns for& a coherent .pieture k?f .a step-by=step process for is written in such * read the information ._I / \ * .\;
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which embellish -patterns this-pattern, help implement it i. <and fill..in the dethijs /. I . The Info~rnakiony~rovides all the available ipforqation about evidence for its the- pattern, validity and the range of diffkrl ent. ways the pattern can be . applied to a building Fig. IV-I:
Structure of a pattern.
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ap,ply to Bach project. For example, the (7), giv/ei cri<eriB. JO help you .ielect the most ur project. After maki.ng th.is choice, patterns s Bre not relevant. Also, a pattern may n& this casg, it is ..important: to und.erstaTd tb i\ so that it:makes sense for you. : /\
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The Passive Solar Eypy Bobk * s, I 0 @ __,- ,, I . ,A _.C Aftached CrGnh&$e Sy&ms . / : ./--I/ . 15. SIZI.NG .TW GREENHOUSE . . /. 16. GREENHOUSE CONNECTION \ ^ ,--.i .?.P i 1 . .> *. *. / Roof Pond Systems 3 p 1 I .i 17. SIZINC(THE ROOF POND. ; 8 c 18. ROOF POND ~~EJAILS . w 0: - -m ,: Greenhouse !, lg., SOUTH&NC Gf(qENHOUSIE 20. CREENHOkjSE DETAILS LI \ : 21. COMBIN,N&?YSTEMS i 22. CLPUDY DAY$TOR+GE /
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./ Remember that these patietis are e&lving and ,will change over time. Each 6attern represents a current recommendation of how to solve a particular defined, new patterns will be may evolve over time as that -: the
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This n)e@, should not be taken too literally. Since>resear&, a I need I tof qu,estion and refine into passive<systems is relatively new the patterns oyer a period of time. There may be some instances where *YOU ha,ve,.informat,ion $hich is ,more Baccurate or- relevant to YQIJ. particular situ-. * o_ : 0 I, ;.
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The apo,unt of:arc taken.In placrng Cl t)urltllng on J SI~C\vi;h respccl 10 open space and sun is perhaps the 5inglv na0s.t Important (ICilSIon you \v~ll n7;1kta D . almtlt ,Jhc building. r
/ Buildings blockedv froE exposure to the+ low winter sun bettveen the hours of :9:00 a.m. and 3:OO p.m: cannot make direct use of the sun3 energy for heating.
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During Lhc wipler months, appirosrnist~~l~ ~10~, oi :hc suns cnclrgy output occurs hctwrcn tliv Ilnurs oi 9.00 G.ni. 31~~13:W 1, m. <trn Iinic (WC chap 5 Ior dn ~~splC~nal~on0i sun Iini~~, for w,~n~~~l~~, ttl Ncb\v York CI~Y t-10 NL) on ~sclunrc I:ooL oi 5oulh-~dc1ng t;llr-i,lc(.l 011 ;I clcdr cldy 111 1h~11m~nll7 0i UN (~rilh[lr, l,GlO UIut; out of d dally iol;ll 0i 7,724 Ktu; 10~ 03% 0i Ihcl 101dl) ,II-( Iril(>r-i ceptccl bet~vvcen the hour-s 0i 3:OO a.m. anal 3:OO pm, Lir~l\vt~~!n Ih(: h0ur5 0i 9::30 c1.m. ;Intl 2:30 p.m. 1,272 13tlls (or ;-I$~ 0i thy t0tdli JI-;I It2tcrccptd Any surrounding eletmvnts, such 25 I-,LIIIcII~I~~ 01 lall tiec~, that block 1hv sun during 1hese limes Lvill severely limit they use oi solar en.ergy ds a heating source. ,, /
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To.take ad.vantage of the sun in tlimates where heating is needed during Ihe winter, find the areas on the site that receive the most sun during the hours of makitium solar radiation&):00 a.m. to x:00 p.m. (sun time). Placing .the building in the northern po&tion of Jhis sunny area will (1) insure that-the, outdoor areas and gqrdens placed to the south. wil,l have adequate wir$!er sun and (2) help minimize the:possibility of shading the building in* ,the future by d off-site developments.., il fr
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Whkn.deciding OYJ the exact location for the *building within a sunny area give the building a rough shape--BUILDING SI--!APE AND ORIENTAfl(SN(2j~ and place the etitrance of the building so that .it,receives the greatest protec- ,,;ion f(om the cold winter winds-PROTECTED ENTRANCE(5). . A*%, . ( \ \ 7 :;!; ;_ !.
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To take advantage of-the winte,r sun,.first the sunny places on t{leGsite n&d to ,, be Located. To do this, explore.the site and determine which.places have an I open vie.vv to the sou;th ith minimum blockage of-the low winter sun. The sw,n chart (chap., 5) is useful in visualizing site ob,,structions that,block y ,point on -th<site. Remkmber -to use the correct direct tin from reachi sun chart for your latitude. ,. .
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If the skyline to the south is low with no obstructions such as tall trees buildings or abruptly rising h-ills, then the following p?ocedure>is unnecessat$ as all points on the site-will receive sun during the winter. If there are obstructions then the skyline should be accurately plotted on the ;un chart to determinethe Y- __,.(_ extent of solar blockage.. (See Plotting the Skyline in chapi5.) B J x 0; \ 1 * \\. , *+%..&-. <. -; ;4, ~ , a \\ ~., * , I ,i.. * ; ,__ o v
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A surveyof a residential block in -Berkeley,(?alifornia, confirms this problem dramatically. Along Webster Street-an east-west street-38 of 20 persons interviewed saiOd Lhey used only th: sunny parts of their ya@.s. Half ,of tljese people living on the north side of the street&-these people did not use their batkyirds at all,* but would sit in. the fro,ht yard, beside the sidewalk, to. be in the south sun. h r I Note <that, this pattern was developed in the San Francisco Bay Area. Of coupe, its significahce varies as jatitude and&climate change. In Eugene, ,Oregon, for example, with a rather rainy climate, at about 44,datitude, th,e pattern is even more essential: the south faces of the buildings are the most valuable outdoor-spaces on synny days. .f a L 4
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Buildings, shiped.yithout, regaid for the suns irt$a& requjre large amount+, of energy $o:heat and-cool; Approximately 20% of th, energy, consumed in the. . United .States is used for thd space heatjng and cooe Sng of .buildings. buildings today. of worldwide dwind.ling energy resources, maq shaped without regard for the suns impact on, and %potentia! contribution to\ 7 -1.. 1 1. space heating and cooling. 7: \;\ G I, ; t , I ,t* 4 , en - I , ..-9 .$ -. /\ ,,
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., sliipe of. a ,building is one whichloses anminimum amount of ,, I,* 5 The &$imum :X&i heat jnthe winter and gains a,minimum ahount of heat;in tk.summer.. Victdr,~~,,.~~ ., . Glgyay, in his book Design ,wwitti C/in-rite, has investigated the ;ffect of thermal ~ : :. impact; (sun and air temperature) on building shaphs for different climates in . \ ,,the United ,States. ;From these investfgations he drew,,; the following con1 4 :: , elusions:
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, . !I~~fhe squ;ii e house is not,the opt/mum form in any location. . I *.P, a, / .: 2. A.11sha.pes elongated on the north-sou&r*a$s.work both ,in wjntei er@ . _ y*+.- .~ 1 b ,: U z- I / i <? .I 0. , . b. ! ..:I \. 80, F I\1-1 A G \b!. *i .i-3ii, i * 9 ;/, ..+J.-ii h ; ( i_,*. -, I: ..
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.Sol~r radiatihn
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Solar
Energy
Book
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summer with less efficiency * \han the square one. 3. The optimrrm shape t&s In even/ CXF tatt:rlimates elongated somewherq along the east-west direction.
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By looking at the rtidiation impacts on the sid,es of a bui,lding, at different latitudes, both in wibter and summer, Olgi/ay:s conclusions become rradily apparegt. .- . A ,,building elongated along the e&t-west axisexposes the longer south side of the building to r&ximum heat gain during the winter months, while exposing th@ sh,d rter east And vwest si$s to .maximum *heat gain in the summer, when the sdn is not wanted. tn. all northern latitudes (32 to 56), the squth side -. of theibuilding receives nearly 3 times a5 much solar r;adiatlon in the_ winter *
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Phofo IV-26
Housing
units at&&d A ..
along the east-\&t
axis. * : -, c. -(
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*Authors italics. 3 tAuthors addition.
2.
uilding
Shape and Orientatioy
. L .+jJ
roof and east and w&t sides ot the bulId;ng 130th In jurnmer and IvIn\cr th,cJ north side of the building reqelv.cJs, vc;r\j IIEtti~ ~acl~altc~r~. BCJSI~(T t)cJing, an -efficient shqw, the largtl southern CXTI~F,U~P i5,1tltlal tor th(~.coIIc,(.-11(,nr)i sol,11 r;ldlntion. Major collectlng C~r~~Ca~ f~lfi~nq 01 ihi. t~i~il~lin~ c)r~~ntc~l to lhtk south iv111 Intercept the nla\lmum anlount ot so/,jr ra(jl,lt[on C~~;l~l;~l-~t~~ (luring ttie wntcr months. -, 1-. _../, ,~ . ii , At all latitudes, althougtl bulId1ngs t~l~ngat~~ ,~long the ~astx\lest <IY.ILdr$ thcx most efficient, the amount oi clongatlon dcpc>ndc upon thtl cj~rn,itt> ic,rrle icneral principles ;a,; be <tated tor dltterclnt c \iin,~te~, In c 0~11 ~ik\Ifin(~a/3oIiL 0 and hotwiry (Phoc~ntx) r.lImat~t~s 1 compact builti~ng I~,rnl, c>upc,s~ng,I ni1n~r9uni 6 Q 8. .
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---I , 0 ;3 i.; p . of sujce area to a harsh environment is desirable. In temperate (New York /City) climates there is more freedom ofbuilding shape withbtit sev $excessive heat gain or loss). In hot-humid climates (Miami;), buildi be freely elorigated i,n.theeist-west direction. In,this climate because of ib.,, tense sumser solar radiatioq on the east and n/est;si?{es; bulldings shaped along the north-sou!h axis pay a severe penalty in eJnergy consumptron (for cooling). - In all climates, atLachedunits&Bch as roiv houses) with Cast and \Gest common walls qre most efficient since only the end units are ei$osed on the east or :. west face. I F-4 j\\ Y Assuming that a bvilding elongated ayong th,e easf-Lyest axls Is:c.ompatibie lvith oiher site and design considerations, lo give the bullding a rough form tve need ,to determine the width of th.c> building. When the .prlmdry jou;ce ot $tinlight ihra Ck![,l~l, oi spaces entering a~ sr,ace is through south-facing \&indows, along the souIh wall 0i thq building should no1 ~scc/ed El/i times the: height of the windows frorn the floor. ThiS assures that sunlight will pcknctrate the a en tire spacer. P 0
ll1cn
Also, this rule of thinib prqvides fog. the adequatc daylIghting of interior sppces. According to.siu,dies done by the Illuminating EngineeringSociety, the natiral i.llumination should be limited to epth of a space for idequate he range of 2 to 2% times the windo.w height (from t,he floor to the top of the indow). For an average window height of 7 feet, this means a ma%imu& seen4 -pace depth of 13 to 18:feet. For Thr+rmal Storagk wail and Attached d tie hous&Systems, room depth is limitid t& 15 to 20 feet. This is for effective heating irom n radiant wall. -ma,xi rJ urn distance I %
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spaces of the bhildingare, placed along thesyuth wall (fo;suX L _ ! \. i ~ light requirements) and the buffer spaces placid along the north wall, then th,$ maximunl dept;h df the building will be roughly 25 to-30 feet. Spa&es which need to be deeper orI do not want large south-facing. lvindows with direct sue ,y shining directly through the space can let the sun in ihrotigh south-faci$ clerestory window!! or skylights. :Admitting<.the hajor;portion of sunlight into .a space through- the roof h.as the a.dvantage of allawir?g flexibility ic distributing $ght ahd heat,to different parts of a space-CLERESTORIES AND SKYLIGHTS (10). This allows for the maximum flexibility in locating thermal mass within a ifK s+te--MASQNRY HEAT*STORAG~~l1), INTERIOR WATFR WAL,L(l2).
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&ek;hbugh a building is l&ted in the norlhern portion of a sunny siteBUtLDING LOCAT-EON(l)--the adjoining outdoor spaces to the north- need . . <JS sunlight to yak6 them alive. When giving the bu-ilding a iough shape, ,sUltDlNG SWAPE AND ORIENTATION(2)-it is ,nccess$ry to consider the0 4 $ 9 buildings iinpact on the outdoor spaces to4he nbrth. .-. _ ii I A . .,, n 9. \ a
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The ndih $id& 6f a biilding is the coldest; darkest and usually the least us& side because it .r&eives no .direCt sunlight.,all winter. From September XI to _._ I.._A -<March .X11(6 -months) the north wall of a btiiI,d!r?e and itsadjoinilg outdoor spaces are in contihual shzcfe. During-;thes8 m&t$ the sun is low in the :/ .. southern. sky, rising along the horizon in the southeast and setting in the.,s,oZuthT- -~--~ -.. ---~- . 8. west. Any ice, snow or water .on Ihe north <ide of th& building will retiain h * _--. . 1 -~_- .-: -th&e for-long-p&iods-oftime,making area unusabk. W&&e, p-revailing-: winter wihds.from the north an,d/qr west,in the United-States, the north iid6 . .-: ..-. of a%dilding~is even leFb-desirabi? as an outd.oor place. i .J I .8. 4 .. f j ,~ -. J 0, i ,.., .~ . ..: Y .. , * > . I ..-=-( \ 1 I \ >.~.
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I ,-~&hikcom$wndation ._ , -~...~ . ~-- I ..~.~~. ,j- ,, : .,. . -
*,Shape thCbuilding so.,that its north si& sloies y, IO, 2.. * , \.\ D ,pqSsible btii!d iyto the side of . . r\ I the poflh %!ce of a byilding _a ., _ ds thelieight of ttie norfh waliis reduced,$he .j -.~ ;: >in winter is sh,btiened. Use.a light-colbted 1 .\ y nqithof the building to reflect sunlight into _.__ _ --. -. 5- ._ -. , r. , , sp&& . ,. _. Q ;~. :.-. * .y, 86 .; + ;,a ,@--. / -, D I i r. r 1,. a. .: _ .,-. . - / ran. ---: y : 1 _
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Locate spaces in the building that have small- lighting and heating requirc_ments to the north. These spaces act as a buffer between the living spaces andf the cold north face of fhe building-LOCATION OF. lNDOOR.SPACES(4). I . .
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The\ Infdrmation
,Spac.es in continual 1.do not use them. shade for most of the winter . _
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,,_,i:,,There are ways, though, to mal;e these places alive and useful. For example, sjting albuilding into a south-facing slope or berming earth .against the north wall &.duces or, eli.minates the shadow cast by the building. Besides providing sunlightto the north side, covering a north wall withTe.arth reduces heat loss , * ,. . i> a7 ). .* _ I I \: \ . .% : 1 I
_. -.
United States.
walkway. To p,rotect these outdoor area% In winter, plant a dense row of evergreen trees and shrubs or tocaMp solid chstruction (kyat1lLt.o blc& the-~-_ - --_ prevailing winter winds.
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& spacekkX%s r&directly utilize sunlight for -heating during the winter , ,,months will use proportkally moreconventiomil energy than one that does. Apprbximateljj 58% ofthe energy consumed by theeaverage American hous&. ,h&i each year is for*space heating. The mqre djre% sunlight used to heat a space;the less cpnventional e.nergy is required .for space heating. This also .applies tP act&e solar-heating systems.if thk design of a space does hot directly- take advan,tage of th.e winter sun to supply.some of its heating requirkments, an active solarkheating system will be proporti,pnally .that much larger and t-nor-e 0 2 --~-.~_~;~xp.~ns~~--- ~~ ,--- __ ~~~ L * ..* * -, ,.~,( y - _ -_ .-., _ , I 3 ~,. . m. . I . 4
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Interior spaces can be supplied with mu,ch of their heakng and lighting reqwire- placing them.,$ong the south face of the building, thus capturing the-.-( . I_ .during different?hnes of the&day.- Place: rooms to the southeast, --- . \ south,an.d sorit%west;accoidingto their requikments fo+r sunlight. Those spaces .. .. P having minimal heating and:li,ghting requirements such as corridors, closets, . I4 , . laundryrodms and garages, when placed along the-north *face ,of the building, -,T.: @ll-se~e as, a .buff er between. the heated spaces and *the colder northface.. ; . L ,: :. 5 ... ~, 2~ ~. : :,... . . i 2, 0 , . #I.., .gg . ~, . , : b _ -- ; ,; II, : 1 J - . -t----i--.L-_L-._ ~~ -. \ i 5 * ,, .; D 6 . . I, . . * x . - , L, _ _. ,L..
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- mLocate%openings. to admit sunlight and provide for ventiLation---WINDOW ,I ~C-O~:A.TION(~)-;whiie~t the same time,-choosing the-most appropriate heating, system #or each. sRace-CHOOSING TL-IE SYSTEM(7). If a <greenhouse is -. integrated into the building-SIZING THE GR~EENH,O~E(l~);--pia~.e~it along 3 m,aximum,exposure to the6tiinter 1 sun. ~_~ ~--the-south f,&eof tti& buii,dingfor -, * & -J. ,
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During-the winter, the microclimatic conditionsaiong the sides of a b&ding . (outs&@wai~is) arethe key to the location of indoor st&%s. The north side of i , _7 a buiiding remains the- coolest du;ing.the winter because it receives no direct .sunlight. The east ana westsides of a building re,keive equai amounts of diretim,;-$:: ; _, :$ symmetrical along 0 ~ - sunlight for half-a-day since the suns path .across;thesky a i . a *I ,I (I * ei. -1 & _. m . , L I r . * i _ --_~.I...yL_ L. .m , _ .__~- .. ? ~~ *~ .J, .~~_~ ,$: ,: -jr. 0 I__~- _ \ : . ; (, :,.;: s P :.
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d&sign bflthe entiance must be d&eloped while simulindoor spaces-LOCATION-9F INDOOR SPACES(4). This the thermal criteria f%.locating. the entrance6 and,prqvides * 0 _ design. 7 * r-
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In winter, a great quantityof Fold. outdoor air enter& a building @rough cracks around the entraiice do&r and frame aswell as each time the door is.opened. All edges aroun& erit.rances leak ;rjr. Through these cracks warm indoor air is exchangizd with cold oytdoor air:Wh,en an entrance door isopened, a large quantity of outdoor air enters the adjbisi g spase., Iii, asrndl( resideice this loss through th.e door infiltration of cold, air coupled wjth ,thBr conductibn can-account for as much as 1.0% Qf tJ-& buiidiqgs total heat loss.* ,For small . commercial buildings, such as ships and offices, &e heat loss through entrance doors till be higher due.to increased traffic into agdpt of the building. a. 1 T <
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: , The Recomryndation I
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Make the main-&trance to the building,:a small enclosed spa:: Yvizstibule, t$yer) .that%p i o vi d & a dduble entry or qir lock between the buildin i and ,x?vteritir?-This will Iprevent a large quantity df warmed (or cooled) air 5kl m leaving,the building each. time a door, is opened, since tinly the air within the enclosed space .can escape. The infiw-of cold air that normally.occurs around ext@or..doots- wiH- be vi-fijially ei&indted because the entry creates a still-air space between th&interior and exterior doors. Orlent the entraqce awaylfron) the prevailirig winter winds .or provide a windbreak.jo reduce ihe winds velocity against the entrance. Make fise of the: ectry space for the storage of unheated items, as-a place to remove *inter &thing olrfor activities . s that.require little space heating. j_ , . ,
*Heat is calculated -storm door. :94 : r ,_3 .
IOSS
for acstandard ,
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If the entry is large and supports other activities, provide a way to passively / _. ). heat the $ace in winter-ChOOSING THE SYSTEM(7). , ,L . >a ;. *_ 95
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I * . ..@*. The Passive Solar Energy Book P
Photo IV-5b:
A transition
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,. ,;, Pr&&ng an air locJc~or double entry will decrease-*the heat loss due to bot6 c, : infiltration and condu-ction. AbdouMe entry,has two doors, one that opens b . - _~~--~- ?the exterior and.one to the_fnterior +tt&kurtding trapping= stitt:a+space \\ 5 _ betwen them. Since the4nterior entrance to the;builbing faces a still-air space, . _ ., > T + \ * .infiltr~tion is min$nired. Also, when the exterior door jsaopene s 0 s.mall quantity* of unheated air.jn the =entiz)l ,$ d changed -w?t??% ,-I,.\ 5 * I. _ . ,%.,*- ). . . *ai,, thus:the spaces near &@ance doors are protected from b ,,. , 9. D~&igthe and drafty each, time a peiisoh ent& the.-b&Ming. -* .? double ,errtry works in reverse, Jkeeping cooled indoor air from $eing replaced . ; , . by hot outdoor air. A double entry or entry space, when properly designed; . o .> can serve other functions b&ides the reduction of heat loss..!t,-can also be a _I \ frequently us& items, and a protecteti~pl& towait for trans- , ~%-..d : 1 .:, henarriv.ing and leaving a buiiding, peopl+ need a transition spat: , ._ a nymber~ofiactivities, ,such as removing and storing outer _ w garments. , , I * , .,, .. .. . . . . :,. : . Protecting the buildingsentranc&om winter winds and sealjngedg& around 9 :. the door frame as tightly as possible will minimize heat trgnsfer. The rate of r __I .1 infiltration of cold air through an entrance increases as the velocity of the _ Hemisphere the prevailwest:(check with the US. of the prevailing winter winds). of a building will be protected v 1. on the n-orth ot west. side of am (dense eve;ggreen planting or solid ,, , ,* % fence), recessing the entrance into the buildjng drthe addition of wing ,walls . .\ , * I . _ : ,... wil-I reducethe winds velocity and impact. u b . . 1 . 4 a ,. :i : ;, 3 /, * , ,. Weather stripping, when prope& applied, $reveri&.air Ieakagi by making a L:. .. weathertight seal- between the e)lt&or door and: door frame. Caulking- should \ r (. ~, ,be applied around the door frame and the wall to prevent air teakage through,, , 1 these joints. By providing an effective seal around the edges of the door and; frame, infiltration a.t the. ent,ry can be reduced by as much as 50/(i. ~..~ ,. 1 -I),. 6 . . . -6 * _* c ; ,- I . . . .. (; . ,. -* - 97 Y F!,, i . I i,,-:L_; * :\.,, ,@,a . 4 . ,. t< _I -n . ., I_,,,, . d . @ , .+pi =. I_ ,I . ,,,, ,, ;,. 1 / s jg:s,:;, .: -. * :,:,, , .*yl.,,!L ,/.. I,. --: / .( ,*.(:: :*:>a,. ,a_,, 1 P. l . i. .I., * I
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The Passive Solar Energy Book . B

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the.bui1din.g ,during the winterb months,.BlJlLDINC LOCATle>N(l)-and the major occupied spaces located to the # south to admit direct.,$unlight-LOCATIDN OF INDOOR SPACES(4)-this +F= :I t-i,, and how to locate wTndow op.enings. .pattern - .c.. * / -. _ -~e-*.* ,, _.- c -I*> _> _ . .I,
Loc;?tion , -6. Vi&&k I . 1. ; * I Y : i, _, / +. i J f I~ - ,_ the sun shining directly onto With
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One of the.largest, single factors affectingbuitding energy consumption 4s the i L location,and size of<windows. Windows placed without consideration for the pount of sunlight, they admit will usually be an energy drain on the bui,lding. The heat lost through a window in tiinter is very large when compared to the heat lost through~a well-insulated wall. forexample, a square foot of standard wood frame wall Gth 3% inches of insulation will lose approximately 2 Btus 9 each hour when the\ temperature outside is 30F and is 68F inside. A square 1 foot+ of single pane glass, with the same o$side temperature: will lose , approximately 43 Btus each hour or over 20 times as much heat as the wall. The heat lost through the wlndow is basically the same regardless of which . I direction it faces,lt is. important, . then, tmlace windows so that-their heat ,. gain (from ,sunlight) is greater than their heat loss during the winter, During : the summer, windows need to be shaded from directl.sunlight sothat heat ; +_ \,, gains are kepttoa minimum. .: -w e . ,8 \\;<I D s ?, 1 L I I * cu
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The Recommendation * . . -. .. .-- _ ., %
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locate major window obnings to the southeast, south and southw.est according to the internal requirements of each spage; On the east, west and especially the north sideof the building, keep., window areas smail and use double glass. When possible, recess wind,ows to reduce heat loss. _;. : -,, ._- d n . . _-... 4 -. , ; ., ,-t-. D .j _ I -I =C .__e u .: . o I \. ,I 101
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Djrect sunlight can alsd be admitted into a space through south-facing CLERESTORIES AND SKYLIGHTS(10). ,Pratect the- major ghss areas from the, $?.. cold winter winds atid use MOVABLE INSULATJON(23) over large gl,ass ;~r~;ls -%.+ g, at nig$t to prevent the beat gai ed during the da3 from escapigg $..night. \ Locate trees and vegetation and ap ,ly SHAD!NG DEVICE-SIX) tb-Gjndows to keep out the summer sun: l&&~rm p\n Ed wbith windows will be operable tb provide adequateviz8n?%tio~ for ,SUM&i COOLiNG(27). p ,
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The best forientation f&.the majdr glass areas &?a building is one which receives the .maximum amountzof solar radiation (heat. gain) in the .wint&r and the minimum .amount in the summer. According to BUlLDING SHAPE;*AND ORIENTATION(2), the south side of a building receives nearly 3 times imore, +solar radiation in &inter-thar) any other side. -During th? summer the situation is reversed and the south side receivesmuch less radiatibn in comparisbn to . I h J io2 _. A
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J d\ I . , i e * the roof and east and west sides.of .the building. There aretwo reasons for this. . First, there are more hours .of sunshine. striking the s0ut.h face of a.buildfng in winterthan in summer; even though summe< days are I,onger and have more * Pz , ,I hours of d.aylight, (refer to fig. IVA2b). And second, since the sun is lower in - the skydurJng the @nter, the suns ,rays striking the south face of the building ., . are c#?? to perpend+icular!than ser in the summer when the sun is higher in the . ~ sky. Because of this,.a,square foot of, vertica! south-facing surface will receive .* a greater amount pfesolar yadiati0.n during the same hour-in winter than in -r:, .* _ . . rl . he-stmsaps . .striking the .su-rface-of a wind?w .are-closer-t& . . ., perpen&cular in wjnter, the percentagi2~-6f solar radiation- transmitted through the \;vindbw,js greater than in summer. These seasonal characteristics of south glai!lng insure a degree of automatic controj for solar collection. c ~, . . L
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orientations.. solar:radiqtion
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The Passive Solar Energy Book
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The optimum window orientation for solar ga$ is due so,,r$th. However, varia- _ _ tions to the east or we,st of south, up to 30; will reduce performanke only slightly.. Larger variations, though, will reduce window performance subI-8 stantially. . In most climatgs, the heat gained from sunlight during the winter through south-facing glass will exceed the heat loss. For example, on an average January day in Albuquerque,, New Mexico (35NL), a square foot of south> , .. 1 I uw (single grass) recel\ies1,883 Btus, of which about 85% or 1,622 Btus are,,transmitted through the glass. The heat lost through the same square foot of window for that day is 749 Btus. When the heat loss is subtracted from the heat gain, there is a net gain of 873 Btus for the day. For the entire month of January the net gain will be (873 BtusX 31 days) 27,063 Btus/sq ft. By calculating the heat gainedfor &ch month of the heating season (months when _ hea-tjng is needed), the.total net gain for each square foot of south-facing glass is l92,328 Btus. This is the equivalent of 102 cubic feet of propane, 246 cubic feet of natural gas, 24 pounds of.coal or 1.9 gallons of he.ating oil. Figure IV-23c gra,phs, by city, the heat gain or loss during the heating season ,for a square foot of south-facing window (both single and double glass). I . Openings !hould be carefully placed according to the light and heating requirements of each space. For example, a sleeping are may req,uire some *southeast or east openings to admit earl) morningsunlight and heat into the . space. It is important to note that east- and west-facing single or double pane windows either come out even or lose heat during the winter in most climates. Since there is no direct sunlight in winter on \the north side of a building, north-facing windows are a continuous heat drain, _w . The solar radiation calculator in chapter 5 is a quick graphic metho& for determining the amount of hourly or daily radiation, intercepted by a surface facing in different directions. Of course the location and size of windows will be influenced by other considerations as well; such as views, privacy and natural lighting. ?.. d n
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7. Choosing
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After indoor siaces are roughly arranged-LOCATIONS OF INDOQR SPACES (4)Lthe heating system for each space must be, determined before proceeding Fh,e;r w&h ?hFd%ign of the b-u7ldingl Since a passive system is an integral part of the building, it must be.includ,ed at the beginning of the design process. I
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Which is the best passive system to use? The question of which sy$em to use is one .of the most loaded .questions ihat can be asked abdut passive solar heating. Whenever the question arise;; it generates a heiteddiscussjon hnd muchudisagreement. To prove a point, people will defend their.systern to the last Btu:Which is the best system to use? When properly analyzed, cacti space or building will require,,a particular system best suited to its thermal .nceds. 5 w. .. .{:,. . ,: .
The Recommendation ,
, .I. Each system. has specific design limitations -aFd oppor+tnitieS. Choose a partitular system that satisfies most of thP design requirements you generate for each spqce. Kernember @at different systeps can bq used for different spaces, or sy$temF can be cornbiped to heat-one space. Consult the rest of this : pattern L for an ,assessment of kacti system., ,c ,
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Recommended sizing procedures for each system are given in SOLAR W+lNDOWS(?), SIZLNG THE WALL(13), SIZING THE GREENHOUSE(15) and * Si,ZI&THE ROOF POND(17). When desirable, a combination of systems can be used to heat 7 space-COMBINING SYSTEMS(21). ;* T n
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.I Witha, rotigh plan foF&ch space;select the most appropriate system(s) for B , . yo;r building:To help make the best, possible choice, each system is assessed atcording to the follo)uing desi-gn iconsic)eJations: $uil$nB form, g!azing, ~_--.. constru*ct/on materials,, thermal contr4; efficiency abd the systems feasima bility as a retrofjt to an existing building.:AjI *the systems assessed WIII perfprm well i-n a wide variety of -climate-s, althougR,slight modificatior& should be ~ ,mad,e to optimize efficiency. i , . . /\ ,, i . .. . I
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Direct
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Thebuilding is uslally~elongLrte~ in tt& cast-welt dir&tion, .with spaces needing.heit (o~~tecl along the sbutf? wall. fidwever, a different building shape is possible.if Spaces aFe. siackeh, or staggered, or. diqect .sunlight is and sky- ;
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.. . I Construction Materi,als and Added Mass
.T.he. major glass a&s~~of each space .must.be oriented. . * .to-?he south for maximum solar heat gain in winter: l ,, Naturalb,. these windovs..can serve other...functions as I. ; in well, such as openings for light and views. It is essential, 4 though, that the windows be carefully designed to elimi. L . . nate the problem <of .glare often associated with Direct : . 3 As we shall -see-a Direct Cain System p: -- .. A.. CainSystems. ,utilizes the least amount of souih-facing glass to -heat .a\ I / space. ._ i . ., f ... d : Each space must have thermal mass for the storage, f * :. .solar heat. Tfii mplies a heavy .building with interio 7 / _ walls an$&oors constructed of masonry materials. However, the masonry can be as thin as 4 inches. If an interior v. *wajer,wall is used for heat.storage, then lightweight con- * s .. w struciion Xv~obd frame) cart be used. c .. p
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Direct Gain Systems are characterized by daiiy indoor * temperature fluctuations, which may range from IO to \. 3OF., depending -upon the location and ,size of solar windows>hermab mass and the c&o.r.~of interjo-r sur fa&%?The- heating sy&em cannot be turned on or ,off c\ 3 ,, ,$nce there is little control. of natural heat flows in the ./ a space: To .prevem overheating, shading devices.are used 0 -to reduce, soi& gain, o,r excess heat is vented by opening ~ kinbo&s.or activating an exhaust-fan. However, when a : o . , conventional forced-air heating system is added to a spdce, uniform interior temperatures can be maintained. . . . ;* .When properly designed, a Direct Gain System is roughly 30 to 75O/d efficient in winter. This means that mostof the sunlight transmitted through the g/&s is used for space . heating. ~, 1 I/ _. . .,
I ,Efficiency *+ . i , . -
.-; : -~.. :. -. , . , ., ,-. ; .
.r*Effi~iency is defined as the pe.rcerttage of ihe solar energy incident on the face of the collector tgkingt thqtisusedffpr space heating. When the glazing area normally used in i sljace doubles R as the, collector ,area, then -the- systems effkiency -will-be high, approximately 75%. However, -. if ihe.collector area, is additional to the amount of glaijng~$at would nonnaity be uvd in a .. space, $ren the systems efficiency will be lower, on the order:of 30 to#bO%. , , * . . ,<. . .*
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t -J the Sj&A. < * , . * , Retrofitting an existing building with a DirecfCain,System . _ is very diffrc.ubi since..the building is the system. Only when aespace is constrticted with masonry :@a\ls and .. . . 1 .fYodrs exposed on the. mt+ior, ! and has ,a clear s,outher;n Lx ,. 8 exposure, is it possible to add solar windows and modify. r interior surface finishes to,solir he&t the space. : , a r. ;:., l6 .* % . This system demands a skillful and totdl integration of all. elements v4thi.n each spac&-windows, ! r the architectural ,! walls, floor, roof and interior surface ,finishes. In get-$@; , the-way in which the interior mass is heated by\solar. .5: radiation will determine..the efficiency a@ leyel of -* - thermal, comfort provided by .the system. Since thereaye -. no heating .units, ducts or registers, the system iscom+. :plete!y invisib!e. A direct ,gain building can .usua!ly <be: ; built for the same cost as a conventiofial masonry build ing. In comparison, adding thermal mass .to a wood frame j I c . building will raise construction costs. . 1 i. ChFosing. o.e(I I .A _ j, .yc*,,.. ,I * yp I
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.The depth of a space is I,imited to<piroxlmate;y 15 to 20 ; ,,;. ; feet since this., is, considered the ,maximumdistancefor) . . effective radiant heating -from a so~iar.walI.:iThe requirement. of a southern exposure *dictates a .jinear arrange* ; * .. . , i 4_. r 3 . - .
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$ ment of st$ees along the south wali of the building 1 9 unless modified by stacking and/or staggering spaces. , However, staggering spaces- along the lengthof the south , wall results*insom& sol.ar bldckage,during part of the day. P c Id
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1 . Construction Mgterials and Added Mass # . .... /. D -y Thermal I Control ,
The predominant -architectural expression. of the building is south-facing glass. The ,glass functions as a collecting surface only, and admits no natural light into a space. _ !JHowver, windows can be inclu&d inthe wall to admit natural:light, direct heat and also permit a view. ! . . / I .D Either water or masonry,can be used for a thermal m$ss. wall. Double glazing in front .of the wall is necessav. unless insulating shutters .are applied over the glazing Tat night. Since the thermal mass is-cqncentrated along one wall, there .is no limit to the cho.irce of coF&ru.ction, materials and interior finishes in the remainder qf the @ace. . f - I ,. :*: .
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Indoor temperature.fluctuationsare controlled *by wald 1, thickness. The heat output of a masbnry wall can be, . ,. regulated ,~ by the addition of thermocirculation vetits c with opera,.ble dampers or by movable insulating panels * . P i <. or drapes placed over the insid@ face:ofthe wall. . . e .r * ~, ( ;.P;; this~ sys&m is compatable to approximately N-to 45yi.;. F-or heat storage capacity, a water efficient than a masonrywajl., I the south wall of a space , . . _ e
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.- This system is easily added+to *with a c/ear shthern exposure. d
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1 _ -. ** _ 3.. (.$, The system allowsb for a wide chorce of construction materials. (exclusive of the thermal .wal!jI&d interior fi& L . JIga - : C. ,. z .I ,, I . . .. 0 .2 . * a i I?
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over the i&ndoor thermal- environment., Obviously, the la,rge expanse of south-facing glass requires- careful integration into the > buildings design. - . . * *. # * P II
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The greenhouse must extend along the south face of the building adjoining the spaces to be heated. This usually means a greenhouseelongated in the east-west direction. It. -is important to cover a large surfa<e .area of south -wall for the most efficient transmission of he&to adjacent \ spaces., 0 -a
1 - .
To heat one square foot.of building flooi area [excluding< 1 l/2 times as=much greenth greenhbtise); approximately I T%- ~ ho1 se glass area is ,needecl as is -required in a Thermal *. *< i . 3 Storage Wall System. The .area of glass&an be somewhat / ;-.\; .;w-. ,. 2 -. . .\. lb I ~ rebuced.:if an-active heat storage system is used: In this D , ,. 2.. 0. 1 case, day&me h$at is actively taken from the greenhouse , 1 t and,,stored for use,in theibuilding*at night. 1 v . I .> 0L :.., , . .I, , L 2, 3 ~,The major 4construtti:on material i; ,the greenhouse is L Construction , . ,A . double glass .or transparent plastic. The common wall ,., Materials-and /-_. . . between {he, greenhouse and building should be con. Added Mass strutted, with thermal mass (masonry or water), unless active ,heat storage is employed. The remainder of. the r / * . * * building can be constructed of any;material. L 2 ; c ,. . ~ .I * . J .A :. The tem.perature of .the gre&house &n -be;effe&ively , . 1 Thermal ,Control I , controlled $G.thin a predictable fan&. by; propeily sizing ( *, . the collector area (glazing) and jthermal 4a$.,,Tempera . ~ . ture control.. In *adjoining spaces is the k$ne, as for a I : I . . q;; \ . . . Ther,malStorage Wal,l System. . * ,,. .I i/ 4, , :I .A.* I I - ? . , ,* . ,* i 1; ? h . I -T/j ? i + 113 . (, .. _ 1 -. $f< T . : ,!,,,,,. . 9,;: + !:Yii. I -m .- r, . . . ..r ;, J/l:. :~$.i:~.,, ,,,~. _. _,: ,: : i a
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When properly designed) the greenhouse will heat itself Iand supply .heat to adjoining spaces. All the sunlight a+ . mitted into the greenhouse is used for heating.The overall effioiency of the system is appioximately 60 to 7510 \ . during the winter ,months. The percentage of {heat suppli..ed to adjoining .spaces is roughly 10 to 30% *of the energy incident on. the collector face. However, this \ percentage can be increased if an active heat storage .i,, ,system isemployed. :,
II
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.R.etrGfitting a
Conclusion
* 1
This system is easily added to the south watl of an existing building which has--a clear southern exposure. . .. i n The aattached greenhouse is unique in-that it not. only produces fresh food but hasa the potential to heat itself . and spaces adjoining it. It lends itself easily to both new and usually pays for i.tself in Wand existiflg construction 1 to 3 years by a reduction in h-eating and food bills.. .
Roof fohd
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Burlding Fofi=;2_- Since the roof is the coll,ector, this system is #!%t suit; g<-,. $g - --z::., able for heating one-story buildingS,-0-r the;pper,floor A , :. I of U.. : 5 : d, a two- or three-story structure. The roof area containing 8. h l.P.u >. ,: , * the ponds can be.flat, stepped ub to the north & pitched. ,*c.; ~,Tt .,: * . L L : Although~the system is somewhat restrictive as to building, , $:-, o- 1, ii. : &+j I, , II I height, it does not-dictate a building shape or orientation +and a,llows complete fre.edom tith regard to the arrange3 _ . . .., maentof indoor spaces. In addjtion! the roof pond is r . . . - .,. .?. . d . .. jn%isible f.rom fhestreet I.evel. ij I t . ! L t * ,1 , I O. . 0 . .. . I Gl&ng .!. D When used primarily ior heating&the glazed. surface area d I.~ of the pond,should be un-obstructed by shadow between the hours of JO:00 a+m. a& 2:00 p.m. in- winter.. For . * ,. .A summer cooling, the .pond should ,be exposed. to as a much of the nightskyd.ome aspossible.= \,
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Roof- ponds are ,generally between 6 and 12 inches in depth. Therefore, the buildings structure must support ;.,. . 4 the 32 to 65 Ibs/scj ft dead load the pondsystem yill add to the roof. A structural metal deck, which also acts as a f,inished ceiling&d rad:ating surface, is the most commonly used support for the ponds themselves. .Sinc@ the entire system is lo.cated on the rooftithe remainder of the building canbe constructed of any material: Using ,+% . a , masonry interiorwalls .and/or floors .will help moderate e the recomindooF..tempera$ure fl c _-__.. -.._ f _ ..mended depth of the , . :b. >.
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cobiing is characterized by stablr high levels of comfort due to . t ., surface (usually the entire .-- ) ceiling). Daily fluctuations of space temperature range * _. from only 5 to 8F in a m&sonry building, and 9 to.14F . in a bufidpg construc@8 of all lightweight mIaterrals . _ _ r ...I. -. Roof pond heat.ing
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(such -is w.ood frame)-. An advantage of this system accrues. from. the fact that interior pa,rtitions can be - , *rearranged without alterirJg:the heating or cooling system.-i <I
modular
-consider: . & . -, .I
1 :*:!&lar roof.ponds are, a< inexpensivs and effective met&d .- _ - : &ohcl,usion - ., , I. A .-1 .i - .,.. I I of providCng both heating. at lower .latitudes (i.e;; ~36NL li 7 -1 - .I or lower) and co&& in dry climates with, clear night1 > ; i c I skies.- Furthermore, there are several modifications whjch i-, L,:: . 7 c I _&> be made to the syste.mto:make-it can applicable to a / * 2 .. ;,, : variety of climates. ior example, spraying or flooding *the -. __ -. 1 .~_. -- a a-~.- -----, p_mmmmo . .. *. .,.. --Y,. tside surfarzof the enclosed ponds to provide addia_.*~ ,, _ .. , i>, ., .,, coolingby evaporation (up:to 4 times the amount - -+4 ;,;! 1 ~+i-pm+. -~?A .- ;-y ri .;# provid&i+--nightsky radiatiow) can extend the 5ysterns /. .,* -~. I. . \ :- ,j cooling capability to humid regions.,lOr, placing the 0 j (, ,_, . 4 e; *-* ril .,I; -@ads under a pi,tched roof, with the south slope glazed, ,,a - _ :,q, P ~!,.Y : - ---l,.i *VP.. , * 1> ) _I . can adapt the -roof pond td ndrthern latitudes where. _~ I . , 7 -k~-- ,~.k$ay=- -;;- JiorirbntaacoJectors ,~i : would otherwise be inefficient. $ u,1\ ;* ,il : . - - --.---, __ -% < ., I- i I .: .._ ~ ,,.. .;. . : : ,h., ): ; -,:., :~]@; c?G - 1 ;- / _ _I ,:; I y:---i. , j,,_. . : .a * _. .> . . L = _:-.. * 1: . _i L -. 1 * 1,. ~ . * y :I, j , :,.., -. - i -: .Li .u ./ _ 5 c .J> _-I I i ,j;.:,. . . ~ _. ,.I , f e .
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ifhe &aterials used in. constructing passive solar systemACljQOSING i;. / , range of good fn%terials available. .
.IV!?, A buiIdinAgwiII infl&rtce the choic&-0; a THE SYSTEMI7). This pattern ex$ai& the. . .* .
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&ore energy is consumed in the construction of.a Ibuilding than will be &ed Building maieriXls anb~ equipment require con-. inL mahy yeirs of operation. Gderable quantities of energy, during their manufacture, transportation IO the constru&n site andasse bly. Robert 4!- Kegel;in an article concerning ehergy o-f Building Materials, Heating/ and builditi-i-g matqrials ( F he EnergFntensity PipinglAir~nditioning, Juhe 1975, pp. ,37-41), analyzed the energy consump- : tion ,of a conventional educational facility (432,O$l %q ft) in Lhicago. He .&+s+ looked at the b;ilding f&n the standpoint .of bcildjng construction, mat&Is, equipm\en.t and operation. His results.indicated-that the bu$lding cdujd opdrate , I _ jar over 6 years before exceeding the energy it took .to construct it. These \ 1 _ . A results did hot inklude the energy expended in .mining and transporting materials to the mill or factdry. Conventional housing reflects.si:miIai patterns b& of eneigy use. . * D ----- ----- ~._____- -- - ._,____ .I I> -_
, -
a.
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The Recommendation
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_ & building constr:ction, use most& biodegradable and low energy-constimink materials ,which art locally produce+ For th&rnal mass and bu!k p$erials : ii I _ use adobe) soil-cement, brick, stone, concrete, and water in containers; fbr -: finish ma&rials use,,tieod, plywood, particle board a& gypsum board. Use the following mate;&& only in small quantities or when they have been . recycled: steel pane P ghd containers, rolled. steel sections, alummum and s L P e. 6 plastics. . Lwu -.
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. ,-.;-..,-.I-+ ~-;-_I-;-_.,-T-he,p~~~~ntention behind modern Construction practice; is to u;e techD ;;,-,. -.++: ,/:*r 5,: .nology.to keep, the costs of constructioh :_,., ;:-as low as possible T <- D v I/ . I. r /-;..r. To make bui)dings less expensive-to construct, we have been willing to use non-*. . . I/ : I,, ..._ :_ renewable resources, su.ch a,s energy expended/in the production and trans. . , ,7. , , portationdf manufactured building materials, rather than pay the cost of labor., :* L.-.-I- ,-Thigtrade-off doesnot result in ecologically souodbuilding practices since the ,L I,. ,,;3 result istbuildjngs that are constructed and run at the expel:se of our fu,ture ym&-x ?-.L- . -?*- ..- _* _~- _ -J .-D abrl!%yyto &leq&&ly maintain our~iesources.-.. . ..w 4 .. ^ - . - There aremahy building I ttitudes.ranging from a total.ecological consciousness to the, continuation of what is easiest in. todays construction market. Fortu- ,. * . ; nately,, the requi~ement~for thermal mass in a passively hea.ted building**is compatible with ;.tt!e :no$on of ecological consuciousness. As , indicdted in ,, =.~~~~pr%&~s pattern+ mass materials inciude adobe, stabilized earth, stone, .= ,brick, tile, cdncrete, and water in container$i~ can be seen from the following 4 \o >, ,, : ,\ .. table that thes,e materi+-require relative-Iy .little energy to producedwhen : ,. - ., . tnergy-intensive materials &rch as aluminum and! high-grade ;, e , * d _I _ i. .. .! . . : . --7 ;,:-.& ._--T--r .72. 1. ,.I \ v_ T-y--T--..,: -ln.som,e Gases mass materials will b~,as--murk~-~90~~~~olurne .P ,. . .,*. : of the ti.aterials used in a passively heated building. Withsome consideration.! I Y , 1 -@yen ,to erkrgy COnSCiOUSh~Ss in choosing secondary and finish m$teri&,t </ ,, s , : a p ssive solar heated buildingwill, by its nature, be energy conservative. -. .m I Y\ , !.! 77 :. ,I; : ., ,,. -. : . ha$e been terribly mismanaged -some devastated; .L. d . . * as% bulk or primary* material is to be-avoided. As- a
l
. .
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however, wood is excellent. Other good finish and <include ply:wood, particle board, gypsum board,:plaster,and vinyl. The use of energy-intensive mate&Is is appropriate. c : in .modeiation or when .the materials .are recycled. t : *. (I-
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. Table ,IV-8a Materigls I, ,

f
----8. Appropriate I
hiateriak -, i : 5 ?.;? ;-!!
and Energy Use I. Btidlb

7 To Produce
, ,;$.,?>t;e,
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Source
Btu phr unit
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Aluminum c Copper Concrete ',,Cn+ntx,".
* i ;
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Sind tir;d g&v<el i . .Lead.. - 1.1 * 5 A. C&creQ2 IZock . 1. >, , ,$ilic~n$m&ii andtiigh~ I, , 4. :, 1 \.I< : ,;*.;grade Stael alId@ ,i..* 7, ;: L, i' ) ::'5, . a Giks r, ; .,.I
.. 19,974; v a . > lJ2,67b OfI) --W) .34,144 .413 o i a*, 3,755 * -O '3b (111 ,O, _ 20,486 (1) -5 15,2oO py,block (2) o .@.. 11)
(1) * . .
(7.) O0
~~ . ~~ 2 "
5,019 pei. board ft 6,945 p+ sqft -..,
170 per l$o?k
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awal;e &f &hat is locally produced. @y 5 ;.?WJ+I ielecting .buildingmateri+s,be suppdrtihg Ipeople in the-.loial. labor market;ewe not only save iransportatidn .., .< !~(~,@f~ -(Woney arid, ehergy) buf maintain the ~ life. of industries which are .. ,Fempat~~le-~it~.our lif*tyle arid- welfare.. . ., : _ . (1 . . ..5 i 5: .--L- ,;_,
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Direct Gain kyktern
9. Solar Windows
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After choosing to use a Direct Gajn~ System-CHOOSING THE SYSTEM(7)and with a rough idea for the location of major south-facing glass areasWINDOW LOCA~%l.ON(6) and CLfRESTORIES AND SKYLIGHTS(thispatterndefines the area of sor&h-fa3ng glazing needed to solar ,heat each) J space, _.
0 . . .. . . L -. _ . i / .: i pi@&..* -, ,
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,% DirectG& $y,,tems are currently characterized by large amounts of southfacing glass. Most of our present information about D,irect Gain been learned through the performance of various existin,g utilize large south:facing glass areas for winter solar.gain, These buildings are P often thought of as overheating on sunn ,.<winter days. This. happens because . . _ solar windows are frequently oversized due to the lack of any accurate led to a ___.~- - _;.---.+netho-ds for predicting a systems performance. These drawbacks,have ,.,,,. ----~-.-++&&mi~ted appt~~a~o~~f-~Dir~~~~~terns in bu.ilding design-- and constr~~~n. mam -~~- + 2 ~_ ~_ . . 1 0 ~~ ~- - 1 ,. -.1 , 1.
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ihe Recbmmendati6o
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In cold climates- (average winter temperatures 20 to JOOF), provide between 0.19 and- 0:38 square feet of south-facing glass for each one square foot of, space floor area; In temperate climates (average-winter temperatures 35 to -. @YE)rprovjde 0.11 to O+ square feet-of south-facing glass for each one square .foot of st&%floor area. This amount of glazing w,ill ,admit enough sunlight to .$keep the space pt:an average.femyPeratwe of 65 to 70pF during much of the 60 ! i .I *inter. r _ .. v.i 2 h
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a*- The Passive Solar Energy Bodk
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To prevent daytime overheating and large space temperature fluctuations, store a portion. of the heat gained during the daytime for use at night by locating-a thermal mass within each spacvMASQNRY HEAT ST?RAGEm-m and INTER.--~WA~fl~~~~~-VABLE INStjLATION(23) over the ~s~~iyin>ows at night to reduce heat (qss and protect the windotis from the hot summer sun by applying SHADING DEVICES(25). The area of window needed-to heat a space can be substantially reduced by using exterior REFLECTORS(24). A Direct Gain System with. undersized solar windows can be combined with other passive systems to achieve the same recommended performance-COMB~&NIN.G SYSTEMS(21). 0 > & 1\1 $, , I _o I . 12b
-. --a
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9: Solar Windows ,
, b
The Information
In a Direct Gain System the most important fac.tar In collecting the suns energy is the .size and placement of wcndow openings. A window; skylight or clerestory that faces south and opens directly into a Space is a very efficient solar collector--WINDOW LOCATION(6). Light entering the space, is unlikely to be.reflected back out regardless of the color or shape of the space. This means that virtually all the sunlight is absorbed lay the walls;fioor, ceiiinge---other objects in the space and is converted into heat. Openings that are designed primariiy to admit solar energy into a space aye r&ferred to as solar windows.-You can orient a solar window as much as 25 to the east or west of true sduth and still intercept over 90% of thesolar radiation incident on a south-facing surface. The sine of a solac,window determinesthe. average temperature in a space . over the dq?y. During a typical sunnywinter day, if a space becomes uncoriifortably hot from too much sunlight; then the solar windows are either oversized or there is not enough thermal mass distributed within the space to * properly absorb the incoming radiation. As a space becomes too warm, heated air is vented -by opening windows or aktivating an exhaust fan to maintain comfort. This reduces the systems efficiency since valuable heat is allowed lo escape. For this reason, our criterion for a well-designed space is that it gain enough solar energy, on dn average sunny day in De&mber or January, to maintain anaverage space.te&perature of 70F for that 24-hourperibd. c By &tablishing this criterion we are able to develop ratios io.r the preliminary sizing of solar windows, skylights and clerestories. Table IV-9a lists ratios for dtfferefi~~~tim~t~s tliat apply io a well-insulated residence. ..j b % *
.? - -.. --
. L r
.A
For example, in Seattle, Washington, at 47NL with an average January tem perature of 38?JF, a well-insulated spa?e needs app-roximatgly 0.22 square feet of south-facing glass for each square foot of building floor area (a 2OOk sq-uare-foot space needs 44 square feet of south-facing glass). j,
_/-
Of course, the exact location and size of win&w openings depends upon other design conside.rations such as special views, natural lighting and space use. Because of these considerations, it may not be desirable to use the amount of south-facing glass recommended in this pattekn. The ,system works with the +
J.
, .;.
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121

,
Table IV-9a Sizing Solar Wira&ws
for Differqnt
Climatic
Square
Conditions
2. /
Average Winter Outdoor Temperature (degree-dayslrdo.4 (F) Feet of Window Needed for s Each One Squhre Foot of Floor Area
, _---
---
Cold Climates 1.5 (1,500). . 20" (1,350) ,,

25" (1,200) (1,650)
~~&l.&&dnight 0.24-().38(w/night
!nsulatlon~ insulation
o&r over
glass) glass)
0.21-0.33
0.1 g-0.29
~\
30"
Temperate
35" 40" 4.5"
Climates (900) ( (750)

(600) ,
0.16-0.25 0.13-0.21 0.11-0.17
j .
NOTES:
.-
1. Thdse ratios apply to a rcsidcnce with a spaceheat loss of 8 to 10 Btu/day-sq ftrl-F. If space heat loss is less, lower values can be used. These ratios can also be uked for other building types having similar heating requirements. Adjustments should be made for additional heat gains from lights, people and appliances. \ 2. Temperatures coldest months. and , degree-daysare listed for December and January, usually the
; ;) : ,. Y Cd
3. Within each r!nge, choose a ratio according tudes, i.e., 35NL, use the lower .window-to-floor-area i i.e., 48NL, use the higher ratios.
to your
latitude., ratios; for
For southern latenorthern latitudes,
same +efficiency using smaller openings than those recommended; howevkr, the annual percenTage of so.lar heating supplied to the space.is reduced. - ! --.. .kecessing windows and using wood sash construction will further reduce heat loss. Single klazing with.wood frame construction transmits approximately 10% less heat than glazing with a metal &sembly. As-the glazing becomes more insulative (double or triple glazing), the type of framing hecomes more significant. A double-glazed wood frame opening,wilI transmit 20% less than a metal-framed opening. Only use metal sash that has a thermal break between .
_ I . (
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9. Solar Windotis .J-,A.
I-
, c -
iig.
IV-9b:
Splaying
the wall . .
will
increase
. a-
heat gain in winter. i I
.. . a
the ,inside and outside face. At the outside surface of a window, wi!d will iiicre%s$ the 6njiltrat.ion of cold air .into a buildihg and. Will, carry away heat -~- --------6t a faster, iate than still air. Recessing ~windotis back from the face of the . exterior wall wi!l decrease tke.movement of air against the window. However, -3 wheriiec&sing windotis, care should be tcken, on the south face to avoid 1 @xces,sive shading: . I
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I+
and Skylights
SOLAR
--.
WlNDOWS(9) recommends the rea of south-facing glass nzeded to admit direct sunlight, tp solar heat a space. This pattern describes methods, other than windows, for collecting the suns energy.
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There are many situations when admitting direct sunlight through south-facing .windo.ws%@t feasible or desirable., Solar blockage of the south wall by, .nearby obst+uctions, or spaces without a clear southern exposure, make it impbssible- to use windows ,for solar gain. Also, the diitance from a solar window to a thermal storagk mass is Ii.mited by the height of the w@dow. A mass located too far from the window will not receive and absorb direct sunlight. Large solar windo&s, which are the primary source of direct sunlight in a space, may result in troublesome glare, create uncomfortably warm and bright conditions f.or people occupying, the space and discolor certain fabrics. For these arid other reasons (privacy and aesthetics) it is necessary to explore alternative methods for cdllecting the suns energy in a direct gain building. i .. I $, .J
, . *. 3
Another method for admitting sunlight into a space is through the roof. Use either south-facing clerestories or skylights to distribute sunlight over a space or to d-ire&it to a particular interior surface. Make the ceiling of the clerestory a light color and apply shading devices to both clerestories and skylights for ~ summer sun control. : ,
/ .
125 i
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F -
SKYLIGHT .
. 4. <, n , ._ _ . 1. Q . s
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10. Clerestories
and Skyliihts
-_
Apply MOVABL-E lN$&LATiC?N(23) and KEFl.ECTOKS!24) to m&e clerestorres anti skylights more efficient as solar collectors. Shade, all glass areas, especially horizontal and south-facing glass, to protect them jroA the hot shmmer sunSHADING DEVICES(25). * -,*
-T -c nformatio
i*
a.
Collecting sunlight through south-iacltig clerestories and skylIghts has siveral ,.+. advantages. Sunlightvadmitted through the rooi cant be distrlbuied to any part of a space or building. This allows for maxrmum iree,clom when locating an . interior thermal stoiage mass. When properry desrgned, toplighting eliminates G the probjem of glare.since light entering the space from above reducesthe 1 cdntrast between interior surfaces and <vindow5. Because cl&Festories and skylights are located high ina spave, they,reducc: the c-hamcc of sol;lr blockage, in ( rowdcd building bydff-site obslruction; and allow ior large openings I. * situations where privacy is desirable. 9
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Clewsto& location.
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127
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Thee Passive Solar, Energy Book -; 7I a( # .I .j tL
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Mos~~.passive iolar alerestory9 an b skylight con figurations are derived fro% consideration-for collecting suoli ht and distributing it within a space. In a Direct Gain System, an jmpdrtan, i tonsid&atibn in the selection and locatiin \ df a particular qonfiguratipn is.. hether sunlight-is to be diffused throughout a space-MASONRY HEAT ST0 AGE(ll), or diiected to a particular surfaceINTERIORWATER WALL(12). , 7 . +
0 ,!
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Clerestory, ,I Sawtoqth
3,
and ;bkylight
Qnfigurations .
i . .
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,Cleie3tor$-A clerestory iS a _i .-VI.. . ..1 IV. from th@ rn9f plarie. Itis a par * a space so t hat. it strikes an ~ ;.the, clgrestoty ,at a distance iiir sunli&+ WilF qtiike mnst nab thP
--....a... . . -_..... ..--. -. .,.-
frqnt
w%irllrrinD . . . ..l .b
05 near .&tical Bpening pc.ojecting up effective.&ay.todirect sunlight entering storagewall. Be careful to4ocate of tQe wall, which insur@s .that d.ireci
thP L0.L. \uktpr ..1111L,, Thic I III2 Aict>nrn I2LIILL refill 111 \,-.*\I vo,r
with latitudq r wall: 5 .a,F -
and
$s roughly
1 tb 1 l/2
times
the height
of the
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10. Clerestories & 5I
and Skylights
v.
Make the ceiling;of the clerestpry either a light color to reflect and diffuse - sunlight down over the space, or a polished surface to direct the sunlight to a thermal wall. Shade the clerestory in summer by extending its roof to $rovide :, an overhang-Sl-!AD!NG DEVICES(25):The angle of the glass can be tilted to * -increase solar gain in winter, but tilting the glating also increases solar gain P a in summer, making sun control devices essential, The exterior ~rr3of belowa ~-Y--Y clerestory can .be treated as a reflecting surfacefor maximum solar gain5 I P REFLECTORS(24). . + . I
= . . i.
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fig. b\Oc:
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Comparison of south-facing tilted surfaces.

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. X * 1 . - . *), : e I 129 . . . I _ . * .
This&aph. reprisents clear-day surfaces indicated, fol: 40NL. 0 , . I , . .. D *. D I %,,I 0
solar rad@iation values, on,!the
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. 1 1
The Pi&e
Sola; Energy Book

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I . 0 d.: -3
4:
Sawtooth--&e sawtooth is a se%es of clerestories, one directly behihd the other. When glazed with a t?anslucent glazing material, the sawtooth effectively distributes sunlight over an entire space. As a rough guide, make the -. angle of yach clerestory roof (as measured from horizontal] equal to, or less ,than, the altitude of-the sun at noon, on qecember 21, the winter solstice. I - (Use the sun chart in chap. 5 for your latitude to find the altitude of the sun,) This assures that the clerestories will not shade each other during the 0 winter hours of maximum?solar radiation. Jf a. steep@ angle is used, then clere\ storiesshould be spaced apart accordingly. i @ , L( -, ,,r;-, Q \ :,. . Yh. :, t^
c ;
ANGLE
a. ALTITUDE EXAtiPLE:
0~ THE SUN in NOON ON DECEMBER At SCNL ANQLE a = 30
24 * *.\ *
,
: se I .
_
.*.. . s I
4 i * s,,. . .
\ 0 o\ e -..
I......Fig. IV-1Od: Sawtooth configuration 1
design.
- I e 1 1 Q I -. - , . . . 52 ,.j , . * i s .;
; , D c
.. 1301 : 9. .,I.) *2
6 I- -; i YY IT ,+.
I I .:,
10. Cl&estories~~and
D
Skyli&ts .L b.
Phota IV-10~: ,
Sawiooh clethtones; view looking up, and clerestories mobnted on the roof. fj A>
, i
-1:. 0
, ? ,
The Passei& Solar Energy Book r=

5kyIight-Thereaare two types of skylight configurations: horizontal and those located on h tilted roof. It is importaiit when desrgnrng a horrzontal skylight to use a reflector to increase solar gain in winter, since the ,arnount of solar . energy incident on a horizontal surface IS consrderably less than that rncrdent on a-south-facing vertical or slo.prng surface isee fig. IV-10~). Kcmem+r that all skylights of any considerable size should have either Interror or exterior Shading devices tb prevent excessrse solar gain In summer.
i -4
. i
Photo IV-IOd:
fiorizontal .>
skylight
augmentid
by. a reflector.
Direct
Gain System a
Masonry .Heat Storage ..
Phqto IV-lla
\ I
1, i
4 1 .
----
a.
I
I
#_
,_ -. I
I ;
. . . t. #
.. P L
0 4. t. - 1 124 . . ;
11 . Masonry
Meat Storap.1. . .._ . I , . :._ : L 94

of the sunlight (heat) the evening hours. admitted
Afret siring SOLAR WlNDOWS(9), a portion into each space mus,t be stored for use during ,F,
a,, . ..e.*?.g;@**... I, c2- ,.c

Thastorage confrqnting
and izontrol of heat in masonry building is the major problem the designer of a Direct Gain System. In a Direct Gain System, the
amount of so!ar en.ergy adniitted into a spa&through windows, skylights or clereitories determines the average temperature in the space over the day. A + large portion of this energy must be,stored in the masonry wal1.s and/or floor of t.he space for. use during \the evening. In the pro&s of ,stori?g and releasing he& the Masonry fluctuates in temperature, yet the object of the heating system is to maintain a .rrrlative/y constant interior temperature. The ~ location, quanfity, distributionand-surface color of the masonry in a space will determine the indooi temperature ftuctuation over the .day. c
The .RecommFdation . .A.. ,
I I
To minimize indoor temperature fluctuations, cgns!ruct interior walls and floor3 of masonfl with a minimum of 4 inch& in thickness. Diffuse direct sunJight over the surface area of the masonryby using a translucent glazing material, bjl placing number of small windows so that they admit sunlight in patbhes, or by- refle 1 ting- direct suillight off a light-colored interior surface fii;sti tflisdiffusing it throughout the space. Use the following guidelines for. _selecting_interinrce~n6finishssr~ ..~~~ _. ~. _-. .I i ~_ . . < . .I. Choose a dark color for masonry floors. , 2. /)4asonry,wills can be any color. - L.., i 3. Paint all ligtitweight construction (liule thermal ma& a light color. for long 4. Avoid direct sunlight periods of time. 0 5. Do not use wall-to-wall pn dark;colored . carpeting mason+ surfaces fl .: * I
Qver masonry boors.
11: MasmryHea+
I
Storage
LIGHT-COLORED \
WALL SURFACE
INSULATION
CLEAR GiAZlkG
MASONRY-
.
i
INSUIATION_
DIFFUSING
GLAZING
MASONRY -
Fig. IV-l 1a Lx -
Slightly oversize solar windows and thermal mass to cloudy days-CLOUDY DAY STORAGE(22). It is exterior face of the mass to keep stored heat inside ON THE OUTSlDE(26). Also, a thermal mass cooied wi!l absorb heat and- provide co$l interior surfices COOLING(27).. bhe n masonry construction is not INTi?RICIR WATER WA~~for~heatstorage, ,.,
. . 1 . P
collect and store heat for essenti.aI to insulate the the space-INSULATION * during summer evenings on hot days-SUMMER possible or desirable, an ~~ .>~ip..
135
. 1 . , 1. . .
((
e,
The Passive Solai
Energy Book 0
* /.
t&Since therm%! mass is integrated into the living spaces in a DirectGain System,d ~1 ;&the amount of energy stored in the mass (walls and floor) atsunset determines ;$he indoor temperature fluctuation in the. space over the day. In winter, T %pproxima&ly 65% of the total space ,heat loss occurs at night; 35% during --- , I._ theday. If solar windows are sized to admit enough sunlight on a clear winter . day to heat the space,;for a 24-h-our period-SOLAR WINDOWS(g)-then ; . roughly 65% of this energy must be stored for. use at night. When only .a ?.8 .- \. . ,> . small portion of this energy is stored, tt-ien an abundance of heat .is available ;<.i, ,, condition results ir? daytime 1 ,-. -~-T- ~~ ,I ,,f mduring the day and not enough at, night.:This . overheating an.d low nighttime temperatures. 1 1 Ia, v. . ;;, * 1 , ~ Solar gain through so&h-facing glass is easily calculated; however, predicting the amount of heat stored in the masonry or the daily temperature fluctuations \ in a space are presently beyond the capability of most building designers. In . 19X1, a study of Direct Gain Systems,performed at the, University of Oregon, D - clearly illustrated the influence of each p?tramet&r on the systems performance .._.-- -, (see E. Mazria, M. S. Baker, and P. CWessliig, Predicting tl-re Performance of . Pass&e Solar Heated Buildings, .Proceedings of the 7977 Annual Mgeting of the \ * American Section oftfie, International Solar Energy Society, voi. 1, sec. 2, 1977). . I It rEon,cluded that the percentage of .heat stored in a thermal mass depends on _ the lo&ion, size#and distribution of the mass and its surface color. * : I
C j ::
I) .
I
*In some building myy be tolerable-k I
. .types, such as a warehouse _ even.deskable. .~ ~. or greenhouse, *_
Icontinue~
on,
page 140)
larger tempkrature . pi
fhqztuations
,.
\ \ .
. -
<.
. -
,
e: *I 6
11. Masonry
Heat
Storage
i.
. Fig. lV-14b:
Cask 1: Building
,
configuration.
Adark-colored concrete mass is placed against the rear wall or in the floor of the space in direct sunlight. The surface
a.rea of concrete Exposed to direct sunlight ovq the day is IV2 times the area of the glazing. This system-represents a
space-with clkrestories is insulated a horizontal band of south-facing coupled directly to a dark-colored pn t-he exterior face. .II windows or mass which
-..
Results: , During a clear winter day, an increase in masonry thickness beyond<8 inches results in little improvement 2 in the systemsperformance. The graph he.re illustrates the indoor air tkmperatures over a 24-hour period for a mass thickness of 4, 8 and 16 inch.es. By increasing thP mass from 4 to 8 in&es, maximum air temperatures are relatively unchanged white mini,mum air temperatures are , changed slightly; the 8-inch masonry wall increases ihe . minimum room air temperature 5F. Increasing the thickness to 16 inches l-i& little impact on tures. For all wall thicknesses studied, spa fluctiatiork over the day were about 40
pm+ , * 1 .B . . . . . . .._ , 1......
L
, -
.d..,
I
, 81 An ,1. ,, I. -1 I I ,I . / <!a . ;, :: N ; ; ; ; ; : : : : :. 1 0 +~ ,
1 J
Fig. IV-lib:
I.
system
performance .
for a concrete d
mass of differpnt ] ..
sizes.
I1 .!,
1 ? * .b :.+
r . . h-
a Enqrgy Bcipk 3
.
The Pass&t S&r, 1

Case 2: Buibding 1
y .
, ,=
configuration,
A dark-colored cdncrete massis placed against the rear wall.or in the floor of the space in direct sunlight. The
surface area of concrete exposed to direct sunlight over ttie;day is 3 timCs tk area of the glazing. Ttiis system
a represents a space with vertical windows (evenly and/or translucent (diffusing) glazed openings with colored interior surfaces and a dark-colored mass. .
I r
b PC ,..
, v _ / ,, ! 7, 1 .:i
:;ResuIt.s: :., L ,$ , c 1% 1. An increase in masonry thickness beyond 8 inches results ip littlechange in system performance. The graph here iIIustrates.room air temperatures for a wall or floor thickness of 4, 8 and 16 inches. The major temperature difference occurs by increasing the thic ness from 4 to 8 iriches;max~mum roomair temperatur, b remains unchanged while the minimum air temperature is raised 3F. Beyond an 8-inch thickness, therqis very little -variation in room temperatures. The temperature
-, c,
. ./
.
,fluctuation _ a
over the day is 26F. ._ :mt a.,. . 1 . 1.

~\ 0 -i
1 . I.
,, . .. . - .
.
. .
~ f ,,.
,d
7 )., :> . .I .
\
- .. , , 13i3 ,, I. . .. .~ : ..-.. .--..j ---;l; --r-2 . L , >> . .I ,. I
,-
.I
4 1.
T --__c
--. t( .
-/ ,I . I ,
i I,
Masonry I
Case 3,: Building configuration. , . il ttie thermal \ _,c .
Heat
Storage
5 \. i
a?
. 1
The entire space, wails and.floor, becomes storage mass. TJle-s&fZ&%~~iea bf cbncrete ,le. -:-- : . 3
direct sutilighiik
exposed to 9 times the art& of the glazing. This l

* 0 , ,
e. m
-,
,nt,
, .
Results:: -.. . d
8 I
. I-
j;,
LI-. , . .
L F *.
.., 3
.-e
.,
An increase in masonfy thi-cknes?beyonh 4 inches results ( in little change in system performance: After 4 inches;. . * room air temp+era.tur.es ace 6et.y similar and the da$ Space temperature luriuatigp is oAly 13F, comfortable for most building rntCriors.-If the same space were con- . . ,s,tructed of all lightweight materials (wood frameGth a . l/z-inch gypsum board;finist$, it tiould fluctuate 38.F. This demonstrates the*sdampening effect of thermal mass on temperature fluctuations. . -1, a
: , i t
4 1
1 .
.,' 'I> c , r v. II 3 n-1 -" : Fig. Iv+ / "3 . 2 VoI ,. A , :s 8 : 7 . a . D , 0 1 II r 32 , I N b L v _ -1 . . ,' .' ' 0 . ' \ i uI J ' . . , 1 ,,. 1 , . , I . I , I . 9 ,-. 4 'Q ml. -, i.,
\1
* t * . .i
i.
. 1, n
.'I I, ,. / i; c 0% : '/
./I .-. I /
. ,l .. t, I
-139 mF .
; ;; ,.t . #j k
, ; .\A. : *
.-\; , _ . /
-. I 4 r n ., 1 . P I <* j u. * Q
: ? !
..
I)
h&q&..
Book
..
,.
A
* .
:.
-h : ... i
tl
nset '(5:0b p.m.),-da~tirne-tempsFat~res-a~ 9. estiti@Sed ,
re?uced ...
and n$ght,
. ..
// ii ;, d ax.
space air
.,
.!.
-.
,-
,,
.a
.;.
4 I .. I
tu;rg fluctuation
41
13F
I j
TZ.7 :.),,
,*. .
. :.
c .y i
Percentage of solar : Y _ . stored (A 5:OQ ~. l* : j p.m.;&&nsH)* .I ..I ?XlQ a
/ ..
,
.,
u p9 *_ $3 :q
,*-a.
:,. : j ~,
55i%
: 60%
.. D
;c. .
.j' ..I' '
,.
)'--
-L-Q,
;-
--y--,_ i;
wor$:-at;~ut-masbn~hea; storage! When fhe entire interior of a spqce. is;\@ri$rudfed.,of. masonry, then.wal,ls ,canbe as thin is 3 to 4 inch&s . & Y _,: wittj$iFip$$jp~ flq,ctuatioris becoming extrepme. _(I ~,:.:jy. . \ ., .:. ._,, 7 a %. .. ,.,. I r iv ,/: \ ~h,~&~~~&$&~~ that -Jor.a spa& td ,remaii-comforta&e during the day, each ,I- *- a ,a #.., .* i ~.~~~~~~e~~~~pofdjce~~,sunlight mub be .diff&ed over d.t least 3 squaik feet of ma: :.. ,.7 . ) r ..-..son~~S:~~~~~~;~~~sonrytsn bC used to store h&r; tit even..thick. qsgnry cannot _ -:: ..,.,., * .,.:a. * \ _ absorb~~~~~siore-:eriough heat when qposed to dir&f sunli$t ph;&ghout the es $+.,. Y -day. Mojt tiasonry materials .transfer heat from their surface to their interior II) <*. . ,. \ at a .s,low rate,, If,,too m&r heat .is ,qppli$, the-s,urfac$ layer of the, material 1. Q: bw$.pes: ii&$mf0itably.hot, giving much. q! the heat to the air iri the space B ,:,, *,-. \ * : ~,. I -* \ , * I,_ ::--, . a .. .t .,,., ..: ,. . : ; > , , :(..: ,. D. 7 --.-;+LF_., 1.~. i. . :i::: I,, 1 2 $+;I~~ : q , . L . . : ~ ~, ,;:-,:.j : 4I -. :!:p:.. \. ._ i. , D ,.. t : ,:.: ; 7, :;: ~e-... f .. :: G, :!. I...i ..:,,. ,,zs: .* E ?:- .y ,,.,,:.,.:,.Ij ,,_.*, :. .._ ,- i:., 1 -.-, .) I ..I$ ;,-> ,;;. .r : ., _(. >- ; ~.c;. 2 1s I cl ! .i. ,,I:)>yq ,,.~-., : ,,i, .: ~.. : ..,-. ._ !s, b _I__ .; -. .. 1,3 :i: ~.:.:-j, ;.,, : .* il.= . I .>;:,,~&d?-..q,,: ./ ., .?,;,, : ._ ! .> . I3 a,,, :p : 3:.. i;,,if$ :
4* ~:, I, (,:.I.
NOTE: +Perct$tape ---__ . : . --.__ -_.
offsolar
radiation.+i.mitted ; .
into the sp&.
. ; . . . One .furth&
__.;-y----D ... .. ;. -L.. . .
, *
,. -
* 5 is: 4. d
..,.. .J;
I.
G,T .
:
I.
r /
i . , 0 \ * I\
8. * q, ; M&&iry I . :&eat stomie: I--. %, i ,-I ?: I) _.
.a, .,,. .,
. ,, I
\.\ _
D 0
. b 9.
: I-:,
1 % ; L This ana!ysif .was extended to qther latitudes,, weather, cohditions; - . .? fl.oor-creed ratios and space heaj lo+ez. qhinging these parameters li hff ect oqther&ults p*resented for Cases?,2 and 3. ., i *
-.-,
s->
rather than cdnducting it aw;ty from -the.surface lcle%rly ill&trated by Case 1. : c
for storage. This condition n
is D
glass-to- a_* $+d little dl *# .
I_ Comfiarist@ 0
L..!_ _
of hasonry
Makrjals-
&I ;hiee cases were analyzed for different &asohry; materials. These materials ti _ - ~~--+nct~&e coi-&te. (dense), brick (common), britik (ma:gpFsium additive) and ,:. ,; ,:adobe,. Thich have the physical properties Ksted in .table IV-II b, , ,. D . a i,! *q . 1. / d 1. 1 *.* z . 6 . 0. a ,,i .I g P .._/. * OTablt? IV-1 1 b. Thermal Storage k4a~erid Propertie;. 0 ._ *. Y 2
_ , . h
I,,!.
L .: I
... *
,, .F
Mdterial
Con$,divity
*. , * Btu hr/ft-F/fC
. .
(k) .,
Specific* neat (Cp) Btu/lb-F

!
Density, (p) Ib/ft
j :.
i n 5 I
/.&I .a
d 5
>
($n&etd
(dense)
- . i I.00 -*
* -
0.20 020 . 4
>
190.0 .30
..
, ( gy
~?ick~~i~omr;;bn) ,$
.Y. ,I. P
,).f$ ). :
3 :.. :
,,
&
. ..
, , ,., .y
%L
I$
_I> Brick (niagnesium additive)

4
& n .D . \ 5.
9
0.42
/
f.
120.0 Il .
.* !.
4c
_I
2.20
1 _~ i *? 0
. 0:20 .,d 0.24 m ,
120.0.
.
.f
>. \ By using*masQn.ry of,higher conductivity, air temperatur.6 flu&ugons in the, m _ spa& \r;ere minimized. Thismisthe result of 3. rapid transfer of heat iway , from . 9: ,. .P 0 . ..,.., ?- ~~ ~. the surface of a material to its interi.or, .where it -is -stored for use during q 1 . --\ ,( -. I. -&F evening. For the same ,quaniity 6f ,n-+sonry, the largest temfierat ;e. c ..Y $ . Iti.cttiatiSons ocdurred Mlhen ujing adobe which has The po&est condurti%ty; . 93 iF :. I./. -@d the%mallest ,I, were with brick, which has,-magne$um as an, addit+e to ,. ,_. 3. in,crease its con&Jcti@. After exten;ive,compute; analyses, table IV-W has p 0 . been prepared +s a guide to deterrfiine daily indoor iir temperature @luctuai -: , --.@ns for Case 1, 2 and 3?ype spacq, FludJuations for; each case are given for y * )I . ,. I - ) I: ,. ,, fou;eotimon,ly available materials. * 1,:. I. \ . e -I , . ,(A ... I i I, ; ;,::I., j <.G .6 . c i4i ._* ' c. - 0. f,i ,%'.a \ *, 3 8:; j ,' D .;'; .' _ ~__ .. !?~ \ .o. , :.I';,.,..' ,,,' " L" .,I i. 1.1~.; ,'I ./ L &$;,'-~ .,'I., _>', .;",;. ; ,;, ;' : c ,.y. : ;I.. ,7 \ .i
:. . e ,.j .-,. .i .-q.- ---_... _-. -.._
Ifi. ,i
Adobe 9
a _.
-9 1
OP3b .
l(-&po :,...a-; a f
._ 2 + . 15 : . ..~I i.
.I
+ . 0
-
. _., r, -
>a
.
: I
The Passive Solar Energy Boqk *.\. 2 - Table IV-llc Approximate Range of Indoor Temp&ature.(F) Fluctiiations for Case 1,2 $nd 3 Type Spaces
. l
/ i/
--
ThicknesS of Material (in)
c P% ,
. Material
: I , B&k (magtiesiumidditive) I Adobe (.. -. I (I
> _. R. .
Concrete (dense)
Brick . (common)
.\~
rl. 1 r >.-' i q
, .,
J .
*
Case 1 V 8.or more. Case2 8or more Case .3 . 4or more _ ,"
+
NOTES:
34O-46" 24"-31" j
-11"
45,"-60" 33"--400 -15"
30"110" 20"-26"
-96 \
'
5'0"%5 36"+5" -17"

a
6 i. .__I ikz., --\ .e - L e .1 u ._.,d .> . i
1. If add,itional -masonry is located in a space (but net in- qirect sunlight), temperature fluctuations wilkbe slightly less than those Indicated. fiuctuations disted are for winier-clear day. Ouring periods of cloudy weather,fluctuations will be considerably i less. 0 4 0 2. When ,using 9, olate between ?. &en (concrete) a combination of materials, IX.,, bnck walls and concrete iboT, intcrthe temperatures given. I IO using hollow, dense, concrete or. .c]iy blocks, fill the cores, with masonry to-in$rease the heat storage capacltyof the material. . materials tcstcd, .
.. .. l-e
4. Although adob>his..ttJe poorest conductivity of the !* material that is likely to, be%sed in greatest quantity. -._ . . Y., I
rt~s ,the one I
t . F4
:-.. a
InteriotJ Surface Colors
.._
.,, To diffuse &rect *sunlight over a wide interior surface area, use either trans-U , lucent glass or plastic, or Feflect direct sunlighi, transmitter&through clear glass, off a white-coIored_s.urface~first, scattering lit in all djrections over an entire space. Another method might be to usedseveraIqsmalI .windows that , admit direct sunlight in .patches. Masonry, swe*pt by patches of. sunlight; will not become too warm and will ?tore a greater portion of the.oenergy incident :; \ : on ,its surface. The followitig general rules can be applied to help yoy ,select - 6 .* interior surface colors and finishes for spaces of predom,inan$ymasonry ~ > construction : .. * -I B : 1, Select masonry floors of medium-dark colors. This qsures that_+ portion of the t$eat,w /-&m-rbeci and. stored in the floor, low in 0 the room, w.here-rt~- can provide for greater human comfort. I .i %2. Mason~y%$ls can t+ any color.. Sunlight reflected from light-colored ,* /; ,& i, I .& .
4 ..
0 -
,Al. Aiasonry Heit S!sr,age, k. :a ;.-. -\\. , ,b * .->. *. :3 .. . : 1. * 0. Q T-- --:t r ._ . . . _ -~ L, %. L. -. - -.- \-\ ,I w.ill. -event&ly b 3 .I L masonry walls @O b ,.30% solar absorption) ,. .. _ -... ( absorbed b)/ other masonry surfaces, in the space. nP, ir P,3. Make all lightweight construction, such as- wood frgme>rtitions j-.~,. ._ \ i\ (little,therial mass)., a light color so it refle&s sunljght to -the masonry - >; , I_ ._: wails or floor. Stihlight qtriking a dark-cotored material of little thermal . * . ..- fiakerial: Si.nce it has little capacity to store . .. I._. ,* 7 .-( ,: . . .+ < . El 0. . ;. - b : > -. . warm. . .,5. Dy, not ~cover a rnisobry floor with wall-to&all garpet. $p&---lm-~--.. I,: ; .. ! insulates the heat storaKT,+naSs from the room. Scatter or area rugs, . .. :. B coverjng a small ?rea of the fioor, make little difference. .. e o 0 ._5 .s . . 1 , .. .*.... ;#%J) .;:.n* ;.. , \. -> _,. . -. ,,, . 4 ; 2% s 8. : > i:3,9 .i \ .r -. *J . I. : . 4. ., &y ,- . ,_ -. n 25: ,;I I. b, I, . f,( , ,,: r --_ ;;; 1 .* ! !.,;:. . -::- .-. :.1: I,_ t ( . $A.(_,:,,I,. ,> ..7 .* ,:,,_ d-Y- 1, -... ,,,,,,, *A\ k-, . . cc .., 1 . !~. . I. SC {, .I .A . . ;; I_. ;.:: . x * , : b I
,. : :. I; -: .,--
\ r -
/I_,
1; ,I
. .
. A.
.3 3
II
4.
__
L,, 1, ; 1,,-,,, .,
_.
_- ..
1 \..
1 j,
ii .,), :: -,. ,,/,..
.
-. ...
;-
,,,. :, ., I; !,,, .?: . ,;:,a 70 _
. ,., .
.,q \. , . . 4, \ 2, .., a.
6,:: -_ : .,, ~,,iY;, -, p. I, ,,_, ., _ \ ,
.
. 4 \
f*.
*
) b
3 *.I.
L)
>
. P.
.,
Dkct
Gain System
:I 2. hite$oV Water.e JA/all. I,
,, .; ,,
,_ ,$ : t 0 0 c ,. ^ . 4 . -.
. II . , , . i I . 0 .
-._a
p r .I , . *
1.3 i--
. __-_-2,
*.
li
c . .
,. : ,
After sizing SOLAR WlNDOWS(9) and CLERESTORIES AND ~KYLIGl-Wl.P), a portion of jthe sunlight (tjkat) admitted into.each space can bk stored in a . water wall toi- u$seduring the evenin,g hours. 4 t
.~ I 0n . ._ : .-i-. s.3 =- - ~~*--s.,.--.~~..~__~-; L =._.i .. .._ ____ I .
. ,
. .
(I
- _-.
_.__._. _?%~.
_, .-.
4 I
, ..,.,,. ,.
The size .of a water wall *and .its s&ace color determine the temperature fluctuatiob; in a spa&&er the day. Solar windows are sized to admit enough .I & . sunlight to keep a spae .at an average temperature of 65 to 70F during most ,- of the winter. The volu wht$r in the space -arid surface .color of the: (r , * kontainer will influence temperature fluctuation above and belowthis average:* Thesize bf wall ,needed io m$ntain a coinfottable, . . . * , environment is directly related to the areasof the sola; windows. ':, i i-J :; ;, ".
.;
The Redommendatigm
1,i ,I 1
_; ,. :
11
1L c
i .- -:\, WhehLing a3 interior watkr .$v&J!LfyJ b& storage; locate it in the spa@:0 ,.that& ec@iYes direct sunlight ~be~&tiG:hburs of 1O:OO a.m. and, 2:t)0,4 ,,:.r.+, .:I: p.m! Make the surface of the container exposed .to diretit sunlight a dark t . :, colbr, 6f at le+st 60% solar absorptiona and use about one cubic foot (TV? . ,, I r gallons) of water for each one square foot pf solar window. S .: . :
l 1 y 1 a ,; . . * t a e c...
,..
.,
~----. ,
,a ,
.., -
I I -,
., :
. and water &II to colle$.arid stort?h+ flit cloudy d@%-CLOUDY DAY STOl?A,GE(22). Insulate th-@ext&ri~or face.qf the I wall wheli-*:ex ed to the outside+NSULATl0&l ON THE .OUTSIDE(26). ._ . , . I In dry climates r-, water wall cooled duririg?he*summer with cool night air will : , > \. , : L * -\. 1 piovide f&S.UhMER COOLING(27). t . -. 1,:* S.,. 0. ( > ,.&. , i _-_ - : m ~ ,. .: + t _ 14s :,;r: _- -Y : . 2 r : 8,.X ,_, * _-.:;,. .,Yc a>. . L-.--.-..-.. ,
_----
-. 1
Slightly oversize the solar wind?@
,i: . I .4_
-.
t : 61 . ,..-_.-~..._,_..,. I . * z 4 . * , -. . .. c I.. -
. dt
., .: . I
I.
s ;
,Mason$ ebntainers 1. rS)lector. J> a. =) , .; c -... _. .,,.1 , .= : ~146 i) ,j ,:/ 87 :: \ 1 >. ,.I I ,I . ii _ ,>.. I ,*>, .L ;
* ma? iced Sunligh< diffused over a ly-& xurface cat? abs&%, -Ii%% &Et%ely Even When.c ~ti a. .There are two reasohs;fok this.. .: I . * t ,f,, ..I .: b . D c , . . E s.,; , .. .. 0 . ,. ,,*; ..* .:., 1.
-arei$ 6ut water in -Q&ncentrated :by a _ ,r c , :y;-. a . * .* i
L .
, .\ t 1 b_
:..
*..
12. Interior *
Water
Wall
I First, water is a more efficient storage medium than masonry. A cub;cfest&k water will store 62.4 Btus fo[ each 1F temperature rise, while the same volume of concrete stores only 28 Btus for each 1F rise in tempbrature, Second, a water wall heats up uniformly, using all its mass for storage, while masonry passes heat slowly from its surface to its intqrior. When a darkcolored masonry wall is exposed to direct sunlight, the surface temperature rises rapidly while its interior remains:cool. Since masonry conducts heat slowly, only a small portion of the wall stores heat. It will take approximately 5 hours for heat .to pass through an 8-inch concrete wall. , ln contrast, a water wall transfers heat rapidly from the collecting surface to the entire volume of water. As sunlight heats the surface of the container, water in contact with the inside face is heated, becomes less dense, an& rises. This+novement of water produces a convection current which distributes the .heat throughout the container. By using all its mass for ,heat storage, the surface temperature of a water wall rises very sIGowly whep compared to a masonry 0 wall. ;*
:* .,
Fig. IV-12b:
H&tr&$&sfer in a concrete and water storage mass. . ! lib i I
147
-, . ::.,. . . ,
. 1
4i i
0, .- m \% 1
The.,vo$tme ofwater in direct sunlightis the major determinant of tempera. . ..?&. : . ,~ - _r;> +;;:::.. ture,ff$tuation in a space,over the day. To illustrate this, an interior water . * ,.-i T 1.. .c-q;... wall was a+lyzed by computer for different quantities of water (~$11 teick.c., . ,: 0 nr+ss) using jlnbary clear-day, solar radiatim and weather data far New York ,I_, * (3ty. ?+te th at spa.ce air tepperature fluctuations decrease as the volume of .I,, . the wail increases. The,space with 1 cubic fpot of wdter for &ach 1 square foot . _.. df glass -has a temperature fluctuation of .17F, while the same. space with, 1 +&gi ;.;, *. 3 xubicfeet of water for 1 square foot of glass fluctuates only 12F; *s y-F ,. . . ;>.: ,<,, .:. ,, ,. I ? . .4,-,. , 5, , )-;:I . ,_;/ ,.
.I
!.i : ; .i.. .Q $,I. . ;,; -:: F : y ,. ; .f
~ : . . .
lo1
,1
I 4 .5
. .._._.... .-,f , u 6 7 ,e
-2
3.
_ .-. fj;
D a :\: I ,
c-. I
! .
pD11P223'5'8~78omll12'
,.. I: ,) ,.I,.
;,;,, I -
c
k .:r
.
F :,
Fig; IV-12~:
Indoor teinptiraturesusing
various water tialls.
*> !I,; :.
I Note;:
;,,d ,,
Clear-dayPindoor air temperatures are tor a we!l-rnsuiaied. space .witti 0.25 square feet OFsouth$acinR ~lass*for each bnk- sauare foot .di.bliilding-floor.a~a~ie, a_2 &auare-fpot ~, space \h;otild =-__, __._h~v~[)~sslu~iefee~dPSbi_lMtfacin~-~~s~ ---.-.--I.-. i: ..-!F;7-------.iy:. - ; \y, , T \\ o ,, ..
^ -. ,
12. Interior
Water
Wall
This analysis was extended to different latitudes, weather conditions, sou,thfacing-glass-to-floor-area ratios and space heatlosses. Changing these parameters had little effect on .space temperature fluctuations in relation to, wall volume (thi?kness). Table IV-12a lists the approximate air temperature fluctuations that can be expected in a space with various quantities of water and south-facing glass. Whentthermal storage materials are concentrated in a small area, such as a watier wall in a wood frame building, it is important to absorb and store as much direct sunlight in the mass as possible. The greater the absorption of sunlight, the smaller the daily temperature fluctuation .in the space. Table 119V-12a also illustrates winter-clear day space temperature fluctuations for a water wall as a function of surface color. It is estimated that if the wall is-not exposed to direct sunlight, roughly 4 times the amount of Storage is needed. Q,> .
.Q . 1
Table . m
Solar Absorption (surface.color)
IV-l2a
Daily Space Air Temperature (F) Fluctuations Water Storage Wall Systems
Volume 3 of Water Wall for Each One Square Foot of South-Facing Class -9 1 cu ft 1.5cuft 2 cu ft
for
3 cu ft
)c
75% (dark color)

90%
NOiES:
(black)
97" 15"
-15" ?2"
-13"
10
II
-,2 9
* / P r
1. Temperature fluct:atiohs are for a winter-clear day with approximately 3 squake feet of exposed wall area,for each one square foot of glass. If less wall area is exposed / _I to the space, temperature fluctuations will be slightly htgher. If additional mass is - located in the space, such. as masonry walls and/or flooi, then fluctuations will be less than those listed. 2. Ass&r$?&75% 3. One cubic foot of the sunlight of water enteiing the space strikes the mass wall.
,-T ,
= 62.4
pounds
or 7.48
gallons.
,_
Testing the performanceof interior water walls using researskt&m at the University of Oregon concluded: As- expected the black though, was how well \ I 1 b i.
various ,
surface
colors,
surface performed best. What surprised us the blue and red p.ai+yted containers perP s . 149 _
. c P.
-~ .._
_ =-=-wm
The Passive Solar Energy Book .
cl
iii .. -~~
r I fdrrneb. Those people who prefer to know that the blue containers red 9%, than the black.*
12. IntLrioi r ras
Water Wall
blug or red to black will be glad were only 5/0 less efficient, and
..
1%
Photo IV-lib:
-;
Intkbriorwater~wall
heats adjacebt
spaces
(here and facinx page).
-;i - - -. :-. .._ --. nl .

1.
_-
,A /
4 .... 9
iJ
*Study performed
under Architecture,
*a,, :?g . ..* ,, aJ,.: s -;p

i
5 I_ .
, Dept. of
by Ran Rands and Randy, Shafer the direction of Assistant Professor
at the Edward Ma
c,
< * . * E se ;, i i .
\
.
4
1 - \ ih,do 6A,;; c.._, * 1

a I__
Iv-1 3i
L
13.
B _
Si&g[khe .II .
Wall
i -.
After locating the-major south-facing living spaces-LOCA-TION OF INDOOR SPACES(4)-and choosing the heating system for each space-CHOOSING THE SYSTEM(7)-this pattern describes the sizing procedure for a Thermal. Stbrqge &all System. . Tf _ i . I - ,
When a T~q&&,k~rage .lWalI sis properly sized, the temperature in a space f will remain comfdrtable throughout much of the wiriter without ally additional he&g source. However, if a thermal wall is Oversized, then more heat
in d space that is is transmitted through the wall than is ne.eded, resulting uncomfortably warm. Of cou,rse, heat will be vented from a ,&arm space to reduce interior temperatures. This also reduces the systems efficiency by , disposing of v$uable heat in winter. If a wall is undersized, then there is not I enough-heat transmitted through thewall, and supplementary heating will be needed in.the space. The correct size of a Thermal Storage Wall will change r as climate, latitude and space heatin&qe,quirements change. c .
.,.
The Recommenda!i I
L c
. * -
,
I
? \
t-temperatures 20 to 30F) use betwe& 0;43 In cold climates(average w acing, double-glazed, and 1.0 squaw feet of sout masonry lthermal storage ,water wall) for each one square foot of wall (o.3i and 0.~35 square feet ates (average winter temperatures 35 to . space floor area. In temperae .65F) use between 0.22 and 0.6 square feet of thermal wall (0.16 and 0.43 square feet for a water wall) for each one square foot of space floor area.
.?
.I
,.
. . . . &iJ@..-... \h a -.
ve
. I, ! . Detail fhe wall so it berforms effici-ently-WALL DETAILS(14): The area, of thermal wall needed to heat a space can be substantially reduced by using
e.
, -i .-. _
__-_._~-.-_ --
-.- -
-&
-173
. .__.~ -..*.c .e.---..- -
;* . . m *. h 0
-----,
~.
~~
-~-~-~
---<
/ w-X-~
. _, 1 . * _ --* . b 0 4% n 1 . c *. .J 0 I. I I . 6 . I+ AREA. I<. $ .. . L -. . , . . * ,s, . . :; . -_---..._ -..*
r.
<.
II J
exterior-l@FLECTORS(24).and/oi M?ZIVA,BLE INSULATION(23). In fact,ltheir use is strongiy+ecommer$led in cold northern climates. Remember that an urdder-8 sized thermal w~l~c& pecombined with other passive. systems to provide * . adequate sFac.e heating-COMBINING SYSTEMS(21). 5.. I . _
,, e e
i-----.-._._ .- The-Informatidn - ,_ -v .3 The size or surface

a . , .J I, factors: the size .uI* .C,imate
I ._ 1
% d I .
.*I
area .of a theimai, storage :wall..is depend&t upon lhree the local clitiate;/atitude a.n.d space heat loss. bch- factqr influen+ of a wall inithe followin&vay: . , , . rl; d 1 j I , , : deiermined by the difference The larger this difference, the in cold climates, more he;-lt or a space at i7OF. * . n a .+ i-L ,
/, The rate of heat loss fro; a space is largely, . i, ..l$&ween inddor and outdodr air temperatures. _A kiter the rate of buijdingheat lo&-Therefore, / ,I a larger thermai stoiage will is i-ieeded to keep ,A; - * , .-. .s
0 1 ,
Latitude , . . .+ .
* il 5
* 1
a I 8, *
^/A _ ,
Solai e.nergy i#dlent on a the winter changes-as the locatibn or latitude of !tie &ui,lding at 36NL (Tulsa, Oklahoma) G&h &square foot of theimal wall intercepts app;oGiiatiy 1,8@ Btus duriyea clear January dai, while at 48qNL (Seattle, Washin&on),pthe same w@! fej$ives only 1,537 Btus, A$ 2 general rule, a Thermal $t&rtige Wall a building is-located. System $.Il,l,i~?cr+ase jn size the farthernorth P _- I / : ?A. /
* a
:-
c L
* 4
. I
\ Y
d .._( s.
.c _.
.2
5.
13. Sizing the Wall
Space Heating
a
Requireme&
r.
-..f . .)
A well-insulated and tightly sealed space requires. less heat to keep it at a . s@kified temperature and, therefore, requires less wall. r ., , . _ In) 1976, a simple analytical computer model was developed to evaluate the behavior o.f thermal energy fbws in rnasocnry and water Thermal Storage Wall Sys.tems.* Each wall was analyzed using hourly solar -radiation and weather data as !n&t for different parameters of climate, latitude and space heating requirements. The.advantages of this computer model are, first, the model __ /ccan be used to pIedict the performance pf a passive heating system iii an?* g .y.$N- ._. without actually constructing numerous identical systems in each * 1 ,.__ location 9 kcatlon, and second, the results can be obtained in seconds rather than years. , .._
..____
The resultsof, numkrbus compute; simulations were used L developing, the following preliminary sizing procedure for a Thermal Storage Wall System
Sizing
*
the System
.__
:,--.: .__._
, c ; , . *; 3 t,. ., Ii
Our criterion for al well-designe&~&ermal storage wall is that it transmita enough thermal energy (heat), on-dnaverage sunny day in January, to supply a space with all its heating needs for.that day. This means that the energy transmitted through the wall .will be sufficient to maintain an average space tern._ 1 .I perature of 65 to 75F over the 24-hour period. .
L . ._
\ ,. i; .* fl, . *
* *.
3.
this criterion, we are atile to develop ratios for the amount of dbuble-glazed, south-facing (hernial storage walLneeded for eachsquare foot . 1 ofspace floor area. Table lVY13a lists ratios for different climates that >pdy to a well-insulated residem.t Notice that in vev cold climates (average Jam&y, temperatures 15 to 20F) the area of thermal wall needed to heat a space is-, , very large. In these areas use night insulati,on and/or reflectors to reduce the : I size of the system. I . . , New Mexico, at35NL, with anaveragefanuary 2 Forexample, in Albuquerque, temperature of 35.aF, a welj-insulated space will need approximately 0.4 square feet of double-glazed; masonry thermal storage wali for each one _.__.. -- 4 Y I
\
By establishing
* i /. \_ \_ .I ,\ L_
:
7 _ I
*Mazria, i
Baker, I
and. OWessling,
Prkddicting
the
Pe$ormance 1.
of Passive
Solar -
Heated * .
Buildings.
1.
.I1.
p. > II L.4 - . I : (. ,.< , . * * * .
._
155
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IS
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The-Passive
Solar 4 E;rerfi
Bdok. r
. *
L. -_-. . *
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,-
lll.l l,i.,,, ..?. -
., -
: = :
_*. Ed ..az4 4 2 . -
r?
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-~-
--
.----
------.-_.---.-.-.-
* * z ;:
.
- .
13. Sizing the W$l > Percentage of Solar Hefting for 16 Various Climates I*
Solar Heating*7 (Btu/ft,l) Percentage of ?$olar Heating L. .; 99.9
__. i
%. -\ Q
Table 0
LV-13b Annual \ I
location 0 -
. Q i;
Heating Degree Days
Latitude
Fos hgele;i, Calif. __ 1,700 * 34.0. 53,700 B 2,467 Ft. Worth;T*irex. 38,200 + 32.8 0. Fresno, Calif. 1 s 3618 43,200 - _2,622. _i Nasnvrlle; lep, V 3,805 a6.1 ?9,500 a 'I Al bug.uer??ue, N. Mex. D 4,253 35.0 * 63,600 ,,Dddge C@y, Kay. 5,199 58,900 37.8 . Wash. 5,204 47.5 . ~42,400 /Y -..Seattle, ___,' _._.-New York, N.Y. 5,254 ' 40.6 48,000 hedfdrd,Oreg, .,I 42.3. 47,400- . 5,275 Boulder, Cola,,,, 5,671 40.0 " 62,5ti B Lincoln, N9.r: I 5,995, 40.8 53,500 P L. Madiscq4&is. ?* .-4_3,0m 7,838 443~ . " ,BistiT&ck N. Dak. . 8,238 .-46.8 53,900 ,i4 \ . Ottaiira, banada 45.3% 8,838. 37,900 . -Denmark . 6,843 ~43,bO 56.0" ----_ _ '3.,287 ----rrrkpls,ulqino p 56,300 34.6 .- _.
>,.\ ,_/ ,I . *.,..., ,, 1.
2 _ , :d, _., _ 1 .;
'80.8 .,~$3 65.2

84.1.
'c * . ', ~
-71.8 r52.2 -60.2 56.1 70.0.

9!59,1
?. *
j.4. ,
(
I
49.6 ' C46\4

31.9*
,,
-* 2
. .--. 2 ,
43,tj '85.8
NOTE: ,*The- values in the solar heating column. ire the net energy flow through ihe inner face ? ~ of the wall into the building: / ,~ * . I SOUR&: 1; D. fjalcomb, I. C.-kkdstrom, and R. 0. McFarland; P&ive Solar Heating Evai& < *ated, Soiqr Ag+, Aijiust 177, pp. 26-23. 9
. P
Thdmal
Storage Wall System n
Ik. iI
Wall, Details~
, ii
-14a
iE : , ,
I t:
_*
=1, . . .
: 8
. 14. Wall Details 7

-Once a rough WALL(13)--this efficiently, 6 1 , e * Y
sr
1 0
size .for a thermal storage wall is detmm(ned--SIZ\Nk;xTHE. pattern helps ,to detai,l ,the wall so the system performs I cy%+! II c
.P
Wall System is largely determined by the The, efficiency of i Thermal Storage walls thickness, material and surface color. A space M/III overheat ii more energy is transmitted through a ttfcrmal wall .than. is necdcd. This happen-s when a wall is either too large in surface area, or ioo thin. If a wall is too thick br painted the wrong color, it becomes inefficient as a heating source since little energy is transmitted through it. For each type of walI material there is. an optimum thickness. * :
,, ,
The Recommendation + D
,I
,.,..: ....-_..~~e!ollo~g_table..ara.guide:for-selecting-a-~~l.
Material .
. Recommended
thickness:
Thickness (in) _
.-_.._ .
b .A.,) -..__..
aL
69
Adobe Brick (cornmop) Concrete (dense1 Water, -
-. 0 a
a12 l&14 12-18 6ormore
$ \ -., 8. f
,_____ -. F -_ 3
. Make the outside face of the wall a dark color. Irj cold climates.add thermo- cir,qulation vents, ,c$ roughly equal size; at the top and< bottom of a masonry . Make the total area of each row i wall to increase. the systems perfarmance. of vents equal to approximately one square foot for each 100 square feet of j wall area: Prevent reverse air flow at tiight by placing an pper-able panel ,(damper); hinged at the. t.op, over the inside face of the upper vents. 1, ( ~. ?A . * .. L) .159.a 0 .
.-.,., ,-y .
Y
I ,f
i The Passive Solar Energy Booi ..: 1,

.
HASONRY
WLL
2 Fig. IV-14a
* N
0
i i
G > I ,
. ... _
l 2 L . ,
160
- : 1
. _
14. Wall
details
Placing MOVABLE INSULATlOl(J(23)~ over the glazing at night increases the systems perfoqnance; ~If possible; design the movable insulation to be used as REFLECTOPS(24) And/or SHADING DEVICES(25). Wading the wall in sum6 mer arid eqly fall will-prevent the space from overheating.
* i , ? . , I *
-.
,
/: v = , .
.-.
Thei lnfqrrktion
. a
; 0 a
In $zink.the systeq,r the, area of ,wall needed for each space has been es&blist-ied. The details d;f thewall, its thickn*ess, surface color avd the addition of thermdcircu/&io.n venti and tepperature control devices,, determine the efficiency,of the system and its.abiIity to provide thermal coinfort in winter. To help $0~ niake the best possible choice of wall details, each variable is discussed at length. * . .. * * r*
3 . .,. w
c I
Wall Tkkness 4
t b
c
1
ihe optimuti. thicknesi 06 a thermal storage wall (based on annual- performance) is dependent on the cbnductivity of the material used to construct , ! the wall. The effect of conductivity for various galI thicknesses is shown in B 0 9
- <
. ._
I -~--._ ~__+~J-~ (FT)
i_.-
_ - ----
,\Lb.
._-,.
r
+
--
I Fig. IV-14b:&early performa& of a thermal storage wallforvarious 0 thicknesses and thermal cqnductivi ti,es.
D 8.
*_
-k I
-.m 4 .z$g-
-\ ,
1 8: .
..)
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:, *
*. _c
,: ,., 1 ,I_ . ~, - ,_ , ,, : .i ,,,,
0 /L *
-,
I . I 1.
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. a,.
, .
0 ,:
16-l ? .
* .:. ~
\ . _,
,_ --;. .. . . -------I. .
,-,: j i :. __
i i \
:
,,.
-. 0 :. .
The PWve
Sblar Energy Book
b iesults, according to our an,alysis, aru _ . . *
_- ,. I.,._ .._....-.-...i c , : .I
: ,Alamosf.New +?xi&&$-thefollowing * similar fpr all locations. m.
II.
_ ,... 1. I.-.-, :. -a. , ,I ,, - , . & y:r 2 -de F e
. 1. The optimbm thickness of a mi+.pnry @l/ Increases & the thermal conducCiyity of.he &/I increases. Acw%lI ma!& of a highly conductivq material transfers heat rapidly,from its collecting surface to itginside face aEd, there; fore, niist -be* thicker to avoid pr.oviding too much heat atthe wrong time. A . f wall. of low.conductivity traqfers heat sl&&y so it should be made. thinner to. I U Adobe is a gobd illustration for the abplitrqnsmit en b ugh heat into cat&n of this. principle. Most eople, because of9 traditional construction practices, will make--&n adobe thermal wali very thick, say 2 feet. Adobe, hbwevei, .compa@ to other masonry materials, has a low conductivity (see table l.V-41 b)..A 2Afoot-thick adobe,watl isroughLy~40% less efficient than a IO-inch-. .. thitikadobe wall.
: .
I- i. < h
. I -_
-2. The e#jc~ency of the wall increases as the..conpuctivity of the wa/l,jnc;eases. The grtiate4-the conductivity, the more ,heat is transferred through the wall. s ; As the c$ductivity increases, the optimum! wall, thickness increases. The thickec<&a!l abzorbs and/stores more heat, at th6 e;nd of the day (sunset), for ; ,,,I j, , . ?i ,,y , _:0 usF,athight. 3 . I f: ,. ;t. i : . .I \ \ , .!. .$. for mason-ry materials there is d range of optimum t&knesses. For example,, 2-c \f ,i h. :::9 / & concrete wall has roughly tl?e. same efficikncy wheth& it is i2 or 18 inches___ p. .3 _ $~** ,t,;, ,.II L .r,;, .-I+ * in thickness. _ - . I *
. . I ., . *...
_ ; .
.1
.a-.. 7. :
Y .
., .
~Tabl&I!I=--&~lis& ~ermal+3nt$ucti~nti recommended th,ickne& &or -Y ,a- ,) _~ ~e-m<m, .fiie f$&^;;lo R 1 used wdl materials: ihe choice of wall thickness, wi~thin the y :,:I ) : * /in : ; i ;angeig&en fdr &h material, ,will determine the tern erature flu&uation ,$B ,i 31,. ._c c , thye spacl-over tl$da.. :_ a : :. I4 ;.~I. _,I I . :$ _~ :,: - . :_ .!. ?o understand tfle imbact of wall.tficktiess on indoor air temperature fluctl- . ,. .L., .~ ,td look at computer.sirhulatioqs. for -both sou,th-facing, _-, \ .1 . i , arrd water thermal storage ,walls. For example, in . +n,g Jan,Fa-ty j$ar-day s?lar radiation atid ,_ .B that would- ,ycur in a. well-insulated ,, ,! ., ,.! ,, sp& with 0.5 square feet bf thermal &Ii for each. one square foot ofbuilding 0 I 5n * a . . . I a
,, I_
bl, :. .; , ,I.(, ,
_ ,, : ( .;
I@-
;,
.-
!-
., t ., --I ,D .., _ Ip 1.
I I /
t.
.: . ; --- ..~, . 1. ,,, i . 0
1Q filoor+Oarea(i.e., a 2O&squar&oot s&e would have lOO.square f&et of thermal i wall) are represented in figure-IV-14~. c c I, I,. / 1 I c 1 -L* . Table IV-14i@fect of Wall Thickness on Space Air Tempelature Fluctuatioirs -.
. . Mater&l I .Thermal Condtictivity (Btu/hr-ft- F) Recomnihnded Thickness (in) _
5 u a * , -
_ .
14. Wall -
Details
: .
.,*
... =,
hj
if Approximate Indoor Tempgaturg p~)~,. ~~_~ Fluctuation as a Function of WJll Thickness ! -\. .4 8
'12 16' 20 i4
- in
=in
in
in
:in
in
I.
Adobe
Brick (conimop) i I 9 .;. _ II Concrete (dense) Brick (magnesium additive) Water3
. .
0.30 0.42
1.00 I 2.20 ....
..
_;
8-12 10-14, 12-78.16-24 *
a.. .:. ... .:
18 24 28 35 iSn
7 7 11 7 16 IO 24 17 13 ilo
8 ... 6
12
... ... 5
9". t
S), : _ ?, :
:__._.--,. j
.
, .
_
96 or more 31
10
in the btiess
,,9
space, ~
than .-o I
(I
NOTES:
i.. Assumes a dquble-glazed thermal wall.. If additional z~h-a~+t~asomy~~lli and/or floors, ihen tempeiature
.thoseIistedlValues
given are for win!er-clear
c@.
mass is located fluctuations-will .
2.Magnes/~m is comfnoply used asan addi&e to brick to darken its color. It alsd ___..-.--- -_-. !. ; .,. . + -2 . greatly increases.the thermal conductivity of th: materiil. i___.-., i. : a. 7*.*-.,..~...... . 3.~WheTusing water in tubes, cylindqrs or oth&r &pes of circular cohtainers, tise ._,-. ..,. I at least a 91/q-inch-diameter contajner or l/2 cQbic foot (31.1 lb or 3.~4 gal) of water -. s -1 -- ~-~~ m-m ~~~ :, ) for each one square foot of&i& -___ -..--ym ~ __ _ ~-~ i*r - ~-~~ -s--y -.-,_. _ t -A-; 1. , : , >, y .P . . 7s ct ,d.-. I .-1 1 : ! .Note that indoor temperaturdfluctuationi over the day are notiteably different
nt 1 0
, -
:I 2 , .
\_,_ l !. ;- , .. .,I_ ,, _ 2 ,; I ; _,. .,,.+s-,(,. : _I j ,~>~i,,,~ _, -:
for each,wafl thickneis.*?#$e space with Bn S-i&& concreie. wa/Lhas a temperature fju&ation df 28Q+vhilethe same space with a XI-inch c&c& ~a// a.$F fluctuatidfi. Aspace with a ?2-inch water wall (1 cu ft) fluctuates has. on! 73F, J hile tbe same.3pace with an 78+-t& water wall (1.5 cu ft)L fluctuates I only 70%~ Our %nal.ybs show@ that differ&t latittides, weather conditions, v 4. wall-to-filoor+rea ratios and space heat. losses.had oply a slight effect.on in- _ . a. dotir teibpeiatuce,,,f,lu+ations. As a general tile the greater.the wall thickness .I T ,, I ii* thelem+Cindcpp&&tperatur~ fluc&tions. ;, ,, jY . -, . ..; ., ,a. .-\ , . : ~ . .: . , . I. . i ,/ I ,,, . --. /! 163 * ,! I : ,. ~I y . < . ._ ,j&-,.>, 6
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14. Wall Details
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Photo IV-14b:
Interio%yeat,ment
of thermal storage walls.
j_ 165
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The Ppsive .
Solar .Eriergy Book.
*s, .
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5 A final point. Wall th,ickness can%be,used to predict the time of day a space will - reach its maximum and minimum. temperatures. in general, thwhicker the * . wall, the later the maximum space temperature, Figure l-6 in Appendix 1 _ graphs daily maximum and minimum temperatures for various wall materials * * o - -.._ -Xnd--thicknesses. ,/, ? .
4
b
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Thermocircu&ion 3. . -.
bents
(Trohbkd)
:J
-7
\ , ,* ,I ,L-?.
on a sunny winter c&y the tempeiature of. thkair in th& space betwqen. the j . masonry wa!Iand glazing is ve.ry warm (*140F): Locati,ng ppenings (vents).at-. 2 the top. q.d bottam,pf the wall induces the natural (passive) cit%ulat& of this. warmedgir mto thebuildiing. As warm air rises in the air space, it enters the hJ room,th-Sough openings~at the top. of the wall while simultaneously drawing coql;air.-from the rr)om,through openingi in thebottom of the wall: The nat: . i uidl conrect,ion,of heated air c:ontinues effectively for 2 to 3 hours aft& sunset ... ~&vhen the wal.~~uqt%ace$ecomes ioo~coql*toinduce a warm aikflow.. ., , 2 .~
l ., . :i! : .-I . . .T I, : . . . . 3% .,. ,
-~*
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. i -. +----;-;
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At night th.e a.ir in the space between the wall and gl&ng*c$ols.,As & cools it air enters, the spa&; thfough the ./ becomes. heavier (dense). and. settles. Thi&&ol open vents in the bottomr:<. * . o&the wall whiie, simultaneously d@wing ti:med room aii through the openings in- the top of the wall: ,To preveijt$ev,e&-aii-. . i flow at night, attach an operable panel or dampero&r ttieins~de..fke. of the upper vents (see fig. IV;14d),. I . -~. i * * ~ . .---- --. 1L. el L 1 . The impact of.climate 1. I -bp---~-L- _-- 166 ( :.
,, : I) ,I,. j ,.i: f .G. .. _.
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is given in table Id-14b..Th,ree,
walls were studie& for each
.,. I,. .
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thermocirculation vents. * 2, Trombe -wall-Thermocirc$ation vents with airfloy .. time only. Reverse thermocirculation _. 9 b curs at night is prohibited. . A 3. Trombe
-No
duiing the *day: n thapnoimally oc* * .: ;
_ S. I ,)
s* ._ .i
>. .-
walIYThermacircuiation vknts with no, .reverse contrdl.Airflow occurs at night. .. o . e -t

h .
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ile IV-14b Annual

8 .,: ..\ .
R&Its for .an l&inch L
,ConcrkteBThemal
Percer+ge
0 TW
Stor&e
,.
) D
Cty ?
I
SW
Annual
of Solar Healing
.G
WalC 1 . : ,, ;*
) ; ; ,_ tW(A)
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-Santa Maria, Calif. . Dodge City, Kans. Bi$ma.trck,N. Dak: ,~ b Boston, Mass. Albwuerque., N. Mex. a , Fresno, Calif. Mad,isom, Wis. . ,Nashville, Term. . Medford, Oreg. ,/
7 p98.0. 69.1
.-
,$ .. 1 97.9 *, 97.3
.4 ..7 .
c 41.3 ,
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. 60.7
a
NOTES: 1, Eklding
, loid
53.3 p
ft.1
-71.8 46.4 ' 56.8 $4.1 ' 83:3 41.6. 65.2 56.1
62.8 31.1 I? e 'I 44.9 . 81.1 78.6 m i4;7 54.1 42.2 c

z . \.-
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= Of5 BtulhrsF-sq
v , ~_ s,olJ _ d
2. SW: TW: TW(A):
Solid wall (no vents) Trombkwall (no reverse vent flow) . Trombe wall with ventsopen at all times (&verse
~__. flow at night)!-
_-.
.- --
D. Balcomb, 1. C. Hedstrom, and R. D. McFarland, Passive Solar Heating ofBui/dings * (Los alamos, N. Mex.; Los Aiamos SciGntific Laboratpy, 1977). .-
..
B s,* I c. ., i ... _, : ; *.
. *o #
. . i
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a *masonry wall -in mild climates, comfortabieand

163
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The Passive Solar Energy
Book
Photo IV-14~:
?hermocircu!ation . e
vents in a masonry wall.
vents without reverse heating is usually nit needed Jt that time. Providing flow control reduced the efficiency of the:wall inall locations. In most cases, the addition of vents with thermostatic control results in little increase in annual performance. Vents shou!d be equally spaced along the top .and bottorn-c&the wall. .._-.-. i,
Space Temperature.
Contrkl
(such as curtains, sliding If a space becomes too w.arm, movable insulation panels)-pIaced over the inkide face of a thermal wall turns off the -heating system: This is a very simple and effective way to control indoor temperatures. The system can be adjusted by covering all, part or none of the wall. Ventilation is another method of indoor- temperature control, though somewhat less effi,cient. By opening windows or activating an exhaust fan, warm air can be removed from the space. q 168
I+
14. Wali Details

jl (, Q . C L . i * Z . 0
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Trombedl --.-----~ ~r.--
I* ._ , ,
b
with thermbcirculation -_ --. ?.A.
vents.
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Solar Energy Book ^
!moi,>! !
a j .
.-,;A Masonr;
Wall
VerSui a Water
Wall
I,
Y 1 <a-
.For the same size Rail and h&t storage capacity, a water &,]I is on/y slightly more efficient than,a rn,asonrywall. A water wall has the ability-to,absorb heat-, quickly enough to k&q its surface temperature relatively cool di;ing the daytime, while a ma.$&,~walt, which ciransfers heat to its interior slowly, can rea?h surface temperatures df 13OF, on sunny days. High surface temperatures reduce the walls efficiency due to increased heat loss through the glass, to the outside. however, at night the0 situation is reversed arid a water wall mai.ntains the hij$e; surface temperature and jthus has a greater heat loss. -. J
.J -.~-<,.
.
. I
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Jig. IV-/l 4e:
Heat transfer through .A:
a cqpqrete and<-Gater : J !
wall. / /
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While a water wall is3 slightly more efficientThan a masonry Fall, .containing the water in$-r aesthetically pleasing ,way so that it is acceptable to a large consu-met: &arket is a hajot- design cohsideration. .Tb date;most applications of water wallsShave been either stacked %-gallon drums or freestanding metar and-plastic cylinders. These clearly have limited appeal. With the manufacture of a. va-rietyof wall containers, public acceptance and utilization of water walls . \ should insrease.
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greenhouse
!!jyst&n
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Photo IV-15a
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3 7
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:.I 5. Sizing.the:Greenhouse
~__ --
* I
A building located in the nofthern portion of a sunny area--BUILDING LOCATION(l)-insures.@hat any additions or projections along its so&h ,Awa41-BUlLDl,N~SHAPE-AND ORIENTATION(2)-will receive direct,.sunIight. I r __-~-Thenr~r~greenhouse, an efficient and econo-mic -way to produce food, wfli,. _m_----- ~_I-. supply heat to a bui.ldin,g v&ten attached to its south side-CliOQSJNG THE c,SYSTE$4(7). This pattern helps size the area of greenhouse glazihg riecessary , a for collecting enough solar energy to supply heat for both the greenhouse and . .I -the building. * ~ . II I . ; r.
I. 1
:. /
The con$i6at& nature of thermal energy flows between ,a; attached greenA ,7- house an& building makes it dif&ult to accurately size a greenhouse and to n predict its perfo&ance as a heatinasystem. Wh& properly sized, the attached 1 greenhouse not only heats Itself but heals the spaces adjacent to it. However, the quan@~f heating pro@kd depends upon many vaiiables such as lati0 . ,+tude,*clima$e, therm$$orage mass,.,trzgd size atid insulating properties of the : c the greenhouse and $pbcegbei.ng hBat:d. i H d + .a *
*_ 1-P * ,
The RecmAmdation
I
.* *
x
,
Extend the gieenhbuse al&g th6 $outh ,wall of % the buildin$.adj.uln~ng the - : : *spaces you want to heat. 16 &Id climates;,uG between 0~65 $,kd l.Ssqclare feet foreach one square fodt of (adjause O.33 to 0.9 squate feet of ing floor area. This area of glazing will,?& day to keep both the greenhouse and of 60 to 70F. B
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Solar Energy, Book
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Locate enough therma.l mass in the greenhouse so that it absorbs direct sunlight and dampens interior temperature fluctuations: Construct the mass wall betkeen the*greenhouse arad buil-ding,so that it alloys;for the efficient transfer r*EE~-coI;INFeTION(1,6).7 .-~ :of_ heat bet-the t~Go%pac$!sT : ,, y ;. .;f r . _ ,, q J1 I If41.: @ Q(,:-
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5 ;A$ .. .*; ._ * .. m ,#.ln m&t cfimatesk well-constructed attached solar greenhouse collects mofe P+-rergy on a jl&ar winter day than it nee&foi heating. For ex%nple, a green: , house lbcatedk;n r\?ew York City needs about 720 Btus of thermal, energy for I \ &c-h square foot of greenhouJe gjass (double-glazed) to keep it at an average I . .2 temperature of 650 F .over theday, However, the daily solar gain. through e_a_c_h_ -.__. square foot of dowbleglassis apRroxi.mately 1,420 Btus, or inea& 6 the . . *. a I quant;ty of 4ieat needed by&e greenhouse. i 1 &, .! , i .A 9,portione of this extra energy .can be conducteij through the common walj 7 between the greenhouseand the building. In this way, an attach,ed.g&~%oti?,e ~.V> 0
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15. Sizing
the Greenhouse -i
*c r
to the space(s) ._ I. . r) I ierm;l relationship between a greenhouse and a building, actual - interior and ,exterior condtiions were modeled -by computer.,From simulations,? 1 U#ig variousclimatic c;andifions ,a$ greenhous&building configurations, rules !( I. bf ?humb for sizi an at$ahed greenhouse were developed. Since a, green;; 0 mostly glass, the quantity of heat iollected over.the the quantity a?d orientation of the glass. Table IV-Isa ..g., 6. 1. Iists-th$area of south-facing greenhouse glassneeded to adequately heat one 4 . . sguare foot ofPpdjoining building floor areaduring a winter-clear day. That is, ) a 1 : ^ enoeh heat will be collected by the greenhouse to kee,p it and the adjoining ~ j glass areas space at an avera$e temperature of .65 1to 70F. Apprwimate (double-glazed) for cold and temperate clitiates are given for greenhI%+ .\ d buil,ding combinatipns incorporating either a comma-;! masonry or water storY age ,wall betweeh the spaces. , . ?dd -,A :: a>. I . J .z 1 e ( > -., 4 ..F . ,i\ , I Table IV-15a Sizing the Atta&ed Greenhcyse for Diffckent ClimaticConditions . = i .) -~- ~~ ~~~ ? ~~--- JvGa@ Wiritet I. , .
-I _ *-. I > ;) ,> * :. : Outdoor Tempehture (degree-days/me.) 1 c . (Fl :B J * ; --- \. 0 I , Square Fekt of Creenhouie Glass Needed for Each One Square Foot Of Floor Area Mason& Wall &
T has thspotential
to supply
a substantial
amount
of heat
d a.
pI: L
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@Id Climates
20" 26" 30: '(1,350) (1,200) (1,050~"
L
* ' "( .
*
0.9h-1:5 0,78-1.3 0.65M7~' -
? I
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I 1"
0.6a11.27' 0.57-1.05 ), 0.47-0.8
-"t
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1, ,..r
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, -T_emperate Climates
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.
,
.
0.53-0#0' 0.42-k& 0.33-0.53 *
. \ . .!
*' * * 0.38-Q.6si ~0:~010;5f .:' 0.24-0.38 :.: ". '
usually :, the
0 .1
35" 40" 45",
(ho), * (75@ (600)
"' . .
t ,I *
I
'
NC~TES: 1. Temperatures ad coldest months.
{degree-days I
are list,ed for December
and- January,
,.
5 * .* D
2. Within each .range chodke a, ratio akordihg to i.e., 35&1,, use,ptJ-le lower glass-to-floor-area ratios; use, the Higher ralios. For a poorly insulatedgrkenhouse:or
more glass,
0
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The Passive Solir
Energy Book
r IP
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Photo
IV-l!&:
Ait;lched grmnhousc bullding---beiore----and
extends after.
along .
thr wuth
\V,III
d the
1 :i .
15. Sizing the Greenhouse
For example, in NewsGork City (40Ni, average January temperature 35F), an 3 attached greenhous,e with a common masonry wall Lvill need about 1.2 square feet of greenhouse glazing for each square foot ot adjoining building floor area (i.e., a 200-square-foot space needs an attached greenhouse with 240 square feek of south;facing glass). When using a thermal wall for heat storage and transfer, attach the greenhouse so it extends along the southwall of a building exposing a large surface area of thermal wall to direct sunlight. A greenhouse elongated along the, easL-west axis is \he most efficierg! shape for solar collection-BUILDING S$APE +AND CiRIENTATION(2). * Whenever possible recess the greenhouse into/the. building so that the east and w,est walls are also common partitions. This not only reduces grccnhousc heat l&s t7_ut iTcreases the amount of heat transierrkd+o the adjacent spay+?:. *./
D ~ * ..-~.
--. ,_
Photo iv-15c: r: d
Building surrouhds th&reenhou2e exterior surface area., 4:
to reduce the exposed 1: * 177
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Book
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An attached greenhouse with less than the recommended glass area works h eat collected through each square with the same efficiency. The amount of foot of glass remains the same, only with ie& glass, less heat is collected, The the potential contribution of solar area of greenhouse glazi:ng will determi(e he year-i I; heat supplied to t)e building &e When a greenh,ouse is attached to the .southwall of a wood frame building (i.e., as in a retrofit), heBt.iX supplied tv the building mostly during the darng. On a clear winter day, because high temperatures are time and early eenhouse, heat is conducteds?through the common wall generated in t le wall, though, has li;tle thermal mass and stores only a , into the buildin :1 ,i ,
L
3, d: L?
Photo IV-15d: .
greenhouse 1 >
addition.
ij
15.. Sizing
/A4.
the Greenhduse
,I.., .
.?.
\ .
small poifion of this heat. At night, as outdoor anal greenhouse drop, the frame wall cools very quickly adding little heat to space. LFthough the common frame wall is not a heat source __~ not a heat loss erther because amngtF% greenhouse to the tects the wall. ,
temperatures the adjoining at night, it is building pro-
.~ ______ :
I ) 1.) i/ . . --._ i
I .
When the primary func$on of -the greenhouse is to heat the building,-taki heat from the greenhouse by mechanical means and storing it for use in,-t .building ,wjll increase the efficiency of the system.. This approach works best .wh& the greenhouse is allowed to drop in temperature to about 40 to 45F -. at night. While this system is feasible in temperate and. cool climates, in very -cold climates most of the heat collected .by ttie greenhouse is needed to keep ( it from freezing at night.
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. Photo IV46a *
4 . e
16. .Greetihouse Conned&i 1 I_ Q

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This pattern completes SIZING THE GREENHOUSE by specifying the details necessary for a propelj- connection between the greenhouse and- the in -1 -, building.
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. The detailing of the thermal f tonnection .between rihe attached greenhouse and the building will determine theeffectiveness of the greenhouse as a heat _ ~; ing source. For systerps that rely on heat transfer through the common., wall between the gi-eenhousE.and adjacent space(s), the efficiency of the system is ~ largely determrn&d by the surface-8rea of the wall, its. thickness, material an.d \ **, .-- -. * surface color. ,, - . . _ _a . Recomn&jati($
*
- -1
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_
.
. .
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When t,he principal kethod df heat transfer between the greenhoye atyd build.ing is a thermal wall, use the following table as a guide for selecting a wall thickness: . Q. (
* * . I ,
.
,
Material + PI .
Recpkmended
* ,
Thickness y_
(in) 0
0 + , ,% , !I ; i.L J i ,\ ~ _ l(;
. 4
r\
8-12 .. Jdobe ) I ,.;GP n 1,. !.\:. Brick (common). lo-34 , o_ Concrete (dense). I\ Water . . ..___,R u. .-. ake the surface of the,wall a medfum &ark color-and becareful not to . u_ direct sunlight from; reaching it. -$I cool and cold climates,Jocate small ~~ operable windows in the wall to, allow heat from the greenhouse or ~~ i 8p 0 directiy.into the buil($q durin$he daytime. I _ I . -i n .
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Provide exteridir operable,vents and shading ,devices to prevent x heal buildup e ,I<,,; In the greenhouse durin;.the summer-GREENHOUSE DETAILS(2O)dd. add M$lyABLE iNSUL+sTION(23) and REFLECTO.RS(24) to make the greenhouse more ejYecNve AS a heating sokrce-.. II 1 : -.. __ _.- ,. -: ..I -=I
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the greknhouk% td,:the acommon mnsonry, or w:,ter thermai~*wall between 0 ,* b . 4 1 . I. 1 -. .**? 0 . ; .: 0 I: ;\ .*. .I_. . : = 1 1,
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16. G,reen house fCokection . 0 * a . th;! spaces) or an active rock storage system with pakive. h.eat distribution. The active.system is inentioned here only becake.it.ij so f.requently used. , _ ~~---~-v~~~~~_.~.-~3 5 ._._ _ _ ___ _ ,I * ,
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When a common masonry walljs the method of heat storage tn.cl taransfer , a~ *between spa&s, daily tern-peratures io he greenhduse will fluctuate V4Oo to,, 90F on a clea-iwinIer day: because the masonry -alone cannot _ c ,, . absorb and store enough the greknh-ouse shou?ld gontain additional&thermal-(wate~;~-co~tin~~) to -help datipen fluct$atibns , IGREENHOUSE. pETAILS(20). d . s. /12 . :j _ I 1 _~~. ~. - II _ .
ey are so
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ace fqr adequatg heat absorption e 1 (I
and transfer.
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. ,greenhous,e by. a fan is stored.-in, a rqck bed usual& Ideated .in the crawl sp&e under the floor of, the buildin .. The idvantage of this &tern &+ha--l------i. tile gl;e&hoyse can be. constructed .u +ny material and need not contain a-$ 1s. rmtil s&all, This* is Simpo$ant w&n .a strong visual conn&tipn (large i i J t :
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-&.I.6 Greenhouse-,Cinnection z. ~ , ,..-*:-. L - aI a- ,, -2 :. 1 .,t _., -- y>g il the buildin and gyeenhoupe is desirable. -In this case, .the n 2 ,,<_,.---: A@I@&Q be&een --.._~~~~~-::-~~~~~~i~~~~,o~e wiil Fe&v; enough heat back. from the b-b*iIding at night (througti 2: -1 ,- .,_. keep it at a .tgmperature roughli/, midway =$#G$-timqn wall and.. g .-I -- bet&&n mperaturc?. In this case it is important -to 1, inddor and out I ~~~&d&&-&& windo cqr to. ac+e that during peri@ of exkefftdy can r&eiGk dirett heat from the building t6- cold weather the g below \ keep it from, freezing. In cold .clima\es (average winter temperatures -._. , 35i), in addition to operable window;, some therma. mass should be located ., ( in the green,house for daytime heat storage. This insurd an additional supply .I a of heat $I -the greenhouse in: the evening to keep it above freezing in I_ wintej. . ... Fo,r id,equate heat transfer (passive) from the rock bed to the space, it is i@0. psr.tant that a large surfate ,&ea of the floor act as the heating source. In cold climates ,thiz shpuld b,&!.$~ut 75 to 100% of the floors surface area by and in temperate &nt&~Iimstds 50 to 75/0. This can be accomplished supplyifig warm air tb$$ ?ock bed in .the space between the bFd and the floor, and returning ciosrl ait, to the greenhouse from the bottom of the rock bed. Inthis way, heat is distributed over the entire underside of the [loor and then is radiated to the space. In cold climates use roughly 3/d to llh cubic feet. of fist-sized rock.or 1 l/2 to 3 cubic feet of rock in temperate, . climates for each one square foot of soutl+facing greenhouse glass. There are manytypes of active:tack storage systems, the major variable being the locationof ;he rock b&A. <or example, another common location iS in the c * wall beh en the greenhousk and -bullding. a
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-- Roof Pbnd. Syst
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Since rodf ponds igenet$ly act ascohbiqed sok collect&, heat dissipator (for sunmet cooling), storage mediuin and rpdiiitor, tliC area required varies accocding to whether the potids are used for heat&$ or &@ng, the type of pe of glaiing a9 well as climate, latitude . -movable insuldtion used and the and building load. -c f* 4
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ihe Recommendation .-m

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area for each table:
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For. -heating, the recommended tatios of ,roof pond &Hector on& square foot of space floor area are given in the following k ,s _
1. Average winter. outdoor temperature 2 (YF)
IS-25 o
B-
25~35 * _
35045
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DQuble-glazed pohds) w/night insulation l ,$ingl&glazed ponds _ w/nigh~in,s&la$y I and reflector.I s -!kubli-glazed pond :A w/night in?ulation -?nd reflector South-sloping cover w/night ;t collector iiisulation .) IL -
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0:85-1.0
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j 0,60-0?90
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0.25-0.45
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0.60-1.0
5 0.9-0.60 . i , P
0.2cF-o.40
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Wlthm each ra tudes use the ponds &uire augcne.~tatioti

I 4 . *
io according to your- laiitucfe. At lower lati.at higher lafitird% the higher value. Roof by ;eflsctqn;at latitudes gieqter than 36NL.
*.. 9
. 6 - 7. L --k,-
Re&timended reios--bf roof pond area tcPspace*\apr area for cooling ar? .,:. \ ,,r. /, L, , ,givkzn *ih thk, foUowir@ ,tablli?. -Thesk G&as. aie -based dv t$z._a@etG_o@ 4l+t, _ .d the &xls are r& bkxked from seeing at *asi. thrde-fourthi df the whole I . -+&me. . I *? Q _ .sJs TyyC;of Pond . Hot-HuTid Climate ., Hot-Dry Cl/mate ,._ L \ j . . ~
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.Sit+jl&glazkd pond .-e&y FSingle-glazedpon~ . augm.ented. by ~ evaporative cooling
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the
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. Work. out the ROOF POND qq - build,<nd functions efficiently. . The h-&~a~iitm \,I,!, ,t,,,/, .I_, ,
.V DETKlLS(18)
>: I system is-srmpIe?o . sz @ c iz,, . ~>.. : ,_ 1, , _ ., ,
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. Besides climate .and: builh$$Yheat loss, sizing upon the piimary function of the pondtheajing JO movable:insylatign and the, type o.f. glazing the following influence: *
I,, x. tt&ro& fiGl;ld.-is -dcpep&nt , orcogling),its rclatlbnship . prov,ided. Each of these has I
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. The pbnd size and,configuration systkm. is gn heqling ol&oIitig,or
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d&end upon whether& emphasis of t,he -. a balance of bolh. a . .I : the sun rises. to a Heating-In *winter, at lower latitudes_(28 td $6NL), high enough position in the skq ;foc adequaie solal coll+ction. At highci latitudes (40: to 5GNL), since Xhe sun p,aih is Iower ii< the sky, the optiniumheating configu+a4& for62 solar soUe.ctar is x sou&iac;ngtilt, This is impossible to do with a - roof pond since water s-kin its own level Jnd a pond at, a slope would be prohibitively ~e~penstv&ti contain. To increase the solar g&n of a horizontal pond so.- that it b&copes a viablecoOljector, solar gain can be increased by the use of a reflector. ?his,is accomplished by stepping the ponds to the south with the movable insulation folding in half and becorping a reflector in the *open position. Another approachis to hinge the refleC.tor/moyable insu:lation and I?ave it act as a large ;efle.ctivG lid ope.ning to the south. In norther;n.cIir%ate@ where heating is pa.ramount and a snow problem exists,, a sIopitiBio&f can be built ov.er the ponds- with the south slope, glued. In, th,is case, movable insulation can be hi..nged in, such a way a< to refl&t Ipw angle s,un onto the flat roof pond.
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4 ylat r Cooling-G contrast to heating, the optimal cooling configuraGon ISpond that i:-_gxposed to the entire hemisphere of thQigh@y. Up tq.20 to 30 , D r, Btus per square foot.of pond surface per hour car; be disiipated undel very r .. clear skies with low humidity and COOI nighfiimg temperatures.,If greater coql-, . ing is needed and/or climatic conditions are not optimum, the.outside surface - .) gf the enclosed ponds can be sprayed with water or flooded to increase qj : cooling by evaporation as well as by nocturnal.. radiation .and con-vection. . About 4 times,,as- <much heat can be dissipated from, Jhe roof pond. by ~ * L. * ecaporation as bv iadiation. I n k 1, b?;? Y :, -)I _ -. 189 9 , . I . , : ..w+..:-(i,- , c
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17.. Sizitig
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Relatidnshig
to
Movable
, Movable insulation can q.ct as a, reilector when In the ofxln po~~;~;~n, Increa\, ing .the hearing capability of the root frond, t low~~\~er, unlcs: (~dr.~~tulIv dcSigned, it can decrRasc the .cooling capability of thr systc:~ by ohscurIng sonie of the nightsky. and psotccting tht! .ponds from (jrqIr;lbI? ,lIfiloLt, 111 ca$ej; -where lower outside flight tempcraturt>s \~oulcl h(>Ip (ool th(x fronds by natura,l convection. Th(l optlrnum angle oi thk r~~ilt~ctor to the pond IQ gbotit8CI to 90 in winter. 6 Ii . K
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Insujaiiona
--
Gluing.
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Inc:rcl,Lsclcl L~I!/I- c!oLII)I(~ gl~7111g c-onvrclivc~ k)t;5ct\, 4injgIt~-gl,t/tltl
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The cfficicncy to the large
oi .;J:root
surface.
t)or?cl ~;*sreatly arCa i:sIYoscd .$\I
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Photo IV-I7b:
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-, WjXter daytime . ,,.

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position
oi reilect-or/lnscllatIng &&
panel. . I
. 1 191
i
65
&A
a Solar iEnwgy Book * A .
monthly tern- + &nds are, generally not applicable to* rdegions with peratures lower than 50F unless enhanced by as .mentioned _ above. The most economic method of providing double glazing for rooe , ponds is by inflating an air cell, over tt~ pond as part :of the plastic bag the water: This inflated air cell is easily removed for more X containi #e effective summer cooling by me-re[y deflating the ce!l. Single-g!azed pondsare-twice as effective a< d6uble-$lazeb ponds. for cooling, so this flexible characteristic is va1uabl.e.
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Once a cl&a; idea for the siie and shape of the roof pond-SIZING ROO~POND(77)~i~ establish&d,it is necessary fo. detail the system it functions efficiently. - . .
THE. ,. i. so that
-..I.*
Due to the integral nature of rdof ponds and architecture, especially with regard tdstructirre, roof and ceiling, there are many details that need careful Although, roof ponds are simple in concept and potentially ctinsiqeratio,q,
inexpensive, major problems .have been .caured work out the numerous small details that make by failure to adequately up the system. Generally
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e ponds on a waterproofed metal or thin concrete d&k. Paint the ,of the< roof deck (any colorj and leave it exposed to the space #optiyum heat transfer from the .ponds.. ,, *
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., DEnclose thq water pond (6 to 12 inches in depth) in trans,p?rent iplastic bags or in waterproof struMuraL metal or fiberglasS, tanks, thaa form, the rdof and * finished ceiling of the ~-space below.. Make the top. of-{the 4ontainer transparent and the inside a dark color to tiihimize heat stratiFcati@n in the pond. ) -~ \!,, ,I: ,. 1b -
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- The\ Insulating
Panels
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lor d flat,, roof--p&d- with horizbtitat sidings panels, make tjie panels as large as possible to reduce the. amount and cost of hardware (suth as tracks, seals).
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18.
Roof Pond Details I .j

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Construct the tracks for the panels to withstand deflection and make sure i* that the panels seal tightly over the ponds when closed. To increase the p $ nels so they also act as efficiency of this system, design the insulating Use either a bifolding or solid panel reflectors when. in the open position. _, ., .hing+d along its north edge and construct the surface of the panel with a 3 reflective material. . . , : > :
d;.
I-1
For a! south-sloping collector system make the angle of the south glazing roughly equal to your latitude plus, lx. Use movable insulating panels over the g!$zing at night and make the surface ofe the panels, exposed to the F r ponds when in the open ,posiiion,. a reflective material. 1
, .) * L _/
.,
INSULATION PANELS:
TRACKMfAY EXTRUSIONS
--PVC FLAP SEALS
-_-- . .._ __ --._ ____.

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ti.V. INtllBlTED CLEAR .Ol&IN Pm CLEAR PVC BLACK LAMINATED POLYETHYLENE LINER _. ASPHALT~BEALANT \
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WATER
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Solar &rgy
Book
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When the panels also double

f!ector
as reflectors,
optimize
the
angle
of
the
. re,
according to the informationgiven in REFLECTORS(24). Adjust depth, of the pond to provide heat for CLOUDY DAY STORAGE(22). t c -\ 1 ; 1
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,
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span for a m&al
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deck
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is generally
ci
The Roof
In .a Flat Roof Pond System, the clear
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It is e&entiil to keep the transfer of heat iromethe pond-,tb 8 as-great a-g possible. This means it is desirable to waterp f&f deck~with a thin plastic sheet such as double-laminated pal ~ and a thin coat of asphalt. -fully sealed at the edges or a tibergIassshe& ,. emulsion. Hot-mop ed asphalt and layers of feltprovide too much; i.nsula- B E d tion between the pond and deck and is therefore not desirable. Careful , attention, shq.u.ld beg-given to waterproofing the connection between the . the insulating panels and the roof deck. - -A suppor&for / d 0 Optimizin the heat transfer-en the .ponds and the space requires that the Pnderside of the deck also .be usdd as the finished ceiling. It. is important to paint ,the underside of the metal deck since galvanized metal is, a poor radiator when bare. Because the ceiling radiates at a re,latively low temperature (t7sF), it can be painted any color. \ 7 i :(-If an acousti.cal. ceiling is desired, use+a perforated metal acoustical panel in= good th.ermat contact with the deck. A. metal deck. must be carefully in,eliminate he&--loss-At- its-.edge, If the m&al -deck sulated at its peirmwrto extends past the perimeter of the building, .for example as a covering-for91 mm- -~ -patio, then insulation must be. placed between the .interior and exterior - * , oi ._ %-. ___ , deck. 4 -. 1 \ c 1 c 196 * i
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1.8. R,oof Pork
The Ponds 1
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Ponds.can bb ,in&pensively const;u&ed* by enclosing water, -6 to 12 inches. -3 2 in depth, in plastic bags made of b&ethylene, polyvinyl chloridedi-other*: c?..~: _ forms of in$xpe sive clear plastic~++Ghi~ settse -the-, ponds wiJ!- reserpbj:e. a. \j. &ater -bed. Ton,J s can also be.-const&&$ of metal or fibergla -,rjgid transparent plastic coyers b enclosed.-pon&7 using the latest I
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Detai$&$&~ ~$~~.~~ q$/~ < , _ jj-++ $ ; 1& ! e ;I* _,. - -.?.fc T . ;
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-..^_- ^.___ -------w&em over- +period 4.. -of a year 0. -11. o the surface *(apparently caused by water . _. plasticizer). L b e
vapor
-------: c < ~<,C.. j
._* 1 OF between top and bottom. d
of water., causes excessive
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metal buildihg igsubti to 4-0 spans b.efore,
? @is inXitaJ-uiring support
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The Pa;S&e. Solar Energy Book n
_,
Ph,ato IV-18b:
_
Sliding insulating pkfels; winter daytime and winter nighttime position (closed).
position
(open),
.
l _. * 0 1 ; a .
$8.
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I. ,.. . : -. .. 1
18. Roof Pond Details *,
2
Panel trqcks .ahd supports jhould be designed so that the panels for& as embly~ ++~~~&l+whet+ closed. This-- r_equires careful detailing, ~~ ~~ + --tight--a+& especialv f% r the skiding pan&Is geneLaIty ap,pl$d to flat roofs. Sometimes s* ! ;. - the tightness needed may require *.the- pse of neoprene curtains and seals ,.I which rid& along theipanels. ~TO il+strate the %pdwe of s.eals, a Study * , _ perfo-rmed in_*1973 .shdw&d. that 244 oaf the energy strik7ng the ponds on an \ .. -:averag& winter day%a$,,t-ost back fhrough- the insul?!i& at night. M:ost of this loss was due tb air infiltratjon a/round the panels,even though neoprene i .._ii _ ,_ , ,i : .xrtains: were: used. Althdugh.the sflstem still provided the .house with lOOoh ..* , .-Tf j&heating and cooling, it is cask to see that greater efficiency cauld be . I . I .otxamea.
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once a location for the greenhouse has beenselected-BUILDING LOCA.TION(l)-and a rough shape .defined-BUILDING SHAPE AND ORIENTATlON(2)-this pattern will help to complete the overall design W--the buildin . P
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L*., ., 4 The large surface area oiglazing in a traditional gree.nho;se entail& a,slgnificant 4h.: heat loss, requiring the extensive use uf costly and energy-cqnsutiiag con; ?, vendonal~ heating systems. The classc greenhousewas originalLy developed 4 for use in the European lowlands. The avercast, mild winter climate dictated ,! ?y ~. a mainly transparent structure which would.permjt the maximum %wllection , s *of diffuse,,sky radiation. These,. original structures have been copied, with ; ).. little change, for use in nearly all other climates. h-r cold, northern climates,. .i, for example, the sun is in the southern sky all winter. For ,this reason, the < transparent north wall of a conventional greenhouse, ,&ile admitting little solar radial&t-r atthis time, contributes s&nificantly to the -overall heat loss 0 of the space. It is important that the design of a greenhouse respond to 1, ., 0 ,climqtic.I conditions in order to function.effectively. Ila * .. t
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In cold northern ar&femp&ate climat&s, eiongatithe &kenhc&e along the east:west axis and build~ih~,north wall of opac&e materials, incorpoiatingat ,least 2 inihes of rigicfor 3 &chqS of bat-t insulation. To prevent one-sided plant growth, and&r---upper part of the north wall a light color t6 reflect plant Cpnopy.. ti; .
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The Passive Sola; 1
Energy Book
Fig. IV-19a 9. , --~~

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Add thermal mass to the interio; of the greenhouse to store excess heat collected during th.e daytime for use at night-GREENHOUSE DETAILS(20):
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.
The inforrna~ion
_ ; .
In 1973, a study was undertaken at Lava1 University in Quebec City,-Can-ada, to determine the most -effective- way to reduce the extensive, heat losses . . a-sso-ciated with conventional~ greenhouses in northern &rrjates. Reports of A. ./ the study state: &-Pa , : \ ..,. 3 .i ..(. A new design of a greenhouse has beeQ,deJeloped for colder r& .e 1, \ gions. The greenhouse is .oriented on an e&-west axis, the. south.. . facing, roof- being, transparent, and the north-facing &all being in., on the interidr face. The angles of I sulated.with a ,. the-rear, inclined wall are each designed transmittance of solar _radiation a of this radiatiorronto the plant canopy. ,s ., .
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19. South-Facing
,
areenhouse
An experimental ut-it has been tested at Ldval University during one winter. I$ reduction has :been found in the heating requireResults of rrients of 30 to 40% compared to a standard greenhdke. productivity of tomatoes and lettuce indicate h!ighe,:r yields, passibly due to the increasedluminosity in winter.* , *. c 2; .I . , \
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-9
REFLECTIVE
Vi&L
LINING
INSULATED . .
NORTH WALL -\
SEEDL!NyED
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Fig. IV-19b:
Lava1 University f
greenhoyse,
Quebec, City, Canida.
: r
and Testing of an Envtionmentally *T. A. Lawand et al., The Development house for Colder Regions, Soklr Energy 17 (1975) : 307-I 2. .
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Designed Green-
j,
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The Passive Solar %nergy. Book
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Photo I @.
IV-I9b: /
ExteriAr Quebec
01 Lava1 Univcrsltv Ereenhotlse City, Canada. -
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t a Since thqre is little sqlar radiaiion gain through the north face of. a green: hous& in winter, it was determined that a solid, well-insulated north wa!l substantially. reduced heat loss. Naturally, if the north wall is solid, then the entire south face (wall and roof) of the greenhouse rhould be t;ansparerQt. t I 4
The efficiency of the south glazing as a collector can be increased by iilting it to allow for maximum winter solar transmittance. A tilt angle between 40 to 70 from horizontal is optimum. However, tither .factors must also be 1 considered in the desibn of the-south facade. For exa.mptk, applying m&able . .-:~-,~ insulation to a tilted, rather than a vGrti&l surface, can be more difficult and -expensive. If the tilt of t)e south :wall is too greaf, there may be probltims of .$dequat& interior heaaroom. .Also, in climates characterized by long, . periods of cloudy winter conditions,,la.rge skth:facihg glass areas, tillted -30 to 40 -from horizontal rath,er than 40 tb 7(1, are ide,aI.tbr cdlI,ecting both . -.diffuse and diredt sunlight. All, of this suggest5 th% the shape of the gieenhouse a!cI idsign of the south, facade &II depend ueon mdny factors: Photograph,s IV-19c illustrate the &de ragge of,.apprdprlate greenhouse configurati,oiis applicalble for passive sola,r heati!g in norihern climates (32 to 56NL). -I I . 1. . . 4 I.. 204. . I ;j 9 c , , , I. *i, ? L
19. Sckth-Facinl
Greenhouse
The important concept tb remember agd that the sowth wall and roof mostly
is $at the transpar,ent.
north
wall
should
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qppropriate greenhouse configurations(here and on next page). Y ; I ;. 0

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Greenhd&e
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. To giv.e a rough idea of how well a >greenhouse will perform on sunny winter. days, table IV-19a lists approximate ..average indoor temperatures for various outdoor conditions. It should be noted that in all climates,ia weltconstructed, 7double-glazed, south-facing greenhousewith+_solid north wall I will collect enough heaton a sunny day toaheat itself 67 that 24-hour period, even w&h\,daily outdoor temperaturegaslow as lS"~.' * -4 III ! ,z - , J n \ 1 r 1 I \ Tqble IV:1 9a, Clear-Day Average Daily Green house Tempeiatuiek / .
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Tempepture L D
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35
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35T-45 40-50 450-55 50-60 55-65 60-70 65-75
--
.6F-75: 70-80 75-85 ,.
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ahd 4WN4,. Within ,each range For soutbem latitudes, i:e., 32NL, i.e., +3NL,, use the lower temperawith primarily south-facing glazing *
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I.t,,describes several
Thi!: pattern completes SOUTH-FACING GREENHQUSE(19). w,ays to provide thermal storage mass in the greenhouse. 1
-a \., --., Excess solar heat collected during be daytime in a conve&ional greenhouse is allowed to.escare. All greenhouses are in, fact solar: Ih current .methods .of building .greenhouses, however, there are no provisions for storing ex.cess daytime#heat for use at night. But it is just this refinement that can make an enormous difference in the, way a greenhouse will perform. Wrthout provisipns for heat storage, the daily temperature fluctuation in a greenL house will be excessive. _ .8; . .J _. r
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storage mass in-the -greenhouse to by usingbne of the followCng methods: . (4. . I>.I.* ., : -, B L .. -3 I ;v / Solid Maspmy Constructi@ with ,Additional M&s e,, I . . Construct the opaque walls .a~@.floor in the greenhouse of solid masonry? at. + -. . $, -jeast 8 inches in thickness. N4asonry alone, however, is not sufficient storage, . p _- so fine-tune tlie greenhouse after construction by adding thermal mass (such :. as water in containers) .un& the%door temperature fluctuatibns are accepb- I.ti able. Make the surface Oo#the mass a mediumito-dark color for maximum 7 . ,_ . ,P solarabsorption; r L . ;r 0. 0 ,
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Integrate %ater into thenorth wall of the greenhouse usingroughiy l/2 to 1 .cubic,$oot of water for. sach one square footof south,facing glass. Make the surface of the waterti~alla dark color and be careful r&t to block direct sunlight from reaching it. .*3,,;,. , 3 : h :
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.-
The Passi,ve SolaE Energy ,

I
Book
*
, -
A&e
Rock Storage
Syste&
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@I the rock bed whenever the greenhouse air temperature is about 10F whrmer than the rock. Use roughly 1'12 to 3 cubic feet of, rock*for each- one square
Locate 4 roxk bed in the crawl space under the floor, or in the north the greenhouse. Duct the warm air from the top of the greenhouse t
foot of -south-facin,g
--
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more effici-ent as a solar-heating system-REFLECTORS -, .. 4), MOVABLE INSULATION(23), INSULATIOfi ON THE OUTSIDE(26)-and v; , /J )-;*.,&i.ad&additional thickness to the mass f6r CLOUDY DAYSTORAGE(22). ; :q+ 1 .&i ;, .: 1 .I i:: _?; :. I +X -the I~formati~~n iY"~ ,!c ,,* iIL&, .y. 'L I Consider thata greenhouse without any means of heat slorage or auxiliary her71 .. Input will fluctuate in temperature as much as 60 tu 100F over,a sunny, but -cdd wi&er day. Ai example o-f this condition wouM the a greenhouse that reached a daytime high emperature of 100F and a nighttime low of 30F. -a The a&rage t&&mperature in the greenhouse over the day wobld he about 7OF, --which is adequate--for plant growth, but a ftuctuation of 70f over 24 hours is vat a desii-able.. condition>; For this reason,- a greenhouse must contain enoqh thertiqal mass to absorb and to store excess daytime heat for us& at d
v.~i+a+TL~~:, t h e greenhouse @a ke
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!%pposej now, that.the gyee Ideated, to, reduce the daily for theday wou,ldbe about
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of solid masonry. HoweyeP, masonry &ill dampen interior fluct;ations only slightly. A greenhouse c.onstructed of masOonry will have daily fluctudtions on the order ;of-45 to 70,i. In most instances, this fluctuation $ too great ior plant life to flourish. This rneq that additional mass is need;d in the greenhouse td further feduce these flubtuat.ions. This isibsuaily accomplished, after the greenhouse has been covstructed,by adding containers of wgter, (or ,any other apprbpriate substance) in the space until the daily fluctuations are ac<eptable,20 to 40F. Whenevir possibie, j[, is desir$bi& to locate t5is mass e in direc,t sunlirght and make its surface 4-1medium or $Brk color. Fine tuning the g.reenho%se in this way,*Thowever, may .lead to pr6b ems -if enough interior space ;s..,not left availablk for this e;tra mass. So remet 4 ber, if this apprdach is 5 taken, itdis important to plan ahead. _1 I
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Photo IV-20b;
Added thermal mass deer 4 ases daily greenhouse
temperature fluctuations.
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it should. generally embody the largest fiercentage of water west walls can also provide some--area for water storage, but car-e must be takennot toecreate un.desirable shading, patterns, such as 00 shading the north-v@1 for a-goodpart of the day. Agreenhouse with a water . ,. _ ~ \clllrll (dark-su.rf.ace, col,or) in direct =sunlight will have temperature fluctuations ( ont8e order.o,f 20 to 40F during clear winter days. Table IV-20a gives the , . exe&ted daily rangeof fl&tuations in a>greenhouse with various quantities of o -. L . tiater storage for.each square foot of south-facing glass. .) I; * i. ) =. n I -1 . 0* , 0. I ,~ . .i 0. ~.. * .. *. a .u D Q Table IV-&t Daii$reenhbuse Rp~l&e of femperature : I n T I. / , 3lucfuadon<CQFa ,Water Storage Wall systqm . = 1 , e .\ .^ Yolumeof Wateerli& ~-~ .tlti&~~ge ~ : 0 ~. ._ 0 2
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o E&h. QnekquaYe Fbot .4if south-kciiig Class (cu ft). ,*-3, .A
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NOTES: I. One cubic foot of water;

2, Approximately the water wall.lf
62.4 pounds & 7.4% gallons.
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75% of the sur$ight enterin+e space is assumed to be absgikkdby less is absorbed, then fluctuations will be greater rhan those listed. / ~: , L . p X. . .rl3 .
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An&third, since m%any greenhouses use- a combination of Qadive/pas&veh systems;, it -seem< &ropriat& to. give a siding brocedure for a simpleoOActive Rock StorageSystem. tn this case, warm air is ducted from a high place in the _ greenhouse at-3 passed through a rock bed. Heat transferred fr@rn. the,,air to 1 I_ - B the,, rock i$,stored for .use at night or on cloudy days. ? el * . I*., c a a: .! B E .213 n
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The, Passive Solar Er&gy
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?he ,location and design of the rock bed will vary depending on spatial and functional consi,derations in the greenhouse. The most-common placement, - ,. however; is in the foundation crawl space (under the floor) since this. is e &&entially a free container (see fig. IV-20a). A wood floori or concrete slab is then constructed over the rock bed.. During the charging cycle, the fan transfers heat from the space to the rock mass. At night, as the greenhouse : coois, heat is supptied to the space passively from the floor which essentially B heat is needed, warm air functions as a radiant heating. panel. If additional f@m the.rokk mass can beLirculated into the greenhouse.
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Fig. IV-20b: Rock be&d~,mens;ions. .. e

A variation of this system.is an sized rocks) yhich uses air as located under a,planting bench 0 throqh the bin dying the day reversed, and cool greenhouse vented:-into the space._-
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.
. , <_ * <,;;
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enclosed, insulated rock bin (container of fistthe only heat transfer medium. The bin can be or under the floei. Again, warm air is circulate$ to store heat. At night, however, the systemis. air, circulated throughthe bin, is w+rmed and .% . _,/0 .
I.
Another variation of this system is a+rock mass expused inside the greenhouse. The north wall of the greenho&e is usually the best@,,.location for-the mass. This system works in the Same .way as a rock bed;--only now the. rock wall is
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; also in a position tee absor.b sunlight d-irectly. In the No.ti greenhouse - photo 1V-20~) w,i~~meshproved~to be a satisfk$ory method of contajning exposed rock. s 0 1 1
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.41 21
The Passive Sol/w Energy
Book
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Photo IV-20~:
b
North
wall
rock ,I
storage.
I?I all, the Active-Rock Storage SyC!$m~ stidied, the ability oi the mass ,td dampc:n greenhouse temperature iluctuations was n,early identical: Teriiperalture f ;ctcraiio,ns $f 20 to 40?7n the space can be expected during clear _ winte+ days. The rate of kirflow through the bin nrSd qunntit,y of rock largel) determine +c flucluations. .-+ d!F For e~h one square foot c?i south-iacicg gieenhpuse 3 .cul~ic feet of roik. As a general rule, 8 to 10 feet is * rock needed to circulatk the air through, and 311~ to Increasing the size,of the storage mass beyond 3 cubic soutt -facing glass will not inc.re@t,he $erformanceYoi glass, LISP about I ?z 10 the maximum width ~i 4 feet is the mintmum. feet per square foot of the system significantly.
Ventilation in the,greenhouse fmctions not only to control heat buildup on wart-r days, but also; tg cant-rol humidity and disease by discouraging stagnl ti 0; and replenishing: the 5plant; carbon dioxide supply whichis To indurg airflow, it is desirable to prbvide both neces a ry fbr photosynthesis. high ar Id low operabje vents. or windows (of roughly equal size) i*n the 5 green (Iuse.
I
216 I
20. Greenhouse 1
Detds
Photo IV-20d:
Operable greenhouse vents.
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Photo IV-20e:
Louvered shading device.
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70 prev&t- dverheating in~~&mer,~i&k a$o es5entiai to partially shade the greenhouse. There areseveral ways to ac~qm$ist--t&i% si~ch as using movable louvers or rollable shades, or applying whi.[&wash to the glaring. 1 .And fina,lly, in the case of long spklls of cloudy, cold weather, .an, auxiliary heating system can .be installed to maintain adequate.greenhouse temperatures. Any standard form,of greenhovse heating system can be used: the choice of a,, u@it should be based on -lo&l fuel ava4ability and cost. Ho,wever, ii a greenhou.se is properly desiined, the amount of fuel needed in.winter wilt be minimal. , ,1-
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If mbre than one system. is chosen to heat a- space-CHOOSING T[M(7)khis ,pattern will help determine the relationship between .,2 : of the various iyst&ns; . a, : 0 ,
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It is very likely ihat a combination of pasSive systems will be used to ,heat a space. Howetier; sizing. procedures are usuali; ~only given f& individual systems, For example, mariy passive ,solar heated spaces employing a Thermal
. Storage u)/all or +,ttached Greenhouse System will also includesouth-facing windows in the space. In some cases, direct .gain windows wirl be part of the thermi wall. In thk &d tither sin-iilar situations, the sizing prpcedur& given . in pkvious patterns must be adjusted. _ +
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Thk &6~ndatioFF c 1. . I-
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When-siring a cbmbin~ation of systems, adjust the procedures given~~pG3us-----~__ u patternt4+$ordinge-to the following ratios; for the same amount of heating, e . each 1 sq.$are fodt of direct gain gla?ini equal&&square feet of thermal storage wall or ecjw6ls 3 cquare f&t,of greenhouse.common wall area: : :, /, .w _ . .I I. :*,,J * . 1, . , VT, .i- :..:..,,1 . . 1, S)@ . . . .T 51 .!..&@f . *. +* Q .A t 5- -4 . .. 9 . 0* +
, :Tdat the de,taik of each systkm ai if it i&e the only system, and slightly oversiz,c- collector,&eas andsthermal mass when-heat storage for cloudy days is neebed-CLOUDY O.D+#Y STORAGE(22). 9
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coll&tor area (south-facing. glaziiig), then- a Di&t Cajn System-wil,l utilize -2: aprjrdximately 60 to .75%of the energy incident on the cbllec{o~ (south-facin,g @zing) for space heating. Thes,e percentages-; are largely determined by reflective and absorptiye,,:gadiation!osses through the glazing,.,, $1 *,* @ ,. $. . -_ I . :_, , A. Thermal Storage Wall Systemwill trsnsfir about 30 to 45% 0) &e, energy / incident on the collettot in@ a space: This srstems efficiency is,determined .b . . nc&bnly by reflecthe and absorptive losses through glazing, but also .b;y heat ./ . , lost- from the-walls e>ite.rid<. surfaceVb&i;auseofkthe.high temperatules &ner%i . b ,$ted-LWALL-DETAlLS(Ta). = .a .. --w-_ : , I * P * , . I * W D .,: a / . I* The Attach.cd Greenhouse $ essentislly a Thermal St&age Wall Systeg. HowF *. f I z. d ever, thaercentage of inci$e?t energy (6~ the coIl&tpr) transferred thr;ougti 9 ths,cammonwall between e,he greenhoi&and bui!ding is less than a Then-r&l Storage Wall, or only .I5 JO 30%. The reason& simpb that a greenhouse336s . il _.. C. r more suif$e area and-consequently >: more heat loss !&a!, glassplaced-only a . ,:-,$ .r,* few iriclies in front-of.oa wall. This does not imply +t this system is inefficient., . , by ttiecgr&+nho&e thit is not trans. .) 0~ th_i! contrary, the energycollected * feired into t,he buildirig is used to heat the greenhouse itself-l ~ -.. I .
. a\ l F .. c , * . . 2e. 5,l ;;. . . \ am .
All of this suggest&.=th,a<a ratio of l(Diiect Gain). tq.2. (Thermal Storage Wall) \ .to,? .(Attached Greenhouse)vexists between the systems. (If the coli&tor glazing / , :. . a to the amotint that would normally be I. En a8 Dir&t Gain System is -additijalT -.en dduble theamount of coll.ector a,rea (needed.) This means L us&lx.i.n a:pace, t Ii / that -each 1 square fdbt of. Collector area (glazing) .in a Direct Gain System a ,p. sup,@liesjoughly th&;same-quantity tif heat-to a space as ? squa.re:feet of thermal storage wall, or 3O square-feet of atta;hecj greenh0us.e wall area. According to j,, theSe r+tios then,5,0 square feet07direct gain glazing will produce roughly the. , same glmount of soJar he.ating as thecombinatioh of 25 square feet of d;rect I , gai! glazing and. 56 square fegt of. thermal storqke wall, or25 square feet ~of j direct, gain glating and 75 square feet of attached .greenhouse cdmmon, wall . -.+a.:, I: * n ,
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0.
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Wh{n heat is a&&/y taken. from the attached greenhAuse and stored .in the ~~~b,uilding~CREENHOUSE~ 4 CONNECTlO&J(l~6)~tlie pegcentage df indiden.t PnFrgy supplit$ to a space increases. In this case, the ratio of direct gain to ca.tt$$ed, greenhouse collecjor ?_rea is; roughly,1 ,to 2. . , \ . * :JL , I ;. - - _ .A : , ! I * 232 .Jb __j . .* . .
, 5.. i ,; ,, ,,, _( .. , . -, *.>I 1 +i, ,,:,, -;Y ;~ .b , \ , i_; ;fi:.. a _, , : .. . ,~ 0 ..
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223
19
.T6d Passive S&w , .I ;c
&ergy a,
Book
I .:
@a I a .
_ A
.
_-
Be&se of the many:roof pond configuraticjns, it is difficul; to gi&.rule of for combining the pond with othec systems. However,*fsr the same _ Q thuiib amount of*heatin& the ratio of roof pond collectorJarea to the cqllector ared . ofother Systems :c%n be determined-from the sizing procedures given in the I patteins,$QLAR WlNDOk%(9), SIZING THE WALL(1.3),%l.ZING THE GREEN HOtiS~(jl5) andSI~INGTHE ROO,F POND(17). B .A
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IS
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_. IThis pattern: I comiletes all thk sizing pattern&-SOLAR ,WI,NDOWS(9), . MASONRY HEAT STOfb%GE(?i) .and JNTE.RlO% WATER WACL(12); SIZING , 9 : THE WALL$l.3) and WALL DEiAlLS(14); SIZING THE GREENHOUSE(15) and, p . / GREENHOUSE COhNECTbN(16); SIZINGTHE ROOF POkDQ7) and ROOF r *. POND, DETAILS(l8). Ih alI of &hem, the ;ize gf the.GoIlector area and thermal c. o &eating during periods of cloudy weather. \ --I --&ass can be adjlrsted to provi d . /. L j -, --I n
e .
. ~I
,.,
1rr.a p+ssii;ely h&ted buildirig where thermal mais is part of &e~l.iving &ce$ additional heat collected will $fqdt the. ave.rage temperature in the space. .w .kTpatterk .give kl-es.of thumb: forr si*zicg. ., system- to-: ma+i@ainag .aCerage a
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1.
1,
2.
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I .*As a. $&eral~n&!, fo*providebeai s&a@ fol; onb or ~yd,;cl&dy, days,:increas,e . , . J .,,a the sc$~hgliizin~(collector c .. i-. x l * ,I < ,bk j. c Tb r-$44 es ar$).by .jO to 20% and: i * . c: .I, .: . - 1 *k> , 4 ( ? co&&t :interid) walls and.?oors of..&id niasonry 8 &he+or more . i .I , 73 ~ : ,. . ,. _.I . , in .thickness, oji F;Sl? ,l. 3 .a . u.. ., 4 _ .* us& 2 to % cubis feet of i&eriqrPwaier wall for $ach one &hare -foot of. O I * . .. sout)! $a&& d * ro - .:. ~, o ._ .i~ I ,. i a 3o(I .4 , @. . . ,: - . *., 0 / ? , ,- i :, ..! .<, . . In&r&$ GarhSyst&s. : ; e. > , r ,.:s.8 ; c _. i : : etii ~t~~ge for ohe 0~ t& Jcydy days: izcyea;e the collector . -1 , ..,a. ,.T&- provid6%&t b ~~~4 abea by IDto 20%ianf use: oh .:.. i ,, -, ;* ? .I e . . LT. _ _ - - _--_. t , . . S>f -@ ... ,. 0 . - n _ ,*.. : _ . bdyity, Y; .wall of areate 1, i w i . o.. . .. . . 1. . ,;. y ,~-1 ; _ .-I a /I _ 1 . e -, t 1 0 * -,. . , r J - , ica * . ,. . - ---.
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* % ,~,ly.,.l~.Il~..l.II.. -,*,:;,,., ,..,----.-I_. ---lU.*~UI*.rlrr-l~~ I l ore cubic fbot or more of tiater wall for each- h~*square foot Of 1 cOllector area or . . L 1, D ,, 0 6 tg 8 inches of roof pond depth; 8 to 12 inches for two or .three ,* days. *. I V^\ _ hfat storage, *.) k n r
.. .. . . . . ..+.@< * . r3 \ 1 3!@e..-** c . s . 10 . (I
udy Day Storage I
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Slok..&e rate -of space. h&t jcjss,ok~ cloudy days 0 IlYS~~LATlbN(~3) over the* south ,giazing at night. . co& the therm?l~,rna$ at=hight to provide 0 ,.. stirkners, 1. I- I.:. & .727) ipthedaytimti -- . ---_ _m1m - --,----_~~.--&~~ r : ;-
. I . by applying .MOVA~LE In. climates .with hoi-dry _ :,BF for SUMMER ,CO@jr\r~ v .. m--;;mi m_ ., --\ * .
I :,;;:$. :-
\ -,.;+-- . *. \ ~~;,:i;;;.e.1L,,L (L, t, :&&q ii,~~~~~8,~~f~,~,~~~~~~~~~~~,~~~~,~~~.~~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~ qmji$:runs; 3. pqssixl,y,: ..: j..:Y,:\: .:.I s..: -. :: l(!i.4L,~pIL,~:,li1( ,: _. **)%!ated s1j;acBlwill, Gab7 Ii& as sy~te~..Thi~.meacis.fhat.tHe ,, , heAt.-infbyt intg. ,tbg ., _,__,,, ,, .I . ,;,p. ,,,- space. will .equ.al.,.thk .heat puti_ - ahd the average interior temp.e,ra$re will _ . .
._
ren$n,,approximately
,.
the
to .day as long as these ;copditions

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The f%ssive Solar Energy .Book ;P
; R
,, I 0 the longer ;
stabilizes as a system (is fully charged), it will take to cool down. * 0 @ J
, -. Y the more mass it-contains, \ ,~ ...
Fo; these reaqbks, in climates where. consecutive stinny days are cbmmdn.in 8 , 4winter, the storage of heat for cloudy days-is accomplished .by, r;lightly over- ~. 0 slzirig solar windows and thermal mass. :With. larger sduth glazing, it can be expected that the, average teinpera.ture in-a.spac,e will be warmer than 70F. 0; sunny winte.r days. And, beca.use-. of the additional mass, the space will . -J ;cool slowly during periods of cloudy weather, a few degrees each day. An * _ + . example of this sithation is a. sp&e with slightly o;versiz& solar windows and , . i - Pmass that maintains dn average. temperature of 74F duri.ng su&y weather. If x 9 th; average te~mperature in the space drops 4F each-cloudy day, it will-not be uhail the sect&d .or third d&y that auxiliary heating is *needed. L_ -mj _ . _ r*.. . in climatys where cloudy or foggy winier Meather conditions pr&ail, design~ , ing for clgudy day storage is not recqommen rice_ i-t takes a-Qeriod of ., : Cnnsecutive sunny days to build up tempera -it\ a large (thicK) thartial * . . &mass. ,ln cloudy clim&s use the glaiin& ares -minimum mass thicknesg z (&AT STC)RtiEfll) an$ q;!\,,$.,;;r,PVLG, 5 xmyqrpme;&fixl,- ~n.5KX.AR &VlWBoWS(Fi); hA$ .f.b L1, -1.. , ,_ INlfERlOR WATER WALL(12). This-does nobt -mean thdt- the systein is ribt workihg on.clotidy days. 0~ the con\rary, pajsibe s@tems are a/wa+working. .They collect and use all ,the ene,rgy that passes through the*- glizing. qn ., *, .9 cloedy days, hqwever, a space does not collect enough diffuse sunlight to; at 707, am,: therefore, some auveat-ms~;.-Y--+ -.a\ . keep interior tebperatures I LJ necessary: \ ,. Y * _ I I I
i \. ,:,.
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I
jddirect Chin
JTh~rmaJ
1
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15
Sto,dge
Creinhqqse
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a/d
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Ponds)
.+Si$ng adjistme/lts ioi. cloudy I 1 ;,, 5 ,heaMqrage.. r ,. .
Jay stor.<ie ark .different -,, o ,_ s
for masonry :
0 and waker.
.I
~:
Depending upon its $ermal iro@$tieGWALL DETAILS(14), GREENl+&,ISE .. CQN~,E~TION(16)----8 masonry thermal .;toiagft wall or cbm.mon .&sot& wall bewe&n a grehnhouse and building has .an.. optimum ragge of, thickness&., if the wall is mad&- toothick, then little h&t is ,transferr& through ihe wall .. and thd system ,is--inefficient. Therefore, to siore heat for cloudy days, the surface area of thewall (of a given material); and-not jts thickness, should be D increased. By incretiing the wall area, th& dally average- tempkratuq ih 9 space Ml als0 rise above 7OPp. Fo.r a day or two .,of clou.dy weather !hen, the ,~ . , average space+mfierat& tiiII remdin &-the cbmfdrt ranee, dropping 3 few, I bZ ., ,_, ~ ;: . .* s ,- \
+ :\
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I :
D;:v Storage
Is $ * u. I ._ ,
*; . , degrees each,cloudy day. T$e rate a! which the, space cools is,largely a- function , , of the.quantity 06, heat stored in the wall at! the hgginning .of .the -cloudy ; :.- h mendations for waII,thickness4t can be seen that the-,. . ,..V, : ity of ,a material the greater its optimum t-hickness. 10. i . (_ .: I . ,1of $nny days,*thicker wajls of higher conductivity will, .generaI, after a. ,, (.I. ,heat than -thinner walls with Idyer conductivity and4 : I ., 9 .. -a/slower rate; , : C :I, __ 2 a e n_. : i-8 0 . . <. * _ / s$;yk _* By making the surface %ea .bf a. water wall pFroof pond larger than that . 3 ._ :s: ;ecommende.d -in,.~SltlhJG THE :yA$(13);, at$ -SIZING THE ROOF. POND(17jI - D I :j, the average- temperature in aspace wili be greater than 70F on sunny winter * .-; ,T.; : ,-~.da+. Since a .water wa.lJ is an eticel.lent conductor., of heat (becauserof water *. ,- * thermocirculation) it can be .made i any. .thickness (volume). Using a large _.__I n : :volume,of water per square, foot a south glaC#causes of a space 40 cool at a .: very slow;rate during cloudy weath.&; However, increasing the. volume. of , 1 - I...\ . . .water wall also implies that jt will take a period of two or more consecutive ., s d sunny days@to fu!lly charge It with heat; Therefore, in .cloudy climates with few .- , * sunny winter days, increasing. the.volume of water above that: needed to . I da,mpen jntecior .temperature fhrctuat[ons is not recammer@ed. Again, &is - . I - . li.:. , I does ,not imply thatla .watei Al or ,roof psnd -does not work well in &tidy /i. b : ii,. ,.climates; they are infact always working. . . . 0 pi 1 0
-...
>
_- -_. _ storage, $x&e- overheating will occur * . possibly causin~g discomfort. In a D.ireCt Gain s . System-*bleat. can be ventilated-from a space, by op@ng windows, to lower dl *. . , i,, 3 fp.. _ ipeiior temperatures.- lfi ati Indir.ect Gain System ventilation is also possible; :I:: - ,: {+ v, .. 7,. II_ :. -Rowever, placing an ,insulatjng ,panel br curtain over, the isside. face of the . . -1. . wall-will~effectiuely cdntrol overh.eating, . ; e/ * ( t :& , ,(Ipa . Q 1 4 ,..II, s12 : \_... S I t: -la.,. /
a . i <., ,. ;: aa 1 ;. , % ; 0 ; ; ; :; : I ,!. ,; . .:, d 1 AC . , . u w .:-j j, ~ _ !. / ,/ e: ~&---.P : i , ~ :I .., y. .I . ( I , _., 0 0 -+. e . . ./ a 03 -_.. 0. ,o -. 0 8 : _ ; d ~*, 0 : I b , \ D 1. ., * . _ - -a .* -* al.. . i * s * 6 4 :e;, ^ s . * i .A ~ d .. .) 0 ~. , ;; 9 I is , *D Q 0 .o 0 . . . r 0 < 0 I . ,Q * O., p : * . A . D a .I . _ ..* , .a . ~-*., a l .L*. . *.A L1 .-. ~ ,I
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Once the solar - system r for each living jspce h.as been determinedCHOOStNG THE SYSTEM(7)-and the glass; area: for each space locatedWINDOW LOCATtON(6)-the building cat? ib [I ma-de more-&icient as a. solar cpllect r by the use of movable insulation. )I) 64 -*a .% h? h :
ptitential.
to -admit
<.
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, r; ,
.
t I c
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2 2
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Cc>ntrol &ii? amount of sumlight entering a space at different times of the year ,, by %detailing m&able .it%ukttjon so it doubles as SHADING DEVtCES(25); /_,When-using exterio; insulating shutters 01: a,panel$ design them so that they
\ 0 1 _ _-_I .. ,&. -.-_ / (. ; / .f
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231
I'
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. I%
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.,.,-
81
._. .
-
Bad
I / I-
:i t ,
Fig. IV-23a dso serve as KE-FLECTORS(24) to increase the solar gain through each square 8
k _
, k
0
surfa s
. , 0 i /
Heat is transfe.r;ed through glazed openings by two duction through the-glass (or plastic) from the interior to t,he exterioror by infi!tration, the exchange of * outdoor air-th ough tiny cracks aroundpindow fraines. F /.. . c
I
I li
The purpose of movable insulation is. to ,:educe heat losses when the g.reatest. In winter, the major heat ,loss example, in Boston, during an;average tion heat toss, through single.orSdouble single .glazing with night insulation performs, more effec: glazing without insulation.) However, the use of insulating va,lue of IO) can reduce this heat loss by approximately 80 \. j togo%., . ,.
. I I
232 I
5, 1
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(I
I Table
ti
I . I \
, 0 --d Loss& through and without Shutters
.,. .23: *
Movable
lpsulatioh *
YiV-23aConduction
4th
Siti@ and Double for Boston . 3

?,,I
Gldzing s
r), * I*
Heat Loss (Btu/sq
I*
Single
Glazing
1 Ddubte
Glazing
Single Glazing (w/shutters [R-101 at night)
Double &zing (w/shutters \k-101 at night) .
Daytjme (9 hours) Nighttime ,(I5 hours)
368 i 679 1,047 -
*., 211 390. 601
.e
17 368 a 51 . . 419 .
January
211 48 259
nlghttlmc tem-
Total heat 16s~ T . 6

NOTES: 1 . t
1. Average Januaty clear daytime temperature perature 29.9F; indoor temperature 70F. 2. Sin&la glqss U = 1.13 Rtulhr-sq 3. Double 81~~ U~:F .65 Rtulkr-scl t ft,F. ft-F. :
33.8Fi
average
* , 0 \
rJ
._
A well-sealed insulating shutter will ilso dramrlfically rcxjuce thth infiltration.of LoId air around window edges by crmting a dead air ,space between the . window ,and shuttkr, This can bc difficult to rich-ievc>, however, since an effective seal Is hard to design, and poorly fitted shutters, a.IIow G convcct,ivrt airfldw between the insulation and glazing, thus increasing !he transfer o-f.heat through the glazing.
i .
_d
P n 0
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Fig: IV-2,3b:
Poorly fitted shutter. 233
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The
Passive
Solar
;nerg;
Book
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Insulation 0
Stephen,-Qaer
t l
who
.
has been
studying
this
problem
for
miny
yeacs obseives:
I, * i Be
a?, , E \, ; ~ .a ,
I .
The great probl.em with movable insulation is craiks. . . If you are likely to have cracks, plan to torture an; air that daresAp& thrsbgh qthepi. This can be. done by pressing tJie in9tilatibn -panel di&+ly air leak around the edg+Omust then spieid against thep lass--any. out in q. thifi film in ord.er to warm the glass. ExperiFenting tit-h snioke introduced. in thin. films behind glass., you find that once %. er-r c P 5 It &I$ .-
ca I .D
235
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a . 1 5 Sk-. c 4
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yak
5 . i ~ % 1
this layer (space betweeg gl,ass azd panel) is less than l/16 inch in thickness, it is slowed by endrmous re$stance and actj almost like c * 9, s&p. dieat a glass area like a %hip--brea!? it into separatetompqrt ments so that a leak -in on@ place wont be datai.* . I
c. ,a . -I.
, . ,,1 !3$ uS.ing insulation over large south-facing &indo@s or skyiights, the sol& a_ hea! gained during the daytime-is prevented froi escaping at night. In this. *. 4, t. Gay, a large heat-gain area during tbe day becomes, a low heat-loss area at spyth-facing glass, with and without _ A .F night. Heat ga.ins (or Ig$ses) through 8 ra movably ir$ulation, arepldtted for monthly solar and weather cqnditions. in ^ . .I. ,_ 1 fo~r.,l&itions. , ~_ Y L.-e _~~_~ i -c .. * Q * n km , & . 0 Notice .that single glazing wifh night insultitioi is nearly as effective as double , II , glazing with night insulation in Seattle, Madison and New Y&k, and in _ , : b Albuquerque it actually outperfdrms double.glazing with insul&i,on. It seems. . reasonable .to co$$u.de, that in msst.c;limates, double glazing &indows is not ,necessary with insulating shutters. However, a.masonry thertial storage wal!, ,-becmsgvofthe;high surface ten?p,eratures it generates afjacent to, t$e glass;, , 3. ..I should be.dsuble-glazed: insimates to pevent excesslie fhea.tOloss. \ 0 . I.. *,^_ 2 a . * .F , , ,. +* I, 4 I , of movable4insulatiou can be divided into three c,ategories: : T&i application 1 -4 .i (2) th&mally sensitiie an&d (3) mot& driven. Hand-op&at<d , I,. -. Y - . u] ha&operated, d&ices in&de sliding pgnels, .hinged shutters and drapes The initial c&t is generally low, arid the rnakrials tisually pay.& themselves in energy savi:ngs within d few years. Tl@&taJly sensitive devic&&!e activated. by heat coriyeWd = to. mechariicai. mov@n;ent. Some examples -are, Skylids t +I Fyeqn-activated. _ ve,nting systems) r$oxable louver0 system), -heat -motor9 (as used i@,greenhou can be. placed in 3 + ar+ large bi.metalMc ?tGps. ,They.fun%tion automatically an x are&~,,,d$fitiiJlt to reacb *like skylights and high clefestory witidows. These mechanisms use ho el&iricityLand ire usually more expefisbe thati hand, , ,oljerated: devices. ,MotoT-driven ap$ications can ,be -manually aq$va.ted or cotitrbl!e$ by aiJtor&ati.c timers, thG@ostat.s or light sensitive devices; Some examples are~ac&val!~ $ (foam beads ,blown between double glaiing) and :. Harold Hays Sk<t?&rh $ysteti (nibtor-driver+ tiiding insulatidn panels). The : ,., ,. . f -;\ .. . , w I a
I
~,*
_,
-.
.,
Insulati&~(~ P&s& *Stephen c. Baer, Movable Workshop, Proceed&g .(5i;ingfield Va.:.lj&oqal tSkylidi *Beadwall
* .t.
&jar Hating an< Cod/ink conference Techpica I IRfprmation Service, ilJ76). Corp., ,Al6uquerque, N;.Mex.
and I*_
are a batented &vice is a ~ate&d.

. -
by, Stephen Bq%r,;&mewoiks iomeworks

-
device by &id43&ison, \,y*,, #;:
Corp., A&uquerqti&,.N.
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23. Movable
lnsulgtion
,.' U @w/w ....*s' ;
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seatjle,wash
B .
47NL
1. .: ,; etqa ,:K , _p ..
A
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Fig*. IV-2%
= d. LC : ,.
; Glazing perdorniahe
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Cth
.
and without
, . _
m&able
. > I *
i&ulation..
R
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-.
,.
$6.
11
-, 237
Jhe
Passive
Splsr
Energy
Book
L % 0 . 7 ii
Photo IV-23~:
4 23Q 4 s ) I .
Insul~tiq devices: thermally and tiotor-driven Beadwall D I 3. ,
sensitive,Skylid (facing Fage).
(above) .
k 9 :> ~
4 I
..
.-
23. Movable
Insulation
advantages of these devices:a,re possible automatic operation, use in difficultr, to-reach areas and the capability ,to move very la?ge insulating panels. The ~ disadvar)-tages of motdr-driven a,pplications Gould be the. use of somewhat more complicated equipment and higher.initial$nd maintenance costs. n Movable insulat-ion offers additional benefits. ;jess collector area is needed to heat ti space. t. By reducing nighttime heat {ass,
-b I
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239
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. Photo IV-26
L.
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24. R.&flec&, ps . o, . -Q ! .; ,.. 8 ;. 7 y m * -1 . -.8;., - ie *2- (, :

a3 , .,-
Y.- 0
~ r *>
:Afte;~~-~OOSiN:~.THESYSTEM(7) for gaeh space, th% ar$unt 6f solar ene;gy incident on a collector cati .be increased with the additiqr;l of a reflector. RFfEectors, though, must:be integrated info the, buildings desjgn ,$hbn sizing A n c and detailing the solar system. 0 Q e .p ;. I , L
Q * B B- +J 111.,, 
_i
a-
A=large amount ofcollector area ,(s&th-iacing &ssL.rq&*not be feasibl$r or. des.irable in many building situ&& .In- a num&r of situations;!.sudh as partial
,?, ,
.O
acgthctic considerations *or the, shadipg ,bi rreLirby buildings oi vegctatioh, I IimiPed availability of south wihl. for so1a.r collection, large s~ut)&H~g glass j 8 0 areas may -not be possible. In addiiidn, since glass is a ~~oF&uI@~L, it makes. (.. ,$e,nse id minimize .the!area of, glazing needed to heat a space. ,By u.s.i:g . . exterior reflector;, the .a$qunt of solar r@iation transmitted througjl ea-cjl 9 sq,uare.tiot of.glass can be dramTaticaIIy increased. , TD -- / .- _ :. I i, 1. \ I k . I v The Recommendatiori ll / < D
, I s 0 :
Pi
. . ..
, ,;
* .. Di
1
,.
. LI
.For ye%c$ @ping us&a horizontal rgfiector roughly kqual in width,, dnd 1. to. BIW ... . #: 2 timesthe h$ight, of ihe glazed opening in len#h. Tar south-slo$gskyli&s 1: j-f-I- loch-reflector i -abo%e, the .skylight .at=a At. angle-oLapp+xi~~I.fM_,~ -.-..L :Y: . ,, :: _ _. MaJwthe reflector: r6ughly equal tq the length s wid!h of the skylight., and . / J, - . . @Y, ; ,Q,* \ ~ t?. s . /. . : 8, 3 &;, LJ %_ I.. . .o r> L
..
.,
.
b _ , d r
Iu &. . = > * * * - o rJ , , -E . DEVICES(25) .$&en possible, d&si.gn reilectorlt~~~;ncti~n asSi-tADING DEVICESGW 0. .&ten as:Si-tADING MOVABLE tiOVABLE l~SULAT~,rCXf(23)z lNSULATIrOtij23)z insulating..~hutt~rs, s ; . r _* _, _ ., ,,:r . ^ _* _,,- ,. .b L : d ,. . . (, ^.C
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and/or
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a IThe D
f$ssive
Solar
Energy
Bodk e
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Fig.%-24a Cl
. D
The Inf&nation
-; p z..
There are basically two types 0.f exterior reflector/collector configurations: reflectqrs couplid with vertical or near vertical glaring, and reflectors coupled , 44th south-slopislg and horizontalskjAights. . I I* ,* .For vertical glazing, a horizontal reflector directly b&t. The winter perforpance of reflector/collector la,Jitpdes was studied at the University of O.regon ./ +r 6 B 0 in front of the glazing ii configurations for vaiious in order to arrive at the
242.
:
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24. Reflect&s I i . . . w 0 . I- .gf Dr, 01 optimum ge i metrical arrangement for reflector/collector tilt angle>.* Results ~ 8 that the optimum reflector ang6 fo,r v@ical~ gl.azing. is for 48NL in&c&e ,-_ D L about;9S, or a 5 downward: $loping reflector. The result of similar c&ulatioas, for 35.NL, found theoptimum tilt angle to be 85, or a 5 upward : . _ , ,/.>J sloping reflector. Howgwer, for architectural reasons (such as water drainage), itis conveni?nt to use:,a-,sl~ght~r;war;d~-slo~~g reflector.* 11 is interesting 3 .-_ , to note that,at 35NLogly a. a small, loss of collected energy (less than 5%) ~ _. 1,; -slopi@ (5,) reflector. Woutd be' incurred by usbga downward +!* ,. , , _ : 7 h _. . .* . i The Lactical optm$m length of 2 reflecto? for, vertical glazing y/as found 0 I, to be roughly-:1 to 2.times the height of, the glazed opening< Theqjresults for , 45NL during the month of January are presented in figure IV-24b. Notice -, ,.; / ,,i . that the rate of enh.ancement (percentage of added energy) decjines sharply . -&--, --,--.---,~---.:-.a~ :the..reftectsF--le~gih ,j,?increased bey,ond2 ti@es the height of -the collector: ,_ I ~ . 13 The energy ga$&ed with a..reflector IengTh of II/Z. tin&s the hei ! b. _coXct0.r is only 7% Jestis\han.that gathered with a Wry long reflec ted declines almost linearly : 0 ncement .of 35% is pQssihle. Similar results K ctor combinatjons at, 35?NL. For maximum ; the shortest possible reflector- length is ,I. *& . -*. . l. 9. , -. . c> ; . f0 _, B. : int~~~,solar.,rad~~tion incident on vertical , C .y,t ,L ; , u.,,~~~~~~-~reflectcus. .gla&ng can be incr .3Q to. 46% t during the* winter months. , Ir /... $0 0. ._
- I
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. ,\ *: ,. - *. . I. !: : : .__ d c*.*; .I ., .,t ::. .. , /j . .L ,: :. _. . .. ~ ., !
.,
ieved .b,y. using a reflectok. in conjunction wit.h Yj-tt ftom-)M~ stko&ontatl-zky . un, the reflector sti?qd- hake an hgle of. r .sou?i-sloping skylight and. 65 to 80 L - - \>, -. 5, ; _ * 1
. , ~ o *
This -t&e of reflector configuration/ uniess adjusted -@$y$ tFo$g$& does not .o . e v$xk.vvell in cloudy climate.s, such as coastal regions of the McifiCNorthtiest, . (. because the reflector shides p&t of th.f&kydome thus :reducing* t,be amount. I~: during the Rredomitiantly C-i.m.;I ,, .-,_ ,,,1 of,-.&f&se &y radiatiori collected -by&the &flight -... _.._L. /_., -#Lb .a y 0 **-.,
. *
s,>, _ +Th&egercenta& ap$dy tp ~a.kpecuk.r~refkctor with a &face re~e&@e of 0.8. . ._ . . . ..~ _/ \a 5 :. . I . h.* :, *: ~\ .. . , :.* -\, c : % . / ,:, , _% . a \ -243 D ,. .- ,. . ,, , I.. -,- ..:, .p, *. , . . . . yi. - ,.!V, I < * a ., . ..\ . .*I ._ - . . 1, . ,,C. :,. . r.. :, , . . . i ,..-, a .*;,,e . ,.. , .-: ..*... ,., ., . &&;:J;y ( Ai.) ; .~.i , : *,*L.y:;,r. (I -,,~ , :&rF ., l . : ._ ., -,__ ,: _. . . \)\ .,..
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The Passive\Solar
Energy Book
35NL
1.
\
\ \ \ = \ \. \
._ . mvi
9
I I I .; I
\ I 1
i T T
1111
110
c . lI#I
loo
j#
.r
;a
3tEi&3+t$CKLECTC+R ANOLE .L :.
,p . Y---.:, ;
(TNSiREES)
,, .; , .;i
. -, _ _~ ..-i& \ ..
F$. JV-24bi v , . .._.. _ -z.
Percentage of Aar refle&or/colkctor .45NL (iacing.page). -=. . --..

k _
&&gy enhancement tilt angles at 35NL ,, .

. :,
for various -(herb and :-.D

dF*, 5 _ . D
g c * . I
A, I,
_ c T
Nbtc:
values plotted are .for a r&ktor with 0.80 refle&@g.q. &d a * 9, reflectorlcolkctor ratio of .2.0 (or the reflector is 2 timesthe ... heightof thkmcollectoi in length), J ,
,T .. ,o.. -. r , #
~
.: 0 -.
- Source: -S. .B&er, D! &4cDaniek; and. E. Kaehn, :YTime Integrated CW : culation of the Insdatiry Collected by a Reflector/Cdlector L System. : I or-. * I b i . / * .! -._ * . ,.- 9. I 7. . ._ , . . . :
*
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244
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24. Reflectors 0
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.: .. . *.**I.I-,..; .,,. .,,,,.!:. L ,.,*/,.I* : .. ..... .....bI.j.l. . $;$,.* I.., ,L.. .. horirontal : ._. .i7 .o li iv1, L . / .b .,, - . 30" I:. _: .\ 46;; . .+ . :* jti. 1 I. so/ ,:
~Recorn~i odd * ~R&c-tor . iAIIL$ b&a . * . . . . . .P . .: _ ._ i : i. &yllfh! -Slope,, _ -7-61
Tilt Arc@& for ,&tith-Facir&Skylights _-..:5-M. %. I -: 4 y * j t ._ .
-_ so0 loo : *
107.O.
7QP'.
7+
97
a039
93 .loo
sip 90 97
I()36
T, ~ NO%; I& in&e -deta .reflekiorkoll,estor studi& fpc%q& avgilable, resotk&nda4 9 _ /~-: ,_Z . .-_~ .. _..._. tilt-on~f~-.~y-~~.~~~-, ..-- _ . Lc -- ..S.----- --L--n.L-I---* . .& .I 7 . m 0 ....,-.-._.-,..-..~-.-.-l.:,,,...s.,...:: .i..... :T * _,..-. ic::d ___. ..,.-..,,...;.:...:::...,....~.~.~.~.~.~.......,.:.....~_____.___._ -.. -....:...*...*...*.* ____._.____ *s..... :. * -.- \ -. I
. I .
113
.j-q&
1@.
:. _I reflector .
4.
. -_ , -_
g-2$-
-..- - .._
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Sl<yli&t .refje&xg co&d ,be adjusted f6r the sumrrier .tionths to serve as SHAdlNG;,DEvleESr(2s). l~~~,~~&zr the refkxtor wqutd 6e raised to increasi . ,.sylar. cglfectipx, an+ in sunjrpq d lowered .to .stiade the skylight. .Remember . * ? ,iI ; (I\ 1.. : I i : _ ,, . I e 0 , .,. ,,y: .I _ : 1 245 -~
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-9
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246
24. Refktors
Adjur;tablc agouih-facing
reflector with skylight.
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The
Passive S&r
Energy
Book
. I
, _
water wall. .Mgttirials suitable for- reflectors include shiny &etals .such as thin metal foils, and gl&s or plastic mirrors. Whitepolished altiminum, colorkd materialls can be. used but &ii1 not perform aswell as polished because surfaLes. Care should be taken whera using reflectors with windows ,, of possible glare. . 4 /
. -- I
Table Iy-24b
Norma.1 Specular War Reflectance .. -,

Surface . L
of various
Surfaces
.
Percentage of Specular Reflectance .
__/--
.-
-\ . 0 Electroplated silver, new 3 High-p;rity aluminum, new, clean e Sputtered aluminum qptical reflector Brytal ;processed aluminum, high ptiiity . , Back-sjIveredwater.white. p clean Aluminum, siliconeoxygen c Al,uminum foil, 99.5% pure Back-aluminized 3M acrylic, new . Commercial Aizac process aluminum (plastii.w/ aluminum surface film) , B&k-aluminizcq# 3M acrylic, n?w .- . Alumin&d Type C Mylar (from Mylar side). CI I
,0.96 ?
0.91
.:.
0.89 0.89 0.88 , 0.87. 0.86 0186 ,(&(I5 1 6.85 *. 0.76 p

_.. .
.. , ,
0
..
. .(
. _,-
/-- 0 c\
NOTE: *Exposed to equivalent ob 1 ysar solar radiation. , : I - SO,Ul$[: job A. Duffie and wllig.rp. 4. Beckman, Solar Ene?gy Thermal -- .: 6 * ...Y.
,e a :, .,
r.
Processes..
_ *!q 4 . -&.
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l
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CT3
e Shading
evices
. T.
,::
Photo IV-25a
-25. Shading Devices \ .

. _,
.
-!
. hi +I
CT 1 00
J .Yi ,Y--
+ ,/ 1,
in the building to for shading these . 1 Q%

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large souttyfacing glass tieas, sized t.y admit . wilt also +dmit solar gain in summer &hen it is not
I IS
.L
less .scqplight ztriking south-facj.rig vertical enough to cause sdvere *overheatii-tg, problems. Forttinately, by *using an * ov@iang with south glazing, summer sunlight can be effectively controlled. _ T$e- kffectkeness of any s.h;ading device, however; depends upon. how ke1.l /4.i shades t.he glass in summ.er wi.thout shading i,t in wi-nter. .. ,,I,
I ,x b G . .; .& 1
The. kecoinm&ndatibb 0 ;# -
r,, .
.Siiad.e..wuth. :&zing with a. hori?ontal overhang and, equals in- length to. roughly one-fourth the southern latitudes (36NL) and,one-half .the height _ latitudes (48NL). .G ,
located above the glazing height of the opering in of the Qpe,&g in northern ,
.i
. I _ ,.
. m.
when possible, .design~ shading deyii&to act 3s both REFLECTCkJXS(24) to increase solar gaiti in winter, and as insul&irig shutters-MOVABLE INSULATION(23)-to reduce, building heat Los+ .d . :~-,.-. 4 Q .. \ .I d .. * < c~ 5 550 L 0 7 .
I -_-~ I 0
ff
I a
*.
p.
1 *
r * c, c , -4 64
25. Shading
~Cj.ev$cew j I
i 2 2*
DD 0
8 - 0 . i ~ d
--.
Fig. IV-2Sa , I I 0
,The Information n
I .
The most effective method .for shading south-facing glass in summer is kith an overhang. This shading. device is simply a solid horizontal projection located at the top ,_exterior of a window. The optimum projection of the , overhang from&the face of the building is dependent upon window height, the larger the opening (height) the longer,. \ latitude and climate. For exampl At southe.rn latitudes (36NL) the projection should %e the overhang. slightly smaller than at more northerly latitydes (48NL), because the sun follows a higher path across the summer skydome, An overhang when tilted up will. not only function as a shading device in summer, but also as a reflector in winter. i 3 The foIl,owing equation @ovjd.es a quick method for determining o tion of a fixedoverhang. p - /I . t 0 . ., O^. 7: window opening (height) = . in Projection F 0 0 where: f= factor from following table d .. ., * i the projec1,
.o ,
f,,.,?!$ , Li?$ :,:-, ,g?s,>,,; .,::~.v~~, I5 / ? ,L-
251 Ij _ <
-.
. r
Th; 0
de
Pas&e
Solar Energy
c
Bock-
North
Latitude
F Fact%
s,
*
0 -a J -. i
28". 32" 36" 40" 44" 48"

B
5.6-l 4.G
3.G 2.5
1 .l 6.3 4.5 3.4

2.7 v -. 4 -
-. 7
3 .,
2.c1.7-l.5-'
1.3-
2.2
7.8 b ,i
R 1 a T
52" 56:
.I 7 .,
1.5
values bv111provrde f~;b . shadrng
NOTTZ
*Select a factor according to your latitude. at noonnp June 21, the lower.values until
The higher August 1.
INSU
EFLECTIYE
MATERIAL
t. ,-.,.c \
*.\
h ,.(_.,i,. !...:m , < .,., .,;.,,~.:j.,.\.)~.. ,: ;:

Overhan&reflecpr, + Trenton, New:jer$ey.
i Fig. IV-25b:
. .b
Ike Williams
C&qr&~itysCenter * .
in-
_ .
+
i
252
0
I i \ I
a.. I
25. Shading Devices _ /L *
Photo IV-25b:
F P ,
Fixed overhang
doubles
as S reflector
in winter.
@a
: 44 \ 6
A fixed ovqerhang:.h.oweverq is not necessarily the besG%lution for shading sduth-facing glass singe climatic seasons 3do tnot correspond to the suns movement across the sky. -In the Northern Hemisphere, for instance, the middle df the summer cIimatFc season &es not coincida with the longest day of th.e year (June 21)>, nor the middle of the winter, season with the s,hortest day (December 21). In most- regions there is a time lag of at least a month. In addition, a fixed exterior shading ,device will protide the same,, +~ sha.ding on September 21, when the weather js warm, and on March 21.,,: when it is cold. Th& happens because the suns path across the sky is the same *on those days. Adjustable 0 /I a 253 , c
,z/ 0 : F 6 Q 0 00 L 3 P s> i op 0 . 8 3 .
t*,=
,I / / c :
i .
* c I %,F.
,.
,_
The
pas:jve
Solar
EnLtgy
Book
ii i!
i,
:L
I? * e-
25. Shading
Devices
rr .. 0 [I _I -% ._ i,,, '_ Lt.. s. ' ^ ' ."
1 -< , ~*
:*.
rl~matic rather than soiler variio Since vcgetati(,n <l~seI\ Gllpvs ;tgd tMrc in &lntcr. e will be .cov&ed with 7eivcs in ,surnm&r 1 en lo periodically tt>ln the vir1e.s so the,/ do not grow too i i O1 r bade the glazing in winter. P 0 0 do not providk ad,equate ;hading4for mrt- and kest-facing glass, y~p+~~n~rcqs tree; amd tall hedges, tvhep properly located, wiLI blocky th: low ; :;4GG.f$$jJ ,,j,,~p,rn~~ i 'i x-?~i, and la~eaft~rnoon,su~~~mer sun. . 0 , i ?%I$ ..x; / ,: -,,. .f & Y I 4 I. . yG$:,_.$*/I/ aq, :&c-_I,..: .,*-;,&Lh2 b,.,r.s,;, ,. ; .,+ or ,retra+ctabjIe eitrrior ,ctirtaiKs are Adjustable verticar lo&ers a,nd awnin@ *. als6ieffective :, nlet~~ods 6f shading ea.st and west glazing. Vertical buvers n ~p&*h~ng.
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25. Shading
Devices > . .* ; c~ --.,
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adjusted pivoted
thg afternoon winter sun, but when to face south will admit afternooh to. face north, *they shade the glazing from morningand, a. simpler and less expensive solution is an awning or ic front of the window. For a r-nose complete ,explansdevice calculations, . . ..**T* see YThe Shading <.,..d.,, -ima*... , 0 , ,\+. n Calculator in chapter 5:
tion of shadiing i 1
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Jhoto IV-262 .
26. Insulation
orhe
Outside
b 0
This pattern $i%pl+tes MASONkY HEAT STORAGE(11) WALL(12). 1.i desc,ribes methods for keeping hedt thermal mass from escaping rapidly-to the outside.
and INTERIOR
stored in
WATER an interior
r _ n n : I , .. R
While good at storing heat, a masbnr)c exterkf wail uvd a; diheat storage mkdium within a space will alsb readily pa+ l-this t&at to. ihe outside.
:4i. :, stone, con&W aid adobe. can stbre M&dnry ri?ateriaj: such as brick, large amounts.,of heat. A ma;dnry wall by itself, though, does not provide -For example, 3% inches bf fiberglass insulati6.n has the G ,good insulation. insulating propeyties of 1.2 feet of corkret: or 4 &et of--a&be in. a Direct -Gain System i large pbrtion of-the heat stored in. an exposed mason.ry wall . i* *Gill be lost to. the eyteiior. ., 2 ., u. p-, < 0
t t +
I,
W-hen using a ,,hson, walr (exposed to the exterior) for heat storage, place * . (iqsuiatibn on thtk outside of the wall. Also, at the pgrimeter of, foundatio-v wails, apply appkoximately I l/2 to 2 feet of Z-inch rigid waterproof insulation b&w. grade. This will preqent any heat stgred in the walls and floor from * be&g Griducted rapidly to the outside. 0 0
. 259
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ahe Information
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0 When hsed in standard ma;onry construction, insulation is Customarily p*laced, ., --.-73n~,the.inslde-f~ce of a wAt;.diyectty bZhind.ihC,interioY Eni&, or within ihe . to be effect& for heat stara@; masonry -should . L cavity of- a wall. However, * not be insulated fr& the;iDterio?>space and, mom 2%. r # Y\ . B ?&> -di. .A D 0 Therefore, when us~.,rn%on+ryIn an. interior iall that also .faces the exterior, place ,the insulation oh the outside face> of the wajl. :This kheps any heat storedy,,in the wall i.nric&e the space. A masonv wall coqstructed in this way b -. --can ab$qrb solar radiation lduring the day, store itas heat and.re,lease it to 1 0 t&! spate at night whenneeded. , I
/ 3 ~~-. O -There is one exception to this rule:? tn sunny teniberate wi0te.r climates, sGu?h.-faci& masonry wall!+ with, a dark -to medium-dark exikrior ,&iface ,J . &&?r can be left uninsula9ted, since the souih&%ll absorbs enough sunlight : . .i (heat) during the dayti.mq to offset any hea! flow out through th&;$all at . . .night. L = 0 h
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~------7~~G5i%@GGi,n the -form of rigi.@ boards applied directly to the wall, or s ;: I ., ,. ;I%$ insulation fastened between. tietdl or wood siu.ds. When placed on the.8 * iexterior faceof a wall,$s;lation should be prdtected from the weather and I . * ,. iphysjqal damage by,apptying.stuccd or siding. * , v , 0 --I i. > . 3-i ~. 0 .
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Insulation
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When considering.,a masonry ftoor as a heat s&age medium, it is mxmary , io know whether placing ins&tion beneath the fJoor and at the perimeter - ~. is- ~rthwhiie.~ -or. Francis C. Wessling, in, a pi.per titled T&mperat%r& ResponsP; of a Sunlit Floor and IIsSu.rrounding Soil concluded: y w Y
,I,.,,, , 11 _ ,.. . .
. . . calculations show the ener given up by tt@ Sloor to the .. rooti (iffer? by less thah 10% re rdless .bf the use of insula;ion. This indicates that:the.use of itisti-lation.beneath q2-foot-thick floor is -? ;-a, ii. -.__.__ ;.. - ,, c. ,-- i i.i -.,_ . . probably-not warranted. The peri~eiteIP-T~s~~1dro~~s..not affect the. - .,- .i I( er$rgy given up by the floor, to. the room either. .Hdwever, -the ;. . . ~ :I 0 . perimeter insulation does !ecrease the total house beating ..load. , .fl. .* b, >-ihe placement of peiimeter insulatiln has dn effect onyh t e birildings..pAq _ .Y ,. 6rmance. &cording to the study: 1 1: ;;I j * - The soil. floor pith. 24 in, s of perimeter Q perform better than the &inch cdncrete floor * irrsulatio~Q.* . 4 . o sI *q insulation ..a.pi;earsto with side and bottom c
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it &apparent thqt insulation beneath.,Oa floor s.Iib iS not @ insulation beneath a. ma,sonry floor I in w&t crima t es . -0 I .is ~probably zdva P t* . 0 , _. . Ln D a ca .I t+-: . . , -$;, ,, L . i. D h s 0. 8., I .
In dry 4imat$,
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* Summ~~r
cooling
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While.sr,multaneously deciding on th,e placement heat gain-WiNDOW L-OCA~IDN(6)_thoug~--Prmsr of openings for-summer breeze penetration.
of windows G-given _-
for winter solar to the location
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Ftunity 4o uGlize a passive system for summer Aoling is often overce th: majqr emphasis of passive building d,esign is on keeping n. winter. -There are essentially two el.ements ins every passive,. solar
.' \' ..I .
I \ .
uth-fawing glazing for heat gain and thermal mass for heat storage:0 ents, when properly designed, have the pcLent&ial to provide both hea.ting,and cooling in clcmateswith cool or cold winters and warm summers. When designconsiderations for summer cooling are neglected, the glazing and thermal- mass can work to increase heat gain an.d storage at a .time when it is ; nod: wanted, causing,extremely uncomfortable intqricx conditions. s 0
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The &commend&an
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bake ;h& roof, a lighi &to; br reflective material. In &mates with hot-dry e Wtimers: a D , i 9 _1 c 0 c( c li % ~ : I.- &I,& the building up at riight (operable windows _ -.. or vents) to . -~._I r.-veirtilate__.._- -cqolintenor and thermaXa& 2. Arrange large ope$ngs of roughly equal size+so tha.t inlets face ihe 1 * Sprevailing nighttime summer breezes qnd outMs are located on the sideof thh: .building directl,y oppos@ the &lets&r in the 1o.w pressure. - 0 %; area! on the~~o+art&side4 of thk building. . 3. Close the:building up dur$g the daytcime to keep the heat +t. R =-. - . e ._I 1# u , :$.
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* 27. Summer
Cooling
In climates
Q
with
hot-humid
summers:
s
Open ihe building up to the prevailing summer breezes during Yhk day and evehing. 2. Arrange inlets, and outlets as outlined above, only make the area of ,.,, -_ *-. :-??$ the outlets slightly larger than the inlets. .
1.
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Shade al.1 glazed openings in sun~me~FS~ADING~ D.EVICES(25)-and setectively plant,, vegetation .for b&h wimd,:@rotqctian in winter md sha.cjing i? 5 1 . ...sum,mer. 69 . ; _. .? . . \ P. =i , .% I , : ., , A , 26.3 . Vd 0 ** I ,- 1: . 4 0 . c 0 ** .; r:..; . I
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Building requirements for summer conditioris. There are essentially , humid. 1 n D,; 4
-
bn summer climatic hot-dry and hotri 1, 9 $7 > al 1 < I
cooling are dependent ho distinct conditions: . 0 9
_ H&dry;
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.,De;ign fdr solar .heating and sum.m-er ctrolingQin a climate with cold-winters summers is compatible. This climate is also characterized by ljigh . ,/ ,, - and h&-dry daytime and low nighttime (comfortable) temperat.ures in summer. The large dailytemperature fluctuation indicates intensive solar radiatidn during the (I / * /. I day, and strong outgoing radiatiorr (c1-e~~ skies) at night. These conditions ,cw rtec$ssitate shading, reflecfive &,rface colbrs, insulation and .mason<y construe9 --: t@tooreduce and delaysdlar and convective heat pins during the day, land c ,=a Irjighttime sooli;g of thermal mass by either ventilation or nightsky radiati0.n. . Shaaing-The first litie of heat control begi% 414 the exterior of a btibilding
, . *b i u0 . . *
D .
c ;.. h
where both trees and SHADING DEVICES(25) are needed to keep o;t the sun in summe;. Trees he$ to- moderate temperatures near the g,round under the ,tree-and when proptirly located: are effective in dntercefiting solar radiatibn before illreaches east- avd,we.st-facing windows aiid wall6 If a building is wet1 shaded in gummer then heat g&n ,will.be timitedprimarity to the_iconduction. 0 . of hGat thr.ough rhe skin of the euilding.
v/ : / : .,a S,urface:$Ioloi--The next line of heat cdntrol ,I L , .s ,I I/ $urfBceS which reflect rathmthak absorb -,I i.* the the&al energy- that is absorbed will reduce , i : ., \ _... ? ,mitted to the interior. Conflict arises when both 1. .. * *_ m :
the amount of .heat transdark colors_ fo; maxi&urn * solar absorption in winter and 1igh.t colors or pdlTshed surfaces for.minimum absorption in summer are desi,red. Architecturaliy, by taking adva.ntageof the suns se&al baths, ttiis confiiCt can be solved. :The s&h facade, made a b medium or datk color, will abs6,rb low soeth ,winter. sunlight and ,the roof,~ made a-light tcjlor: or shiny material, Will reflectthe high sbmmer .sun. To for .&ast- and wesr-facing .- atiriye: at. the.most effe&ie. sur#ace finjsh or
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impacts
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pass,
the skin of a building before a,f@cting indopr temperatures.Ai h,ear c flows. through a material. i< is. both.slotied in times from.*reaching th..& interior andireduc& in intensity.. Both,these qhar&ctetistics of rqaterials can be utiiized .R . to cr,eate cbmfortableindoor summer. condi tions. 4 ) , -\, ,1 ; , ; J+. __ ._0
ven- those coni& andinterior
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In essence, the bassive sys night, &hen outdoor tern .1 . i, 3
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Solar Energy
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.. outlets (relative to the inlets) increases airflow buf not in p<o@&r.tion to the - .f I7 * additional area. G 3 s. I, . *. r I1 e Tha temperature difference betweeniwarm ,indoor air and coole[ outdoor aif will cause a stack effect. Warm air risks out throughtopenings located high in a .* * drawing i.n cooler outdoor tir. through openings m h space while simultaneously ro 1 located low in the space. The darger the temperature di&rence bktw,een .. indoorOand outdoor air,the greater the height between inlets and.,outlets, and i , the larger .tRe openings, the greater will be the flow of air. When natural * ven.tilationis not possi&,~other methods of inducing airflolv.i.nclude wind . d a- ! . driven and mechanical #an systems. . * ; ,_-, ,, rs, . -_. .- , I -_ I -s/ .;.t
ci $ocations in hot-humid climates are characterized .by high0 daytime and night- I x/ time temperatures. There is very little outdoor temperature fluctuation over ? . . the day. Indoor comfort in this:ciimate i<,largely dependent upon the control . . -. p ..;. .,, ,. . of radiant heat: .gain andair. move-ment. These requicements~ call fok, effective n: .. :. shading, light-colpred. exterior surfaces and -reflective materials; and well-. stg %rs@!ated .construction.- Since outdoor air temperitures do not cool down . a .n - -s6bstantial!y .at?night, tooling is accomplished- by moving a sufficientquantity * ..-.. of air past thebody to.ensu.re-the rapid evaporntion of sweat from the skib. .+ .,*.;;.;;,z. -. -.--.-- .__ ; 4. To:.provide,for adpquate air movement foI.low the, sugge?tions for0 natural * , . vent$at@n outlined above; The: most effective coding takes place with a high q .\\ velocity ofa.irf.low. This G.an:*be accom&ished by maktng. the I, openings larger tha,nthe.intets. $I s F :.y... \ \ .. . . ...__ -.._.. , . . a ;.. Since interior fher.mai mass has little effect on indoor temperatures ; in-this i_ * cliii;iaze,,3lt.is~:r~~~ssa~~ to weigh tl& rengthand .intensit&of the,various seasons I. in order-.to de3velop a design that makes an integrated s.olution .p;bssible. For . exampler-.$-Roo.f Fond Systems .with:.: eti$orative coo/in8 can p/ovi.de both s ... .. __.... , -heatin@it$&inter and coolin.~:~~.:climates with jong hot-humid summers;; ,;. e. ..: s. 0 . _*-so \ . * -en. .Yf ~ y..; .. D .-.,-a .. ...,_ , *, t= _a I . ^_I.:~ 1.a Y. *..I. . 0 : . P ~0 . 8 : ., 1 7 0. . * - : 4 : ,0I )1. , .-...o D I .% -.. ., ..a.: 8 ..I,* ..-/L . f 1 0) .-A;. * . -. . .c. : : V, > j . * *. . . I l! :I .. j J. ,: ..I? c . -4. 0 0. o [i I. 0 .o. .. Q :I -4' '.-. I
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In order tb undFrsi$n$ a& be responsive so the efiec&of rh$ -sun ,bi~ th.e. , \ * locition .and design of plpces, it is .hecessary [d Jpc& ai,any.:giClen $timent; ; rrnation. i;li~c~~ssctry~n~o~c~er to calculbtti I a the s$.s pdsi tibn in the&$.% gs,,?.;tdc& spa&s, iriterior ro&n ayrhngc salar, heat gain,,and-to J~~ate%c egetation and sglar collectors. ., ,,. . -& .*:- ; rnents, wiridd&, shadink deyj,
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The Cylindrical u?iderstand-8nd &nvenien,t waq2o *t%s D =- \ seen from any. poini%.the . $zrticaI projection .of the SU&s R thar theiStin Chart is an; <* *,eo d &y%or;;ue. . : , h _
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The &bfe below listi approximately how far above or. below th.e eqyatar the sun: is on the twentieth day of each month.. I . I 0 I :0 3 ? 20th of, t.htgftH p . -1 --$0 v jan: c . I --iI, Feb. - (i, . h&K ip
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Skydome
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The skydome is the visible hemisphere oisky, above the horizon, In all dlrec- tions. The geid on the chart represents I;he vertical a~i,~j horlcgnl.dt .~~ngtp\ ()j the whole skydome: It is as /f there wercC;l clear dome aroun(I the obsc~rvc~r, ,IIIC~ then the chart:$ere peeled off of this-3ome,* strctchld out and Ia~d fiat , ~ 0 .-- a-r-- --5 0 LA--: h
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This; we can plgt the suns path for any day of the year. The lines shown .%. ~ represent thesuns path for the twentieth day of each month. The suns path ,L . . < is long&t during the summer bonths, -vhen it reaches its highest altitude, -h \-rising and setting with the widest azimuth angik frdin true south. ,During t,h~# . winter months the sun is mush lower in the sky, rising arid Gtting with- the . narrowest azimuth-ingles from true so.uth.
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P. .n Note: The times on the sun chart ,are fo.r sun time. This may vary from standard tim,e by as mu,ch as 75 minutei to; different locations and different times of the yE;r. This -ii fine for. *mos+r:practIcaI us.cs of the sun n chart. Its ,: f,mportant to remember to atrleast use standard time Iit: daylight savings time is in effect, subtract 1 hour from locqltime) when using the charts. For tiery ,. detailed studies, where it is necessary to know the exact relatignship betw&n o sun time and local time, an explanation of the conversion process is provided 0 4P i 7 !pte.r in this chapter. 0 _~ ~--s ~~ 1. _ \ n h (atitude atid Magnetic Variation 0 0% iince< the suns path varies accoiding QO the:locatibw on.e,ar.th from whick hit Lis being qlculated, a different sun chart is required for different latitudes. Sun ,char?i:f.&r latitudes in the United State3 and southern Can,,ada (28 to 56NL) are brovided in this section. The vap ,in figure Vi11 will a&ist you in selecting t *the sin chart (latit;de) closest to your.Jocation, . Q , I d The .rn~ap~.al& shows magnetic cpmpas?, variationslor your area. Becduse@f the eprths magnetis field, it isanecpsshry to adjust your compass reatling by ,a few - degrees east or west to obtain true.north (as different from magnetic north). .The amount of <variation depends upon your Ioqtian. Wheh true and maghetic I .nor;th are in the same location, the variatjpn is zero. In the. United States a line of ,>ero variation runs frdm the- e-astern end of Lake. Michigan to the Atlantic c@st in northern Georgia. !f you are located on th@ w&t side of that line, ;~ur cotnpas.5 needle will point to the east of true north. This~is called an4
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TRUE SOUTH
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A,westerly
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./easterly variation<.!J Similarly,. if you are located to the east ofi the line, y&r combass.needle will point to:the.west of true nor!h. This is c,alled~a westerly0 variation.+or example, the mapshows a deviation ,of 14% west for Boston.% .Tbis ineani, that. the compass is pointi,ng 141/20 to the west of true north; or &UP north -is 14% : to the &St of compass-:indicated north Itrue south is then $#;lz" west of compass south)., Due to local attraction, magnetic yariation - fr+@E%$ig~tly different for your locality.* Themap is accurate for most uses of the sun chartT,for mpre exact information, consult a surveyor.
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YI.lTbe su,n chart enables you to.gczsosition ,,tdtir.ing any month,.for any location within v and southern Canada.. ,G. ..I 2 I \ i 3
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The
Passive
Solar
Energy
Book
?& +:.
! Sun Time .._ 1 ,
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As the earth orbits the sun, its speed varies depending upon its distance from the sun. As we move closer to the sun, the earth slows down, and as we ,swing _ away +%rn the sun, we speed up. This difference in the earths speed is ,* responsible for a variation between sun and earth time, stnce a man-made clock keeps time uQi.formIy and does not take the earths speed into account. From the sunechart, you can see that sun trmc is measured by the position of the, sun above the horizon, solar noon corresponding to the .sun at its highest position and due south. Figore V-13 give; values for the equation oi time, or the difference between sun time and earth ciock time. The upper parI of the chart (-+) gives values when the sun is ahead of ctock time, and the j lower part (-) when the sun is behind.
MAR.-
APR.
Luy
JUNE
JULY
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SEPT.
OCT.
Nmc
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Fig. V-13: . &.: ,. ..
Equation of time. t, .: I: k < 3 ,
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in 24, time zones For the purpose of tellfng time, the earth has been divided each (a- total o! *X0, or a complete circle) -(longitudisal segments) of 15 extending from the North Pole to the South ,Pele. This corresponds to 24 hours (I hour foi each 15 or 4 minutes for each 1") for the earth t make one comlution about its axis. The time zones that affect the 7 Cnited States and plete r F anada are eastern standard time at a longitude of 75, central southern -standard time at 90, mountain standard time dt 105 and Pacific standard time ,,.* - at 120. A,t any given iocationwithin the United States or Canada, sun time rr fsund by starting with local standard time (if daylight savings time is in effect subtract 1 hour from your local time). Since it takes the sun 4 minutes to move 1" longitude, a correction needs to be made between the standdrd time longitude line and yuur local longitudeFind your location on the map in figure V-14 and subtract 4 minutes for every degree of longitude your location is west of your standard tim%e longitude line or add 4 minutes for every degree of longitude your location is east of it. The equation of tlnte adjustment is then added to this corrected tin6 to find sun time. D_
Fig..V-14:
I
Standard time zones of the United States. .
.
. .
The Passive
Solar Energy
Book
Then use this simptified sun time= where:

-
equation
to convert time+
standard E +4(L.L-Lti)
time to sun time:
standard
El= the equation of time, from figu-re V-l 3 in minu\ei L,,t= the itandard time longitude line for your-k& time Y zone Lloc=, the longitude of your location to 11:30 a.m. centyal 19 I !
For example, what is the,, sun -ti?ne corresponding standard time on February 15 in Minneapolis? _- To find sun time: 7. -.--. 10
2,
, LOG% Minneapolis on the map. Its longitude, is 93 whi;fiis central standard time zone with a standard? time longitpde Since ihe stm takes 4 minutes to move 1 0 the equation is 4(90--93) or 4( - 3) or - 92 minutes. To correct for the time viriatiori onC February 15, the tirpe or E from figure V-13 is minutes from standard time to obtain sun time.
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sun time= standard time -L&--IA sun_ti.. : -:--. e=-77?Da.~~-26min.=l1:04a.m. _ _-
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To accurately determine the tims&at direct-sun\ is blocked from reaching any point on a site it is necesp?-$1~ plot the obstructions as seen from that point. This is done by p@@@&$skyline directty on-*un chart.tf the skyfine to the south is l&%it~ no obstructionssuch as Itall trees, buildings or abruptly rising hills, the followirlg procedure is-unnecess4t-y as al! pointson the site wit1 . receh+--suRduring the-winter. I . . \ To plot the skyline, you will need either a tran$it or a compass (to find the azimuth angles df the skyline) and a- hand levd -(tti find the altit~dp..angtc~6~~~- the skyline), and a-copy of the sun chart for Y?UF location. .. .--. ___.-Next, place yourself at the ap~r~xins;rfe.:lb~ion ____ -y-y : , 2 .~. _. . .-,* --..-- _ on the site where you want to _.- - .- .._.--
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The Tools
put the building. ! 1.

2.
Plot the skyline

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(from
that pornti
on the sun chart
as follows:
3,
Lvhrch dIrectron IS true south Using the compass or transit, determine (remember magnetic varratron; see fog. V-l 1). Aiming the hand level or transit true south, determine the altitude (angle above the horizon) of the skylrne. Plot this point on the sun chart.above the azimuth angle 0 (true south). Similarly, determine and record the altitude angle .oi thr skyline for each 15 (azimuth angle) along the horizon, both to the cast and readings. west of south, to at least 120. This is a total of 17 altitude Plot these readings above their respective azimuth angles on the sun chart and connect them with a line.
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Plotting the skyline.

291
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The Passive Solar Enbr.gy Book
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Fig. V-16:
.
Plotting
t,lll permanent
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.
For isolatedtall objects that block the sun during the winter, such as ,tal! evergreen trees, find both the azimuth and altitude angles for each object and plot them on the chart. 5. Finally, plot the deciduous trees in the skyline with a dotted line. These are. of special nature, because by losing their leaves in the winter they let most of the sun pass through as long as they are not I densely spaced. This completes the skyline. The open areas on the sun chart the sun will reach that point on the site. 1
i 292 * I 1
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are the times when
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. The Sahr Radiation Calculator c :
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IrCthG &sign wf passive solar beating and cooling systems fqr bufldings, it ti important to know the amou> of radiation or heat energy that strikes a surface on a dinter-clear day, over an entire day, or at some partikular hour. ,
- ..I j_.
After making some basic assuihptions about the nature df the itmosphere and the nature of reflecting. surface<, it is possible to< calculate lhe amount of .radiation (suns he+{ measured in Btus) intercepted by a surtkce, on a clear .~ &y;-for any position of the sun in relation to that surface. A :computer progt$m -was developed:* to plpt all the possible pbsitiqns of the sun where a >quare foot of surface would recei<e ;t fixed quaptity of radiation, such as 50, 75 or 100 Btus in one hour. T/ie ptsitions of the sun, for leach quantity, were connecteJl a@ drawn as four illustrations, that follow, called solar pdiation calculators, to fit and be used with the sun chart. The solai ii\tensity m&kg are used to determine the amount of heat energy strikini a surface. The lines on the masks ,Tepresent winter-c/ear day, hourly totals of heat. energy (in Btus) striking a square foot of surface. The mask marked 90 is for vertical surfaces, mask "60"" for inclined surfdces of 60 (as measured from the horizon),.mask 3Oq for inclined surfaces of 30 and mask%+or horizontal surfaces. .,..
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a-
,Transfer the mask you choose to transparent- nt.at&rial and use the center axis and base I$% to align it wit6 !he sun chart. In order ti find., fhhe .amount of heat in Btus per s:uate fdot per hour intercepted by .a surface facing in any dir&tion, set the base line of the mask cjirect!y eve; the has? line of the sun chart. Using a compass, determine the.directio? that your surk faqe faces to the east or west of.& south. Keeping the base lines aligned; . . shift the pointer ofth,e mask to line up with the nuinber of degrees (azimuth. angle) your Suiface faces to the east or west of tr& South. You are now read? to determine the .solar inteniity valuei for that surface._, , 1.. I
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Set the pointer 6w the ma& ti:line up &ith 45 west.on the base line oi th$, L sun chart. Be su@ the &se lines of both sheets are in line. fie sun chart and -_ mask are now &li$jnecj to rea.cj the solar-ij&psit)i values. - .. I. ,. ._ ... - ,
l Comptiter
7 7
program w&&&l~ped by Mark Steven Baker frbm wlar radiation in the ASHRkE /&t&#ok of b+~~aamenta/s (1.97%. f .: i.-- -P -. : i . ., .% _. * . .. . *, 4 __. I ... . .. .: .,t .,._ 1,
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Radiation
Totals
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TO determine ~I , hour+triking
the winterw?leasday, hourly totals of heat energy,,ingtu16 ,,A each square foot-of surface area: I , i
. . 3 .,
1. - Selec,t the proper mask based on t,h6 slope of. the surface (horizontal, 30, 60 and vertical). 2. Select the proper sun chart for the latitude of your location (if your i lpcation is in+between latitudes, choose the closest one). 3. Keeping the base lines aligngd, set the pointer (center :axisjcof the mask on the-,azimuth angle that the surface faces to the east orwe -7 Y of true south. 1 4 Select the month you want to takethe reading and use that suns path to read the values. a 5. Select the hour of the month in which you wantthe reading: the intersection of the hour line snd the&n path will @ate the po~sition of I i 8 4; G .@/ -I .i ..; / ,295 I
.i-
74
$3
Book
Y . Note:
t,he sun. Read the number of Btus for that suns position from the radiation mask.If th,e point where you want the reading falls between radiation lines, interpolate to find the value., I D
Bezuse the -value of atmospheric moisture content varies greatly a~c@s-th@-united States, the solar intensity numbers need to be ad__ _s-* --justed depending upon your location. A correction called the Clear.*--ness tactor inust be applied to the cleariday values. The map in figure V-19 shows lines of equal clearness for wirrter conditions. Find the line and corresponding Clearness Factor closest to your area and multiply -= i .i I it by the hourly solar intensity numbers from the mask. -_ 1,
.
110
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Map of clearness adjustme& factgrs.

ASHRAE, Handbbok of Fundamentals, _. cl 1972.
I-
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c Totals * <. .. 1 Daily-Radiation To determine the tots-l- daily amount of heat energy striking a surface, simply i>* .,8. ... : .fqllow.%he procedure for hourly total,s for each hour on the sun chart and total a these to get the daily total. Cf the h.ourly totals have not b@n adjusted for your are& then adjust the dail;$&tal by multiplying it by theappropriate adjustment % I factor from the map. . ._, . _a . --_.
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CALCULATOR 4
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The Shading Calculator

a shading device -or any obstructionfor, that matter . Looking from a window, (such3s.a t.ree or building) @II block part of the skydome.from view. To put jt another way, the window will be in shade when the sun travels-across the obstructed part o,f the skydome. iFor any surface (such as a window. or clerestory), skydome obstructions and shading devices can be graphically plotted to construct a shading mask. This mask, when superimposed over a sun chart, accuratelydetermines the times that direct sunlight is bl-ocked from reaching that surface. Since the masks are geometric descriptions of the shading characteristics of a particular device or obstruction, they are not #dependent\~on latitude, orientation or time. Once plotted foc,a particular device,. they can be used over any sun chart. $ Shading devices/can be grouped into three categories: the horizontal overhang, vertical fin, and overhang/fin combination or eggcrate. The horizontal overhang is characterized by a shading mask(with, a curved shadow line rrlnning f.rom one edge of the mask to th,e other; * ~~ __--~-- ___---
I 4.
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the vertical
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SHAM
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1and the- combination combination of both
horizontal overhang/vertical fin curved and vertical shading lines.
is characterized
by a
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Fig. V-22
-ii .
SMAl?lNG CALCULATOR
Fj@.V-23:
Shading calculator.
Book
a-.
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The shaging masks are.ipdecendent depend upon the ratios generated window. These rat& are expressed shading device. The shading calculator shading mask. show.n
of the size of a shading devioe, but instead by the dimensions of the device and the as the angle the window makes with the.
in figure
V-23
will
assist you
in generating
The curved lines that run from the lower right-hand corner of the calculator to the -tower left-handcorner are used to plot horizontal obstruction lines )w and the vertical lines on the calculator serve to plot paral,lel to a windc lines parallel to the window. vertical obstruction
SHADING CALCULATOR
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Fig. V-24
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Plotting the Shading Mask
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Horizontal
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Overhaqg
. ~~~
To construct a shading mask for a window with a horizontal overhang, first determine the angle from a-line petpendicular w tk-bottem ~WW-window to the edge of the overhang (angle a), and the angle from the middle of the window to the edge of the overhang (angle b). These angles represent Then, using the shading calculator, ?OOh and 50% shading of the window. represent ,angle a and angle b. draw in the shade lines that l. &*.-:; . 3
~qECTlON Fig. V-25
the shading mask. The mask has a pointer and a base line tie sun chart. Select the sun chart for your latitude, then line of <the mask directly over the base line of the sun of the mask to line up with the number of-degrees faces to the east or west of true south. -The the times that the sun is ,above the at the 50% shading line.
fQr
Book /
----------
Fig. V~26:
. .
Alignment
example
for a window
facing
45 west of south.
Although the mask plots 700% and 50% shading of a window, the prmedure 1 can be repeated to generate a more complete r&k which includes 25% and 75% shading. Ve~Gq$l Fins -~ > .. There are basically two types of veiticat fin shading devices,: those that project ,out perpendicular from the face of the window and those that project out it an angle. To.cohstruct a mask for either device: ,i +.306 5 li -. *
_ .
,. ;c .;2 .
The
Toois L
First, determine an&s a and b as shown-in figure V-27. These angles represent the IOO~IL shading lines. Then determine angles c and d; these repTesent the 50% shading lines. Fromthe.base line of the shading calculator draw veitical ?,-c lines that correspond to angles a, b, c and d. This completes the shading. mask.
50% r rlOO%
c
/
I.
_, r-
k
.
I .I $9
,
,.
/*
./ _I
kg. V-27
MASK
The Pass,ive Solar- Energy

.
Book
Then align the shading mask over the sun chart to the angle-_the window faces to the east or west of ,.true south. The window will be completely shaded during the tjmes the sun is outside of the 100% shadi-ng lings and partially .i 7 . L .*.. ; shaded (50%) at the 50% shading lines. .k ., \ ,<~ . 7 Combination Horizontal Overhang/Vertical Fin To construct thb shading mask/for a combination horizontal fin, simply combine the shading masks for each device. *-:: .
t
overhang/vert<cal : =
2. , ./
Ii L
4.. I. /
-L
i: .. ! .\\ , ,.I
1..
Fig. V-z8 . \ * b
., : -..; ,.
1 * I-: -.
308.A ;: , -4.k . . . .0 , -
b<
.. : 1.
,-.7 1 -jj. Appendix

/ $i j, -_
I) 1
9~
.._
I
..L
F .
Performance
Calculations
(.
So far, general rules of thumb for designing and sizing a passive solar-heating system have been given in th%form of patterns.The,,E$terns make it possible. to integrate . passive solar conce$tsY,\when designing a btiildipg. They give enough detailed * inform.ationio size a system that will function effecG,vely. After a preliminary design for the building is complete, it. is ,then possible to calcui,ate the thermal performance f of each space and make adjustments to the system, if necessary-. ? . $
The patterns give rules of $umb for sizing a system based on clear-day solar radiation-and avera.ge outdoor ,tetiperatures lf,or the winter months. Es,senti,ally, this \\ ._I j* sizing procedure balances the h&i~ostfrom a space (kept at 7OE! over the day with XX -3 C the energy col!ected from the sun (when shining) that same day. This condition is.y ~ referred to as the design-day: Because design-day data have been used, it can be f Y expected that the system will not perform as effectively under more severe conditions, although th,e massive nature of passive buildings tends to moderate the effectsof weather extremes. It is reasonable to eypect that a sizing procedure for the .s , worst possible winter weather conditions is usually not practical. To do that would . YesuIt in spaces that are uncomfortably -warm during periods of normal sunny . weather.and would lead to a design that is oversized, and most likely uneconomical .lo build. For this reason, some form of ba&up-heating system is desirable in most ____-passive solar heated buildings. Due to the complicated nature of energy flows in a passive building, cal&lating system performance is a difficult and tedious-process, i usually rec@ring the use of a computer. However, bj?.~compresstig this process into a few relatively simple calculations, it wasfourid that o&\ly a small degree of accuracy was sacr$icedSinceeven the most sophisticated calcuiation procedures are subject _---- _-Am~-------I--- due to the large number of unpredictable to error variables associated with passive furnishings and surface c&lors, systems (such as occupant space use, interior I estimating infiltration rates), this simplified procedure is, appropriate for most . I small-scale applications of ~assive$&ems. I ,_-
b
.__ /
309
. 0 e
m
. r ,. _ --~,
Ibe ,Passiire Solar ,Energy Book .

B . . c d :i -4 n
n d 0 i I A **1 __
There are six steps inv%lved:in calculating R

.-. e
a systems performance: * 1
I.
#I . . . . : J .:. . a . .. > . ,* .. ..
.,.. .. .: ,_ .
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Calcuhting the rate of space heat loss. v D Calculating spate heat &in. Determining the dverage daily*indc& temper&tire: Determining the daily indoor temperature fluctuation. Calculating the auxiliary space heating requirements. D&termining th:e cost-effrictiveness of the system. iaJ , 7 ,, &* t n ij \
6.
f ::..r*:,* k -: .,aI. ,. *
, r % ) i 1 ,,_ - step 1 l ; , .. il ; .~. Cakulating &I&& Heat Losstin * Winter .. -,., . .., *.: & c \
-
. :* .I .:. . ./ The qu&ttity of solar energy need& by a space in winter is dependent upon&e .. .;.. . .( . hourly rate of heat loss throughihe exter@ skin of-the building. Heat i&lost through : .. 1.. ..B .~ ._ , the skin of a building by two methods: he.at,Iass through the \;sall_s;floor, roof and * :. ;:*: . . :. * wjndows (cond$uciion losses) anddthe.heat loss through the exchange of warm4 ,;. ,: 0.ra... indoor aiiwith cold outdoor air (infiltration losses), The total space heat loss is th,en * L(:, a_ D. .n ;- 0 :: ..: 9 O.thp.,.sgm of the conduction losses pius the infiltration tosses. in calculating heat loss, it I .i -0.: ,. *_.: *,0 .. .is:necessaryto compute the hourly rate for each space in the building separately. ..,,. . ., I .: 0 . . . _. *_s, 1 .-n. I ,..L .a$& hourly rate, when div;ded.by the floor area ofthe space and then . .,-?$ th&rs, gives an o\erall space U value, expre&din Btus perTday per I:. .._ -.* r,;a.; ; A ;b. -L1 ,: ., fi.e&area:p& . :: OF@J/day-sq ft+&-OF): ,. @ I . il.: <, .i 4 . *- ,;_ ~-r-!..,! . I . C?, . -. -\: A .-c eI,.. ;:.I1_;,..i.: 1; ( L ., ; i. . . I,* .A .: I ,.-,: n ..,I *C.. : * / *i ;. . ...j. J, ~ ,.. .- _ .1. . :L:;.:. *i ( ;, rl.,:.,,, . ,.,..: sl+, . .(I... r, c ,:,.jo.- .* _et. : D -. ..+ e 2.;faN, . I* * _r.. ~ . _;,- *, a. s, 0 r( *dI) 8, -_1,* P y d ,;,,--,:, ,. * 1 . figure to use whe? calculating in&& air temperatures and.the A. . . ;.;- :,~~:ii~~~~~irenie~t L . :. .. . * .---., yearly *dCjntrib,ution,of sQtar energy. . , hL- ; ..i ..a= .., a 0 I ,: *: C ; * \. :b.0 I( i : EI< .+ < _* i a_- - I) _ = .I ;- :..,, &is re&nable ,.. F .C htl to expe& that e overall space U value for a well-insulated residence : ,.ef . _,<, - &ill~&~,between.% and 12 BWday-sq ft,,-F, and fora gr&nho8tise between 20 and ...> -. . 8. , :,:-$@ . 4[1,Btw/d~~~s~-f-t,,~OF,Table l-l is included .here to provide you dth a quick an# -.. n s. easy- rneQ+ of-arriv~~---atuj,;-Hte-~ble;skot,l~~ be used ,for-estimating purposes -,a) . _. n,on.ijl., For a de&iption lof detailed:heat loss calculations, seetheprof&ssiqna/ editicm * a.,< , < ;-< of~~un&pe@a~s. cifi?l4f, Fgsi~e S&i Erkrgy Book or 0 ASHYE H&dbok the , L:i .
*,,
0~ D . . ;a
i ----
; o. 0:: . * :,.,;, 7, ,:,P I +, _. . . --+Jb .,:.,, ,,#.G . c ,. /(: , .I:,.h.I., ,t.( - ,II . . r ,U .., ,.,;. ._ i - ij) _.I L;_ _ ..I,,<* I. ,I . 7 ,,; .. , j, 1.: 9 , 0I
. ), I ~_ *. 1 * L 00 i
. $1: 2 * . _
v..
- .
by .. ,r
.\ \.-F{rst-flo& .c
.
1Exposed D Wall AI. .
2cnw
Expoud walls F
.
Ay,, 7 ,
)i
7 ) P,
: .\ .
1 :, !. 4
. Single glazing space 1 f4I _heat+= space fbove j. 0 . *
8.1 * 0 5.6 a 0 a.9 I L . 12.4 + ,
12.2
7.2 : : . a
6.6 (B P 4.9 T
Double glazing or single glsningwl n insulating shutters 4 n glaziy
a.9
5.5
/ I Upper-floor space or one-story-typq spqx , D- , P .,*
$ngk
.13.0
a.0
/ i
7.4
>i>
.1.; _.
: / .a
Same as above but a I. l/$?:story-high space

0
78.1
9. f ,I 54.7
. .12.5 i
11.9
n
.
.~ F ,, 6 :c :-,,@.. 91..
1.
o .L
0 -L
D0
II
,ja+.-? same as BboveLt .. . I / a I lL?-st~ry.~~$igh 9.1 space : d a.. . 1 .

u
&uble @aZing or single glazing yd insulating shuners I\
g ) b.4 -
= 6.3 _
5.7 il
l l 3.7
9 .:y
j.2
2:. .,
. N()fi& Q -0 . ;,.f..
.. ,.
.l- .b&es apply to-a wellk&lated spate with 3 112 to 6 inches of insulation in the walls, under flcws above pa& of 2 ih+e5 d 6 inches .or more ii-~the ceiling, 3 l/2 inches M peiiyger insulation for :a Zlab on grade. F -..-.-.-.--.--.-. / 7. 2. &jtq ., is b&M . b h Wi*in . l!j,;a** istE?Cm _.,. .---. ?. 1. area.I,. . 0 1r .1 . , 0 far &i&E5 W!y..
-.... . _-_.. __ _ ._.. ,____ -_oJ-
d
.
. & . L
C . . CM-. \* -. 0 . ,~.li_ 3 -- s .a -ooo .I*: . 0.
.. :Q .
3. Are,a of glazing is &ghi{ 20 to 30%:dhemspace.flr#x * _: .{ _ 4. Assimes no heat ioss througti%e th%rnaJ-$I. _ 4
. .e_ 0 :* ,, .
..
I. ,;,- -3; ,&&les / I , _ I -L . I
y' . .<. . - -9.. 7." ;
i.., .;; .._ . ,,: .."
"* :..:
_ , 'CL -2
ir6. heat loss thrr>ugh ttk common wall betkeenthe .I I, < CI .I:
space and gr&ha;.. . .
_ d. . ;
..
DY. . . .'d
7 _ ._ 0. I -.A... .
411.
:,t
Step 2. &Mating
Space HeatEain
in Wider
Heat Gain Formulas

-~ l Directftiar~Heat Cain (I-/C,,,)-All of the sunlight transmitted through a window 3s collected by a space, as heat. However, the amount transmitted through each square foot of glass depends upon many factors, such as the location or latitude of the building, the orientation of the window, the number and type of window glazing used, and the shading of a win-&w by nearby obstructionsn/incIuding shading devices. ApT.agndix.6 lists daily totals of clear-day, solar heat gain (I,) transmitted through double glasssat various latitudes and window orientations. To calculate solar heat gdin, first select the proper table for your location. For instance, at 4O*NL, if J vertical window is oriented due south, the solar heat gain through a square foot d unsh,$ecl
a ,
0 / / ./ /. / /
/ /
.,1
. -
I..... I
__
,;
I I I+ J _
0 .e I
-i
L i
Fig. l-l:
-
Methods
i 312. :
of spaec heat gain. @. -c I
0 _-__ . n
s .
, ,.(
I....,
n -.
3 ^ double .; pane glass during ihe mbnth of )ar$ry ii lm,Lii05 Btu/day or 1,506 x .,a (%9b, h t abs_cx@n I&J =, 1,415. Knowing the solar heat gain through one square foot of0 _- --IT ?&k&v, (HG,,) is -calculated the heat gain through an &tire section of wit$ow .fe _0 , 4 _._2 * using the following equation: 0. ;\I
. . n
I k n a so, 3 A,, n ;:A I x It * I
\ 3,
or r
,e 0
: .*
0 :
where!! &, = sirface area of the unshaded pot&n of the glazing in - -. - - 3qual.e feet . _It = solar heat gain through one squae foot of glazing in Btg/day _ ,i-
\.\
>.
3 =. 0
&e important Gate: This formula<is used tocalculate the direct solar heat gain in a attached or freestanding. The solar heat gain for space includingngreenhousks, glazing used with a reflecioi will be greater than ihe value given for If. Appendix 7 -@v&s the percentage of, enhancement of solar heat gain for- differ&t I_atitudes and .,,_,,,. .reflector/co~lector tilt. angles. ,. 3 0 0, l Hea? Cain kti a Therma/.Stomge !kall, Rpof Pond or Attached Greenhouse * (M&&-The heat gain into a space from a thermal stdr&@ Owall, icmf pot-d or ~ atta?&d r~nhouse..(HG,,)*can be calculated using the fpllowing formula: ;a #5-y/ , -? 0
Hdm =- &,, x I, x b
. -c
.o
II- ~-
-8. 0 .
~ ) * i. . ..~~........~~.................. . tihere:
.,, n Y
(I * 0 prtigrp of the glazing in . I bi ., < n . I , .\,., I*.,> \\..\
A,, = sur&e~
kea of the unshaded _sqGm.3 feet. .I
I, = $ar heat gaiq through one square foot of; glazing in .~ .- Btu/day * . 0 Pf P = tie &rc@age of ikident energy pn the fake of a icermal wall or r&f pond that is trapsferwd to the space 0.
.y .a^p. LI .
. -if
Values of P for d,duble~gla;ed thermal. storage w&i (black exterio! v+ll sudgce color) and tkf ponds are plBttd.for a variety,of conditions in figure l-2. To find the value of.P, first determine the ratio of the~~&wal+- orro&pond+rPXtC,pacef@-.-._. ~~~~~~~,~,~2T7D-sq~.~re-f~~+lyce tith a 1 &kquarEfootcongTete thermal _ .? _-.- -I---.---.---&k has-& ratio of 1 OOti60 $ilj?X?: Then, fiokii 50 on the hoiizontal scak, folloy a s v&&al line until. it intene&the c_ljfie for. the oerall v val~e.(.U;,) df the%space= you calc&&d.i.n Step 1, CalculatingSpace Heat Loss &?/Vinter. From thk M&&tioti _ move horizo&lly t9 the left and read the pe!eentage of erikr&t~nsmjtted through .-_ 0 0. W~~wall &!he+&tie&scate~tf~GZkampTe, .the ZOO-scj,yare-fodt space #ad an -_~ --O&&i u value Qf 6 &u/day-sq ft-OF.,t@n- P will equal 35% or 0.35. Whet-i ysing ... _. . -0O1 yable insu!?ion 8overgl&zing ai night,. ddd.5,% JO Ek value of P. 0 , & o, 0 -_ : Y : _ Q.;:.;. ., . :0 1 .I & n I_, .I -~_ * h i? ~ . 0. .. - .3.1$ rv +- _ .a-c 0 e.,i 0.. \I # ..e _T:. . ,. _. -3. ,,, .. 0 0:;. I. L, . ,,.. ..-- ..; @ , ?.I . ,.-..a;. .. / ,,, 8 ::... ,;.,,,,,.... ,I, 0
-I-
\+, -. :.- .-,.F%. i . 4 . n . , 1 riJ. .,.. .,,_ .. ^ ,$s; i 0 . :
_-
I : -%
/ I \_. I--. -_ > . .
-i L n 4. :
4 mi/ -, f . . 4 1~ _._._.__-___ 60
I 1 .*
-, ._ . _ I 0
i I. "~-&r~;Gf+r,~r~~~ 0 a
20
.mmm_o ,-., r-T7 ..,-, +.,TrT~--T~T-.lT+ 30 40 so tat&dthumdndrulRmxuu
________Tr_____*
_.._____+ '@Jr
_c ~_~~ Ed.
CONCRETE TERMAL ,I...I.
STORAGE
WALL (1 Ff TWCK)
. I i
-.
r----.,7
i i r .
. WATER THCRYAL , STORAdE W-ALL AHD.ROOf FOND (AMY TktlCKt!4ESS) 1 i ?
m ,>A ;
, z-. .. I_ .
3 7 .-14
.. ..
Percentage of incident enz& transf&ed !h&ugh thermal storage walls and roof pmds. .a . I Ntite: Graphs are plotted (or styage waJ.15 dith a black exterior : siuface,color. I % &.: q rr..> I. *& / .-. / i .
I&. &2:
. :. .1. .. 3.. __-----
___- ---~
I __-/-- 1--
;.
. i_-__ L-_
_ ~..-
~,
-_
. .
Appendix
-:
For a space adjacent td an attached greenhouse, the percentageof e?er@.transferr& through the comtion wall is difficult to predict because- df the many variables. involved in heat tranSfer between the spaces. In this case,*.qy,ly a iery rough estimate wp can be given. Table J-2 IiFts values of P for common w&g; constructed of either masonry or water: Select a value based on the overall $te .of heat loss (U,,) .e ,calculated for the greenhbuse in. Step 1. . . (P) Transferred tlik&h t)reComkn T&Be l-2 P,ercentage* of Ene _ between: an AZtach 3 -Greenhouse ind q@&ent Space ., . .:--
:. ChldOOt-Thick ConCrete Wall 4
%,.;.a ,:=,,a*, --.c q
Wdl
*
2 ,n .,
. *
Rate&f Hemtbs -fmmiheGreeflhwse u,, mhw4 h-w . .,
water W$ll (all thiCknes&)
\
NOTE:
24 " ., ,36 #4a'
'. ~.I_
lFoz.Fmatingpurposes
mm_ ~.~~---zm ~- .~ ' 17% 14% -L~.
.=:
30% 24% 21%
,, _
i,.,& .,
: ."".
only. These percentages a&y to a &l-insulated space with a heat lqs of 6 to 8 +/day-&q ft,,-F, and a them&l wall$o-glass-area ratio of approximately 1 to 1. Thk greenhouse side d the thermatwal! iS assumed to be a dark c&r, and in direct sunlight;- If the wall -is shade&% not in direct sunlight, the value of P will be considera& I& *
I.. . . .. .....
. . w&t@.Heat
$-&&l.
..
~.
8 %
-_ I _ I
To find thetotal daily solar heat gain for e&h space, first establish the design-day .,, \\% conditions. An average sunny January day is a reasonable condition to illustrate a systems Fjerfocmance. lora Oirect.Gain System, using clear-day January values for \.\ .s,,, solar heat gairi through glass (i,) from Appendix 6, calculate the heat gain through \ each unshaded skylight, $!erestory and window opening: b; . \
kol
: ,
= It x &,I
* 7
L-.--F
t gain, in Btus per day, is simply the sum of . the& values, /b
fti Bids perday, from a therm$
s&uqe---
Y -.. -- L..\ --. -----a; __~~--I

.
-. , i__ gild the heat gai.n; from eadh > 0 e es

. 0315
I * ,. _ , ---_ _.... - I I -----
.-- -- ___---
0 ,i . \ ,
* t
'
0 ____ - -.---
l , *
1, .,
1 ..-.I?-. _ ._. .-._..,,, .____,,_ _._ , . _
, m. :
._/,
-I. I
jh
-n
-^ _. .~~_ .r + ,.
_I - 2-w 4
___-_____-
-----
-------~.
,.G
. .
8 -.
;
-3 r)
_ To convert the totalV<Fjace heat gain into units that are convenient to use (Btu/day-sq ft,,) simply -divide HG,, And H&,by the floor area of the space: n
The Passive SolarEnergy . * .
Book
where: ~I%&,,= total space heat gain per square t73ot of floor area \ i - ~.-.. ... .,,, A.^ m-.-.^.~.-~.-,.,. ..... Sfe.p.v.$ . . ~~ 3 _~~ ,i. d
* 0
_L Deterrhing .
Average Indoor
~ernper.&we~-T .
-..
+-.-A-
After 1 to 3 days ofsimiiar weather conditions (clear or cloudy days in a row) a space . will stabilize as a thermal system. This means that temperatures in the space remain 5 b$, roughly thesame from day to day. Finding the daily &&rage space temperatuie for I, 8. this condition is relafivelystraightforwar& .-a. -Yip r . .I -C& . . Using the rate ofspace heat loss (U,,) and daily heat gain (H&J calcul,ated in Steps i I -mmdzheragEf-oal or temperature&is%und-by divt?ingH& by U,, rtnd s. 1:. I(- adding the result to the average daily outdoor temperature (TV* for the design-day.
o -c
:j
t[ = -+t H&P U
SP
;. .
a
7
L
*
@ I,, ,. \
\
,:
-, .
where:. HG,: = rate of space heat gain in Btu/day-sq ft,,
. .:
-. , _~ _ ,
.~:-;\ * ~~------... :
bI I.
..~
-
.A k U SP = rafe of space heat loss i,n Btu/dBy%q ft,-S . *._I I mt, =. averSj$&&ly outdoor temperature :(
/* !.
\- L /
i ~ \
i !
b,. -7 ., _i ._ . I r. .-
m.
--
&e-member that this calkulation must be done for each space. The&e of Jinuat$ c~tearclay~sdlar radiation and temperature! data is recommended ,as @put, howe,ver, averagdindoor temperatures canbe found for any month. Simply use solar heat gain andoutdoor/temperature data for the month you want to calculate. . , Figure I-3-presents a simple graphic~method for calculatjng the average,daily indoor. temperature. Knowing the rate of space heat loss(U,,) and daily heat gain (H&,),-the tk-n*&~~theG~Woor . -i g*,4an-bLused--todet~ne
* ,I ^ A0 ,r .F
\ 9 9
..--: :; _
,I, ;: i . ;..a
._-
.. Average dai,ty outdoor temperatures (to) fQr each n,qnrh are given in Appendix 4.
_ _.-~~ -.
316.
:;r., , *..: :. ;~~- -~ ,_---_ .i ---.* !s?+y- _.,. c-*.- 1 I.__. -y M;, .._ . ; ~1
.___ .,a ---_ ._ _I _- .*.... ,-.--. f, !.
a= ___- -_ __--a-.-J----_
__-_ -L ~----~ --~ , .i Q D
-. II (. .
, w. . ^
. t \ I 1
Appendix
ttzmp3am fum, for example, a temperature will be above the average 35F) has a heat loss of space located in New York City (average Jan&ytemperature, 8 Btu/day-sq ftr,-F and-.,a daily heat gain .in January of 300 Btu/day-sq ft,,. To determine the averagvlndoor temperature for this cqdition, first follow a vertical to where4 ~intersects the curve that _, line from 300 on the horizontal scale (HG,,) intersection draw a Prepresents the.overali U value of the space (U,, = 8). Fromthis straight line to the scale on- the left and read the number ofdegrees the average ture; +38F or, indoor air temperature will be above the average outdoor tempe\ \\.\\_ simply, the average indoor temperature is 35F + 38F or 73F. -._. I , \. \ \\, \\ \
.3
.,
-T B
GAIN
mti-c$FI
:.
-4
I
n
L :~ ,, \
Fig. 1-3:
hi
Deterkining 9
;
the average indbor temperatuie:

f
,\.I :j;, : . it. ._,
1 -. .I
i\ .
., . ? .@
_,-
* _
a. ~
317 P o
.9 . , . .,., * n c
The Passive Solar Energy .Book

* 0 :
.s c
\ \ \
^ :.
Until now only the heat gain from passive systems (the sun) has been conxbe considerable. In sidered. However, heat from lights, people and equipment ca certain Lbuilding types, Ii ke theaters and educational facilities, thik,heat gain is very complex and will not be discussed here. In a residence, though, thesesources of heat are -intermittent and d-o not appreciably affect indoor temperatures,oveith,e day. To account for this heat gain, add 2 to 4F to the average daily indoor temperature. Although the average temperature will -be slightly higher over the day, the nighttime low temperature in the space will not be affected since there is very little activity in,a ,_ residence during the late evening and early morning hours. I L Y, b Because,of the complicated n,ature of building design, there is no ideal average indoor temperature, but as the average-temperature approaches 7OF, enough heat is admitted,into a space to supply it with all its heating needs for that day. If the average indoor temperature is too low, it can be raised by reducing the rate of space heat loss (U,,),\increasing tfie area of south-facing glass or supplying heat to the space from an e auxiliary heating system. 0 ,5 0 , ,P *
Step 4,
__
D_etermihag 0 .
a-. .I
..,*
Daily Space .Temperature ; .
Fluctuations c
Having a good idea of how a system will perform on a sunny-winter day, the air temperature fluctuatjons in the space over that same day can now be determined. A space mayhave different heating requirements at various times of the day; depending upon occupant use:. An office, for example, should be kept at about 70F during working hours, but at nigiact,when the space is not in use, it can be kept at a much hat time, and by how ow the daily-average. In uirements of a space. - t of tjib3rmal mass on indoor temperdturefluchuatipns -isexplainedX length st.ems in MASONRY HEAi~TORAGE(11) and INTERIOR WAT.ER.. ermal Storage Wail Systems in WALL DETAlLS(14);. for spaces nhouse in GREENHOUSE CONNECTlON(16), and for houses in GREENHOUSE DETAlLS(2Q). But .since ,ot always symmetrical about the daily average indoor _,. temperature flu nd below the average), a series of gra.phs ms(figs.l-4,5,6,7and8)isincluded peratures for a design-day, first .. 318 I_ , 5, i I _ I _-1 .* _I .o ., 9
,,
-~ 0
--
\- ,__ ., ., .I
,-_
La , I * .
.,
Appendix
select the graph that corresponds to your system. Then, using the average indoor temperature that you calculated in Step 3 as a reference point, plot the number of degrees the indoor air-temperature is-above or below the average for each hour. .
Direct Gain System

Masonry Heat Storage-Since the relationship between sunlight and thermal mass greatly influences indoor air temperatures., two cases, each representing a different relationship, are presented. in figure l-4. Choose the case that most clearly repl
CASE
Fig. l-4:
Haurly
indoor teinperatbres for direct gain systems with masonry heat storage (here and on next page).
..
.-w
The passive Sdar Energy Book
resents the way sunlight interacts with masonry located in the space. A graph corresponding to each case gives hourly indoor temperatures above and below the daily average (t,) for four masonry materials. If a space falls between the%o cases, theninterpolate between the graphs plotted for each case. Also, it is probable that a space may not be constructed-of just one material. Therefore, when more than one material is used, for example, concrete walls and a brick floor, take the he&-ly temperature somewhere between the values given for each material.
CASE 2
+ze
320
.. .I . : ,i .. i ,a I .ir :h jj *
_I .,
. ,? L . . -
/.
Appendix
.
1:
0
lnierior Water Wall-In the case of an interior&hater wall, the volume-of water iilr direct sunlight is the major determ%ant of space temperature fluctuatiot% over the! day. Figure l-5 plots indoor tempergtures for variqus,quantities of water per square/ foot of south-facing, glass. To5orr@ute t;his value,. simply take .thq volume of witer , (CIJft) in the space and divide it by the arqa of south-facing glass (sq ft). One imm;?nv J note: The s&face of the waler wall is asstimed to be a dark color. If the wall is painted a light color, ,then air. tempeiature fltictuatio?s in the space will be higher than thosk given, d I e -.
l
I/
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Fig. 1-5: Ho,u&y indoot temperatures foi dire& gain systems D yvith various volumes ,of water.storage per square foot of south-facing glass. _ . * i .
e 321
., /-8 z .
. \ __;._- .i - Q -,T 3
.1 ed.
.I ? \ ,:) -__.- \
a e e* : 7
:!
c-. c,
The Passive Solar Energy Boo6
x
Adjacent to in Atwhed Greenhouse 6
Thermal Storage Wall.System
anddpaces
The material used to construct a therma~storage~aIl. and the thickness &the wall are the rna@r influences on indoor air temperature fluctuations.. F,iire l-6 graphs jndoo6ir temperatures for various thicknesses of four ,cornmonly used Gall ._/.- -, materials: concrete, brick, adobe 2nd water. Daytime.tc,m@ratures can be increased , _--above those indicated on the @aphs if.warm air from. the greenhouse or face of a maso(7rry thermal. wall is allowed to ccrcuiate into the space However, nighttime ~temperatures in the-space slyill remain.t&&me. Notice-that maximum-and minimum space temperatures-are reachedat8ifferent times of the,day.fordifferent thicknesses _ D..,. n 0fiYall:. ___, __-u /
_, ~.--_. . , ~.
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67
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a.
CONCRE+&ALL~
I /ii& l-6:
Y ..
.Hourly indoorj temperatures walls of various thicknesses fo*r thermal Storage (here and n&xt two
.
%& _ -\, 6 - 1 .%~322 ,,,/ pi:, : ,: ., g ,,. . a ,/ / . .L: ,,, )*I .,I,. . , /
;_
pages).
_, . -.. n . : -. * . ) /
Note:.Tempe[ature fluctuationsbill be less if additionalbmass locatedin the space, i.e., a masonry wall and fly. * 0 3 . < / il 1, .; 0 . ; - ^ I : :* = ;~ , ,_
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Appendix
c . : . Space temperature fluctuations foia R?ofl%nd S&em .are proportional to the depth of the pond. As the depth insreases;the fluctuation decreases. F,igure 1-7 plots hourly ,indoor temperatures for various dqpth? of roof ponds. li ., , h 3 RBgof Pond $&q,y
a
(
u . ; o
:.
da+!, IS
1 \ .
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5
Hourly
depths.
indoor,tegperatures forroof ponds of,,vyious u,

4
I
7 *..
.. *
0
;Jote:+-Temperatub fluctuations wjll be less if additional located iri the spaxzaxze., a masonry floor. .m
mass is
.: : il
Cry&d&se
l
(attach&d ori freestanding)
-.~ P
Solid Ma&nry Wa//s and jloor& a greenhouse constructed of solid masonry w&Is and/or flobr, -many factors influence indoor .temwra&;ie fluctuations. The rate of greerihouse heatloss,.~ the aria of south-facing glass and the type of masonry f miiterizil alI contribtitk; to the extent of,greenhouse femperatqe flu&ations. All this /mplies that $=iS @ual!y jmpiissible .togener.@i z~.,,$-n$~ graph to.L.+...1 indow &edict .Wi(WL.~. .L*h..r- -( / 4 .a *
0) a I Y _ . 4 \ ,-,&P .. . . -^ \ . ~ cc * A .. 0 y ~ . e *B 0 * : -
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,I
The c Passiye Solar Energy Book

,-
..P _ d
I. --~
t
I
^-
hourly.ternperatures. greenhouse,conditions
B c
In this case, the daily ,range of ,indoor fluctuations for various can only be estimated-GREENt-@LJSE D DETAILS(20). * 4> c l Water Storage Wall-SLnce a greenh;)wse is essentially aDirect Gain System, the quantity of water in the greenhouse (in direct sunlight)- Iargely?ktermines the indoor temperatu$fluctuations. Figure l-8 graphs hourly indoor temperatures for var.iouP quantities of water (cu ft) &r square -foot of.-south-facing greenhouse glass. The ,.- . ,, 1 ,
c Y . .~ ,. 1.. I
q i
. *
e
* . .: n V
i
J. D
.:.: 0 :n.II -0 -.# I -
: +s ...y
<y
: ...
If!
:*
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: u L Hpurly gr&nhb& temperatures f@ various volumes pf qater:tiorage per square foot of:south-facing glass. ,4; 0 ufl .* I 3
: o .,. r- 4 -*
326.
.- : -.
.i 0 0 -, I:
b ,.
R( ,,-:,;.. .!- i P .L--. ~--.
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.-.
L- - ~~~
Appendix ~~-
. i a
.Reiposed surf-ace of the w&; &II is assumed to,be a dark color ,and in direct sunlight . 1 0 ,. ;. _1 0. m&t of thady. _..-.b. a , *9:; 0 c , on@ final wgrd about ind,Aor t&$&rature fluctyations. Figures l-4 through 8plot . _ _. : hdti~l~ji&$ei~itures foe a space .&it6 no addit!opaq ihermal mass other than that .a $. -&1 0 incj&rted f& the system., bf additiSondl mass is located in a sp&e, then fluct,uations Will be:lesg.than thosg.gra&ed. For .ins@nce, a space co?structed of lightwekht . materials (wood frame) Miith an 8ortich Thermal Water Wall !System.&ilI&pve a daily-. *$:&%perature fluctuation of appdoximately 12F (from -fig. l-6). If the entir; Space we& \, .iil C cobstrucjed of tiasoniy=matefials (w.+lls and floor),~,#& &e daily fluctuation might a :- be only S or.6F. As a genera rule, additional th&nal mass distribute,d~-in~~Space :p Will rdude indoor fluctuations from those indisated on the graphs. . T e :~ ^. 0% .F ,3 i. . . .. n > )r 8 _ :. n ey:*I *fi
~ 0. L
Heating
5 * -.L ;&A L. .~ .,
Reqhxkrnentsr c . ;i\
i ..
*\
.5
,,
-The&qiCiary energy<required &J heat a sp?& is the arnountOQded, in-addition tq. -. ,;.. that p&c& by the solar system, to keep th$space a? a deGe@$nperature &cially y ,:r 1. .; 70F). The-auxiliav 6nerg.y requirement (Q%,,Jis estimate? on sn annual b&is fop;: -:. the entE~R&building.9t C.FI$b& &ulated by the eqo$ion: * e,: t. 4 _. --y--------- --. .____, -l?q .______,-_ -- . -..... -.-.: ---- -.- _.__ \ Qaul = Qr L - Qc ,,I yz _ c , ..I. 1 m., . _ ;r, O%. .2 b aI -XI L* o % 0-; an&&l space heating rec@:rements in.Btus . a.g . where: Qr,r = cG-~? Ij I I n , .;i 0 0 0 _$$Ap zn Q, -i&rF annual solar. h&&g contiib.ution ih.Btas. ,. < -.;i ..?,a j ~ . .,,~. I ,.?a __ CG P h 0,: 3 ,, /@ 1. -1_ : d :,:. .J> ,$ 0. &&al Space He&g -R&ire ..4 .A. a $,
o~ :.2. space U value by ttt,& fl&~&&~t: thgspace and the number of h&ting degree~ .~ 4. :. a. .. I .*c ; , ; _ * .g 8..0 .(i daa for the year:. ,.. .< ,_% ,, O., ./1 . \. .I % ,, i p c,, .F), PPI, s Q:, 2. U,, x A.f,oo, DO,, x .n .%.. .;.; ,,. -- *, .._, ._ I -.T -,y--.!&erience ,r & ; has shown that the heating requirement% of a ;pacq:,kepY at approXimately 70F isdiiectty
average,<daily qutside temperature:<falls below_ 6WFJLhg,--- ---., -- ----_---- y proportional to ti&riumber d degre&i P _ d&g&day is l@d&i this fact. Thus, t e number of de&e&ys.per-d%$is the nun+&%fdegr=~ -khe : - : EG way, the num&pf degree-days foi a e+&P; 1-- average outdoor temperature is Iqej0-w 65~-or,~~-~~~it.an&her , 1 g?v.en day equals 65F miti& the d$ly.~$r&e odoor temljerature. TIWIWJ~ de o-, A, / Ienger briod of,time is then the sumof tIiiiYdegree-days for each day in.that*e-C ..-< c p.,,I,c . . _ : cl _ ...yY 327 ,
l _, _ , , _.a. -. .._, ..., , 8.0 ., : ,, >, -.L.7-,-~-=?r~~s171~. :;;,,:,y ._, .f -.I ,o
., . -.*
I
CT.:;
o4
ig
-13
:;
. . , L ,, . .$.), ,, : .-=L.L;,~i&-. :.%:;--: .
0 -. . Y sbo.---
_--P . -,-.--_ ._~.a ~.~~=.~-~.~-.--~~-.-L=~_ ,$l _>le Lz._=;lr-mri h( LZ,, -+2. --=7-y 0 ;i --z-Z? 0
i 0 J/ ~~._.+G-/ ._.* \ -..., .-. = . \? %. .h 0. 0 s* l1 .$
. .n
.!
Tke PassiveOSolar Energy Bogk .d .o . -. __i>___ -2.~_

where:
: :. ~ , O.O - --
: --;
- --.---
~-
-.
-3
U,, .; rate of space heat loss in Btu/day:sq ftp,+ : .o - >
IV \. t _1 / 0 _D 1
e ,;
egree-days fortiajor
L
- floor area of the space in square f&t rx +,,,-r a.. :., I, I 09.1 0 Oq,,, = degree--days @zkyear I0 .5;:-
.~ e
cities in&@ted e
Stat& and Canada are giv$in Appendix 5. e 6 . 0
n 4
-* Anh&l Solar Heating Cbntributiipti4Q 3 .- : -Rtif P@ndS and-Direct Gain Sjitems* _d ~ .o, -0,: ._d \OThr&computations-,a& nedessaryto d@eyinine the annual sdl~~eatingco~~!/~~t~~~ 1 ,-*.:: : . , for passive sysiek: 0I 0
d :. , 0 . LO 0 . , I P
..
a. Cakul_ati,ng the ipace Load Collector 6x0 Cf A b. Determining the kaction of the total y.e?rly space -iIhe, ting. requirement . .i 0. 0 0 n 0 .: I supplied by solar energy. 0 b .,_ 1 . c. Computi%g@& annual solar heating contribution in &s. n _ 5Od 0 , .
7. , \,. r .-j
IO al Load Cbllector Ri+io (LC.6) The LCR is calculated by the formula:

a:*~ , p . D _I b : ~ 4. z , . -m p ..: I
0 ..
1. D , : o &
W,, x A,,,;
LCR =
i3 . ; -,,. r... .~. ._---~ : + \ .. : $ .* I ; -.d .$ G : d :(..
solar collection
area (sq ft) 0. .. 0 L i ? a
where:
.s-u h
U,, = rate of+pace heat loss in Btu/day-sq ft,-F

v.2T I
(exclusive.of the south glazing) 0.i. -$f,wr. f flyor area of the*space in iq ft .
solar collection area = the actual solgr. col!&tion qperture 3 -s I- 0. . __ P , . I.,, 5 . / l ib. Frytim .bf the Tot+; Year& Space Heating Requirknent Supplied by Solar ... Eqergy &$F+Tal$ l-3 lists by city the estimated fraction of the tot&J yearly space h.@iing G&iretient supplied.yby solar energy (SHF) for properly sized water and . masonG rh;ermal storage wa!ls, roof ponds and di.rect gain systems, with and without \ D <1 night insulation (R=J.q).i%cate the city and system typ& of interest in the table. If the ,LcR cakulated abow+ is exactly qne of the values listd in the table, then re%d the If the LCR d&s not exactlimatch one of the values iistd*; then l,.. --- .ckesending.SHF. _ ~____ -.--~-- I 9nterpQlate.betweeri the tti6PGfosest --~ values.* 0 . . _ _ -_ _~~_ ~-~ . .: 0 :.-;..- - -, 1 ~_ - , -~-,-J ,>v: 1 Ada&&-from 1. D.Balcomb and k D. McFarland, A Simple kmpirical- Method for Estimating the .
I_ ,
.J
? t __~.~ .;.r
=.c _ 1 df..-- :.
-.
OI =
.
Pkformqnce,of a-Passive.Solar Heated Building of the Thermal Stprage Wall Type. Second Nationa/ Passive Solar Conference, Philadelphia;karch 1fj-1 B, 1978,
_. 0, .y ~..
Proceedings
of the
328. .~.~ . 0. I.,, sr ; ,, --*y.;g;, , 5. I, &--A -;-7 -..--,.._ :-- -. _ : ,,;~_.~ _;-.k -- -~...-.. -,,I.:,, ,., (8 ,,~, . 7, :
e
.I. ,*
__ ..__ .-;-
.~
._
_I 4 -. -A-, c/,,~ r-+ . .
..
Appendy
I -. ------~ .m __...___
0. c. Annukl Solar Heatin.g Contribution (Q, .,,) in ll)nYal solar heating contribution in.Btus, multiplyQ&~~ by the fraction of the total ye,ariy space heatiing require !p--tent-supplied. -&-solar energy determined in thee previous _. computatlan:
Q c year = Qr year x SHF
! 1,
4 ,
I. . I
--
- Table--4!3 -Fr&tion;of i 5
I I
the To&l kearly
Space-Heat&
Requirement
Supplied by Solar Energy
DD = ;;;%ree-days i WW = water wall, rooq pond or direct gain WiVNl= wiif er wall, roof /wmd or direct gain with night insulation
TW = maso& thermal storage wall prombe) TWNI = masonry thermal storage wall (lrombe) with night insulation 0
Page,
Ark. 3. 6,632 DD , 37N Phoenix, Ark
St-IF .I I ww WWNI
0.1 196 312 195 304 0.
0.2 88 145 94 141 0.2 a4 407 287 386 0.2 291 403 @ 284 -m 0.2 ,108 172 . 112 1-65
0.3 .;; Y -54 * 91 56 89 0.3 188 26; 179 247 0;3 184 256 176 243 ?- 0.; 66 107 67 103 P
, 0.4 37 65 37 63 -. c)0.4 , t 435% 189 123 176 0.4 132- i 185 121 173 \ 0.4 \ 46 76 .44 .73_ ,
0.5 27 49 25 46 0.5 102 145 88 132 @ 0.5 100 142 87 130 0.5 33 57 30 54 2 -
0.6 19 38 17 3.5 0.6 78 114 64 .lOl
0.7 13 29 -11 26 0.7 60 90 47 76 0.7 ,
0.8 7 22 6 18
4
0.9
IV5 I I 12
0.9 i 29
SHF
0.8 44 P 33 56 0.8 43 68 _ _3_3 56 rt * 0.8 11 26 9 22
1,765 DD .:.,.,,,,.,.,...,.,... .,......... . ,.. .. . . 33N Tucson, . / Ark 1,800 DD

-r
ww 626 -WWNI 863 -53.7 ...JW .,_,_._..._,.,_....,...~. TWNI 819

SHF I-+. 0.1 631 871 578 &r& 0.1 239 365 232 356
49 1
21 f8
0.9 29 49 ~/21.-L
.I
B 0.6
71 112 63 99 0.6 24 44 21 40
. LPVW WWNI TW p&/k& .~i SHE. I ww * WWNI Tw TWNI ~
59
89 46 75 0.7 17 35 - . 14 30
--
32N
,-.~~.
38
0.9
Little Rock, Ark. -3;219 DD 35N
18 ^ 14
6 / . -,. :29
_. .-.I-..
,_
_..
-----.-.___
----7
~__. _....- ..-~.- The Passive Solar Energy Book _._ --
Davis, Calif. ..J

._ ,, Tr -
SHF ww WWNI TW TWNI
0.1 409 585 376 556
0.2 187 272 183 259
h 0.3
0.4
0.5 57 89 1 q.-,5 82 0.5' 161 221 140 202 0.5 55 I 87 49 ?? +-- 0.5 66 e 100 59 92 , 0.; 118 165 103 153 0.5 ' r. 121 *' 169 -105 155 0.5 '
0.6 42 68 36 - -. 61 0.6 125 175 103 154 0.6 . 40 66 34 59 .* 0.6 50 ?7 42 69

t.
0.7 30 -52 25 -45 0.7 d 97 1'39 75 117 *r 0.7 29 50 24 43 ,.
0.8 2'1 39 16 32 ~ 0.8 72 107 54 87 . 0.8 / 19 37 '15 31 11 26 -9 21 0.9 50 77 36 , \. 60 0.9 10 ' 25 8 '-20 -2 0.9 16. . a' 32 .-~ . 12 . .?5' c. *
2. :. I,,
2,502 Do
-3~~N . ., . Ye
115 79 170 ';120 111 74 161- --.-olF2 .0.3 0.4 214 290 194 270 0.4
Y ii Centro, _L'-~ ~Catif. - '~,_ 1:458 DD. : 3 33"N F&no, Calif: * ww WWNI TW TWNI SHF . ww WWNI TW
.TWNI
1028 1375 916 1294 0.1
482 649 458 608 0.2
301 407 284 382 0.3
-2,492 DC$
m+pN-----mm
c____._ _.._-_Inyokern, ,. Calif. ,_ 3,528 DD 36% -) -. j .,.
405 577 370 550 -----.- ' __.. ..-..~- 0.1 453 641 419 613 D 0.1 763 1032 687 979 ,
b6 113:. 77 271 168 117 181 109 72 257. A_.--- 159 . . ..___ ~-------. ll0.. 0.2 209 300 204 284 9 0.2 362": 498 344A .464 0.2 356 488 * 344 459 . 012 i 0.3 129 188 124 177 0.3 225 310 213 291 0.3 224 308 1 '214 29u d.3 : m.G6- _ 247 167 231 4 0.4 90 132 84 124 0.4 158 219 145' 205 0.4 160 221 I 146 . 207 0.4
* .
SHF WW ,WWNL TW TWNI _ SHF tiW WWNI Tti 'TWNI ~HF
'
0.7 0.8 r 26 .v 37 I' 60 a 46 20 30 52 '\ _ 38 0.7 52 80 35' .. 65 / 0.8 53 82 40 .= 67 0.8
c_ :,, 2,061 Db Ip -34"N ':
Los AAgeles, Calif. ,. -
0.6 .
0.9
35 57, 26 45' _ 0.9 ,4 ;6 $8 ,26 46 ,*. 0.9 .. .
~,
..
.- .9t 70 131 -103 , 75 55 i16 -0 88 ,' . 0.6

94 /
I :.
( c : e 0 -
+I-
-Riverside, Calif. * 1,803 DD. : @4"N. .
0.1
767 1039 692 984 0.; 544 " 752 ,. 514 720
-
0.7 72 . 1'06 56:. .. 40 2 0.71 56 86 44 73
ww. / WWNI Tw : $L TWNI
134 77 118 0.6 74 108# 61 .96
i,
Santa Maria:, 0 , ?iHF Calif. . -.:-I i!Yw ---.-. 2,.967 DD WWNI .: TW -. 35"N TWNI '
. ._ : . J . .. .
~272 376 264 358
~124--. ~~-- 96 179 ' 137 G 115 83 166 , 126 . I . . n I .a.
41 27 66; J -'45 31 54 20 ' 36.
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' 0.6 20 40 18 -36 0.6 *' 20 39 17 36 0.6 15 33 13 31 0.6' a5 123 70 loa 0.6 90 '129 .73 113 0.6 75 109 e 61 97 0.6 166 227 134 199 * '
0.7 14 31 12 27 0.7 13 30 11 26 0.7 9 25 a 22 .a0.7. 65 97 51 82 0.7 69 102 54 86 _ 0.7 &! 57 87 4s '73 0.7 129 182
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4,224 DD
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317 201 310 0.1 179 292
0.9
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+ Gainesvillel
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DD
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,Atlanta, ) <Ga. .2,961 34N Boise, Idaho Dd _ 11 . .
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0.5 43 69 38 64
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6.1
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0:4.
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2,184 DD
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22 40 17 33 0.8
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1
SHF ww WWNI TW JWNl SHF. ww
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Appendix
1
. -
Las Vegas, Nev.

2,709 DD 36N ,
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-
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6,332 DD
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26 49 24 46 0.5 20 41 0 19 39 0.5
18 37 16 34 0.6 13 31 12 29 0.6
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Seabrook, N. 1.
4,812 DD. 39N ( J
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17
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11 9 0.9 a
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Albuquerqbe, N.~Me-&.
4,348 DD ; 35N * -
0.1
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Los Alamos, N. Ibex.

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New York City, N. V.

4,871 DD 41N e.
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1
147
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Energy Book ---.._-.. ,

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h,8i 1 DO
j 165 272 169 268 i 0.1 84 174 98 7; 129 - 81 125 0.2 . 34 79 43 45 -80 48/ 78 0.3 18 48 : 23 30 . 57 . 31, - 58 0.4 9 33 13 ;. 0.5
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0.1
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42'N -
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= ,:I-WNI
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J. :, .WWNI , 6,i TW \ _ TWNI

l
207 322 '205 -315
38 158 99 '152. 0.2
59 99 59 95 $3 5-7i--.. 97' 58 '~ 93 <. l0.i .
39: '69 38 65 5.4
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' .5,OOi
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NeGport, R. 1. i
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0.1 150 256 156 251 * 0.1
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0.5 19 +
39
0.6 .12 t 30 11 28 II 0.6 4, 52 79 43 71 0.6 11 30 l! 27 0.6 20 39 18 36 0.6 18 37. 16 . 34, 0.6 151 - 209, _, 123 J :183 0.6 F 52 _ 80 44 * 72 7 i
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17 14 6.8 28 48 21 1 39 0.8
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18 37, 0.5 I 67 100 ,59 93
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i ..
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;4 ww WWNI 624 TW 4b7 -- --sty . TWNI ~.
SH-F .. ww ,.W%NI -- TM! . TWNI; SHF 4
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0.5
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355
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0.8
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Appendix
, Fort Worth, T&. *
1
1c
SHF 10 * WWNI Tip TWNI
.-
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0.2 171' 251 171 ;V? \\ -. 1\h 62 184 267 182" 253 0.2 "253 1355
0.3 108 159 1067 152 \ 6.3 , 115 169 1 13 161\ -
0.4 ;6 115 71 108 0.4 82 121 76 115 -
0.5 57 87 .50 ~ 81 :
'0.6 43 69 36 61 0.6 u 4.j 73 39 65 0.6 m66 98 @ 54 87 : 0.6
0.7 32 54 26 46 0.7 35 57' 48 49 '0.7 50 78- : 40 2 66 0.7 10 27 9 24 0.7 '3, 10. 27 9 i240 47 5 -12 11 0.7 / . ^ ,p
0.8 -23 41 18 3q -0.8 r-25 44 19 .36 0.8 -37 60 28 49 0.8 I. '. ,i I. 520 5 i7 0.8 '
0.9 L
2,405 DO 33"N Midland, Tex. I
14 29 ,. 10 23 0.9 16 31 12 ._ .24 .-_ ._ 0.9 : 24. Q 4? , -18 33 ' 0.9 -
SHF
ww
2,591 DD -5 'I i
WWNI TW TWNI SHF f/. ww WWNI ;:NI r. SHF WiJv. .WWNl TW TWNI . :
San Antonio, Texf 1,546 DD . :* I 30"N .
k ;,
; -j , 1
Flaming Gorge, Utah . i . 6,429.DD ,_
0.2
f ,, I i *
41N
170 . 277 173 .. . 27.2 LJO.l 192 308 * 190 299 0.1 aq, ' 17kl 94 ..172
;79 332 d4 129 0.2 86 143 91 i40 0.2. = ,309 75 41 77, -.s -0.2" 78 134 81 130
'"48 84 50 82 0.3 ,52 90. 54 87 0.3* 15 46 21 46 0.3 44 -'82 46 P9
33 60 33 58 0.4 '35 63 34 " 60 0.4
,)$-23 !JS 2.z 43 0.5 .
-16 35 15 32 0.6 '
-salt Lake Ci;, SHF ,Utah .: . %W .P . WWNI 6,052 DO .: .. y-w c , :, _. Y 41N%L * .: TWNl . .,s * SHF m o. BuurlingtorS, ;. a * yt. J 8,$69 DD .li 44'N Pullman,.. _,., Wash. .. .v W * .* . .c '5,342 QD _.-. ' 47'N ' '* 1 t* WWNI TW fi ., TWNI. . SHF
24 " .16 46 . s/ 35 23 I',\ 15 44. ,32 0.5 ';0.6 \ i - 1x ,,. :r I 16', .,,0.6 9 -- 29 y en lo 27 .a = I 1 :/ .\
19, 4 17 1 '~ 0.8 . 8 .7 0.S I
31 11 31 0.4 27 ..56 28 - 53
23-
22 0.5 17 40 18 37
0.1 178 291 li5 282 -
. %NI :+..$# N';
21 19
14 13 r
,A;( 4..1....1.1_.....- ,_._...,.. ..,.._ fl /I
I,
%he Pa$ve.S&r
Energy Book
4 !4 ~
., a _
..I]:,.
Richland,
-Wash.'. _
d
.+
.
SHF
ww '.
-011
'
, 0.2 s .
,a.3 43 0 81 ,45 78 0.3 52.. 93 54 89
0.4 25 54 27 52 0.4 32' 62 33 59 0.4
0.5
0.6: 7 7 27. 9' 26 0.6 -11 31 12 29 * 9.6
"0.7
.5,941 DD
47'N F i; ,I:.
-x.
WWNI TW TWNI ,,, SHF -1 wiv WWNI TW . TWNI SHF

. ww WWNI TWX
17-s_, 293 ' 133

1.76 285 I
PT.
. 15
38 d6 36' 0.5 20 44 "?&$o '.41 0.5 10 33 13 7 32 0:s 7 28 10 27 0.5 a:.- 22 44. ?' 41 y -
0.8 . r 0 13 ' 12 o-4 , 7 * ,: ., . I ,, l..
,, 19 18, 0.7
SO 130
7h* 0.9 ., '9
. .
SattIe, Wpsh. / I I 4 i
4;424 DO 48"N *.
= = 0.1 L. 219
346 ,211 333
0.2 93
-d
154 S? 14+ 0.2 c ' 63 116 68 114
22 6 20 . b.7
15 .
13
- 0.8
Spokane, ,-, +h. : . .. OWi.DD , -. .\,-:A \ .WN I
0.1
149 255 , 151 '251 \
0.9
TWN,I SHF WW W+Nl TW TWNI .SH;
34>. 70 38 68 0,3 _ # ?4 56 .&.,* 29 k 56. 0.3'
20 47 22 <.fls 0.4 14 38 /7 d 38 d.4 $2 58 -32 -56 ci.4. 31 56 31 55 .0.4 1 ?,
23 6 22 0.6
17' 16 0.7 &
11 10 043 5 0.9 ~ 1 11 .I@.' ^ (I.8
Madison,. Wis. C
7,063 DD " ,43'N
0.1 .108
206 %19 '204
.(. 6.2 44 92 53 92
21
16 i ._...., 14. z 0.7 L !9 ' 26 9 23 \ 0.7 9 10' 26 9 "
6
6 0.9
20 _ ._..-C...'.0.6 15 34 14 31 L 0.6 15 33 14 30 ,$x6 ;"
Lander, WYO. -
7,870 DD -/ .; 4&l : I I
0.1 _ 163 -*
267
0.2 7g. .-.--- G 1\29 . 81

126 0.2 . ?I2 124 -79 122 0.2
&ww
WWNI TW. -hVNI
._._-__
168
264
80 .0.3 44 : ; 79 47 73 0.3
19 4 16 0.8
12 10 4:;
Laramie, : i wya. * 7,381 DO0 +lN ~ Eamonton, Albe$a 1 I,&268 DD

'54"N i
SHF I ww WWNl * ,TW TWNI -i SHF
* 0.1
15; 263 i64$ 259 6.1 _'.
0.5
22 43 21 41 0.5*,
/
19 '4 16 0.8 I 13 10 0.9 !
'23> , b.7 _
c -5
DWWNI T.w l%VNl
93c ,184 102 18q
.3? 83 42 83.
48 20 48
31
20 0.
13 14
8.
4, 5
c
.
31b -20
.9
.
: . n ..
.
y _
h
2340.
0 c.
, A, ,. 02 ,. , ,. (..., :,,. .., \ i I .._ _
_.
..F.
:) ~_;-
, * & . ... 6. i 1) O.
,Ap@endix
, * - -,7iOBax?tm..~ Ontarib. S?HF e
,WWNi J-W c 0.1 0.2 6.3
1
*
0.8
;* : .
0.9
gg. ,;,
s35 103 189 0.1 103 198 114 197 0.1
j5
81 *a 82. 0.2 42 a9 51 a9 0.2 27. ,,73 37 74 s
l-7
142 2j 49 0.3 23; , 55 28 a 55 Q.3 ;_ 44 18 44 * .;. 2
7--24 24 i* 0.5. 6 27 9 27 0.5 :: ?9 7 ) 29 r 20 20 4 B
- 0.6 0.7 ;, b.., +?sr .-a , _12 . _. 17 0.6 * P 3 21 -19 0.6 : 12 0.7 .
7;-8;js
o , 1 ,45ti
0 E / 4; I
DJ3---
-,,.. .TwNI
33 ? 13 33+ : -0.4 14 38 16 37 &04
.8 88 I .$; -. 0.8
4 4 0.9
-Tordntb,
Ontario
.6,!27 DD m I b. m., ,$4N
SHF ww
WWNI -p/+. TWNI
~C $3
. 0
.. a
d
. ^
15 i4 0.7
II
10 c 9, 0.8
--
6
0
5 ,Q 0.4
lo .
-1,
4 c> (i
i *
.Winnipeg, Manitoba .
. \
SHF:
__---a
ww : . 74 WVJNI. -162 ,, .10,679 DD a8 TW TWNi- I ... -iii4 sow _-~~_- .--: _... ----;-* , 3 ..P, .. F., p \, :p
14 14
9
9. .
5 51
.?~
% 1
.
Deternihihg
2 ., ,.*
CostI Effectiveness*
?( :
l.., ..:. : ,. ..;
* The i,mb&ant .econ.omic consideration Lwhen designing a passive solar heated 8.7 - building is .the trade-off between the cost of extra thermal,- mass and movable ,. insulation (less the installed costof theconventional construction it replaces) and the ,, I f S , futukcost of the--fuel saved by the system over its lifetime. Operating and Jh maintenance cost must also be included; however, for most passive systems this cost g is negligible. The-cost of .&I& heat .can be estimated by the folk&ing formula: i . I , Lb,:
cost of solar heat A .&..
g, ..
.
annual 6perating .. + and maintenance cost .) ..
_ .
= \ . :-.
. .-
annual
solar heating
contributiv
~--___- ---- __~__ .. .F --~---7,; -__--.2 ~i~-~ I

I .. A---y ?
(Q, mar1
//
--~.
,I
-d--.--:
*Adapted from Los_Al~~~i;iclaboratory, .-. ~ _.,. ,i__d 976; ;\ -. -. mL I_-,Qy&xqGi@&nia, 19 __..-. *..
.
$* . ;; .4 .. t .: P 1 :
Pacjfic Regjonal 5o~ar__Heating.Handt~.

0
\.
ERDA&n ..
. l
V *
-.. ...,. 0
,.., : ..I, . %:* ;, :A?, i .,. (, ,\.- ,& ., m p---z. -I.-.7. .. , ,, , ,/ ( /:
? . o 4. 4.. ,
341
.,, , ;g,
: ;
I ,i r I I / T -. - . , ,;k, . ; ,,i, ,
1 . I
The Passive Solar Epergy Book*

\
_ w
r I D
.. /.
._ J.
f
1:
.I
,,
---I--
- The gapit~l recovery factor is determined .-$ &fined as-the-whe.ef-capita~~divhhal.
from bankers tables or, foqntjlas.. It is* It may be th,e interest rate that your _
. \ :b
_,,..
~moneywould earn if you invested it, or the annuaicost of a~loan made to finance the 1extr.a cost of the passive system: For example, thecapital recovery factor of ;b 10% D * t 30-year loan is 01106. ! , a%l f\. 8 1; f. To illustra e the useof-the formula, if we assume, for example, that \ \\ \T- --I..4-z:. ;\ :f i .,.. e -th,e pas ve solar heating system costs $5,000 above installed-conventional constructi ii costs, * E -the .% capital r covery {actor is 0.106 for a 30-year loan 0at 10%
interest,
i---
co
o 7
,:.\ i) .
.
., ,I
;9
cost*for the system is $55 a year, and \ is 100 million Btu%, : _1_
-_
,./ . ..
:, . _-_,....~._.. .~, u ,_ .( ,._ I . ) * .v @

.. _. : I,: ;
._, .
I
d e
L.
;.I ., . : 8.: _ t 342 ,.I .I,: (( , *, . ,, ..: .I. I; ; ,....., _L_ :,,,,, ,, ; & . >.., -I,,, : ,,, . . . .I
: ,
\. . -f I 5. *. . _---..._..___. . ... . ?----A,,.~
u ,I-
Cd I . i ! , _, 1
. CI 7
7..,y _._
,:.r,: ----. o ..7. 6 -.,r: _
:,
Appendix
iEARS 3
TO BREAK EVEN
BEQIN
..I
10
15
20,
. c,
ANi&&INCFJEABE IN ENEMY COST, PERCENT

i.. I .\ \ * I . -
I ; -g& I
$ 1. Begin with installed total solar system cost, a. expressed in terms of $/sq ft of collector. (Example: $6/sq ft) g g 2. Intersect line representing estimated average -. annual increase in cost of alternate fuels. 3 ? (Example: 10% ) d o 3. Intersect line representing the amount of collected solar energy which is utilized in the building, b ...e expressed in Btu/sq ft of collector/year. , (Example: 200,000) 4. Intersect line representing the cost of alternate~fueJ]s expressed in cents/kwh. (Example: Gas at 1 .O cen;kwh) ..,5. Read the number of years to break even on the .- - ~-1 initial irivestment. (Example: ,S years) _-- 7
/
J .,
Based on 8% interest, 1% maintenance/year. . 1 ,;I
Fig. I-9:
* .
Solar system cost nom&graph.
Source: Adapted from- GSA, Energy Conservation Design Gdideiines for New Office Buildings, as quoted by P.D. Maycock in -.-~- - L$)lar &eFgy: Th Q&J& fOFe&bm $ tion of Solar Heating and Cooling, ERDA; .*
,j.
* 1 ; _ -
343 I L
.., ., ;_
.~; .: 7, T, 0
*m # CI \ \ ! I . . --I
: ---
LI e_
, I
. ,. ~ _ --\.
:)I - ,t3. .. @ * . I
.. 4 ,,c - ..,? I _ _
Table 1-4 Cap&d

1
Recovery Factors
Interest Rate 10% ---
3.
Years
1 Sh%~
,I
6%
7%
, ?
ai
: 12%
15%
. 8
1" 2 ' 3, 4 * 0 ." 5
?05500 0.541 62 0.37065' 0.285 29 0.234 18
JO60 00 0.545 44 0.374 11. 0.288 59 0.237 40
1.070 0.553 0.381 0.29s
00 09 05 23
1.080 0.560 ! 0.388 '- 0.301 .,0.250
0.243 89
1.100 00 77 _ 0.576 0.402 03 0.315 92 0.263 46
00 19 11 h7 80
1.12000 .0,591 TO q.416 35 0.329 23 6.277 41 .-
l-.150 0.615 0.437 0.350 0.298 0.264 0.240 .0.222 0.209 0.7 99 0.191 0.184 0.h 0.17.9 o.i7i
00 12 98 27 32 24 36 85 57 ;I25 07 48 II 69 02
I
~
J.+
16? 47'
., 0.174
01
0.187
44
0.2Ql
30
12 13
O..l 1 6 03 0.1'09 68
0.119 28 _ \\ 0.125 90 ., U.119'65 0.112.96
' ,,
i, '. ----IT7------.0.092 04 * Go95 44 " 0.102.43
---
---
--.
0.167 95 0.165~37 0.163 19 0.161 34 0.159 76 0.15842 '0.;157 27 0.156 28' 0.15543 0.154 70 =.
' :
0.093
68 .m 0.110
17
0.127 50
28f Ie II * 215; .,:bo
~,I31 ' ''u, '! . ,3,2
.@Ci7Q*81 0.069 77 O.d68,81 r '1 ,~ 0;067 92'. ', 0.0$7'10
.Q.P74 59 . cd.073 58 -i 0.072 65. 0.071 79 0.071, 00 (I.070 27, 0.069 60 0.068 97? r. -.J.'
.e-;os234----~;e9s-r9---~~~*-----...-00.081 45 0.089 62 - 0.106 dI.O88,83 0.080 59 0.106 0.079~ 80 ' 0.079 07 0.078 41 . ':C$p7j'80 , 0.0!7 23 '_
73 08
-175 2~; 0.124 66 - O.-l24 14 1.123 69 0.123 28 -. *--
: $154 07 .: -' 0.15353 n I ,,.,~d,-----0.152 65 % F~ 'k52 30 Of152 00 .O.l (yj
00881; y'-01055tj oh7 45 k.,o:l 04 9; 0$86 85 $pp&--().j22 ,,0.08$ "0.085 . , 3, 3Q 800.104 07 0.103 69 .z . ..
.-
,o.i5i 3i 0.1'22 60 0.122 32 ., ,0.151 j3 ..
A.pp&b&x,,:
1,
Percentage of Solar Radiatidn . * Various Suifaces

%
Absorbed
striking
by
1
-.I
(Figures *are expressed r
as the percentage
of the, intensity .
of solar radiation
the surface.)
Reflective iurfaces ......................................... For white, smooth surfaces ................................. For grey-tddark grey .......................................... ........ ...... :. ..................... For green, red apd brown \ ................................ For dark brown to blue ......... For dark blue to black ....................................
v
.: .. 0.20 : ... 0.25 to 0.40 to 0.50 to 0.70 to 0.80 to . .......
r? 0148 0.50 0.70. 0.80 0.90 ,
il
, / /
;/
,,.l
? < --A 3 Appendix

-I I -.T P
(jAvem&
Daily Sol&r Radiation

April
+l . Avc$&e Daily Radiation on a Horizontal Surface for Various Locations in North America (in Mu/day-sq ft) * r _ .ej+; February .. january _ Albuquerque,
-Lat. 35OjN cc,. 7
March
May
N. Mex.
1150.9
1453.9
i
1925.4
. .
2343.5
2560.9
Annette
Is., Alas&.--
-236.2
, 428.4
.
883.4
Lat. 5502N
1 3 57.z1 :, .._1,7~:;;~63~..~~.,,,,.,.,,,,, ,;;,:, I n
Apalachicgla,
Lat. 2945N
Fla.
.*,f$ TJ
u-07
-1 37-8.i
4 ./
-..l-654.2
2040.9
2268.6
Astorizi, Oreg:
Lat. 46JzN I i
338.4
601
, /
1008.5
I
1401.5
\
1838.7
Atlanta, Ga.
P Lat. 3339N
5.
--~ ,
I
840
1080.1
1426.9
180x;
*
1. \
2618.1
Barrow, Alaska
,
13.3
143.2
713.3
*x / I-
,w<\,
1883
\
t+712bN
Bethel, Alaska
Lat. 6047N
142.4
-I
;
__ ----
. . _ _-
u 404.&i'-
----%52.4
T/ , v 1662.3
I
1711.8
.
I
\,
Bismarck, N. Dik.
Lit. 4647N -
587.4
954.3.
-_ .+pd
1328.4
-L
1668.2
2056.1
,
'_
Blue Hill, Mass.

Lat. 4213N
555.3 o
797
1143.9.
r ,I
1438,
1776.4
Boise, Idaho
Lat. 4334N ._ Lat. 42;22N
518.8
.i
884.9
'7 . 12gd.4'
I f, ,/ r;
1814.4
2.T89.3
.
&ston,
Mass.
505.5
738
_ .._~
8*z
r ___ ....
'1067.1
1355.
1769
,./.
_. ---
~l~&ww&te--propertv
-zTM&T& D.C.
Washing&,
/---
-far S&IF Satrng
anCI%mesfrc
HCH Waiei, Nkional
Bureau of Standards,
1 '346. / ) 0 .I r, .A' ! _. .?$? Y
,' ' .
,-
i. L
.:.
Appendix ,/ '9 G .'
.,>",,, : ,A.L, .,'. o,fi _ '. .9: ._ 6 ', .\_ ;-* ' '?' "T ..*,&+i -- (. d_ : ,,. L: : >-, '_.% \ . , _.d .
Oetokr
Niwember
December
2387.8
-.
-
P
2120.3
1639.8
'
12.2
1051.6'
*
- /
1638.7
,y d .= . > 0
16?++1>
.:I I 1
'%x-e 1269.4
-,
962
ft59.9"
/22w
:
6:
152
@$
\-
-*-
2195.9 's = G 1753,5. * .
I 97a.k~ '%r
1912.9 _,
,. _
_,__t703.3 j 1322.5
1544.6 .,\
I( .',. ,, 0
1.243.2
>
$82.3
2007.7 i .2002.9 '.' v. / ... 1401.8 .1602.2
'1721
iI '
41$.6 i1 \ q,
,~295.2 c 751.6
,!OCi2.6" -.i ,( .S' '2055.3 /' 1698.1
.: ~ 1898.1 "-\,:. ~--,. , 953.5
15'?$ '1 _--E ~~ I 1 4b8.4 1, '
, 1290.8
+E
152.4 ; " 43.0.6 . .lola.l 0 941

i) m
.~.
22-9 5 $ 164.9. ' _
.T 0 0 -~--_-_
,83 .-
938.7
'-7
-Jr, I
2i73,a '1 1943.9
2305.5
1929.1
1441.3 1'
600.4
464.2 t..
r .la#r.\5
.
,
-... 1622.1
1314
- .
&.2
.
_. .. -.. : 482.3
h
2376.7 ,r ___ _ m-~1864
2500.3 -~~- -1860.5
2140.4 -/ 1'717.7 - .._ .._- _ ----.. -- -i._ _~--*---, 570*',-126Z---m6.7
li28.4
$78.6 .__ '. ,:
'.
456.8 .'
.,535.8
.-- /
.\
.-J
r .
). ,. . L i.
The.Passive Solar Energy Book,

l
.
Februqry
_
, March April ? May
_L.
January
Brownsville,
I- -La< 2555N
Tea. 1
, - *,
1105.9
: u
-1262.7
1505.9
....'1714
8
2092.2
o
0
'
497
/
'861.6
4360.1
1495.9
1779.7
,
.
Charlest&:
Lat.3254M
S. C.
. / / ,1.
7 J ,," 946.j
__- m -
. 1152.8-m---1$52.4
1
1918.8
2063.4
,'
"
.. ejeveland,
\Y:O
Oh
466;8.,,
\.
681.9
12oc
1443.9
"
1928.4. I
' ') c
. &$umbia,
Lat.>%.58N
MO.
651.3
_
941.3
$ 1315.8
lk31:3
1999.6
-.. k
-> Colu,mbus,.Cj Lat. 40YION ii, . *. Lat.3833N ]
r* ..
in__,
,
..
+ A. -
486.3
746.5
'
'1112.5
3 ' 480.8
'
1839.1'
'
-::.+ ,,_, k-x.. i
Davis, Calif.
6 in -
- .._+,99.2
., -..\ ._-.
945
)s
1504
J
1959
2368.6
-7
.
1975.6'
.
Dodge City,- Kans.:

\ Lat. 3+46N . \ .
g;,* ,
s :j-m;3\-
. 1'365.7
--- .~__ i -L
2126.5
+.
,-East La&&g,
M/oh.
"
425.8
'.
739.!.
o 1086 ;J4 1132.1
1249.8 I
1732.8 n n "'
504.4' / * 331 ..7 c ' 124'7.6
,~.
762.4
1392.6
1704,8
652.4 s . .1612.9 \
1165.3
- i541.7 - -D 2447.2 7 2103.3
19FQ.4
n 0
2048.7 _
2673 i 2322.1
.
~ ,
1.
Ely, Nev. \
Lat. 3917N \
, .
* v
: +187,m6\
-$ -
!
%-. -:
1i55
,.,I
.. 2 &d
1744.8
+ Fairbaiks,
Al
\ (\. >:
.;L%t.. 6@49N;....'. . I , / .I :i ..
66 ." .
si83.4 ,I' *,'
\ * @0:5
?1,481.2 1-.
1806.2 1 -
,, . '
.>
0 LI
) L
L $18 September
. October B
Appendix
November /,,
3
,;;l+L,
_..--L3 " *.
.?i
I..
IUW
July
4 August
J
P L,
,.? - .
2288.5.
2345
21 24" i..
1774.9 a 1254.6 +.
1536.5 .. 793 D 1332.1
dld4.8 0 415.5
! /I
982,.3 . ', i 398.9 --. .
i 779.7,
1898.1 . ?I
1675;6
2iP$,3
1649.4 1:
1933:6
1557.2
1073.8
952.'
'4
*: 2102.6 ;, 8 21'29.1
2'094.4
1840.6 1953.1
1410.3
997 1 ' --. \
526,6
427.3 *,
2148.7
1689.6. 0 1189.3
., -j .G', (0,
1202.6 " 919.5
8371~5 I 479
590.4
.,
\.\.
'. 2111,-' >, I \. 261.g*2 1Q "- O2459.8 ii x .,-. 1914 n ~.
2041;3
.-
lt72.7
430.2
_..~. -* .'\ .'
2565,6 I 2400.7
-.-.-
2287.b
i856.8 .
xX '4
1288.5 k 1421 s
795.6
550.5
2210.7 "1 . 1627.7 . a.
1841.7
1065.3
873.8 .-
:.:,
j\:;-1884.5
1303.3
I,
c 891.5-
.' a
. 473.1
379.7
.=7
1958.-3 II 19i4.4
1873.8
-1607.4
i* ' I
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,
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/j
Appendix
November
3 X i . \., (1
December
. ,_A&st Li-
: I
October ,
2216:6
4 *: -__ 1: _ I a 7
1880.8
1476
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January .
a c
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Appendix
, August Septembei . October November
\ 3
'
x .y-
IJune
&,
MY
, December
.2492.2
2438.4
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2120..6 . 2342
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_/D .I . .._ ___--__. ..----------
.e
c
-~
The Passive Solar Energy Book < January

February
ii.
March
April
&Y
Newport,
Lat. 4129N New
i
R. I. ,
565.7
856.4
1231.7
1484.8
1849
York, N. Y;
:. 539.5
790.8
1180.4
1.426.2
1738.4
,
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Oak Ridge, Tenn.

)' 9
604
aI
Lat. 36Ol N
895.2
,
1241.7
1689.6
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938
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1534:3 1250.5
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2005.1 18j7.2
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-f- --i
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Phoenix, Ariz,
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;
4
1126.6
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196F.l
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2709.6
.
Portland, Maine
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\.\~ \\
565:z
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- 874.5
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4
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632.8
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1598.1
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&_ Salt Lake City, Utah

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622.1
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1687.1
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602.9,
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1259.4
1560.5
1857.2
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Lat. 4250N :
N.. Y..
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488.2
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June MY August September October
Appendix
f$ovember
*
December
&l23:2
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I
'1734.7
3
1446.8
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1087.4"
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. 3 \ \
_-
Average sol.ar radiation values generally available in tables and maps-are measured on a horizontal surface; however, the values required for passive solar calculations are the. actual solar energy transmitted through vertical south-facing glass. The follo,wing formula can be used to convert .horizontal incident solar energy to the amount of energy transmitted through two sheets of vertical south-facing glass: solar energy fransmitted LFx. through south double glass e where:
69
solar energy incident on - , ; a horizontal surface .
r, 2
F = conversion factor from the follo,&ing graph:
GRAPH OF CONVERSION
1.1
FACTOR (F) 1 I
ij.&
MONTH
/qDEc. JAN.
1.4
i .i I_ I i% i
Y n
il
-.
MAY
JULY
358; / . 1&
LATITUDE, DEGREES I
; *
:I
.,,
.^
__ I. _o .7 .. :.-
F *
.I
* , .
:
_ =
, m :
X. .--. 0 The coirtversien -factor (F) isthe ratio -of-the monthly solar radiation transmitted through vertical south-facing double glazing to the month1.y total horizontal solar radiation. For vertical single glazing use 1.213 (F) and for vertical triple glazing -A 0 use 01825 (F). I * .* -For &a&g @he-nvertical or atorientations different-than true south, a correction ..._ to the-v&e calculated inust be made. It is recommended that the clear-day radiation tables in Appendix 6 be used. To establish a Correction Factor (CF), use the fotlowing - formula:
, .-!. CFkuxlay transmitted radiation for tilt and orientation of glazing_ clear-day transmitted radiation for vertical, south glazing 4 k -
-------I-----
Appendix
.\
Next, riiultiply the,average by the Correction Factor.

Q .^.
solar radialion value transmJtted through vertical glazing I c i

h
..u..,, . .I....
d
&*
SOURCE:
1 Adapted from J. D. Balcbmband RI 0. McFarland, A Simple Empirical Method for Estimatingthe Pegfortince of a Pakive Solar Heated Building of the Fheqnat Storage %all Type, +xedings of the Second Nationql Passive Solar Conference, Philadelphia, tiarch lfS-18, 1978 Washihg* ton D.C.: U.S. Energy Revarch and Developinent Admi&tration, 1978).
4.
._
;;
Appendix
\, Average Daily Temperatures \\ .b (OF) in NQrth America a ~~1,...^.... _;L.--,. 3, FebrQary January -- \ i
3
March 9 April
.~
M-v
\, AIbuouerciue,-N_.. IV&X ----._~-..

\Lat. 3503N 6 El. 5314ft
37.3
,
43.3
50.1
0
59.6
69.4
Annette Is., Alaska

Ldt. 5502N
l
35.8
37.5
39.7
a .44.4
51.0
,:
El. 110 f-t
Apalachicola,
Lat. 2945N l
Fla.
El. 35 ft
57.3
59.0
62.T---I
69.5
76.4
&
Astoria, Oreg.
Lat. 4612N
l
41.3
.
44.7
46.9
51-3
55.0
El. 8 ft
, Atlanta, Ga. :
Lat. 3339ti -.
l
47.2
49.6
55.9
65.0
73.2
e
El.-976 ft
Barrow, Alaska
Lat. 7120N
l
-13.2
I
-15.9
-12.7
2.1
20.5
El. 22 ft
Bethel, Alaska
Lat..6047N
l
9.2
11.6
14.2
.L &
29.4
Ii
42.7
EL. 125 ft
Bismarck, N. Dak.
Lat.%4647N
l
12.4
15.9
2$:7-:
/ ' 46.6
*
58.6
El. 1660 ft
Blue Hill, Mass.

d Lat. 4213N
l
28.3
-28.3
36.9
46.9
61
58.5
El. 629 ft
Boise, IdahoLat. 4334N

l
29.5
El. 2844 ft
36.5
45.0
\
'
53.5
62.1
Boston, Mass.
Lat:4222N s
SOURCF:
l
31.4
31.4
39.9
'"
r)
.49.5
"
60.4
El. 29 ft
Property
lkermediate Washington,
Standards for Solar /-/eating
and Domestic Hot Wfter,
National
Bureau of Standards,
D.C.
4'
.' .360
:I .. ryb . i
.i
--,I/. Appendix 4
j\
, :. .,
0 0
June
Augu$t
-September~
,.
: Oct&+
hhyernljer
December
s
82.8 nj 80.6 <. . . 73.6 J62.1 . ; -. I 48.2 ( 80.6 p T3.2 -0 I-_ 63.7 4. 48.5 , .Q -,-47.7
i4
79.10
x.
47.8
, 39.4
, -.,
r 56.2 1 r
5a.+-.:-
5q.a I\ 83.I
-J-
54.8
41.9
37.4 .~-.-
3 .,
~-~ .-fJl.-s ~~ _- -.f.~ f@.l- t-I __- -:--- r ,.

i., .J ,. :, >
5a$
59.3
I c 80.9
B
62.6 \ 82.4
63.6 ai .6
62.2
55.7 D
43.9
77.4
66.5
.:., . I
I,is .4
c ,
1 @+41.6
0 4oro
h(.fl . I
-_ 31.7
18.6
Cl
. 2.6
QJ
- 8.6
4 .~ .:_
,i
q5.5 /
56.9 i 9
54.8 -
47.4
33.7,,
19.0
9.t) I -O a. . E
______ .___ __
~_. -._.-_.
.. ; ..,
'1 i ;;.~,,y---!: ii ._.. -_ 2. .I. L-.--1:... k ; : * <5' P I L b. .+ Lb L ,! ',_. 8, \\ ', : i* ; i :.' L CL " ) I. -a '. 0 ; .' p .. .
:... ,,. ,I. SC ,; _I -3.
7 361, \s
7 P
9.
, . .
\\
. ltl
:.~ #%
. !. , _. > I
! *
P h
16
-,
-L F
.<.
Tk
Passive Solar hergy Book v i , January Tex,

'63.3
o s
*
___.. P
February n March --.
>
1
May.. -t
April
Ikmmsvilk,
66.7
70.7
76.2
* '
81.4
.!
imst.2!+55N d El. 70 ft.
Caiibou,
* Lat.. 4652N _ ...
Maipe
l
:, 11.5
12.8
24.4
j7.3
51ia
1, -~~~ ChtirleSt&, -lat. 32S4?
El.,628 ft
SF C.--EE/C ft , 46 ,.-z-A -
l
l
, - 53.6
* ,
55.2
. -
60:6
",--
67.8
'
-~
74.8
2:
Clevelah, ---iat.- 6/ P24N

-&u&&ia;-/&;
Ohio ..
;I. 805 ft --- - ----l
g
.__-. ~. ~. .~
30-8 0
3i.5
--
-~ 30.5
39.4
j
50.2'
62.4~
/'
,'
3G.5 *
' 45.9
57.7
.La;..3858N --
El. 7&ft
_1
66.7"
n*
a ORio
0 El. 833 ft : d
., c n
Cblurribus,
Lat. 40bN ,
32.;'
33;7
c
42.7
-,
53.5
=64.4
i
-_
5 , ,.
Davis, ,Calif.
Lat. 38933N t El. 51 ft ,, ,
Y',
I
i ..I
47.6
52.1 '.
56.8
:,
I
63.1"
v *
69:6
Dodge City, Katis. *

Lat.3746N .e El: 2592 ft . B
33.X
+I
.' 38<7-
. 46%
i7.7.
66.7 D
4
,. .D
-
.'
@as!l$&in&
Mich.
26.0
-
' 26.4
35.7
i
4$4
59.8
244i+i ,fE,l. 856 it . , :
ah&a&
! _r Lat, W46N.
l
Mass.
32.2
El. 1.8 ft , ----:I
31.6
.
39.0 --
'48.3
'
.L, .
58.9'
:; +$it. 53:35N. El...s2219 ft ;! ,,: -,: . , .. \ Y $Y:n . . , ( &. :*: ;Lr.Z El -Pasoi%tzx, :i
', .
Ed&o&&~
Alberta
-10.4
.
14
;F
*
26.3
Q
42.9
- '.55.4
.. llJ
47.1
53.1:
* 5tj:7
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P fi & lo
75.7
:.. Aix .,. ., ., f&. : .I '. ~ , ., n .. ,. -
-pt. 31$I!N .. El. 3916 ft 1, , ,111 1 ,
E'Y, NeVi
'.
'
'
,3 27.3
-
,32.1
es. . .
Lai.:391 7N 0 El. 6262 ft ,. c
.i .r% e.. _ ~
<.,
39.5
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48.3
.57.0
.,_ '
t \
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iairbhks;
Alaska
.: :
; :I 7% P
l .
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6449,N . El: 436 fi , _ _..
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9 ---
'
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Q--~---
-_
., + I:
\ f; D *
P **
, -I-
LI
October
,u;v
86:s
I
--zs- August ieptem&Y
Appendix 1I
November .
4
Decfsnber _ I
86.9
84.1
78.9
^p
' 61.6
'
67.2 ~. --~ I
65.0 _ ~. '82.3 I 7cl ..
56.2 -~ ,79;1 c 68.5 _"
t44.7 .~.~. .- 69.8 ,' 57.4 a --I. .
31.3
16.8
-- d
.-
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$9.8 , 7 44.0 e-w-i t+
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a ' - ..
72.7 . 1 ,j B ! * -' 74.2 y I 75.9 ; ._
81.1 j L: 78
' w79.4 <' -75.9 . *
71.9
61.4 I
46.1'
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+g,
3.5.8
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= 70.1
58
44.5
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7.9.4
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76.7
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67.8
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61.7
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53.5 '* 56
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c. e 0 *
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6'3.2 0 ' I - 83:4 oc -.72.3
54.2-y * _, 78.5 .c-.' 63.7
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26.7
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56.0 c ' 39.9 -
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I .I1
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II
/ i -/*n - i, ,: d . . *-a
!l. / , ,
r; *
The Passive Solar f&r& . ,- - ,+ wu c ~ . *

. . t LaR
Book
Janyary I February rch
-May .L
*
_
:,$,~I
---__ I. /, -Fi&W&j*jex.
48.1
-- ..
1 52.3
..L
"'
/59.8
!
68.8
-.
75.9
Lat: 3250N-i.
I ..
;4aa 1
.._.- \, . \
Ft-es&, DC&if.l
Lab: &46N
4y.3
\
-- --.
l EI. 331 ft e
Fla.
.
-533
-. ._ .
59.1 _
._
e65.6
'
73.5
.
'I ,.. -=\-
.Gafbeghlle,
'62.1.
1 I
63.1
67.5
: !'Ii
----72.8 --..-..- -.-.JF-r4
j+
--.___ - --.___ ---.._.__-
Lat. 2Y39N.m El.165 ft
-.
, I
Glasgow, Mont. : . _ .
Lat:4813N b i El. 2277%
w
-.,
13.3
-. % 1.
17.3
p ;. r..
3 1 .l
&.--f- ---47.8"' I :
-----:.-';',g.,
,\ 1
-Grand JA-Aion,
Lat. 3907N *;I. ( :
Cola.4849 ft
k:a:.,
35.0
!
44.6
$5.8
.66.3
Grand SLake, Colo.

G ,Lat. 4ndl
a 5NUl:d389 A ft
18.5
1,
.I
23:l
28.5
39.1
a
'48.7
;Gi$at. Fails, Mont.,

La;: 47+9!N,o El. 3664 ft.
25.40.
$7.6
,m ,i
35.6
47.7O .
. 60.8 I
_.~
I *
57.5 : -69.9
n 4:
L.... * -. \, Greehsboroi i
, . ,4at, 36OSN 1 \ /I, Griffin, &:l
N, C. *.El: 891 j? L
-42.0
;
I
4412
0
<
!
51.7
( 48.9
_ n
51i
1 0
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66.7
.
74:6
D 0
i Lat; 33JgN *El. 98dft \ I ,
~iattkm,
&513N \ ,:s,., i
N: C.
.I% 7 ft ,, .
49.9
.*
49.5
54.7
61.5
b 69.9
, 3 i
'
-.1..
Indignapolis,
Ind.
31 .a.
- - 33.9
43.0
54.1
64.9 0
_---
-1-3
4.
70.9 .,, I' 0.
e1 77.4
..
>
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364 , .:, . ,, ;
1.1 in
I :. i .
i a
:igr.
bt; 1
I\ B-,, ---
c
*.
Appendix\
June July : -: -;Qug&t , Septtim 8_y/ -y!Pf/ November
4
Decembk . . _
84-p
' ';
'
87.7 Î I n i7.5, 1 .O' F
. ".
88.6' 7 *-~~
s4.;
~
(31 z-3'-'. . 7fG , _, , 812. c2
'Jl,.S , : 68.7 , ('
: '3 .
58.8;; t .57:3 r 67.2 . L . ,31.0

._
,, .l. c *
50.8 ' . '5.48.9 , ,' : 62.4 .P -, P . 1. ,'

:
8d.7
c ,,.?
83.4
^ . 83.8
I%&& w 84.1
75.7
67.3, '.I
I 1
76
T
73.2
6112 \ ..
Ia ,i
'492
,i
.
18.6 r
. .j,,
f&:7\
82.5
*---..... ..
'
79.6
/ ,; \
i-,l*4
',,
58*3
-$2*o~
l\\>
".5'6.&' . B .L. +4:3.

1 P ., I I.. . i
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t
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.ir
', 452, I 51.4 .D'
c .30.3
I -s
I?
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29.1
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. d 0
" 3
-78.9 D 82m.2:
r+ ,, si
73.9 8, ',yj.p.
.= /
62.7..' B1 '68
-3 ,_
il.5 Ih :< $7.3 . ,T
I "81 ,2
.-
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/
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1; I
80.0 0 79.6 ',
79.8
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l
59.Y
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77.4
s 7O.b ' < ,d ' _ ' 78.6.
.:
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;. , . : .,
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I f f . !y .
.- .' \' L :: i 73.9
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71.9
'
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84.8 I~ ! -3; E... .' : ',,, ., :,,; ,:?; ,I'\ ., v -. .).,.: --..-' . ,,i J .&+F .:/ , ,., :. $5 1
.: 0
0 85.0' I 1_ l' .e _ ~* ?I .-'
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p.5 ., c _ ./* . , j .- '. , ;. B " ..'. ':
ii' -1 , -
73.8. . _. _ . q: / * 1 : 'L -. > '.
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..
56.9' 62.6 ,! i; ' . .% . 'i ,f I ,* .m *I .. j .,' 365 '7-- / ,,(- .
" j. c < ' ,: + .' , i. ,,.. I
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rf.
2;; . b ; . +g + ! --/ :. I $ t I( &ja~ve , :

, .-
; .-;*; . .;,_; * .:x: ,..,y2.,?.-+:klar /, : Erie,,
d, ( B&k
January
-. L r /4 :, I ,i
.--- .__ L.. -.
m /
v _/ \
i
April
_May ._ ;
February
.kch
,G
Land&,
Gio.
0 El. 5370 ft
:
, /.I _ i I d
20.2
c
26.3
34.7
45.5
56.0
\\ \
Lat. 42P48N
53.9 .z . _
.,
60.3
69.5
78.3 I I,. 59.2 .
_,
Lemont, Ill.
Lat. 41*40ti
*
. El. 597 ft
28.9
30.3
39.5
_I
49.7
9
:
b.5
/ Lexington
KY.
7
36.5
i
;. ,
*
l
38.8
* / 47.4
57.8
Lat. 3802N) b, El.- 979 ft
.
27.8
.
Lit-&l&
Nebr.
,.z
32.1
42.:4
I* .,: ..
55.8
*
9
65.8
? !G
--:- li&,~4051bi ,* El. ),1&J f-i _ :. , .. s,2_. 0
^ -r ,
Littjp Roc.K/Ark.
Lat. Kjyd$ 0 El. 265 ft I % ,* ,, ,,
4?.6
. 3
4
I.
48.5
,- .0
56.0
65.8
I. _-
7311
%
., .i,,,,J?& Aiig&h&s: Calif. .(WBAS)

.I
,z.. /D 1, * _ 1. b .I L&h An&$les~ Calif..{WBO) . . i Lat. 3403N . il. 99 ft \ :_ ! \ ,f ,,P
56.2
56.4
59.2 q .i
I
. 61.4
__
64.2
/ Lit. 3356!N . El.;99 ft
57.9
= D r . ~
59.2
61.Q
611.3
i
67.6
e
.& : .P I .I
Madis 5, Wis. Lat!. 43. 4% l El. 866 ft i

^/ 7,. .
21.8.
:\ \ I
24.6
I*.^4g*i
I *0 \ .
..
- . l&t
L. ,-
&ka,
A.laska
\,
. \ . ,
13.$
2ld,
4
27.4
1,
\
;8.6
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I. i . .-
e.2- ! M&@ord, ,(&$$+,

n L&.I4$23m .. * . . , I
b31j.4
+ It
45.4
_
.
y >\ .
50.8
,y:
\
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0
/ -
/ I
, Fla. \I . .Q @hi, Lat. &47:w ..El. gfj .I :
A
J
71..6
-I
72.0
79.91/
s
i;_-I
.;47.9
.52!%
+ 77.2
,,
.. . ..2.
/ 1 -_+&:
r.
y._ : Appendix
November .I .d...
I 4
t%yember
._--7j.6 -. ---. \ <'m4gf$ --k
August -
!$ptember -~~.. -.-- -_ ~.~
bctobei D--~nHr,svr%ey
-+&d>:..,
72.5
_ -61.4
--1. I
48.3
33.4
23.8
88-i
_ .-
-92.9
.- .
-_
85.4'
,
i' _ ,
I
71.7
57,PJ
50.2
:'-
TO.8 ,I
7 -. 74x8
. 74.3
-I
67.2.
'
.57.6 ,_
43.0.
30.6
as.
'-
76.2
_*1 f
78.2
72.8
',
61.2 /
47.6 _' 43.2 54.7'
,.
38.5 -.__ 31.8 .---
c 8;2:6. /. --' 80:2' 71.5 .% 59.9.' @, /' */*, _ 84.6 111 70.2
> r , -5 ,; _ -Y ,
'
.76.0
,.,/
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,%.-
"
. $5:1
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78.3 L. .69-'i~.~~'
-.
67.9" / I' / 66.1

?/ -r
46.7
66.7 4 _
k i T
62.6
, 58.7
/>, I, *-i _ , -
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'i
70.7 \ 0 I
.,\ \\
', : '7 r I
75,r8'. ~
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&
"
'.> .74.2 . * 65.6. . - SW>/ L a f s.4 A' , --;-..A /.&
'I 1' .i. 69.6 * a&. < .,,- .' .' ., \

. I\
65.4' ? y.
'- 60.2 . \
_ /
*. L ,- --
.p l\, .:
&i
70:9 I
) \ 6
76~.8 :
.*
c-
:74.4
,I' -. .'
53.7
. 58.1; .----._.- ---. 76.9, *',.a a . . ___

l
, 0 &i--'-~~~\<~e ! :Iq\ - ', : : " .I 1 ,,,+jg.4 ,q ,1_, . , /r. \ ,B />?$I /:'a ,./--,, -. 83.9 0 'Z\, ijo.1' \, 'r .85.7 .I,, --
37,7
, --
;' 37-3;,*!., ,I * .r' *s2 ;g
..-'.,,,>. 25;$ , ", jg.9
- -_
76.4
.-
58.7
fw .
$3&;. I~ --.
'ia.
yp4.1
;, '
\ &;$ ./',E.;F. ; <'-:+,' / $4*5 : :f "Y .,,,;; '
83.3
*,/A .
! ; .~
80.;; 1,'
;-:
=.. 75.6 i
72.6
.. -
is.0
'," 78.9%. ,
" ,~ 76.3 .-. 65.4 := ' __4 p ,//

/,
56.6 P ,_ 52.3
.. La,,t,49.1 1< 0. 4413 4 .'
'9'\, b 81.9 '\*, 83.2 \ $j .;.':. \, J)?I i e..' . '_ \(

. \ 1 \ i
76.6 -c, I
, b
"
/ . ".
%.I
, _.,, . -,'
iq _I I.( ,.
.
..
#.L 367 cI
. *.
m
( j+
\ CL I., ,.
. . i
B
,. , .-, : D
.\
,
, .' ' /
_. .% /
0
d
0,
'
I ,/
*i
.,
. . - .i
! /
I_.
Y \
\ \ , . . ti
_-b
The Passive SolarI, ipergy I
Book
Januiiry
I
February L * March
.April
May
8
,.:F.
l)lewport,
Lat. 4129N
R. I:
. El. 60 ft
29.5
9i
a:.
-_
32.6
--3\9<
--_
48.2 .
58.6
beti
Y&,
ii .CY.
l
% 3-5.0
34.9
43.1.
k
52.3,
6313
Lat. 4046N
Ei. 52 ft
Oak Ridge, T$n.

Lat. 36Ol N 0 El. 905 ft
41.9
44.2
51.7
'61.4
$9.8
-.. .. Oklahoma
..
c L :,
Lat. 3524y
City, y304 Okla. 0 El. ft
40.1
45.0i
'
3 1
53.2
63.6 -
712
I*
:_ Ottawa, X+taricl--:-Y
__-Lat. 4520N ? El.. 339 ftI
14.6
, 1c
15.6
' ~
27.7
w
l *
- -~..by.
-.~
_---I--
---~~
~-
,23.7
1..
i
f$Warid,
Maine
'
,!
-s
24.51
'
,I
34.4
'
44.8
.'
.
55.4
&-
tqK.^433 9%l.-~-El. 63 it % t .
n
r27.4:' 34.7. i 60.6 48.2 58.3 1 y..
;
Rapid City, 5. Dak.

, ; \ -.,
I
,
.
24.7~-
4at&+wH.32-l:8,~~~ ', :.
.'69.4
Riverside, Calif,.;,
~*
I
- i
55.3
57.0
65.0
Lat. 3357N 0 !d 1020 it I /
I
13.6 *
0
c
46.2
,
.. si St. ClFud;Minn.
.Y
16.9.
29.8:
--
"I
58.8
c 1
'-
--
Lai 45y&l . il. 1034 ft . . ,- ! n 5, / - s+tf -&g&j -(-jtq; ut&/ at.4046N 0 El. i227 it
29.4
-t .A
36.2
44G4.1
I
'I -B 53.9
i.
63.1
\
.-
/ 1.
-San Aritonio,
* Lat. 293TN .
l
T&i.
! :
53..7
i-
58.4
65.0
'
e
72.2. ii
:
79-e
~.~~ ~~-~;
El. 794 ff
-7. 61.2
.,_
- ;Sa$a~b&ria,
Lat. 3454tj
l
Calif. !
El. J.3.8k. . - ,
'54.1
- .. #.I:.
' "'.
.y
- 55.3
~"
9&.
59.5
Q
Sautt Ste; Marie,,>,Mich.

L,at.v28N. ,, /. * ;rq -, $$ El., 724 itt 1 <( 368
... 16.3
16.2
, 25.6;
1
49.5
I -. (. ..~ 7 __
.: , 4
1_
II
,.
.. !
.?
:&> .
E .:
.w ;* :- . ,.
D ,, :,
w I . .
AppendSx ,4 ., August September &tobbr ! Noyember ___--December
IUW
67,O
Juk
73-J -~ -
f2;3--
66.7
56.2
.I 'I
II.
46.5
34.4 I' .
I' 72.2
. --
7&&I
'
$5.3
69.5
\ i _. _- .- ~- .= __._-. = ~.S f.
59.3
48.3
I
37.7
$8 :i
ri .
*:
74.5 .
62.7
',
_
. sop-
42.5
/
2, ' 85.585.4 77.4 :
--.-80.6
66.5 8
52.2
43.1
19.6
,,
y;
m
7J.7
81.3
79.0
l
68.7 \ v; \ ,:\..
'
.,+-. 57.0
.42.5
. ,
34.0
I.,.
85&I 9s /' 63.5 ,. .'
1.
87.4
87,8
'82.6 ; .j 65.9, / _' 9
j4.7
.' @'
>'
63.3 -4 i : f *
i
',; j6.5 "6 56.1. ,. .1 -21.9 II \
65.3 '.'_. "67.3 ,' 2 1.6 \ ! '. :* e '-.
65.7
64.1 \, ! .
%O..B
_"...'."' 6l..6 '. i e
66.0
)1
'.
57.9'
/>
i \\, I : ,> i :>.. .. .
a ->- + -;..;y-, _ ._
,'. ,;; 4' .
(' 46.8'~). _ . I$-. \ *,z \ , '$ \ . ."' I \ 1 '1, \ ,_. ; ;.. '!
: 33.4 1 i ', \,,'. \,
,\ I
.I .
a '369 , D
--?zEz-:
.-I a ., . s . ^
./
.G
-ll$te Pa&ye , 1
j
Solar c<nergy B&k

January
a
February .
I
March
\ +E:
: April-
-rT.. A&*.* May -
- Sayville, ;N. Y.
Lat. 4030N .I
l
35
El. 20 ft
'c 1
34.9 I
4
'43.1
\
52.3
63.3
1,
+ . :-
Sche&ctady,
N. Y.
_
-*%
\
24.7
24.6
*
t
34.9
48:3
Lit. 4250N .. El. ;I 7 ft
-,
61.7
-
Seabr&,
Lat. 394O;N
N. J.
l
e3g.5
I
"i. 37.6
'- /
43.9
i
--
654.7
64.9
El. 100 ft 3
,
45.0
i
.)
;
1
Sea&,
Wash.
l
\
*
42.1
48..9
d54.1
59.8
,>
Lat..4727.b
El. 386 ft
Seattle, vqsh.
I9
Lat,qIQ@N CT 0 E.l, 14 ft I -
38.9:
42.9
46.9
,
51.9
I
58.1.
?.
Sdokane, in/ash.
Lat. 474O!Nj ,
l
,+, ,
,
26.5
-.
.
31.7
40.5,
,
49.2
,
57.4
.
El. 1968 ft ---
e, Pa.
5 *
-3i.3
;:
.31.4.,
39 ; 8.
:.
mL. ; 1 . 3 -:--.
.)
63.4 D
L&t. 404@N /. El. 1175 ft,i.d
Stillwatdr,~~,kla.
Lat. 36OiN
1: .
41 ,E2\'
. %
4i.6
5Si
64.2
9
71.6
I
i El. 910 ft
.
I /
26.5 rc
1 q.26.0- ---_-.A
2
34.2 A-"
_
> .: -.-e _.. -463* ej ,.

.
-- 58
'I
1 \ :
T&m,
.
, Ari. . kit. .3207N( I+ .I.. 2556 ft

:\
53.7
I
9 57.3
,c , a
+ ,* 62.3
m
69-.7
9
, of 78.0
1
Upton; N. 4 .Lai. 4052i
,;.
y ._1
35.0
. 9
34.9 n
i- 7;
.' b i 43.1
,r u
c 'I 52.3 <;

i
,L63,.3
i
" /. I
i Et. 75 ft
Washington,
..v rl \ /
D.;C.(i@BdO)
.,
38.4'
u
:'
396
1 "
F.48,,-~'p
6717'
$Lat.3&51 N 0 \El. 64 ft
$innip+,
tian.
*
7.86 ft ,
3.;. '.I ,
Lat. 4954h.m.El:
brc' , \ :: . .
7.1
51.3
- ,
40.$\' \ "\
'I I
55.9 ,'
; I '.
,;4
.I.
Appendix
NCWember
4 kcmber
6444 ' ; 62.8
68.4 ';. k7.2' B: :* n . '
67.9
63:3
56.3
48.4 d 45.T 7 ..o 37.4 -
44.4
66.7
61.6
54.0
41.5
64.6' 0 71.8 '
9-
7j.4 .,. :: 75.8 "$h$ ,I :i,,. *< . % .; ,>.t;: *,
71.7
62.7 e
51.5
30.5 I>
73.4
66.1 i
55.6
-43.2 c
32.6
, 81.1 '? 83.0 I 68.4 0 I 87.0
,I;
85".< .,
85.9 t I 84-4
7i.5 * 82.9 . ' * _ 64:3 ': ? a ' 84.0 =
67.6 , * 77.2 0 52.6 ^ ,
52.6 ,I. !- -. i40.9
43.0
. ,
84.0i . 73.8 *! _ 9b.l
69.6
65.5 , 30.2 /; ,
br
71.8
87.4.
73.9 , 59.3
e
62.5
I 56.1
I .72.2 -'e 1 - I IA
!
76.9
';'75.3
69.5
48.3-
# ,
3T.7 ~
,768
2d
* ;
79.b
77.9 0 . 69.4
1 i r _I : I
72.2
$0.9 P I ' 45.6 ,
50.2
40.2 ,
, ,
/ 65.3 i %
?j, 1 , . . f * I P L
71.9 !:
58.6
25.2:
I s 1.
-1O.i I
I:--,
1. i
'> ,. j .
.I
\ 4*/G, LI
37'1 :,
CIAthe tables, A indicate airport weather s~atFon; C Indicates ccty oifcce 5tatron.j II.
city
$7 * 1? Norrn~~ l?egree-D aJ/s by Month

1. !
for Cities in tlk

August
United
States
0
f
~ I 0
Octqber
.
-\
Novgmber
) juiy
.,, September
,/ j
I
ALABAMA
, ,
2,.
, *
.
.I /
; a
rr I I I
Anniston-A Birming am-A Hun&vi : le ,. MobiIelC I Montgobery-C ALASKA ;,
0 , ! : 0 0 0 0 .,
.o 0 0, 0 0
17 12 12 10 0
,i. I !
1') 8 1 2,3 / 727 23 55
_/
438 396 ~426, 198 1267 .
-% ;:
;i
_.
,P h + 3 \
A *. (, !
.I ti
1
1 .
510 899 291 ,- -239 Annette Is. 357 561 217 262 0' j, '~1929 1032. 1485 , Barrow 825 1 784 1944 , Barter $. 987 1482 775 g735.. 1440 4 59i 1029 381 326 ,):' Bethelf I? i Cdld- Bay ::I 918 7Z2 525 425 c 474 1017 510 750 , Cordova 360 3,63 j P Fairbanks 1 * 1 612 ! 1 l,,fb 296 . T49 1 IA-75 * Galena 311 /'624 ? ; '\I 7 1 Gambell, 747 c :I ;/4 04.2, 598 1 64 h; , Jutieau-C 426 . )/ 651 282 279 1 King Salmon ? &313 1'5p3 1: 908 322 (1 725 Kotzebue 723 /I 1225' 443' , e 1384 634) ,/ McGrath 1785 .* 1 1159 357 2 '206 1 '. , , Nome a 1085 ,493 . 1 69.0/l 477 11 @J ;186 2Oltj -: Northway I 67/j 35I) 1 g&y - ,p ~' $1 o St. Paul Is.-A . . . 523 592 SOURCE: Values inthis chart we@ bathe&d primarily from Handbook o/(Air Condit@ning, !-/e ting, and Ventilating, ed.
Clifford Strock and Richard L. Koral(New York: Industrial Prqsi, 1965), 2d &ditio;n., 1
Appendix 8 .
5 .
;-., I c 0 .
s ir . :. ,.
* p April 9
May
,. June
!
.;--., CW~ k e da1

, \.\ r .;.*a.. Y\W .
-f i... 6'!4 i" 548 663 357 ,458
' , : , 0'
.'61.4 " 623", ,694" * 412 *' 483 .
6 1587 896 2237: 62337, (, 1!9;2

?12?
'11'90 '!. 2297 " iq35 165sr \I.066 1606 2130 :, ?241',' 1776' 2474 1107" J E h 'I .,
'1612 " ! 942 c 2483 .' 2536 1804 1153 1, 1240 ' n :,2319; -',! 2303 A354 ,I lcf, ls'ij@ " l-
_-
'I'~ . . f 'c>, * 0' n,
' I.:
22Yo ,', 2285 ,!. -1841'. 2545 lJ97 . e\ '* !A .
25 .o 0 -;:, : ~2&4:% 1;8 381 i28. .^ '30, ! 278 k!j 0 .,378 ' ; 0 :- 307p"',;r& 434 ._ 138 .,;i9 : 1529 - '$ 0" : 209, o ' m; PO ;o +., &j :: 0 265 c. 0 ** 1 954 0 ~$;&v,q I..i n \I", / ^ $\. a I I 0 : 1. . ,,t\ ~ '. a I 1 0 '. '8th = i.0789 _'. 1.229 - 1'246 598 ' 339 i 384 BP 672 .,,i 32./p-m X' b iO';)6 496.;,( -1 ' -809, V ' ,956 mu'.' 1432j , 933 i A; 1'4994 . 247% .r?q ,, 1~' i986z ' 2477 - .,,A923 1373 i.1: .p24 2369 1565 1 659 /'"': 272 1 12980,. * 1 146 ' 775 1036 '951, ;988.0 1 p12" 791 591 IQ89 .+ 961'5 ' O ' 858 * 471 1082 685 ; j '1736 ,j. '108?j <." -14158 = 193 1907 546 4 1,4538. 1 .'* 1'887 ji 1224 226 , 1894 .> 6x0 810 1'44p4 1'425 1135 1767 1845 73f3:, 315 * ..~$,.&l87, &= 983 -_ 949 ' 408 " 11343 ( *. ,141l '. ia- 966* D 673 1333 65-P "' ' i.6151 153.6 .* 'JO97. 1952 : - 2@65 ". .', 283 ; -.:- ;',443'gf'J ';.>',* : 4 li70. 676, 1809 1789 .p o 576 ? yl4()86 i660 1752 ' lCp0 97 1176\ v 312 '_ 15506, .A. '2083 1801 62 1 1.083'9; : ' 1947 ~ 1 Lc 924 .. 1154, 1256. 705 6, I ', 'Yj : , 1 IKf 7:x _" ,_ \ ,.%~ 6 , */ ' ,. .F, 1 -&? - \ ' " I" ; $ -, ', ,, 37;' .' .f 'Y$ -485 491e 557 290 .ztijJ , 0 [ . : 0 ,,1 .I_-, ' 8. 't ,a 1' \ 9 :, ! ,'. y// * '_.I . &', ' * ,h' .* -\ ' :. '$. , . .y $8 .' * z
.i . * 4 .- q.'. '!, ,; ., ) .I-: - _-I' ._ii>..,_ =: ,. , b.. 1' L .'.I ,:: .,.,,i('. _ .. y.1'*,y ..,",. I,' ..I.. f.-
; -_ 0 I i. i r * . * " * ~ :: 1 \ 'i'-\ '* ,
The Passive Sdar Energy Boo a,, i/ I c 1 -2 ,Ci@ ;I-, ,,J d Sh,emya Is. Yakuta;.\ I 1 i ~ t, * 577 . 381 , j0 \ i 49 0 I .o 0 0 0;
..iI I
. August s&ember i October . November
475 378
il
501 -49.8 I
I 784 722 i 586 13 b

261 24 a 274:
876 939*
. ARlZoNk . c i I ii 0
h b t .- ..3- . G.> . D ; i v I e
Flagstaff-A Phoen+S<-C ,, Prescott-A T&on-A .Winsloti-A Yuma-A
78 I,.-0. 0 0 0, o-; 0 (i i F
I 243 I oi,
34,i
876 182
582 222 663 J,OS
01
201
0 .s ;
0 d 4
,,AR&NSAS 2 :f -f FoflSmith-A < Little Rock-A, Texarkapa-A _ .. ,,) \=. /. s 3 CA;,~~~N,A Lt .: . . f3;k&eld-A &aumo&$f ~sish~&A~kj~Q+-@A
x:rm ~-Op . . .o. +, 0 .
01. ,O:.,,.l .o I.. \
, P. 4 a ; : en,
,y
435 - -1 xl!_ ~~-~ p(yy 110 -~-- ~~ 317 - 6% x 1
-~~ _~__ -~
, -~ ;p c-j!. n () + 0 .O 0
:.
: I.,,. O..: ,a .,
a ,.l
P 4
Jr 41
103, 253
I/
.,i
9 0
36
0
273 298 564 633
9 -Blue
-41"
-0
.-* B&&rIl&~-., rti s * /. E,$& f , : j c IF,rqsno-A ., ) ,l,ong Beach \ LosAngel&+ ) &.,LQSAn&Jes-C / .bb,upt Shrista-C - i @aklafid-A D ; Point Arguello i Red ,Bluff-A Sactatiento-C ; Sqnd,b&rg-G San -tX)go~A L , !JY,,E San Fr,an&co-C h!, &a San Jos~X
369
335 59 86 40 87 41 w434 157 205
..
*I * . I ; 1 I ,;. I
'267
248
411 186 345
.,, )
>31
0 0 ( 0
37. "84
0 -0 0 *
'~22
1 56 1 200 c
140 705 336
P 0
09
46 77 16'h
\
' ,
6
'7 6. 4
5?
) 75 *. 211 52 *
291 319
321 NJ5
Ill s-P !89 7 ,,~
7 177
li
1 3 El 4.
128 ,
97
-5
77.
?I47 237 2 70 1688,
, \
.,f
r
Appkdix \
&cemb& January February March April May a June
5
Total
-.
1042 1153
1045 1194
958 1036
1011 .1060
885 855
"
837 673
696
'
465
c_
9687 9354
_-,j
/ .\,
\ \ \ .
-1135 '%O .,I '843 403 946.. 259 *
1231. 425 '? 921 474 1001 318_
-1014 275 717 330 706 167'
..,
949 1175 626 239 605 88

,
' ,
"
687 62 368 84 335 14

i
_~~~ -3!i5 0 ' ' 16 to3 P $4 .i' 0

j j I : r
mm.p21L.p -.--' 0 17 0 * 'gn 0

l s ! \
753c; 1492 * 4533 1776 470i -951, '
\,
--
418 401. 441 ---_ 324 * b-----
127 122 i 84 ..iJ " _.
24 18 .o 2 ---_
0 '0~ 0 -
.:.
1 3188 2982 2X+ - .. c
6-: ,, F 259 r ,'. 105 21 50 :, . 561 .350 146 18 473 .437 ;286 487: . ' 574 ) ..I 664 m 546 9 840 " Ol40 -,38' 319 803 - 202 :*_,_ j -1 822 ' , 893 809 ' , 8.1 5.. ........ .,:--,--e_S97 3 97 265 -152 324 ' ' i96 308 " 3e;., 1 ,g,, . ! 432" 552 465 ~ '. \ ,$j8" ;. 493 (., . '$. .*,43 0 145 400 :.,,&I4 629 b98O :,: . ',.., ' 288% is .I" 375J 1.68 ~ 90 . -267 297 I 301 \ .+ 378 ": ~ 121 ;56'273 ';,, 185 I 305 -. 129 ,I _ 68 "1 9 244 212 253 328 174 549 ,, 357 .-722 0 ,787 s ; 939* 998. 212 400 *. '360' i282 ,552 SOS c 119 2'43 298, 403,. 339 1 400 ': ?'474 " 392, r a - 0 177 336 (_ 423~ .I 5'64 ,617 51 \ 85'. ii. '196 403 ,. ,*'h7 50, * 614 " ,261 ' 56 629 " '435 'i '/ 678. 781 . 701 ,,. 'iL 97 -43" 223 255 ,.'317' ,e 247.,B' 151 .248 t3i7u,p ;466 : 462 336 137 .i 46' I/ .'O j ;;y ,, $ ._;..g; . ' ;g ._ 285 7 .:p : 'i , * . -; I' j i . . 1 I I so : : ' (-, . b . I; '../ ',; * ~ *' , -' ; ". . ;: ,~ . ,g-:, .p '.,:_. d '~ - .o I ! 1 .) I' .' -I : ~ 8 a ,\,s: :. . ., * '_ _ lj .? n .' 4! .. I_ \{ , ,,:' A;, ' ,. :_,t " I I \
*-. .
*.
----2115 T840. 4222 -5719 1808 . 4632 2532 371l< -20;15 1451. , 5913 3163 3595 i546 2600 4243 1574,
-_2_ 1
I .. . ,,.o,- i : I xi i , _ rp&ec i 0.
, *i, ,..,T
.** : October
o 157 '
November
The Passi+@blar
Energy Book , July c 98
*
Aug,ust
, September
111 '.
< .
% & , Saqnta Maria-A 1 COLORADO. .
94
262 I1 -?
, ..j
. .J
i
8
i ,, /.I,' 5. "* Alamosa-A' , r v.m&mm-fp. . , ' .' 64' 12T
/
648 1665
309
Denver-C Grand Junctioq-A Pueblo7A o

n :i:
Ilj 1, : _ . 1 .
4.. m~p3+--m,-x 0, 3 0 .o 0 0 v . , .o, 2 0 I, 0 + I

P
_ *a
I -103"
~~~ .._ 422

* -j;: . 'j85
, p77
/7$1.' -:
36
"74
333
383
$792:
-.771 i .,
?
4:
CON6jECTlCili Bridgeport-A Hartford-A *New Haven-4 DELIdARE.
.. -,,o
14 i8 66. 101 93 334' 384 363 2 . *-
f
645 rl 694 663
)
1 I .
'
h
g&zI
6
I
.
I
_:
6
0:
:
0
*
47
585w,
7.y-.--.
.DlSTRICT OF CO11 --..Silver hill Ohs. , Washing&-A Washington-C
1 -?,kpalachkola-C , Daytona Beach _ ,/L Fort,Myeti$ %:, ,~ - : jacksofibille-C Key ,WqtX e ; ! L ? * Lakeland-C .-. i ~$murne-A
I
j .-J
.,!o
.,
+.
. .
;
1 /,a;9;;~;each Orlando-PI . Penqxcola$ I;:, Talla

.. _ /
0 0 .3 ~a,-.*.! .e I ; 1: .._ :o . 0 0 ,/I .I ,I b : 5: 0 I. 2 0, j I 0 ., 0.b t-3..0 0 .
0 0 0: 0
..;o0 0 ._
171 0 0 '
,,
154 ' 83 '25
0. b 0 0 0 0 ,J e
OP.0 L ,.
0 0 0 0 0 ,o ;
11 0 yo :o .o*
,J .
*129 0
1 ,
0 oy;< .; .
6 P I ..
. 1.
.I 1 I c
. , ,.$
376 \ ,
2,
. 6 I 1 .
t a .. * . c . !J f i i . ?i
Appendix a
December _ f- Janwry February March
5
Total
f .
(i,
April
May
-5
. June
391
1 ,
,453 I
B
'370 '&1 r ;' ' *h ~.<%f .,; ai?% .-
*341 s 1029 - -El?4 7cj7 7-38 7?5 b
,276 t
229
%152 1. ^ ." 1
2934 ' I. 8659 ~ 6254 5673 5796 , 5709 7 '. _ '-., t
"'
jilf 1039 958' 1132 1051 I
1491 _ -i . 1 1122 i ,1042 '; ri 1'271 * 1104 -, :
:: .:,l"'1 1 76 ,i 930 854 924 865 0 0
6'99' _ ' 555, . 492 'i402 ... . " 561 528 567 456
440 -p207A 266 * 145' 203
203
75 .68"----.' 23 _'27
ioi4'
P' IQ82 1.026
1110 1178 1113
. i
1008 1050 1005
"871 871 86'i

0
249 201 261

( ,, ,.
38 31 "52
v ;
5896%' 61.39 6026
927,.
! 983O
8j6 ' *
%98
396
9
110 .
.'
f6
4910@
6_ 7
! 632. 619' .,606.
865 >;, ' ,837 _'. , 831 ' ----_ a24 0 -r' 304 205 I c 101, .?76 18, 'l.6j.r t 127 ). ' -:.i'c. 48 5 -~-- ~-.-
918+ 893 884_ _ _~_ ----___ '4 , 352.] 24.5 ' 124 .Q303 + 28 lb5 169 5.7 .-'
798 781 770
I
' , L
i 1
.o 0 0
_
4539 \ 4333 .4258 _,
347 323 314 .: ' 33 11 .. 0
'
107 ,01 87 80.' ,_,
L ----.j-o'. *'-0 0
--263 187 ,J 95 226 24 142 1 2 !,,,:' :" ,P $3 . '
- -~ ---.~i. ~_ -i.i , "184 ,I 137'

60.
.a
'3
+ 0 .L .'O
868 405
I d 1'.
1 a e . .- ; .v-
95
76' 15 9 j 92 .,i, , <, 203'; . * 203 i+I
..
i $)
$0" 0 0 0 -i '45. ._ .
9 , .. .
0 0 0 0
_ 4 .I-:, I
. 1 ,+37 43 44 ,161 ,188 ,' 146 ~ 334 * 383 ; 275 , o 366' ' :,~ '385 .-:287 %* 1 4 I -'.,O, -p . ' ;. .
. . _,;,,i _ .A j. . _: ,. , ,_(8 .. ; I ,
\+ ' ;
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_ 123 a ,659 1435 1519
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a ,
ia I
? ;
aThe pass&
City
Solai Energy BadI

Jdy . Augu$t ;
s September -0,. /8 n 0 0 0 -~ c . 0
i+ "0 >
iktober 0 0 I 7
Novembkr
!a L Tampa-A W. Palm Beach-A I ; I I I 0 0 -; o0 i i (-yl 0 I ~ : * ;Jj ~~-~5

8.
60 7
;* EORCI-i i . F i _-
I Jr --_c
*-
__ *Y-A __ Athens-A LAtlanta-C ! Augusta;A q&tibus-A .i

Ma&-A- t .:*:
Oi
:- ~.l~0
0
~a: 100
^ 107
2J> 3po
387 282 326 280 435 225
, *
0 0
'0.
i
?
59
78 63 140 38 ,25 32' 1
I, '-4
1 : j 5.
Rome-A Savant&h-A Thomasville Waldosta--A J
* I I, , I 1 r.
/
9
0 0 0 , 0
.
1 :
0 = :: 0, 0
0 ,
-0
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198 \
203 -
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t ,
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,: 16
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.
34
! o.u
Ir
13,s'. 2768, 282 133 183 2.92.
.(
,
'
*
,389 623.' 648 406 487 59i .7 I' 'I 762 1056 ilo7 747 T 873 996 ' .
'i; )
Boise-A ,I 1 _. Idaho Falls 46W * s Idaho Falls 42rw, . \ ,,Lewiston-4 .

P~ateilo~A' T Salmon -. I'* : d , ,1 Li .'I' L \ dw.):i i B ,' .,
\ J6. !, < O
0' ,f 22
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1a 1:+ :+
, &. I
Peoria,Aq Rockford $ringfieldX

0
0 0 0 , j; 0 0 --()- .~ ..~ .\ ~~ F;.

6 '/ 0 1' i- " 9-0
28
l;i g
,, . ,56
161 350,
9n
.
492' 765,s
' ",
396
363
i
-~
79
,78. !
1'14 -~-~~~~ -~ --&-jo --I 259
. $59
759
666
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"570 wry iI 642 2
F \ f
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,*_
59
.?
.ID ~. 8 247 0
:: ? ,.,
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9.
~~-Ja+ary,
,201 85 1
g kbmary
-$ .r 148 61'
March
April
May
June
-.! , .i _ .~~----p., ; i- . , .' .d .>'
163 v 62.
lb2 "33 0
.> Q 0
! .'
. Total i
0 0
0 0
'1 674 '1, 248 .h *
' / ~ ----
&I 427 -
: ..,r - '/ ; 446,,-,L,' i: 629
+,.,. ,. ::i: ., '.
'+I5 333
A-;. ':'
404.' 236
5. -,-- ~~ __. 128 40
.a 1 '* -- -do-_ j--.~~_~ 15 0 o '. 0 ' .p63 280Q ,24 ,O 6; 0 27 0 0 -0m : 0 10 .o. 0 0 I 0 0 ..o.. , 2811 2i38, 2396 2049 3138 17101229 1525 .
'0
41 3 632 494 521 547 563 481 ' 497. 673 '700 412 424.. 366 " ' ,394 1 'M6'" iv-I+ ,,.ty6 ,1 -L .
'., 2.' , ' , , "79, ,,.'l.,", 'G, 1% = .1054 1370: :a 1,432 '-fi t 961 I: 1184 ,, 1380 i;p '.
.. 7 I .
. 515' 3%j2 o 135' 412. '.,3@3 62 .' 437 348 9.7 De 391 275 , 62 560 v 436 159 330 238 . 43 305 208 ' 33 Lpo 210. .- "o 38 . ' . 0 .* -I Y .o Ii i I a L/ , 1169' ' +.&8. " ' 719 '- 453 I' pb9 1538 1085 651 1600 * l%l d 1107 ' '653 1'060 815 : 663 408 . 1333 1022 '! 880 561 , 1513 ,1103 ! 905 561' 1
_. % 1 I
:'
" \. '
249 ?91 388 22? 317 334'

I 1
9.2 192 .192 68 136. 169
. .
;890 84O75 8760 5483 6976 7922

__ _____.-
"
0.' 6
..-..--
856 ' : 'y+243& ID,7 -_< 1181 12k -1 I-28 1240 1221 -9a1333 m1;oj-7 -'.' .;. 1116 4,._-\ 1 i I d
784 1.190 1147',
683 1053 1084 * .YO75 1028 ".~ 1137 ,' 907

1
523 868 SY3 ' 862 'I .828 961,i -?713 1 -.

I / <
182 ' 597 519 453 @435 516 9. 350 '

d
.. I!-
-.
47 229 233 199 192 236 127

.
'
0 58 ,' 64.r. 1 $5 41. 60 14
..
3756 6310' 6578 6364 6087 6830 -SE25

I
' i
-6 b
.
J-
I
,
'8'71 1122 , :'986

,I .* ..<, v t) ,.
" :
.939"' 1200 i'O5t
=770 1036 - ,893.

\
589 874 1.725
':y I
-e. 551- 516 1,375'
90 ;
- 226 140
. 13
I 4360 6 1 53 / --" ; -6287 16 * 5134

j I
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i I z',..I
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; ~ ., ',_ D.' ;-
s . ,> I? L . - . .s .I n 2.
7. n
;;s e_
i,
The @y--
f?assive~S&ar Energy Book I ~

. c
_ .
n P
.-. 1
v,
c3 Octkr
381 9 .c 336 444 320 346 444 405 428 -765. %912 756 779 882 ,885 - 909 * 687 . a ~ : -
.*jillY.~
-* *
A~~~~i;q~ySeptem~r
13 101
* =. November --~
789 681
71
: I*
.iouth B&d-A Terre Haute-4

L IOWA L i .* 2
0
A
5
_
-*77
0 ,
. 295 .%
Burlington-A Charles City-C mavenport-
; c +. .
0:
17
a
-6 28 30. 7 -
0
0
,83 i 54 79 S9 149 128 138
.~
, _ .._ Des Moines-C : -.. Deubtique-A
8 (.,
Sioux City-A,
I Q
\ _
-. _ Water106 KANSAS ,,A
- /
&
FIi_
g r
, ..
Ccmcordia-C Dodge City-A Goodland-A Topeka-C

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0, ---.- __ -
.55
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0 * -._
m
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42. 3,2, 47 . ,/75 *.,. .
) <,6fg m-t 4,3:.:: ,.i_ 825

242 219 s
1 ,
277 262 _,.
j.
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:.. ;.
630 5gj
KhTUCKi
a.*
Bowling Green-A .,nCovirigtG Lexing&h-A Louisville-C .,
0
.o -.
0
0
.O 0
0 0
56 41
215 ,291 259 206
558 669 ? 636 549
, New Orleaps-C Shreveport-A

MAINE. A I? . I : Qiib&.A h I .f> .,. 0 a. , . ati 380 I ._ ., -<.,(/_ . ,L -. 1 _
.o 0 0
,I i 85 h r , %ka, I:a\ , _ 9 h 1 133 I 354
22 5 53
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218 141 305 : 1 . ,
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0: - -~
-m---pJanuary February March
_
-
Appendix .( -2, K----April
5
Fair--
-3~
~--.
--
-May
-LIT-
->. ._~. ~- --~

June
$ c 1153 .' . 1023

. .
lij5.2 ' 1107 .
'1081 913
s ,
908 725
. -
* 531 ., 371
.--
&& 145
1
~.~ .-.m.---&&24
--..- ~~ 6524 5366

?*, :
19 BP -ii , i
r .c! -i . . : I
11&Y
1271
1036 -
822 iooj 834 n- '-849. 983 936 --l-O23 I -0 7i5 694 -884 I' ', 669 +619
.'i<
42i' 537" 432 425 i43 474 531
179 256 175 1 83 267 228 229__ ~_ .
34 :74 & 35 41 76 54 54 --'
--+Jm-b:t'm 7504 6091 6274 ' 7271 701'2. 7320 " i W'd
1.352 1494 . "1240 1147 a 1262 " 1044 . .~- 5-L - --1178. 1308 . 1072 -@ 14141187 i 1290 .I= :'.*,., 1 290 1423 __. 1170 . "': 1296 .*,lU6Cj 1221 / . 1 (s ---. -: 'a 102i '< ,. F / *. ( i340 983 , 933 -1: 849 b ,,, . _$;x, a 227, (2 * '35% $83 490 P 1562: h ; . -- -' -- ._. _ I... .-.. ._. _, - .. --. .x-.,i; _ . ,.&, ,iy i ,, .: I':.:",., :,, ;, 1. *,' 1 ?45 -'-'.i - Y " 3 "1 -1 1546 ,< : i O i), -, ; -j350 I '.~
,386
-1
is
. _
* --,
-1144 1076 /I215 1088. 1023
'
"
980 li28. _' 977 ' -.915
'899 840 - 974 '85 1 778
.y 341' -347 -. 534, 295. 280
146 135 241 ,112 io1
20 15 '58
. 0.
~-.A;. _.
5323 g-l> ,.5058 '-. .~~ 6367 4919 ~~-:4571 --% c
co \)--I ~CKi ,1035. .--. 1 008 911 * .z. 471 424 3oY 34i' 416 "361 293 o- ,226 ~ -223 mu; 284 ,+.$.
,
601 -756 710 k R =I 665 _ _ ~.~_~ 2.86 ' --.39;(r-, 368 270 _ ' .& --.-,g 140 86 5 ~24---15 a 0 .? '
] '-J, s
:' --739_893 '&4 f 1 762 I
,42?9' . ,- Aj2fj5 ~---~ 4979 - 4279.
260 215 169. " 1.63 '2JO c

l
,439 48 29 19 40 .61 x. 909' . I

.di
,O' 0' 0 ,,~ 0. 0 -o"
, Y
0 0 ':O 0 0 ,-
1921 1.595: 1033" ' 1.543 11'75 '9 ,_ 211z
272 ' ,: L 1342 h
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201
10173
.--
t <' " _1" .-
-381 I
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Th&j%ssiv& o iv< 1 . * ^-L .

-.
Skar En@& ~~~Y.lM!KI'. : T
Book
- .f+
October.
+ .
. .u. November
'Xptember~--__ -4 dg.
,Eastport-C , i .y ,:
.:Portland+ c
_,.
D, "
z Ak
"1 il..-
: ;i;$
~/ .Y.. 0
136 56 A "' ,_ -
-261,
.
'_ I,.
,521
-515 .,.
*
> I
?98
825 I
..
., ,: .. ,:
199;..;, .,
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1 o
0
0 .( ; _ I .i T. i'
. Baltirnbre-C ,_ Freaeri$-A
.o
d 0
a.. 1,; - j+fq&

I .
s ua;; ~ (:. $; n ;
489
588
-,
.* .
~SSA~HUSETJ-S ' n. ^ -
~------~--~-~~--~--,--.
II -,b , Blue Hill*ObS;;..! ,., .+ D . .. Boston-A .$*c;$::: o -&g,., -0 A* -22 NantticJ&$ r!

.$ .,_, ,,,, .="I .
:;- _
7 ,
~ 34,
77 111
* 315, -372
.-?
618 615
/a. .c .,* P$tsfield~~ti$?. '. '.. c, -.-. -.~ _ _~. _ ~--~&f&y& , 0 .h*& _-.. ,:+! L': $y.Pena-C :;,.~~~'~.$'&tr~it-A ~j -~ p~mEscanaba;C ri -1 . e .. : " . .~ ~.
-. ___ .--.-.-. 0: 0 @ c *' ' ., 1 ,:",;.:,. i .%J. b : .- ..J.Y%$ ,,,,% 8' 50 i. : 85 ,?. . 215 w 530 864 ., "d747 , 0 ;', .8 .+; ;,,+ -'&,96 . ?8i rv <24? :,A ,,:i55 L.nb -933 62 .* ,,...,: ::~fqq? ; .;-!g '465 0 843 Flint :. ( ,.,,-y ,. -:'o '.,, :,.. , i$pgIf&~,;,: ;.g " _ 75$$? *+, . _&W~ .3 94 455 __, 813 , +..+;;; ~ 543. 933 :---.-~Msh,+ ~--~ ; ~.~ ,'--.-= 46i, -152 ; 795 3 : :q,+~;: loa Sailt S&.%4ari&A 639 J ' #loo5 IF. 126 .-kc 2% _' .;g 0 I ,s&c.y ..,$.%:,*, W(,.O . ' .. 6' -* i -: 'i'? .~$:. ,,
MI@IESOTi
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..
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- - ~~ Du!~t_hrC tnternationai _.'

Mi~-~p&,A
*.. &:, ,C'

c .~
. .
-@.- ;\,-
'C
*-.ol #$&
17 38 -'5-j
21
Falls-A - :--..- ~ ..~~.-...- ~a-. -~. -- ~~
70
8
Rochester-A yy Saint Cloud-A
.;
o
. _??
32
12
Saint Paul-A-"','
1.
-2776-m &. . ,356 --~ 157 182 -. <~f~++~ 225 _
--h.
7, --a
614 .716 4w: 499 57(x -, '459
yog2
. / ,-.,!?-z -:. . -
:;,J&
a: J j
.154
1230 960 975 u&8 ., 951
ii -
MlSSlSSlPPl Jack$m-A Meridian-A Vicksburg-C T
' ~~-. .-,. <. 0 0 .O 0 0 0 69 .!30 ,jo

I -" 51. 310
^Y 0
338
268%
, F
LL , !,s:..I; _, i I$ ,, ,-. _S
-\ /8
382 .
0 I /,.
.J, --q& gr,
+;(I D
I. _
m . . *,
I2 . z 5, .4! ,p
,.. .i_ :;R
; . -. -
,Appendix
,I:: December k&#gL~L -.-L January *---. L_ .: _ .: -/. Febkafi March a r April kjay june
5
Tota!
%,$2@j
;<.
;g1. ', .ji-
Y237" Y
1333 1323
*;,@;j@l -*;. ? -3 8'
.;lt
-= --- 1063 ~~~--I' * 1039 t
; ---f,3. .p.3
--F-$4m 394 *
~. __
/Q
,, 326 368 .'
c, (
.:
.
73,s 106 /o O (1
:
.611 673
. 622's' 7!$.*
b i B
4203 4854
' ~~-1085- -- 998 -3z;; +.
_ .+-7R-'
~-~--~,:lo&3> 2, ' -I;wb 1002

--34~-
.,lfl3 'T--- - 1628----. 'a 1246 c ? al=-
" ----_
1212 )
8% 880 , m
"U " -.-. _ "r_--.m-m ., $q._ ii .,.i21~ ,. ( * 1359 ' 12i3 ., 1156 ._ 92.7. . 1203 I= ib72 '.s .I.J.,p 1.' I:32 1 "q.z. .I$ 1 1203., 473 -37 ,1327 .,.._ ',1"212 "i:' - '- 1 330 - g& '1 1 gg .* 1066 _ 9y--1086 215' ' _ ~- ~- 986 277 -~~'- ?.-,,&p$~-. nc 1 l&l,; 435 ..ixj ~gjS 243 11.34 , 1011 ,j_ -3302 %%i. * ,'.I442 / ,, i (." J-'
,,. _, .: i c _.
L-p-------r 267 69 " 42 236 . ' 394 139 ------fit@ 336 a 105 i. - I~-- ~_ -----___ # -~_A _ -. ,I * . , -3 .=. & 35 /* 7*62 __ : 437 ~~~ m558m ~~ 251 --,i-..m *, 166 471 804 319 -m-;m--9&y 639 58 mdy -/Ee --=--------=2-g ~-579 534 642 591 789 64i 846
-*
'1.
___ 6368 5791 7 ' 6102 ' 7694 ;= '-
--=~.-
-.~-_
. I. 8073 ~._6484_
287 477
70 189
.~ *
:6474
6982 8529. 7089 9475 '
,~~
. :
* ..fi,$,4
1,696 .- ..il$zL - ': 562 1 B 72 -,_ ,, '1690 1553 __
_, :,,. ,..
z
1448 ' ' ,.-.- 1252 ---x618 I'. .' -9'395 .1310. 1057 1$16 * .1073 1439 6L, 3181 '1.305 ; 1051 801 J34 I .5'70 600 - 663 564
-: 1
..
9574,, 1oqoo . ~ 7853 8095 8893 .7804
. 7
.i.550 2: <,I
.- .- 1,.73c "'-1414 ' '. 1426 1555 14q1,
7 :
.!i
~-
487 437 259 A 3.31 256
."
200 171 .' 80 qq., q106 I ,77
<;.
----_~_-z!i_. ,Do,a 561 7 /!

456 w I . -gy' "5 ',> < q : I ,' . *:,a
CL 503'
$35
. !',i P % a, .._. 8. ,".,-_.. ';...
. 405 413 . * o 374 w.- I.>." -----.._ -~ 5 h i. -. . 1-o. 1 ,,__' .. ~._'
299 ,309 -'2!3 ^ ' a
---&I ._ .' ;:* -.e . ,~. 85 :I 71 . t
'- !
ou 9 0, :
0 0 0
-2202 $333 s 2000 . : .~ < .
_. '
.._,_,,: ., L..,,',~-- : 1, *'i '. ",
,383' >-
'
___ -7 -il
: (,>,,f ,/ -1 2$, . ./ : * 1 m @ -+ 5 h
)_ *i
,11 0
The Passive Solar Energy Book B city. , . IUlY .___ .: -. - _ 0.

-A 0 0 ..B5
. hP$ . .: I __ _-..
-\
.. .
September ._ ~~~~. .~.

* 62' ' '
October
November
__...____ e,,i ~L--M.L~SOURI 1 .I._, a i :. .I Columkha-A , v .-..L _. 6 ~.. B 8 Kansas City-A ,- _' :Saint J&eph.-A ,ksL, .'. Saint jhuis-CI __ ? . . . Springfield-A ,
-E.--a
~_ - . _....
262 240 265 202 249 654 621 681 570 615 1 _
6'
0 .
L
44
-49 38 61 -i)
*I3
8. e
7 MONTANA
BiIlingaF---;~--
c
~.
,=
8
- D
20 174. 30 P34, m450p-m ~-~~ 6. 244 - 273 50 270' 38 =359 78 a 326 83 1-1~. ,187 I 497 744 574 524 ,564 598 639 525 I -f --" 876 1104. 10.86 894 1023. 969 990 966 . * '
Butte-&?
, C;lasgok& Great Fa!;fs-A ,_. ? ,' Havre-C ! Helerfa-C -1 ?-- *-Kal$xll-A -T c

;'----~-r'.~~_ci_ty-A;,' . t.,.' "-~~s~ula-Ai~~,',-----~---~
r.
,:
*;
.---------6------'.
115 14 24 20 -51 47
22 ~
t.< y-
. L..
a?
-_~_ 84 '79 122 120 0 I.\. 5 88 137 145 % " .. I h 69' 310 *. , 422. 425 ' 331: 456 // 461 822 I 741 903 846 ' 783 .' 867 '891.; 1'
: ,:. "1. -.; ~ '~ :,_ T '. \ .. ', .\ . '".. .___-:I $2: ,., ~ 70 .: I ,&o-A '
k ...I. .-
6 22 _,
Ely-A.1 . Las. l&gas-C

@fio-A * Tbnopah
e ;..
' ' - <
28 44
4 .>. ;
5 *
+ .
-,
0
61 5 17 /
Winnhnucca-A
: > ,-
.' 4 24: ' 0 ', , ,o-' -L 1 .YA
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326 135 B2 n .ll,l 326 J2Z 270 * "94 295 5 118
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."_- '1089 .a958 _. 1305, . lf72',' + 1575. w 1294 LJ683 . 1408 '. ~ ' , .111.9. ,:--xaL.:y31 1008 : -~ 1513 --1291- .--IO76 ?I438 , .992' l..J 14 ii2w 970 % l&g1229 JO48, a 1516, 1414 7100 3 * -939
~64 804. ;5,97 621 597._ 660 639 570' 609
2-119 325 .. 113 ~ * 312 359 166 1 25" _ m. 427 313 . ~- 225 ~ -'. : ."21 5 ". *391 285 '106 176 . 365 0 a3? 195 172. 251. ,243 175 305 288 2 --._ 378. 418 39 32. 60 >59 3.2 81 83 " -- 183 200
304 561
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The Passive Solar Energy &ok # I

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I _ -c_1___J
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493
57 '.. . .$ 536 *
,192 720
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ou
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55 '.
230 301 * 285
507
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10 68 148.
218 318 -431.a 156
630. *c 678 798 501 _

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NEW YORK,
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y -0-r: 0. i
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388 708 *,409. .753 ~~--I518; -834 _ 428 735'. * 433 ;&?.., ' 753 -,122 36.$ '2'48 ' _ 564. 263 39 561 139 430 ?38.", I133 .' 449 759 792 1437 456 117 398, 714q .;,, 119 192 141
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March
DeCember *
.
&il at ~ kY e 0 -I# ,,
. Appendix15 f :_
June 0
**
~7Total I_ c d c/ e
January
February
.,
-1271 1742 ,. *
"'
1392' 182QQ
1226 166!Lq o .. '
1029 . 1652
q 660 1260
316 930
82 603
" 7612 ;' 13817 .nij.
; _ -
> 'I
831 961 930 7 ., 0
'.
905 .1039 1o04mp . ,' : s
829 932 904 D
729 760. 735 _ =' *
* b .
468 4% 429 .
-189 148 133 811 ,c 1
24. 11 .
~ 4741 .s52 506'8
..
: - _ 899 . 927 1104 d

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9io . 995 12032 :-.7ty

.I 4
714 795 ,924 566
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584. ,729 l3K 443
209,- _ y * 420 ~~~ 543185

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4389 5138 msm, 4424
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1103 1098 1215 Ilo" 1128 935 904 1134 -.905 921 105i. , 92? - .~ 992' 815-. 753 - 995 992 1008 955..
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31
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88 48 '72 12 18 90 54 40 37
1148 ' ?207 1117
1) 1.3
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678 577 672 487 577, 463 866
572 ' 449 528 394 440 -' "', = 347 519 .
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'285 172 241' 171 172 104 232
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5' 0 . 0 'TO Q. i ..?+'(-J 0. .a <a 387
4072 3205 3810 '23t2 * 3075 2323 3721

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The Pa&e
city
Solar Eniigy %ok I, a29

47 25 c' 37' 61
P ,< .
Fptember / OctObef r : r. August
34.
November
,I
.
_
MY
:*)?
NORTH,DAKOiA .~~1 Bismarck-A
) i
227 276 215 261 " _
I/,# *[ i I
598 " 654 r 586 605 '1 \ \ \ B . 1098 1197 1122 1101 I,.
.I
j' OH,O I.. -0
Devi Is Lake-C Fargo-A Williston-C

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h . Akron-CdFton-A * Cincinnati-C Cleveland-C d i v Columb$-C , Da,yton-A0 0 ~__ Mansfield __ --7. +- _ _~~.. SanduskpC Toledo-A YoungstownlA ,(
.d :' , 1-a ", .". -f@.@-JAP(A .q.,,:__
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0 17 831i 378. * 0 0 42 2?2 0 9 i-> 311 ko Ol 0 $4 :4:: 0 /\ 114 ~--a~, 397 9 -~ ~~-~ ~22 ~~~ 327 , 66 0 0 0 12 102 h 387
0 ^ . 19 83 355 1
738 567 636 654 693 x 768 4

684
756
732 .*
.
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. '" L^' '4

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Oklahoma Tulsa-A ,~
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0 0
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1'2 lkf .' !i
149 452
459 462
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Me&ham-A . Medford-A Pendleton-A i;. *Portland-C Roseburg-C Salem-A. 1 ! Sexton Sum.mit * Troutdal&A
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1.138 I 25 10 33 ~- ~. .- _ 88
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14 21 88 33
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14-6: 9 255 219 144 294 77 '104 85 98 ii3 169 131
338:. ". 518 552 _ 3,. 381 ; 605 '-326 353 . ~ . * 280 ' ,i88 ,326 '~ 4'56 ' 335 -
537 852 855 '591 903 624 :717 534 ? 531 588 714 591 -
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/ p
7 !
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January debruary / 2 I
I
Appendix
April Ma; % 0 1ne . 4
s x
.!&A .--.+@al e---.. _ -
March
I
.B
Ii535 1668 1615 ., 1528 -
1730 186fL h' qJg5 ""1iO5
ii64. .15.76* 1518 1442 /, ., ~

,1u l
1187:;" 1314 j '1231 ; 1194 ;

. ! I ~
' !'
657' 750 687
663
($55 -<.' ' 394 338 360
1'16 137 101 138, -
9033 9940 9274 9068
1" ,' icj
c 5
1033 108; 1'166 , 812 880 942 977 '.,_ '.I.,., 995 ho1 ~--~105 I- %' 907 - ~'~~~.~.~.f?a3_ * 941 1 &Q-y..,, .., 1094 iO42.F 1110 t <ii"""+I,! 69 997 \ 1 ()py ,2> l.,i'22. !'1056 ., 1 :-"ill9 . ." ig,z,, 1030, 1085 1163e
--yI < <. I
884 645 846 741 :781 t\ 924 ( .--853

-905
537 314 510. 406, * 445
,543
513' 55s J -534
.-877
235 108 223 .?53 179' 245 '217 245, 241
50 0" 49
22
* '& n -60 ._s3 39 60 '
6203 4532 5717 5277 - 5597 6403 58596394 6172
II
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47'; 485
169 173
" I +
38 44
0 .O
\ '
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772
1268 1274 83t.. .. .._ 1243 862 .1066' 791 744 823 905 874
i: 613 972 I ' 946 . i; ,624 a .I" "! 1008 627 i L* 795 '3 594 ..563 622 801 6.64
459 611 591 ' 8371 552, 809 '. '423 567 ' 717 961 381 552 386 614 ' 1 O515 ' ' .3f7 366 508 564 747 574 408 621 405
357 384
"
349
' 27OL _:" 52,7,' 2e 197 199 -223 < 249 450 256
.*
222 200 159 1 .2-5 32-7 69 51 703: 83 91 270 115 ,i 7
7087 6918 4779 7888 4547 5204 4143 4122 4574 ~ 621.7 4 4775 \
'
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-_ .
/ i' m_ , 1 T () " , @ 0 i 0 I. \
ha-Passive Solar Energy Book $i , 1. F

City 4 / ::. ;I i.t L i 1. .,
July
..*,.
August
Septembei October
, pEN&JSyLV,&NI.A
Allentown~~$ ' ( ,.-> ~ :,A, i, : Erie-C ,, HarrLiburgiA %$ * Park Place-C p \ .Philadelphia-C Y Pittskurgh-C
0 0 0 14 0 0 .o 0 0 -.
9 17 0 57 0 0 5 I 18 16
,,
89 76 69 173 33 56 57 115 101,
. 366 352 308
484
219 298 285 389 . 377
6931 .' 6g7
RHODPlSLqiND _
Providence-A Providbnce-C
330'
' . ,'624\ J
SOUTHd&&?Fl,N,A
;z
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0 -0 O.-U .I 10 7
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34 ,76 94 131 136 o 2 14 .. -a 308 34-z 411414
1..,_,~ *,.. .,_,

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0 )i \ 0 0 0 0 .,O d -- -~ ,-0. o0,
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. II
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. Bristol+j:,,<.
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-477 498 -392 ,471 53:yf P
Memphis-C Nashville-A Oak Ridge
-+ . ~. .. :, !-
or 0 : ._ 0 g, +..; c
24 3'33 13 22 39 ..-,
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' .,.,, .,.-) .
e ,, . ....'..1).I, . .J.,_, _, i".,, " .
."I
ci.-Appendix
December January February March ~* April May Jupe i
5
Total
1 ,
1.
'. 1051 1020 964 ,~_--l-208 -L : 856 924 9% 1057 .yJQ57 \ i r i . a

l s 927 -. -----
1019 1132 1039 c 1128 921 1051 1142 n77 933 * ~837~ 879 992 >' ..,902 101 7 :1&. 1141 1132 9. i :1 005 - :,
c?
840 911 750 998 .?,.667 735" 725 859 828 I
,495 ' 573 423 648 369 402 411 516 477
164 273 128 290'_ 93 137 123, 196 18-k 6

0
L _ :
25 55 14 85 0 13 11 35 25a
'. -
'.
.5880 6116 5258 7175 4523 5048 506p 6047 5898'
:,
0.
JO35 ST<ci 986 _' 0 410 524 _ 574 648 7 ,@i?' .; I q407,-' 1218 1414 -.. -
1026 1125 1 076
. c I'
955 * 1019 972 * LX
' ii65 874 809 r. I " -260 313 334 442-. 436
t 603 c 570 507 c - ) 43 77 83 161 152 e
33.F 258 197 . . o+;o 0 oy* 32

26
96 58 ' 31 *. 0 I *
5843 61 2.5 '* 460&
'-
,'
,445 538 '588 673 670
\ '
363. p43 jk87 552 549
17;9 0. 2284 0 __~~___._ 2507.-0 306Q 1 .3044. 0
- ~~
, ' 279 357 ;276 80 148 n 80 2 1 7kI2 7535 7848 il .
2 c1
,?{;..'". 15$7 'i/ 1$6, 1 1575 ' a 818 725, 760 716 778 ' 778
.i 327 1151 1274 . 697 588 630 574 636 669 o i\
1032" 1045 h 1023
358 61 5.' 8598 2 I
: 815 710 744 639 725 77;
'?:
0 L
576 467 500 423 490 , 552
274 179 196 o 131 186 228
95 45 50 .20 "43 56
i ^
0 0 0 0 0 OQ
-,
4148 3384 3590 3006 3513 3'81 7
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-;
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The Pa@;!
..
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6::: yw
Solar En&gy Q
Book (2
July
0 .
Au&t
_1 1
NOVember
.Y
September
October
.5.
i 0 . .
BigSpriags-A Bro.wnsvilI-e-A, C&P.IJS Christi-A Dallas-A ._.___ Del @6%\
_ ., c.:.
0 ,O 0 0 /, 0 0 1 ..O 0. @ 0 0 * 0 0. . .ir 0 (1 0 0 / 0, ,.
.-
0 0 0 0 0, -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ._ , *
0 ,:
.
98 240 30 75 4 p. * -0 53 26 -70
58
'
* ,Hou$ton$ . _ I,, Laredo-A .Lubbo&-A Mi$land . I; .Palf+tine-C ! I.(_, - Port Arthur-C .~
i. \ ,I ., ; : . p i I : >il a * . 0
0 0 0 -0 .--I?0 0 - 0
23 "c 0 6 0 0 ', 0 0 0 -aa 5 a. 0.
j., 350 ; 594 214 316 5B 113 299
1/ .
'
.-\
0 i w 0 \ ' 0. .a173 "87 45 8'

72
,k. (,
<
Safl Angelo-A , San: Antonio-A Victor&A -. \- Waco-A Wichita Falls-A UTAH

.
188 390 y ,299 / 131 ,: 162 ' 91 ', 492 381 a c 260 170 "ig&,is 28(-j ," : !A /* @ '. 201 131 ;;,251 * 4b4 -
25 (j 44 115
. -. i a /
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b
9 *
.I
0
0 -3 0 6 0
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Bjanding .Milford-A
. I .
0 0 0.; .
Salt Lake City-C
. 0
, 100 114 61
~*
409'. 462 330
_ ._ -
792 828 744
d &
VE~RMONt *,
.sI ..,
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D
47 ,\i ,172 * D LY e 366 i3'1 354 456 ~ 5 2ol =. ' ; 858 " , \
_ Burl.ington-A VIRGINIA o ;;
19
2.
,r
. ./
Cape H&-qXLcynthburg-A Norfolk-C * Richmond-C
..
.- 3
.o ....-..0 * -
0 O0%
0 0 0
0: 49 5 31
',_
120 236 118'~ 181
'
..
Appendix
479 71 l42f 322 4p4 454 619:. .21'9 106 192 252 u i 330 e 432 60; = 518 ^ 371 419, .235 6701 445 626 . ,\> L'446 622:, 533 / ' 247356 ; ., e?71 240 -378 303 '/ Li270 - 134 ' '. 3 0215 \ ' 0 756 * 812 "-. ,613 592, sa 65.1 + ') 468 368 \ J\,8 440 ' \ 31.5 381 531 . 258 : 556 '0 --R 378 > 462 293 ' 333 ,,I' ' '2 352 , :--. $57 ,-I 385' vb ' '~657' 756 5,$8
7..
85iI 3, 402
344 586 211 314 74 '118 -288 147 1'330' .. .308 176 i66' 71 481 322 265 181 257
,li3 298 ,50lo> 0 '6. ,' Z5' 21 , 110 .'i 90 .>o -027 ' 2oY :: .g() 71
27
0 9% 0 0 .o 0. 0 " .O 0 .. 0 5 :> 0 E d 0 i 36 0 0 0 1 0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .O o-' 0 0 0 ,o 0 0 0 0 *
2657 4345 -.. 1713 ii\ -
62
6.17 1011 2272 0 1407 2641 2361 1211 -. 1276 ', 781 ' 3587 'w 2591 1980 a 1340 2.107
: Q a
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263 394 -* 66 140 ' v 16 w
= ~6 d;?..
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a. '1126: 2025 "3025
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_ i '\. , J,i60\, '),,' -
72 A, ,T.'..7865. 4 * ;c+ '. : '+1;.. "..\ '\, I
, ;*,A . 636 c .. 9 750= ~
808
i,
698 ,&I6
679
"(636 $ijG584 ? e 722 +

; 60? 4fk
$6; ..
220
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41 ,*
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41 53 '0 i:; T 31$19. _
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i _
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\ ; .:*, 1 :: \\: \ c . I. \ -:?
w---
'.787
675~~ i i . *.*./
254 529 it,; i, ,,., A?;-. + \I\\ \i / - \,,.? I . ._ i 1: -
57
k\P
J A :3720 ; \ / _, . 1 ,/ 39-j . ,s,v ,y, ,// , , 0
.-, --

-1 !*. , City
July
.
August ..
_
September ,, (. October November 7
Roanoke-A
P -,
50 ; f /
233' .____..~~
543 -.
@ASHlrilGTON i. e.1,
a I, r Ellensburg-A Kelso,-A Nqrth head Ol;ympia-A Omak 1 . .P.oi-tAngeles-A Seattle-C F Spokane-A Stampede Pass Tacoma-C Tattoih Island-C Walla M/alla-C .*. . .=Ya16marA .
h ..-.-
J.--j.*
l-7b 166 234 207 194 I 3.. ' 303 134 205 4yt14 260 Ty 62 3 1.5 "k, 288 . D 0 .93. 150. '.7 17 84 205 83 46 226
II.
.C
496 409 "341 434 533 45q 1,. 329 ~508 707' 375 406 308 446
.
849\ 636 486 : 645 921 .Z'<, 6G3 '540 879 1002 579 528~ "-675 807
d !
13
85 239 91 0 233
'
'
r:---
/;r' c zg -s \ _
.; ,)
v ._
:251 66 . ,295 0 0
1,
WES; VIRGIt&A
(?harleston-A JJkin&f --.Huntington-C - --.. :Parkersburg-C 4 -qetersQfg-C
. )
I
I* * I .. _
l
t) \Ii .
. . 0 . g c ci 0 0
.
I _
0 .3 1 0 0 05
I
0
.
@
_-.-
25.0 412. ,210 27L 308
a .
576.
122 35 . ~ -~ .' 156~ 72
726 549 6M __- ~~ ,654
O+, 0
M;~~S~~NSIN . .4 : .
c
58 20' 30 24' j83 152 137 112 "'+ 515 _/) 447
,>
945 921 864 795
r
;
Green Bay-A Lacrosse-A MadisonX Milwaukee-C* -,
-32 11 .lO .l 1
-,
WYOMING B _
, .. -. CzisperrA. CheyennezA i g: La&i-A ,** Rock Springs-4 Sheridah-A
l
P
13 33 7. 20 27 : i4 39 . 23 32 41
_
_-1
., 951~ 897 1 105g_ JO3:8 D
B
. ,, ~ . .
__;*-
231 -241 2 4
26 %
577, 577 '63-2 648
" -
239 i
578
957
.
394-
I L/
\ \
* .
.^.
>.
7,..
kernbe;\ \/
,
. l
Appendix
Jirne
5
0 Total
Le _..
i .
,~- _, h..., -_ L* _ @06.
January . , _
0 CI
_>. -+ebruary .,,.
March *
April
May
_'
84.Q Tp
..-; -I'6 ..,,. -- F 'i , +I 268

856
'.\
722," L,
588
28,9
"'81 I)
4:152 - n
:1116 -'- - -784.
753 949. 605 652-y : q-8 585 ; 660 700 ; 781 1061 '; 645 a652 ' o 't 558 ,.,602 ,834 988 1063 1064 595 636 629 610 . 564 748 660 862.
n
504 * 453 492 +498 ' '453 519 . 396 561 834 435 525 338 408
105 296 -: .173 31$ . 285 40&183 , 338 59 222 422 n 297 .' 107 246/ ., ' 146, 330 43-8 " -436 d 282 143 330 -437 38 171 53 205' -4
'6542 5239 5211 "<. 5501 D ~,6834 .a 5850 4438, 6852 9149 4866 5724 4848 5845
+* ..: ', *", ',
834 c>* -. ,995 . -i._

,803.g 896.
:'
4387 1'OlP 8371 94996%;

.
-".. -
758 910
**q 728 .~~~~ ,826 .~ :... --. 820
632 797 -eu 672 '667
r-
942 .--c ----
310 477, -- b 251 34f384-
110 4 224 85 ~~~I-.-y9 133

.:
.'
8 53. -L,, .5 --I3 14
44-17 5773' * 4073 4750 4966

P
&
1392
1380 1287 1184. -,
1516 15,?8 141.7 ./.I302 / .'
,_ -
,. .h 'P 1 .:
. ./' ,/ : % I. u
l-336 1280 1207 1117
t= ,,
' ,1132 .1035 \ 1011 c 961 \
.696 $52 5z.3 606
. :
347 250 266 _ ,3.35
107 " ' 74 . .79 7. , -100 -,
8,259 7650 ~-.- -73.00 \ 6944 ~-. i 0 ,+ -
'.y,'.T 1225)' 112:: 0 u ; .;> ,,i u., .I

., . _.: : ., $. 1.; / I Q D
4 109P.I 1044
i324 -l.225. 1494 '1457 1392 c, /'
1011 (
>' 1029 1045 1110 1035 y t ,-'I;' .,.-,>' " 1
660 717'. 68J'~, 735 645 B .
381 462
-196 173 .. ..
7638 75'62
13d3. 1345 1271
1179 -1182 lo! 70 "* ,',..
,'163 396 j "' 193 442 "' ,161 387, e, 0 -0 0 B c .395
$303 3 8473 .. 7903._ _~,
I.
J
_/=
&+'
,
,I ,
, 1. i --.
~ ._,--,
*$g.
-. . . . .. ;i -._ , , , ; ,
**: . $ , 1, : e
1. 4--
j ...--.-
* ..--
-1.
m ._.
. .,i / ; 2..,Normal Degree-Days ,

City
.
:. *
The Passive Solar En&y by Month
Bopk fey Citi+

,j .lY / ,i .
. in C+n,ada
Au& September
.I.g.
i.
2 ;
October
November
_.-1.
220-. Lethbridge McMurray ,,. -: $5!$g .. ktedicine Hat :;i; ;:&...,,, 7 &T, 1 -5 I , ,, ;: +. /: // , , I -/; 120 ^20 220 50
-450 -520 300 *
c e .I, 880 603 1 Fjoo ,107o ..._..
?&Iii 360 560 .358 a$46 270 _,, 260 Bull Harbour ) I 330 0 _ 120 I .90 . t,. c. Crescent Valley ,310 270 / Estevan P-dint -240 --ye F&j tie,& c 120 , 1 220 I ,460 10 Kamloops >?O I-. , .; ;g ,_ .A ..R * 20 * P+icton . 20 46Q Prince Geolge li .2-a: 200 260 .: . 220 430 D Princk George City LI_ 770 ,+,i .,,;*,-.. 240 .;.270 340 - frinqq Rupeti .,. .,I. __-_- ---~ --7 70 : Vancouvyr.,; ~---~4 70 220 / * . 70 D 70 2oq. * ~Van.c,ouy& City : . Victpria (Pat. .Bay) 260 ,/ 130 : 130 Victo&&ty ..I , .: 160 150 j. 230 I,, i I _*
r_ .-- > .: pm/ &NIT& -- -; -, _ \ * B&$-j
.,. ..A -
BRI?!SH CC&JMBlA 5
. ,, /
o
\ 870 490 ,JO 680 O. .~460 920 -, 540 ^ 520 , 750 ,740 p 510 440 ;.:i 430 470 4 2 CT 9 pg\. . 1240 _ .: 630 990 .p80 :1680. Y,. 890 .v+=.. 820 1110 .a 1 100,. y 680 650 * ,650
660-. 6003
-...nv .q ..*? .* 1
., 0 I
/n.,
I,
::
,r d.
/. _ ,ii3 y---v. i. , -..--_

l
Churc, P ill ..r/ Dpuphin. . _ CT The Pd+ ;+ .-------L~--~:. --.~Wi?t$&g . \ I
,- 100 360 390 90 -a 50 . -8_Cj _: _ .160 75 - -37
60
350 710 320 5440 ~3-31
)i
d .J 3 730 1ljO 670 ,840 686 ---------
,:
_,_.----- .._, Chatham. ,, ,,: lZp . 0 . Frederiqon. ,I: I, . <a >i ., ,, . \I ; SOURCk Rkprintbd w$ p&m&ion ;
NEW &IJN$&IG i. -gathljrst I ., 1
1 >/ - +j
3
310 2 7-o.: _. 2.50
4 0
1290 i 660 ;.I250 .* e l-480 1255 __ __~ : ., ,
-.
:.+$ ,!. ,I,
..i
pi /? , ,. . i. .L ;..,.,.* c-.,396 :_ ._:. j 1 - .,/_ I(*

.: _:,, (, ;, -),, I~,_ _, .
-.
q&..
3 dlS :o: 46 po yo/6 640 50. . 70 -$.&OQ!g* .*;g !+m ./,..*y .. : .~ ? ~$,..?$~.I~ * * . from Handbobk of Ah Cqn~~~ioniog.Hea~ing,andVentilating. s .
, $ o\g()
L,. ,.g --: . .!.+> ..is;rTi
/,
1; ,,::. l I.
j.
./ ,.-
.,
; _
-. i iv
~ .>.-
,: 9; .:
._
.
,,.
, )- \<
-. I ._ i
L
..
: *-....,a ; ,.:>..;y...,o, ~,,<,y,.I ., ,$?:, ..<.*. L

._ 4.
.e ;.*cI :i ::).;j;:d;:. ,J!.i-.L)-. :. :..: L/ ,, ..:1:... .:, / .::<- .; %! ./,_,
..
_ r
Appendix s
,C
1
June Total 1
_--i<
lJecem&r . - . ~- ~._-c_ ..T :
January < .>. 1
.February . w
March
_, 1 April 0
,1
May
..',
?pi
1430 1.; 1660 1750: I 0I LO -.- &o '": ,144o

CL -c ._ . -___
1530 1780 1820 ,145o. 2210 1590 -_
' I.350 1 --i..m" 5 20 1600 1290 .. *182Q-' 8 1380 <,,,. ------~--x+.@ --
1200 1290.. 1380 1120 1640 1130 --~

.
770 460 '760 410 830 460 ~_ ',.,690 400 '920. 500 . @Q- .JF:.:>rvp3*o .-.. . '~ I. 7.. -&e-&e~.
I _3..
270 '6' 9520 220 10320 250 1101.0: 210 8650 270 ', 12570 130 O"0 8650 ,_- ..- -. .
F
. //-g&j~~-. 0
_---_..__ -.-.-. __- --_ 1.
i790 770 820 * 122y3! 1360 760, ,710"' -2190 _2200. 1170 1320 :=* *1()5o J190 :;,;440 -"; 1570 1450$ .c -- " -. 1540 ' -. j360 910 . 0:: ia. 0 . 81 890 F : 8,-K) 880 a 870 7~~:~. i..; -:, "_ 800 -. 73q<.
)
D
; .JZ>:. .z, j: ,4,$>. .
.( .h% j 1. ...:-:. ._ ._ . . . I RP . * .:z.-.
1540 1370 670 410 " <,sdO 710 r. 69Q 580 4;7o R' 3.40 c 1080 " 940 :61? / 400 220'. . 1 670 ,-700 580 470 340 1870 , ' 11460 890 4.60 220 ,,. 0 1050 * 780 '--9.- 450 Z?lb i 80 960 .780 490 .260 100 ' -1320 1110 . 740 480 28'0 1290 l-070 730 470 ?50 650 350 D soa 8 1.0 790 o .32@, 740 480 . _~ 680 150.. ' 720 650 470 140 3.00 720, .; 690 a ) 520 370 220 *" 660 470 230 '</620 4 330 _ .*, @lo 1
l -
11710. /'-"Q 6370 ,^. 8040 ,-se ' 6090 :a : 12690 " 673p 64'fO 9720 a 9460 . . 69'110. '. 55io ' . . ,;5396, ! 5830 5410
; & %
1.810 ',I-- .. .i ._ ~"~~0, . . ~~ 2240 :, : : -25go', 1940 174b by 1980" *, o- 4;~'~:& _. ', 17.78 = "-i,?_993 , *_._ =. ,. _ I -iG -i 1. li80. '1450 " ,; I.410 .~ -. .D ,'\ : .. l-690 ' 1620 lS!O I " \ K ." . ' .:i,Q I ~ . c . ,(.'
1730 2320 16701 ,

1.850
n
14.40 215.0 1430

1620
1 714 ,.
1-44-l
820 ,I580 830 '1OlT) '810
. 420 1130 - D 420 ' 550 . 411 -*' * o* '0 n 520 d"
170 6.70 . 150 L: ,250 147.;
10930 16910 10560 12460 30658 : -. ~,
'.
' 0 -1 Y I< '
. " .P c 880 :,s 850

33-j
490 .;
A2Q' ...* $
180 9670 l-80.. .:; \I.,., 9290 '150 j I8830 , b o-I n 'a_. -' 0
0
. .j:. *-.
_'

.
b City
JUIY-
August
September
October
November
Grand Fqjls oncton SFint John 2:~~
, ii
100 50
W-.-m
___A.
.1.10 / .o
120 -,330 80 260 100 280 110 ; 250
660 590 590 . 'I
JO00 910 IfI
'
530 .
,830 \ -
NEWFfbUNDlAND -1.p..
- Coqt$BFdok
r :Lf& - ..--2-6aeml140 90 430--------l-m ~ 130 220 ' 1.q 320 \320 r.m.L--.-s--640 660 840
~6! 0 , _
-~.
---920 1220 820
I e-e-: .--
St- John's (T0rba-y) _ **'\\
440 _... .~__. -_ -- '_j ~. 3.?0 170
MIRTHWEST \ 1 . \. Aklavik
TERRITORIES
.
280 170 600 780 160 -80 55 60 110 90 58 80 120: 230 190 220 230 . z '460 - .;jso " 650\ 860
2%
------I
800 7OOd 880 1240 580 ' 1400 1220 1280 1810 1060' \ _~--~~-~-. v * 510 469 510, 480 -790 , 745 780 720 2040 1940 1580
2-&j
-1
\ , ',--_ ., \ .;I, ' NO&
Fort Norman Frobisher Re&olute wlotiknif&
'
L. _
"'*A. --.-. .-a---____-
SCOilA
.1740 a ~.
-TV
* f
l-$ ifax (Dartmouth) .zHalZaG CiJy -. o Sydney g Yarmouth
i 6' -
1 ONTAR& Fort William Hamilton .' * Kapuskasing 3 '0 . Kenora . Kingston City Kitchener City j,- ,Landon "* North Bay Nbrth Bay City Ottawa (Uplands) --- Peterboroqgh City Sault Ste. .Marie .-_., f -. .-i "' 398. :. '.I ... _ - :' :I 5 e ,v : '- I _ I /
*
90 *r '140 20 30 110 . J80 40 80 . 30' r o 4& 30 40 20 -'. 40 120 _170' ' 40 .,s = 90 60% 9-G ;; I :40 1 2& \ 160 . " .. I ~ ,--
-'
370 ,140 420 320

160 *-.
'.
:a
170 150 5 320 270 2QCI , ' ~c *+ ' '.
+ ,:740 470 790 710 500 <20 ,490 e 670

622)
.I ( * a i
;_
qo 7340 ~ ! .<O _i '. 0;
28&I 540 .so .
1170 ..a -800 1280 i270 820 .860 840 1080 i. -. 1000, 970 :I 890 1010 , ' ., \ '
ma
T ~
B R
0
April May
I Appendix
June ,
5
Total
. i
Decembgr
January
Fekruary
March
~1540 -1340 -1300 1250

1
1.750 1520 1440 ; 1400

.f
1570 1380 1310 1270
'
1340 1190 1160 1100

0
_ ,
870 830 - 830 7&o
"
1480 480 510. 500
,'190' + 200 '. 260 250.
' '
9950 8830 8740 8380
., d
R ip .
. A------
1080 -_- ______,-.--.1240 _ ~.~. 1170 1150 _---__. 1200 1410 1360 ', 1240 _ .L....~123Q-.? _I_._____ 1430 _ ' 1320-e .-~ j, 1220 P 1740 ., 2020 1710 1530. .1130 -'12701180 1170 1 0 ;i-: r.
1
950 78'0 400 .640. ..--970 --~ ----A50 1101 770 .920 700 *
560 350 380 410 '460
\ -.
9290. 9180 .9440 12140 8940
$;-C 233Q
2.580 2550 * 2460'\.,; * 2120 "I;3*, 2560 , 2660 ;,;u .2890-i, ~ 2&&-j' ',' i ;iiQ " ,"":i' (
, ! \$ = ~~.~, ( ; --( --- : I-_ . _
z310,2190 2280
22
,
2290 2040* 2230 2720 2020

-- :
pi90 1390 1690 2170. 14io
"
1050 730 1250 1550 790

__~__
4io 280 ,800 * . 970 370

~~~ __~
R: :I
17'910 16020 17920 -. - 22600 15640 '

- ___~-
_-
--
+ 1
--
' 1 1220L h80 -1280 1100
1160! 11091 11301 104'a

~
Tx86) 1262 1310 1180
' ,
;,
JO90 1042 1168 1010

.
8Oti 765 850 750

.
530 484 570 510

.I .
250 ?'226 270' 270
8030 7585 8220 7520
.. ._ ,
--& 68j.. 15
q .
1260 1830 2030 1980 1420 $1350 '1320 1710 1690 1640 j470-4 1590z
1i1.90 1580 ',,I"50 1670 1290 l.240 ~ 1210 % T530 a90 1450 150.0
',1380 1020
89Q 670 '. *
330 540 600 '430 380 330 330 470 _ 420 _ ~-.~ 330 I'* 330 470 I 7
230 ' 70.
"10640 7150
770. ~~ 800' I.)2.50

-.,
240' f! 1200 1 1550 1510' 1460' 1320 1 ._ ........ ...._. .. . 4-T@- _,,._.,_ . ._ . .__. _ ._.-.~.-.~
r
/--J
1550 1030 1420 860 1110 710. 680 1 080 1 040 . 650 1 350 840 1 280 810 ~+2(--/-----~r---1 130 690 1310 . 820 1
'
240 160 1175 ! 107,o 100 , " 7q10 80 7620 "90 .. *: 7380 -170 +98~80 ' 93,40 _ 120 70 8740 96 8040 210 959.0. _.-... .? 1 399 * 4 , >, a .'>. -' a
: F . .*.
"0
.::
i* .
I m /
,-
\ .
(i ,P ,
1 k ,
I.
-- ,$ ,
,I ..u;a . ,,.

City.
I
July
August
Septembe;
October
November
Sioux Lookout Southampton Sud.bury Timmins Toronto (tialton) Toronto City Trenton White River Windsor
.~ :.
70 '70 60 " -1 10 30 , 8 -L
:20
J -.< 60 10
:,
120 90 -140 170 40 29 30 230 10
390
190 310 410 180 154 1 6.0 ,440 120
. *
780 500 680 78o< 540 46,5 470 820 410
'1310 830 1100 J&270 a40 777 840 1270 780
* ( .
PRINCE EDWARD
,.^ CharloGetown
ISLAND :
i . .iO 240 550 850
..
...
QU,EBEc. ,
Jiagotille ,G&~fi Chime ,..,...,. >,. : 80 '?~:,A.....-,..~-~. 386 350 300 i
. _. _
120 45(r,380 410 140 120 40 ,40 570 190 70
c
370 700 550 670 330 310 190 180 590 730 290 250 246 250
: .
r il
/, ;<
. 1160 1440 1270 1500 ,'lOOO I 103-O (910 b - 890 1430 1430 ,103o
>,
j+-y
3 /Fort George j/ Knob Lake Megantic .Mont Joli yontreal- (Dorval) .Monfr&al C$y 31 tcbeq*uon Port M&.rrjson f.j VueDec (An. Lorette) Quebec City .\ Sherbrooke City 7 -Three Rivers @iiyL + .,
80
70 .lO 10 270 560 40 20 20 20
_ .
1040 890 1080 660 660 550. 530
_. 320
Q ,._ ;&
---
970
_ 1050 650 610
93Q
920
.:iO .a
r60
590
610
-- SASKATtiHEM@f .-
1 I-r-;;i-;. I\! ! !
_ I----
__----
980 1350 1350 1290 i320'
~ L-A
60-/--my----70$ 140 70 110

60,,<
,
750 * 780 '750 760
North UBattlkfdrti prihde All-&~ 'I .Keging ?jaskato& yufloN I, it
110 ha .
380 410 370 380
ii
TERRITORY I -~ .\
, * I
-660 ._... . ..gfJ. i
I @ .t ;/---->----__Pi
0
1170, .g40:
t-
1. . ..i'. .,'
x .I
D I
Dawson - I 170 :. 320 Whitehorse.:. ..i.,,._ ._ ._._.., .d!1.280 ._.._. .: ..,3.50 ,..._,._ ._ .,.._ ?.:.. . c c '40d ! ,, a* %l
_ _
< 1890 -.':;,1. .,.151(-j ..: . . _.....
WI
_ - -
J!
---_1__ &c&ber 1850 -January February March 15 ?Tl __~ ~April hY
Appendix
. June
5
Total
..
1 -------~-'
2()&g-J ~-_-~ - ~--1-?5Q~_m__ _
1200 .lSOcr1740 1220 1126 1280 1770 11,30 +.e
1350 1720 . 199'0 1360: 1249 1400 1990 1220'b F' ~_ . ( . -
1270 1456 1680 1260 ;.;g 1740 1100
1950 520 fTi$ff -=-~a----.~ pg - 450 1340, ~ 870. ~~-~~~~-g+ 1530 1010 I 550 1090 700 370 1018 * 646 : 316 1080 670 330 1554 950 c 1010 580 590; 270
220 17D -~ -~-_lgp. 240 100 73 70 280 70 \ I
115308020 9870 ~~~~~~ ~~ -l-l+&&
~~_~~_
7730 7008 7630 e 11850 L 665b/
1216
1460'
1370
e 1220
870
560 '. n
250
'@q()] * 5.
_)
"
j P ,.
i 1710 / 2170 2090 2040 " 1490 1470 1430 1370 201q 2290 1510, 1460 . 1410 $c^ \ I p .171o 1750 1680 17PO 7-i .
., ~I L i450 1920. 1950. 570 1016 ,920 910 810.. 13'00 500 290 870 550 ' 310 9io u 270 180p 730 300 150 \ 700 910 820 1310 2190 1610 1140 i300 8bO . 430 ' 1.250 810 -' 400 !190 ~~--.Jzo~-----IM)--~ 75cY u -'770 -, 370 . . 53 ii '. 8QO.. 850b 790 800 . 1 'z ' 9 400 440 420 420 190 210 190 180 940 . 1460 13.30 I . ,220 610 530 a450 190 230 60 . 5b 490 790 130 .lOO '80. 11040 _ 15600 14480 ,',f.14890 9670, . 9750 8350 8130' 14510 _ 16880 9540 / 9070 --m--9060 d ; A! 0 .. 11000 11430 107>0 10960
1730' 2010
I
~ ..,
\. <;...
_-
1950" .2410--m 2340
188;O
-2010 ' i 2410 1480 \ 1640. 4440 1656. " \ Q90 1590 i370 :. \, 1540 .',2050 \ 2340 2050 2470 .I.. 1530. -. '1690 \r 1470 , .,640 1560 i400 $ 1490 l&30 I 0 , .
'& -' 2 . '.
._ ~.. * ,
? -0,. ' ...I L '-, -4 F .--_ _. 2410 z . ._.j.~t+@. ._ -t

*
mm-j820. .1870 1740 ., . 1790
1990 2960 1940 1790
1.440 1500 1420 1440 0 1 a30 'J.350 1
'
2.1.&j ': 2510 ..........) 8.5O.v. ... .. .. . ..l.&&..-.!,.,. ;! i

;: L
1100 L .l.ooo.i
570 600
250 310, 401. c
15040* =12300
'
B . .L_.
,?
I:
-.
.-:
-/... --i)
_ i*
+Cle~r_l&y3olar Orieritat,ions
<
l&at .Cain throkgh (in Btu/sq ft
jjij ,
!
(The heat gains listed in,the following tables account only for reflection To accourit for absorption losses, reduce the values listed by 696.)
losses from the surface of the glass.

L *
9 8 North
NE,
Latitude
0 5 E,
32 North
SE, SW s*
Latitude NE, E,
.W
+SE,
SW 4
--
N january February March { April
NW
RORIZ
-N
NW ___ I
HORIZ
16G A92 206 248 306, 310e 464 658
634 816 923 989
1772 1191
lOF4
1558 1350 912
1454 1832 * 2184 2428

-
15 2 192 240 302 396 450 408 . I ' 320 250 5 200 154 136
of Oregon,
1 66 278 433
574 .1146
.1560
1288
.?
l 772
904
1200 1116 955 823 758 803 920 1067 1151 1125
1424 '1688 1034 600 ~ 422 .390 ,420 582 al000 1364 1528 2084 2390 2582 2634 2558 2352 2014. 1654 1280 1136 ' '
893 - 492
_~OL8B~~-lWS--75&~ I La.
June
m-36TmE76
636 ,997 __ ---789 1040 841 789 636 426 280 168 144 1038 1024' 968 864 746 567 518
464 416
2.
861 808 656 4B 311 194 162
1019 1006 961 ,883 \ -R _ .788 625 564
4% 741 862 1029 1143 1151 1151
360 ~272 482. '884 1296 .1526 1586
2~10 & 2494 2386 2110 1796 1444 1306
MY
August
324 260 214 1 90 152
$5
Septembe t October Novembe December
1.128 '1574 ,'^

1977.
SOURCE:
Taken from computer
stu?iies by M. Steven Baker, University
Eugene, Oregon,
402 ,.1
. \ ,
\ ..
Appendix
36 North
Latitbde
40 Norih
N
Latitude NE,
NW
E,
W
SE,
SW 5 HOI&J?
120 164
.$arch j 1 230 404
12'8 &l5 376 593 747 816 749 595 370 218 130 1.05 r ._
474 666 858 1002 1063 1083 ,1048 975 '816 642 466 393
1079 1180 1183 1075 952 894 J 931 1034 1126 1129 1056 *JO07
15061502 . 1244 838 596 528 5.86 806 1190 1436 1472 1434
948 1374 1852 2274 2552 .2648 2534 2244 1796 i 13$8 i *9i2 782 .
882 1002 1054 1056 1037 973 842 697
1153 1016888 823, 867 978 1100 1147
1146 720 500 446
1974 2338 2574 2644 ..
220 294 384 446 398 312 230 176 122 102
298 I
I
615 769 822 7/68 616 399 250

-
'2
May
I I
390
I
June
442 402 318 '242

.
IUlY I
',
August I . . t,
.I
492.2552 6'94 1102 1410

i
2304 1906 1506
Septembe 1 October
I
r I
1.
I
186
.. 1 _ .-a. . I
-*z 403
"
= TheJ&ive
Solar Energy
Book
44 North
Latitude Et
W
48 North SE,
SW s HORIZ N
Latitude NE,
NW
NE,
N F January NW
E,
W
SE,
SW s HORIZ
102 148 208 288 386 4<8 400 308 218 154 . 104 82
107 i83 347 572 .738 619 741 575 343 187 109 . 83
<
February March
405 _I 603 829 1000
1004 l@lb 1206 1128
1420 1506 -; 3&?1 954 710 628 694 916 1262 1438 1388 1292
772:', c 1208 j20 2196

/.
I
I
~82 Se1'30
:&r&G4 153
320 540
894 1106
1284 1486
598 1040
-%,*_ c --*_i _ .k;April5 -.-
M?Y I
June JUlY
1081~~>1021 1116= 1067 ,972 . : 787 582 '399 3,q? 968 999 1085 1 144 1098 983 895
2522 4542 ..+ :* 2508 21,72 1660 1186 768 608 ); ' '(; ; *' . 9
394 468 408 300 - -206 138 86 66 / I I
736 820 741 ;53 31 5 159 87

66
1105
1091 _/'
828 740 806 1018 1318 1414' 1252' 1130
2482 2626 2474,' 2088 1522 102.2 596 446
1144.,1042 1992 965 753 523 317 i3;/ 1068 1131 1151. 1056 875 777
>
August . September
,
October
Novembe; Decembhr
Appendix
zv
,. . ! ., B+3
52 North s
N
Latitude! E,
W SE, SW
_-.
56 Nokh
Latitud; NE, E,
W
--a -,
NE,
IJW
SE,
SW s HORIZ
HORIZ
NW
46 96 166 260 qO6 494 420
46 .109 261 506 735 830 ,739
170 420 714

I,
620 982 1207 '1254 1221 1183 1195 1204
900 135,8 1452 1240 1052 972. 81026 1188 1364 1282 876 '622
282 700 1268 1892 2374 2562 2372 ~1884 1220 688 284 156
970 1144 '1199 1130 943
-280 .511 11148 466 1005 1352 1368 1374 856 176 102 48 24 258 113 .48 24
670 -1130 403. 168

--. .
930 603 428
.86
405
7 , Appendix
@
Percentage. of Enhancement of Solar Heat Gain with Specular Reflectors for Vertical South-Facing Glazing (reflectance 0.8)
b \. 7
-Y
reflector length (I) = 1 o glazing height (h)

> P ar;;
I : , .
406
c,
Y .<
c. 5 .li; f : 
?
latitude I
..
I. I I I
28; 90
48
1,
32"
90
u I
: 1 95
36"
1. .
1
$9
40" 90 95"
r
1. 95
4+
iII 1
c 4+
95
-1 100
33 41 38 0 21 6 1 3 14 ' $2 w 43. r
'520
100 29 37 41 n 27 11 5 8 *, 21 38 41 3lV27 ",,
1 105"
;3 38 26 8 0 = 0 0 '14 -
56"
1 OfY 25* 33 44 32
Tilt Angle
cdlector
Rdectod
95
49 48 37
90
100, i
1
105"
30 36* Y 30 13: 2
: .q
~42 1 466 1 37 58 6 i $4 i 76 77 76 75 0 70 I 63 45 39 50 42 21.2 0 0 ' !3 -37 5 48 48 43 51 67 73' a$' 76' 76 74 70 59 AL--40 3.3
1 p2- 1 31 '1 37.4 50 46 29 9 2 5 21 42 50 45 6672: 75 76
. 1.
132 1 37
,I
28
February March
April ,-
62 -68;
I I
<Ii' 49 36 -17 8
51 42 26 17 21 36 49
1 I
38 I 11 34 -; 53 I 14 2 0 1. 1 46 ,I,. .33 I
I I
1 I
I I
I I
I I
/ May June / "lR/ /'
-44 -12 ./' . -a 76 78 77 0 '0 0 '5: 30' _.2% :46 49 48
%18 ;
,/
! I
25= .* 29 42 ,._. 52 43 -:30 -25,~ -
ii.
14 '27 41 37 27
0
1 8 25 38 32m
,J& 4 August I, /I _, '
75 , 12
73 69 51 29 46 51
,-O iI 8; i , / 2y
75 71 d t4 52 44
September . October
20
35 35 3;2 ,
48 ."'41 _I'
- Jdovembei .( t Qeceti$er
B : L
-..'-- _..~ .__~_ .44 3,4 . 39 ,"3a--m39~':fi 38 28 34 29 34

c
35 31
.,
1 23 ~1 28'
$&>; .$ -;: f..L! , - ,
;.
.i 0
*Eugene, Ore&%, .---- ,,...a.. 1977. t
3;*. -
.blJRCd
Taken&from
computer n
studies
by M. Steven Baker; University
of Oregon,
B .=%a. ,>
s .& -. ._ ~_ m..,pr ._. I
407,
E ., -c t =Y-. I1 * :
*r \ .Q i
-(, ,; ., L
_,. -@
, ,
hO.
.;-~ .
e 6
* 0
.I!
opt
A~plenClix / _. ; .-_- _..~
!,
: .I
.. .c4 Ccglversion Gbles <

.3@., ,.. :. . . ? ?T t
i .
c3 I
2 Factors \ -
Y: P
To Multiply By
*_ F. )/
1. Eonvedion
To tqnvert
From
Btu
7 -i-----&J&L.-2. -2. Btu , .,._ __I
Gram calories Kilo&ra.mcalories

T
1 atmospheres
l
! 1
?-
251.9958 .00397
.--Cukeent&eters
10405,.6
.36747 77z.649
r. _
Btu , a-, ,*Btu Btu Btu * Btukquare
Cubic foot atmospheres Foot pounds
a. foot
z foot/F 1
--H,orsepower Kilowatt Langleys Watts/CM2/C Btu * Gallons Pounds Btu -:
hours
,
a003927 i .00029287
i ^
hours I
*2/T,
-.
:. , =: .:
Btu/hour/square Cubic Cubic . . 1 .Cubic
foot atmospheres @et of water &et of water
1 e _ 0
5.6820?$
2.7;2f,
7.4805 62.3& .001285 0.13:368

F. 1
.a
Foot- pounds Gallon$of water \%
Cubic feet Pounds Btu Foot po&ds/hour Foot pounds/minute m 5
&.
c .A \ I.. r--
Gal tons: of water Gram calories ,. . Hors&power Horsepower Horsepower Horsepower Horsepower Horsepower hours. j
8.3453 a0397 1,980,OdO. 33,000. 550. .7457 745.7 i 2546.14

l 0
.. 0 t
Foot pounds/second K i,Jowatts wzittd Btu
* _~ c
c \ 1
, . h ._, b B ? * -_.
\ i 70
_~
. .
\,
--
_.
T--~-~
..
1 . , --?kv.
..d ToConvert From
!
To
8 *
\
*.
Appendix
8 P
(.S ,
ii&fly
By
cc: ~
Horsepower ._, Kilogram Kiliwatts Kilowatt BLanJeys Lumen; Months
years
calories
Btu Btu
c +, ~ n foot _ 1 , \r \ . i
22,304,186.4 3.97 I 1.34102 3414.43 3.69 0.0014706 730.1 473.18. 28.075 0.01~602 I_ ~., L..,.,
,- Horsepower Btu A) -~ Watts Hours Cubic ._~._ y -.. I \..Cubic Gallons Btu/hour Btu/minute ._. t centimeter : * I Calories/minutk Horsepower Btukquare Btu Calories Horsepower hours -. * * .-c_ feet/hour , 3 centimeters feet of water (U.S., liq) Cubic. i&&s b. Btukquare
hours (at 5,559
(mean calendar)
Pint; (U.S., liq) ---Pink .-_- -.. ~:----__,. Poundsof water * 1: Pounds 91 water _ Watts ? Watts .. ,----Vat& 1, / 1 Watts 2
O.li98 3.4144 0.05691 14.34 .. 8.00134 1 3,;12. -. 4 --o&L ,_1 3.4144 *+ c0.001341 ,
. i
* I*
Watts/square Watt-hours E Watt-hours Watt-hours j _ - 1
i -.:___
,,; . :,.: .,; .,.,- /
P :
--
.I
2. Fahrenheit-Centigrade :,0
C.on~ersion,~Table __
- Ix
::. i / .
Thq,kumbers in the cent& column, in aface type, ret& to the temperature in either. .Fahrenheit or Centigra$e degrees; t is desired td convert .from Fahrenheit to Centigra& dbg$es, &%GdeF&e cent ,. co.lumn as a, ble of Fahrenheit temperatiires 9 -and read thecorresponding Centigrade tem/jeiatur in the column at,t+he left. Ifit is.-? desired. .to- cbnvert from Ceqtigrade to Fahrerih It degrees, consider the center ,% column as d 2,bl.e of Centigrade value!, and reBd .the corresponding Fahrenheit ,N .* :. /../. -kmpkrature.pn the-fight. .
l . _; ; r->z yz;, : Ei -\ ,... L 7 . _ /V . _. .^. . .._._ _
,I ,
SOU&X: -v
_.-* ir : ,;: I F --.
Clifford Strock and Richard L. j(oral, eds., Handbok Ve@&pg, 2d ed. (New York: mdustrial P&s, i.b65). __ i /i
of,Air Conditioning, Heatihg, and

_ u ,0 ;. , 409 . z -
f 1. -) -
_. . ..I . :
_., ,
, 0 0
: ,.
.,
2-2
- .. n
r
__
~.
.~_ ti
I ;- m 4.. B I
_ oeglc
or +nversioni. -. -
rkZco<ered-in%e F F 1.8C + 32 -..

, .- -\ e DegF - 50 -40. - 30 CA - 20 - 16 L 0 ..,. ,l~ 2' 3 4 a > 5 6 '7 8 9 10 11 ca _ 12'3 14 15 n 16 -17
table, ihe-followingformqlas C = (F - 32) + 1.8 a . DesC 8.9 9.4 l.d.0. 10.6,. 11.1 . 11.7 .Jz.s:
are used:
..,.s. ;: _.I<,J 1 .I - .
\
_ I - :
Des F. y:4 -tPO.2 122.0 123.8 125-.6 127.4 f29.2 131.0. 132.8 r 134.6 136.4 138.2 140.0 141.8 143.6 145.4
46
:~_ .a .
:.
: _
-L$&
-34;
-29
_,
-23 -17.8
.I ,I
;T
,.
-1712 -i 6.j
:-58 -4(-J ! - 22 4 14 32_. 33.8
0. P ',
., L ,-
48 q9
. ..- . . . .. . .
s.d
51 52" n 53 54. 55
-.
,-;
,,
.;
,\I,
-1 k-1 .~ '115.6. -15:o -14.4 0 -1j.9 = .n -13.3 -12:a .* ,-12.2 ,-., 1 D * -11.7 -,I :1 --30.6 ,j.p.f? -+p *I - 8.9 --.-- a.3 ,+ 7.8.
<I
_,
i-z.72
-. -, e ,a ! ,, . C", : I \ .
_ &.7 1: 6.1 5.6 5.0 4.4
^, c
8 19 .20. 21 0 22
-.
. \ '.
- 2:a - 2.2 --"1.7 - 1.1 - 0.6 o0.6 1.1 i.7
I_
2.2 J </, ., 2 .'7. .fl, h,..LW. 3.3a L1 r 3 . 3.9

y-..~ -..-.~-.A4 -
23. 24 I -25 -.26 27 28 29 30 31 32 - ,33 34 35 36 .._ .sj .: . 38 39 j 40 41 42 \&44 45 46 47
! .d I!.
35.6 37.4 39.2 , 41.0 42.8 44.6 n 46.4 0 48.2 50.0 51.8 53-.6 55.4 .i 57.2 \ 59.0 .60.8 ".'62.6 64.4 66.2 68.0 ;. 69.8 71.6 73.4 75.i 77.0 I 78.8 86.6 82.4 F4.2 t 86.0 - . 87.8 89.6 _ 91.4 i ,932 95.0 96.8 100,4--k 102.2 104.0* 105.8 107.6 '109.4 111.2 113.0 114.8 116.6
.... .
5.0
-_ 5,x_ -*. ___ .
c
G> / m : ., _
:,
6.1 6:7 7.2 7.8 a.3
_ .
12.8 13.3 56 s 13,9 57 :~q4.4 58 15.0 59 P -^ :J:,.:jO 15.6 '+ .fsl , 16.1 62, <16..; 17.2 63 17.8 64 .,18.3 65 18.9 66 67 19.4 20.0 68 20.6 69 21.1 70 21.7 71 22.2 _ ., o 72 22.8 73 74 23.3 *, 75 2,3.9 24.4 76 19 ~- .77-25.0 78 25.6 26.1 79 @O 26:f 1 81 27.2 82 27.8 28.3 83 , .a+.9 84 29.4 85 ' 30.0 86 .30.6 87 31.1 0 . 88 89 .31.7 " 32.2 .' 90 . 32 .8 91 QJ3.3 91 zi3.9 34.4 . 35.0.s 9i 0 96 35.6 e 36.1 97 w . 35.7 ' n D n98 37.2 99 I 37.8 \ 100
.L
* %
I _
147.2
149.0 .150.8 .:e;.l52.6 154.4 )' 156.2 158.0< i 159.8. .161.6' 163.4 165.2 '. 167.0 168.8 170.6 172.4 a 174.2 ' 176.0 177.8, 179.6 181.4 183.2 1.85.0 l86.8 188.6 190.4 .lcj2.2 194.0 195.8 0 197.6 '199.4 201.2- _ 203.0 204.8 $ .206.6 208.4 210.2 212.0
"
-410 __>_._-> . _ Y.
i. :.. J ,,i
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*.
.I \ ^: I t -_
?l-.,
y-i .
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; *,,I i.
--+
-_-... _~
--~.
&
.I ^
.,
p1
-_ ,
. m c .: , b. I c ! .
L-# 0
n . -ii*. D 1 <:*,. rr
. . *I
. , I c
* .&!a%-_ a. .~...~ e, .,,*. ,.,.

. k c. r
.I
,&+r&&eih
,~ ,,. .; 1)I .IL ., j ,,
Glossary* 0. . ,, ,Ij . .,..,_. ,. :

.L
-C . _. .,
. ..:
,.,
0 A ; .
n -
e ratio of the radiation absorbed by a s&ace and the total>@hergy 1 ;& c * 0 falling 6n that surface mebsured. as a percentage. . . , .r/ %! ; of energy.#rob active, solar eneigy sy?tem- a system which requires the importation autjde of&% rmmediate environment: e.g., energy to operate fansand L @umps. .3 > ..+.. .. ado&a sun-dri&&tinburned brick of clay (earth) and 5traw used in construction. primarily in the Southwest. & ,.,, . as3&empera&r$ ardund , \I
L =. ~
.a:
;z,:, . : .
.-
. b
_- \ /, . 8.
a house. 0 iF$ . : an le ofincidence-the -angle that the iuns rays make with a line per/~- -=.. pendicular to a surface. The mgle of,,,,)&cidence determines the percent4 ,+ / 6.. D * age .of direct sunshine intercept66 by3 surface. The suns rays that are 1 perpendicular@ a surface are said to be normaj to that su&ce;See table * i . -6 II-1 in chapter 2 for the percentage of poss<ble sunshine interc$ted-- _by a --... ,> Y . 1 surface -I. - ,_ ----.-- I _ -_ for ?/arious angles_ofincidence. ;! -~ ,, - 0__-.o* e / _ P _ Y; auhary system-a suppiementary heating unit to provide heai to a space wher?its ,-CT:.,.. primary unit cannot do so. This lisuafly occurs during periods of cloudiness ??a? ; or interise cold, when a solar heating system cannot.provide enough heat to. ;?v -. nieet the needs of the tpace. f =, .. --
th-the
. 0%
angular distance betwee? directly below the sun. auxiliary
true south and the point i o/ .I:, .I .,f ..c.; ^ j
on the horizon
,,
, iystem. .( r . j. e 5 3 a form of m&able; ins&a?ionz developed by David ;NM Zomeworks Corp., 1212 iEdith Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, system employs- tiny poly$tyrene beads blown into the&pace \ two yheeti of glass (or p&ma double-glazed wi$&w or _. . 0 I5 .
. -. :*
p sy&erri--see
Harrison of 87102. The between the skylight. ) <
*berm--a
--A+-.. L *Compil ! _I_j ~--~--.-..t 1,
man-inade Z
d by Bob YOU%; _
hound
or small hill of earth. ,

;: ^ _ r .a k,
4
. --_. ..
411
_,_.
_.
_....
t
-.
4 .
:*y!

i -t-
0 ,
bl&ck
bod+-a theoretically perfect highest possible emittance.
absorber
of incident ,_
radiation )
with
also the
,.
Btu (British thermal unit)-a unit&used to measure quantity of heat; technically, the .. quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water 1F.
I One Btu k 252 calories. One Btu.is approximately .heat given off by burning one kitchen match. equal to the amount of
calorie-a
unit of heat (metric measure);the amount-of energy equivalent to that needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water 1C. One calorie is approximately equal; to 4 Btus. .. an airtight 5 6 I seal by filling in cracl$ -1 around windows and doors.
caulking-making I
clerestory-a .
.
window that is pL&ed vertically (or near;;ertical) line of vision-to provide natural light into, a bqllding.. .*
in a wall above on&S
collector,
i
..i
(I
L
assembly containing alpanel of metal or other suitable material, usually a flat black color on its sun side,,,that absorbs sunlight and converts it into heat. This panel is usually in an insulated box, covered with x glass or plasticon the sun side to retard heat loss. In the collector, this heat . transfers to a circulating liquid or gas, such aTair, water, oil or antifreeze, in *,! which it is trgnsfered to where it is used immediately I or stored for later use. .:, later use. collector that has a parabolic or other reflector. wh focuses sunlight onto a small area..for collection. A reflectorof .this type greatly intensifies the heat at the point of collection allowing the storage system to obtain higher temperatures. T,h<s type of collector will only work 1 >\ ,,j ta.a1: with direct beam sunlight.
flat..plate-an
;:
c@l+or,
.-
focusing--a
,, :
.: _.... .
..
cdlector,
II
. --
device for,capturing solar energy, $nging from ordinary windows - to complex mechanical devices. .__ c * i -8 conductance (C)-the*qu%-rtity of heat (Btus) which Will flow through one square 1F temperature difference foot of material- in one given for a specific thickbetween ,both surfaces. ness. For homogeneous materials, such rii% of material, not per by its thickness (X) as concrete, dividing P gives the conductance (C). ,. ~_. __..-
solar-a
-1 5
conduction-the process by which heat energy is transferred through materials. .+(solid,s, liquids oAgases)-by molecular excit&ion of adjacentmolec&C-w ;. --- _ ,. \ \ __ _.. __-~~ ~-_ _~ _>I A _--\ B \ , -~--=;----__~ . I. ;a~-, .- . ..~ _~ __ ._. ~-412 \ * -____------. ~-----~.__ .-.- -.\ . ,,---- , T \
I .a 2 . g-,
. d ,,
. 0. -..
Glossary ..
ep-
>
1 conducti&
I
. _,__ ,.
. .
..
0 ,
(k)--tKe &aptity of heat (Btus) that will flow thrdugh or&square foot of inch thick, in one hour: when there is a tempeiature difference _ material,one .._. I _ ./ of 1F &tti&en its surftices. e-
convectimhe transfer-of he&be&n a moving fluid medium (liquid or gas)and a surface, or the transfer of he& within a fluid by inovgments wiihin the fluid. K
d&d
.. c ,. .
~.-
~..
air space)-a confined;Space ofiir-.A dead air space tends to ieduce both conduction and cynvection of heat. This fact is utilized in \,+ ki$a!,li/ all insulating materials and systems, such as double ~glaiing, il Beadwall, fibegglass batts, rigid f&m panels, fur and hair, and* loose-fill insulatioAs like putiice; v.er@iculite, rock wool and goose down. s *
air space (sk
I .
degree-day (DD) cookg

.
-.
-.
. -see degre&day for hkating, except that the base temperaturt is established at 75F, and cooling degree-days are mea&red above that .... b?se. . I I expression of a climatic heating .requirement ex- . , degree-day (DD) heating ,ari *pressed by the difference in,degree.F below the average outdoor teTperature for each day and an established indoor temperature base of 65F,, (The l assumption behind selecting this base is that average construction will provide interior comfort when the exterior temperature is 65F.) .The total number of degree-days over the heating season indicates the relative &verity ( of the winter in that area. /
r ?:V * I,
dm:ity
(p)--the
mass,of
a substance which
is expressed ....
in pounds
per cubic
fob;.
diffuse radiation-radiation
. that has traveled an indirect-path from the sin &cause I it has been sea ered by particles in the atmosphere,, such as air molecules, , dust and waceri vapor. Indirect sunlight comes frym.the entire skydbme. \ . j\ P direct radiation-light that has traveled a.st;aight path from the sun, ,as opposea.to \ --diffuse s.ky radiation. \ /\\ . __----. \. \ \, efficiency--in solar applications, this meqtire pertains to the percenta.ge of the solar \: energy ir&i.dent on the face.of the tiq.Jlector (glazing); that is used for space heating. , \ . -. .,. ,
emissivity-
the pr$erty yf emitting .heat radiation; possessed by all materials to a is the numerical value of this pfoperty, exvarying extent. Emittance. _ pressed as a decimal fraction,&r a.p?rticu.lar material. Normal. em$ance is the value me&u&d at 90 cjeg$ei tb theplane of the sample and hemispher.. r ! . R 413 1 de ~ .
_ .
,, ~ i u i:
._
.,... _:
.;;,
,; ..L..L_.,L..L
.m .< ,A
i . . ..
,a t . :* .I
..~ .----..
/ -+ _.- . . I .x
* The Passive Solar Ener& Book ,/ I . a. n .._. I * _.-_----.. -... ...i ---- _
t ._~
r _..__ --.~.-~
- .?
I i -~ t ( ,
..
lcal emlttance is the total amount emitted in al@i%tions. We are generaily iinterested in hemispherical, rather than.normal, emittance. Emittance values range from-0~~5-forb-rightly,potish~d metals.!2 9:96 for. flat black pairit. M%J n&metals have high values of. emit&?&.-) m
1 . . D I,
.B _..
: . * .~--/ _.
,I .,
e&inox-eitherof tihe two times during a year when the sun crosses the celestial equator and when Jhe length of day and night are approximately equal. These are the qutumnal equinox on or about September 22 and the vernal equinox which [soon or about March 22. 0
eutectic
._ _-. .- -
salts-+&s used f6r storing heat. At a given temperature,, salts melt, absorbing large amounts o( heat which will be reIFased as the salts freeze. i Example: Glaubers salts. The melt-freeze temperatures. varywith differentZ salts and some OCCUPat, convenient temperatures for thermal storage such as in the range ,of 80 RO 120F.
l
3i
B; -. .. .* I ,. .. .I *
_ I b-1;
gl+ng-a
coveiin.g-bf <transparent qr transl&ent%aterial admitting I,&ht. Glazing retards heat ibssedfrom Examblej: wjndohs, skylights, greenhouse &d . ;, sandwich of two separafed to create-a-n insulating barrier. .
(glass or plasticj used for reradiation and c.onvection. ,collector Goverings. 0 L. . or plastic enclosing, air i s 0
glking,
double-a
l&.rs&g;ass
1 ,.I _ .
a 3
:, . .
.I w Ji. . -.
, _,I to the characteiistic tend& of Some Jransparent materials-su-<h as glass to transmit radiation shorter than about 2.5 microns and block ra+tion of longer.walelengths. I , heat capacity (volumet=ric)---the number.bf Btus d,cubic fiat of material can store +,&&a soneldegree increase in its temperattir;e. b 0 $4 ?p ? ii c1 . heat $ in -an in&ease in tke amount of heat contained in7-A space,-reiulting .f;orn . direct s&tar radiatign, and thee heat @en off by people, Iights,equipment, --, m 1 machinery and other sourc&. P I . I( L> I b,sheat Ic/ss-a decreasein t&amount of heat Contained ?n a gpace, rejulting from he& _ _ . .flow through wAitIs, window&&d other buildirig. envelope comp& 61. b I * . . . ,1 * I 0 nen&., / 9 * .
greerkou$&z effect-refers
\a i,
--
. . ,
.infiltraii,or;-the,uncsnt~~lled .
? :,*.
i < . ;-
1.. . . 4.
i fi:
,mo~$,men&~outdpor through cracks a$und windqws dr&d&& titi y.. work by co& ..air leaking in during, -, if ., summer.
ai,r into the interior of a building or-in walls, ropfs--and~~~~;si~hi~~~ the winter, or the rever\se in theL. -: .*
ii
I, .:: c /
.\ ,,+ .,.,_,_,_.
,,..
.>_ \ .
.I,
. i .
Glossary
-insolat&+he -. striking
7 . . . ,. ._. ., <I
total amount oh? solar radiation-direct,a surf&e exposkd to the sky: This
diffuse and- reflectedincident solar radiation is
...^.. .. ..measured.lin.I~~ngleys
insulation-materials employing
per.$.t-+,
or, bs
per square +t
.per h,qq or per
day.;
0
or systems used to prevent loss d; gain bf heat, usually very s,mall dead air spaces to limibconduction and/or convection. + . space by means-of elec!romagnetic c of energy th&gh .
radia&m-the
.
direct transport \
waves,
kadiatibn,
*, = _ :.$ .*. : _
infr&ed--electromagnetic radiation, whether from the sun or a warm --- body, that has wavelength-s briger than &e red end of the visible spe&rum (greater than 0.75 micro&). We experience infrarehradiation as heat; 4% of the ._ rqdiation emitted by the sun is in the Ynfrared band. /, s d
-~ ! c
4 i
. ;: \<, ,._ _ ? . ,t,. .... ..,.,,.,.,..
ratio or percentage of the amount of light reflected by a surface to, the amount incident. The remainder that is not reflected is either absorb&d by/the material or transmitted through it. Go:pd light reflectors are not necess;?rily good heak reflectors. I a 4 .: .; resistance (&R.is the reciprocal of conductivity or X/k. (X = thickness of the material D - pi in inches.) -3% retrofitting-installing solar existing buildings 1 solar heating or.cooling for the purpose.. systems in .
refkzfancG--the
R-factii<La
. ,, _;
unit,, of thermal resistance used foi comparing, insulating values of differentmaterials; the reciprocal of the conductivity; the higher the R-fa<For ,of a m$eiial, the greate: itj insulating,pr@pettles. See resistance (R). 1
&dome
*. I - -_ .._ ..
(s:ky vault)--tbs
dir&tions. I *T\~ ..\\
-visible
hemisphere t
o f sky, above
the hoiiz$kn, Bh
in all
i
>-. ,,
) :,
skylight-a
CL.
-\ clear orGtransjucent
panel set into a.roof.tci Qdmit S&light

.,
into a b?ldin:B
t,
.
\, - ___._... -...*. 0 _. -v-
form of movable insulation and a roof pond system-developed Hay. The system involves motor-driven sl.iding ihsulation panels.
. -- -. _ _.__
_D 1
.
solar altitude-%heangl6
,..I c
--- ---- -_. .._ -~.~ -- -... - aof the sun above the horizon measured .
1 :,;.. 2 . .
-In a vet-tlcal plane.
.---
* ls L 1 cr,, ., \
_(. *
:.
1 I.
7 .- y, .: .i
415 0-
._. B
..
* L
D ,.
,d $, I kc 3, --^ 1 t f .
The Passive Solar Energy, Book . i

. .._ -.~ solar-constant-the-
\ z
9 .! :
of I to admit solar energy * raise the temperature i of one r
amount of radiation the eatth,s atmosphere. ! ,! . ! _.,..^. . _ I. .. sora~;P~di~tidii~.lect~~~~~~~~~~..r~diation ,
or heat-.enkrgy that -reaches the outside o c . emitted

by the sun.
solar window-openings
into a space. -
that are designed
or placed,primaril.y
$ ./
specific
he+1 (Cp),---the
.pound ,
number of Btus required,to of a substance 1F in temperature.
+ a ..
, A 1
mass--the amount of &tential heat storage capacity available in a given assemtrly or syst&ii Drum Walls, concrete floors and adobe walls are examplesof~therniaf mass. . * @iI 2 thermocirculatiw&the convective circulation af fluid which occurs when warm fluid rises and is displaced by denser, cooler fluid in the same system. -time la&--the
thermal
period of,time between the absorption of solar radiation by a material and& release ,jnto a space. Time 1agr.e an,important consideration in sizing \ ,i athermal storage wall .or Tcombe waL 0 i *\. -~ ~~ ,~~ ~~ -~ -..--~ ti%ducq+-the quality of trans itting light %ut, causing sufficient diffusion to 4 -0 eliminate perception of dis- net images. \ _ i1 / < ;: transmittance-the ratio of the radi&-tt energy transmjttedthrough a substance to the i, total radiant energy incident bn its surface. In solar tpzhnology, it is alwalys ( 7 affected by the thickness and composition ofthe @ass cover plates on a p, Suns k( *- collector, and to a major extent by,the angle of incidence between :the 3 ,:,,.c _. rays and a line normA to the surface. r \\ ,v 5.
,=
,I .
* number of Btus that flow throughsone & square foot elf roof, wall or flooi, i.n one hour, when there is a 1F i , , difference in temperature b&een the~inside and Gutside air, under steady state conditions. The U vat;le is the reciprocal of the resistance or R-factor., d \ * - vabr barrier-a component of construction which iscimpervious to the flow of .. moisture and air and &used. to 6revent condensation--in walls and other locations of insulation. \ i
_ ~. .._ AA._.. .._ . . c 0 i __.-_I_.. -__. b 1 8 .--. -. -t < ._.. _ .-. _ -~ _I
U vbyz
(coefficient
of heat transfer&--the
. \
-,-_
----7----p
4@ . 1\.,.
.I
b
*:,,
I
i a <\
a 4;
.. 1
k---
/ %:j
Glossary
., , -,.
wat$r wallian
interior tiall ofwa(er,fitkd cbntainers constituting a one-step heating a system @hi& combines and storage. ... _ J weather stripping-narrow or jamb-width sections of thin metal or other material t prevent infikration of air and moisture ground windows and doors.
cotiectiqn
I a
t, f a * di &. .m ,3. . . -A V : 8 r_
,.p
:.
. I
1 . rl I \ \ .-----.. --- -----.._.i-..... ..___ _,..
.r * ,
-
.
0
k417
* f$.,, 1. : ! ^ \/^ I \ _. ,
m.-
A __.--..--.--
-H-F-
,_,,
,,,
,* .
:* American Society of Heating, Redrigerating and Aircondjtioning Engineers. 1972. ASHeAE handbook of -fundamentals.. New York: ASHRAE, i 51.; * @ O. Baer, S.=f975. Sunspots. Albuquerque: ZoImetiorks Corp. . (4 B,rinkworth, 8. J, 1974. Solar $&rgy for mp. New York: John Wiley 9( Sons. I D dhffie, J: A., and Beckman, W: A. .1974;;-Solar energy thermal processes, New York: Johti Wiley8; Sons. %a 1. c
,.
6
0
? _ ., :, , :: /, :: $ :.,, ., ,:::r I \
N.ey York: Mather, J. .R. 1974. Climatology: fundamentals and applications. *I McGraw-Hill Book+Co. a *, .b . ,-I -&yay, V. V. 1963. Design with climate. Princetdn: Princeton Un iv. Press. z ? .\ ; , Portola Institute. Park; Calif. :. 1974. Energy primer: <. solar, &a{,@f, wind * 3. . --.... n I. Energy and \ .. and bioi he/s. Menlo ~---7 .. -~ I
. .
,.+
..,
Scientifi@ American Editors,: y W. H. Freeman & Co. I. . ;/ ! I . 2 I, ~qhapter 111 AIA Rese&h Printing Corp. Office,
ed. 1971.
power.
San Francisco:
.,
,. D %
B 1976. Solar, dwelling design concepts. U.S. Government Washington, DC 20402, >stock no. 023-OOO-O0334-1.
*
~- ..._
;/-I i,; L
,;
,. ~
.? * ^.. .
I: I>
::\ . . *:
i ,,:, _. , C.. ,.s.I/ .I a.: 1,
Research Corp. 1978. A ;hrvey of passive,so/br hi/din&. U.S. Government Printing Office, Wf:hington, DC 20402, stock no. ., 02+OOO-OO437-2. , , * . Anderson, ,;B.. Ed. by Riordan, M., and Goodman,. L. 1976. The solar home i book:; heating, cooling, and designing with the sun. Harrisville, N.H.: * . ,$ I 2 L. L. I Chestiire Books. P .. 7, . a :, I ; L .Hay, H. k. et al. 1975.-Research eya/uatian,of a system ofnatural air-&ndi: ?:L . tioning. San Luis 0b)spo: California. Polytechnic State University. .-+ : I , \\ i I 0 , _c.lc > ,I _>r , 418 . , -.+%& I * _ .I . . ,. ., . ; --, : 5 ..
AIA
f .
,
d
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analysis.
Stromberg, R. P., and ~Woodall, S. 0. 1977: Passive solar buildings: a co&pi/ation of data and results. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161, order no. SAND 77-1204. U.S. Energy Research ,and Development Administration. 1977. Proceedings 5 oj the Passives War Heating and Cooling Gonference.m Albuqwque, 1976. Washington, D.C. D P , L. m ,MM -- \
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IV language: towns, buildings, construct.&.
Alexander, C. et al. 1976. A-pattern New York; Oxford Uni-v. Press.
Baker, S.; McDan&ls, D.;i and Kaehn, E. 1977. Time integrated calculation D of the insolation collected by---a -r&lectorLcQUecztor system. Eugene: 1 _-~~!ZGirEnergy Center,,University of Oregon. / G Callender, \. H. 1966. Time-saver stan,dards: a handbook of architectural de0 _ *sign. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-HilIdBook Co. . c Calth&pe, P. 1977. Prelimiiary comparison study of 8&r solar space he&ng c, systems. Farallones Institute, Occidental, ,Calif. I Clark, G.; Lo.xsom, F.; and Niles, P. 1977. Roof pond cooling vs. active solar cooling in a subtropic marine climate. Presented at the Heljoscience Institute Internat-ional Conference, Palm Springs, Calif., May 1977. Duffie, J. A:, and Beckman,W. . York: John Wiley & Sons. .: A. 1924. So/x energy thermal proysses. New
,..
..
. General Services Administration. 1975. Energy conservation design guidelines for new office buildings. 2d ed. Wash.(ngton, D.C.: &A Business Service _ _ ... : P Center. b, \ _~~ ~~ ~~ -- II--~~~ -/ _.~% s Haggard, K. 1977. The architecture of a passive shern heating and cooling. Solar energy, vol. 19, no. 4. \ of diurnal * = ,*; radiation .-
, 8: I
.,9 D
\ \ d * 1.
R i
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The Passive Sohyr Ewrgy
Boqk
. r ) -, 0
0 CA
.-
_.
Haggard, K., and Niles, P. Re&arch evaluation ?f a systeti of natural air conditioning. National Technical Information Service, Springfiel.d, VA ,i 22161, order no. PB-243498. L .I ,3 .Haggard, K.; Hay, H.; and Niles, P.l976, Nodtu-rna-I cooling and solar heating ,* / .~with water ponds and moveable insulatlo $;. ASHRAE Transact?ons, Lol. 82,,pt. 1.
,
n j. .* . tr
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.* :
Kegel, R. A. 1975. The energy intensitf/ ofbuilding -4airconditioniqj, Jurik 1975, pp: 371-40,
materials.
Heating,
piping, 0 0 7 e...
..;: D T. ..: : , +2 3 ,>.-i -J . .,_ , .,; g i 7---. , F, . -_.
Lawand, T. A. et al. 1977. A *greZenhouse climates. . pp. ,x&13. II 1 Octobe$1977, ? * .\\ kos- Aldmos Scientific Laboratory. 1974. Pacific regional &jar heating hanciOffice? Washington, PC 20402; 1. = book. 2d ed. U.S. CoyqxYte&+rihting ?-,;r&;~&~~24-~.~ g. _ 1; r 1 . @CuIlagq. C. 11978. The solar greenhouse.ijook. Emmaus, Pa.: Roiale P&s, 7 1.. 1 MacKillop, A. 19?2~ow energy housing. Eco(ogist, December 1972, pp. &IO,. e =\ \ Makkijani, A. B., and -l! Tchtenberg, ment,tiol. 14, no. 5: 1.1-18: I IA. J. q97.2. Enzgy ~. and well-being. Environ-
a for northern .
d Solar age,
. vi
. L . .I .~ ,
Nazria,. E. 1;97i. A design and sizing prbcedure for direct gain, thermal sfqrage wall., attached greenhouse and roof pond systems. ,Proceedin& ( _. of the Second National Qassive.. Sol& donference, *Philadelphia, 1978. Washington, D.C.; lJ.S- -$&ergy ~Reharch and Development Administration, _ . o , 7; 3 Id Mazria, E.; Baker, OM. S.; and Wessling, F. C. 1977. An analytical model for pagsive solar heated buildings.. Proce,@ngs of the- 1977 Annual Meeting of the American Section of the /SE$ vol., 1. .Orlando, ~la.~,J.une 1977. r -. 0 r Mazria, -El et .al. ?977-, Noti -solar greenhouse -pertormanci and anqlysis. - Center for Environmental Research, University of Oregon, Eugenb, OR a . *q d 9+03: , ! .. s ,\ i Olgyay,V. V. 19.63. Design with climate.. Princeton: Prim&ton Uviv. Press.
_r 3 -.. -a
liMiography,
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Olgiay, V. V., and Olgyay, A. 1957. Solar corttrof and shading I/, _ Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press. _ 9 . . , a Raber, B. F., and Hutchinson, F. W. 1947...??ape/ heating qnd cooling New York: lohn Wiley &.Sons. i+T.Z . + :,
.* l c . 2
device,s. . * anal
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3
.I . h s. > 03 r,.
n
Robmette, G. -0. 1972. Plants; pGop/e andienvjronmenta/ quality. U.S. Gov0 I e&mentPrinting,C%fice, Washington, DC 20402, stock no. 2405-0479. ,~ 0 c i .. .3; ?c 1 United flations. 19%. Climate and hoyse design, vol. 1,. Department. of . ,L * \_ rw. .. mic and Social ARairs, New York. 1 -. Lt . . ^, U.S. Ene?iy Research an*d Development Administration: 1977. Pr&eedi.ti@ of thr?fassive Solar Hea?ig arid, Cooling Cbnference. ,Albuquerque,r, ,> -1: 6 q rj rY 1976., Washington., * D.C. : . Le _- II _ P . o 51 D Watson, D. 1977. .bes@ing
,Way&bli,shipgq.e:
.;
0 _ 7 , WAls, /VI. B. 1977. I@dergroyndOdesi&s. M$@jl.m Well5,rBox 1149, Brewster, ,I;tiqi 0 -MA02631. 1 ,I 0 . I .. . \ ,D i .,f:Ij Tp.- \ _..n 0 * m ips w < s Yanda; B., and. Fisher, RI 1976. The fodd andheat ijroducing solar grekihouse. - 1, )ohn MC Publications, h.0. Box 613; Santa. Fe, NM ~?5.01. uir 1 0 0 ;f ,. I .F _ 7 & .. _ .6 0 0 u ,@, ~, I Chapter V. ., 0 c. __ ; I . . -., ; i , n 1. .i wj-a, D. 1!$76:.. Solar:guide and cat$fator.. Cent&r-%r. :E., and winitiky, ..Ly &$@nmental., Research, Unlye.rsity o,f Qregor\r,E.r$&fie,L~$R 1;$2!,3.. ? T..^ , b.:. ] *. c -. _ .dc*..
I
ani buil,di,ng a $ar ho-use. Charlotte, _. .*:~_ * ;o--:-_-~ _* _ .
VtPi.Garden._
. a
r Picific N~rh-w&t bu%!i,~g~~~ (3$& s!ity,&&Oregon, Eugene, OR 97&I3. :

:: <!,A&. i , ^ - if A,: i.
for . a __a ;~r
n \ *. n ! . ir 5 .,~ \ sc & I 1. * _ .\, . \ \ ,,,/ __I ~\ A.-& ,t *;__ <. _. 0 0 ?t . .d, . 0 I ,/y-G 4 . , -
_I 7;
Photograph -A\knowledgnq& -,..

I Ill-2 -.
*
.
Maxamilliank-restaurant, Albuquerque, NewMexico. Edwatd Mazri.aj designer! Robert Strell, desi+er. .._. ._ . I 1 P._ ,- I Karen/ Terry house, Santa Fe, New Mexico me- ~--~~---~~~~---T~ - ~.-i = .r,---~- -I ---- 2, Ill-4 ..-. .- ~-.~d~vi~.~~~glit,~arch.~c~;-~~~~~~r-~~~~~~. r,. --- _..-..! ,+, -.. b . , -. 5. ~,. Att;ached greenhouse, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. I I l-8 8. 1 dhzirl.& Klein, architect. _-~~ r : ~~. ~j .. i. ! _ I . b IV-la b, III-11 i, Bus shelter, Snowmass, Colorado. L Fitzgerald residence, Santa Fe, NeBw Mexico. - ; -# . David Wright, architegtbKaren Terry, builder. .i *
I: f -...-..-:..------ .-J,!& ___.__._.... Lasarresidence..--.LF-k ---. -, Stephen Lasar, ._* (1: .u a,, ,_ . ..i. : 3 ,) _ . : :. II / IV72c : Lasar residence; .New Milford, Connecticut. i _- - _,, ---.*^ .. Stephen Lasar, architect. ~ : .a I % -__ *. -Iv:& , Fitzgerald residence, Santa Fe; New Mexico. / . m 5- . , a / 7 David Wright, architect;, Karen Terry, builder. , I : ,. W-+. \ .*.:&asar residence, New klford,,: . . .._ ~ /.s zI -St.gphen Lasar, architect. 0 = . 7r ai ,_ 1 4 _ .. :( ;.-; IV-5a , . 6$khols residence, SantaI+, New Mexico. * : -:: 0 -9, * . 1, A. . f.-_ G. 8. . :. I. Wayne andSusan a-. Nichols, builders. . 5 b L @l 3 :. .* -a . @: : 7 I. n. c,,, . 9 e ,. IVGa. . Residence;Aspen~Coloradp. 3 Peter Dobrovolhy, architect. ) I y .I 1
l
in .a
2 L4 n * . : -: _ ,a.
a. .s
._
ail I!-@
; .s p ._ * ,_ ,y+--, t;T I I. ,
s 1
Attached Greenhouse 1 ystem, Occidental, Peter Caljthorpe, designer; ~
California. ~. * , . . -
. - ^ I 3 T&E ,
,I -L Roof Pond System, Wjntek, California. -: John Ha~mmond~clesij$tier. w D I .* .! ._ ThermalStorage-Wall System, France. -Z >\. . lacques Michel, architect. 3. y-. * 0 . ,~-
._ ,
.-..--.-,- - ._....I _ ..-.___...-_ : T ), ;ro . . _ ,;
:e t :_ -8 ~~ ,
8.
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,
.
: *
Photograph
Acknc&led&nents.
IV-pa
Lasar residence, New Milford, Connecticut. c Stephen Lasar, architect. 1
-_ -*
I
!
IV-IOa ,* I lv-lob
Strell residence, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Robest Strell, dezgner; Edward Mazria, solar consultant.
, *
- _
Aspen Airport, ,Aspen, Colorado. I(- Copland, Finholm, Hagmann and Yaw, architects) II StepHen Cc. Baer and*Ron.ald Shore, solar consultants. \ / , \ Maxamillians resiaurant, Albuqugrque, New Mexico. IV-IOC Edward Mazria, designer;RobertStre,!l, designer. . <: ~ IV-lla** : Stephen C. Baer residence, Corrales, New Mexico. n Z Stephen C. Baer, de,sign&r. / a IV-I 2a ., .. Longview School, Davis, California;-~John ___ Hammond, solar consultant. .*Residence, Davis, California. . John Hammond, solar consultant.
1
?. ..
I
;.
! *
. .\
.--in =-_ .t x..1, -._ .r

.n
1. l,V-12 b . , I Connecticut. I . \ ,;I i* : :. 1 . e . 5 I .I Y ( 0 \

i , /" .,@
IV-l%3
- --~ ---,,.,,. \. .: * V.,,.,.; ...... ,:..,,,, _- - .i*,. * ,.:c$ ;. . I .c\li IV-14b . R . -% ,.L_ :z ,a ;>, I * / . , F. IVy19a IV-15b,.,.
.Lasar residence! ,New Alford, P Stephen Lasar, a:rchitec?
. .- . .: .,<.
4.
Longview School, Davis, California: John Hammond, solar consultant. I Wolf residence, Durango: Brian -Kesner, architect. Colorado.
. >. I 0 . : ;.a \
, i----__- _rt
D \ 7..4. -_t : .
_ :. ,.,. ,.,. ,. v , r - .yi Y t .._.. ,> ,. -.;-. I_ ,,---,-,, ., ,.,./ iTl
Wessling*attached greenhouse, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Edward Mazria, designer; Fran&s W&sling, mechanical eng~neer:~~,~i .. _/ P I.i \\ _,. _// Z /- /* - i -I/--15c Balcbmb r&jdence, Santa Fe, New Mexico. ..a> William. Lumpkirjs, architect;.Wayne andSu<an%.&hol,s, builders. 5 . i&g -. . , T /A ,A----. -.: ; I . . /A. : 5 \ _
0. K ;,,. __,_,, ; 7 j, -- , -y;--, /f ... ~-~ ,__. m 5.. /.aL _, .-,-. _ i I *I, ,I .I
.. .:
1..;;-,
.
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--- ._ ilk. Pa!&

Iv-lsdfdgr .pergy Boik Holdridge farmhouse, Hinesburg, Douglas Taff, Parallax, Hinesburg, -Lasar residence, New Milford, Stephen Lasar, architect.
, .
0 L Vermont. Vermont. II 1.: . ,. .. Califor:ia. Hay, solar system . a.. a
c _/ ,
IV-16a
\:
Connecti&t.
IV-l ia z --\\\;1 2
Experimental residence, Atascadero, Kenneth Haggard, architect; Harold engineering.
IV-18y
Farallones Institute, Occ.idental, California. Peter Calth.orpe,-designer. \ , ,,,P . Roof Pond Sytem, Winters, California. John Hammond, designer. * . . \ Experimental
W-1 8b
. 7.
. .
,.
IV-$a
residence, Atascadero, California. architect; Harold)Hay, solar system * . I LI.. _, _ Faralloneslnstitute, Occidental, Calif-ornia. Peter Calthorpe, designer. . Greenho se, Seattle, Washington. , Ecotope, E roup,.d,esigner. : 0 . ,. I .,
$3..
I -, . I .\ C..-4 i
$%
.;_ Iq49c
_ 1
Crei$fiouse, Seattle,Washington. . . Tim M?Gee, design&.

Greenhouse, Noii,.Oregop.
P : .
..
Jim Bourquin,.John Hermansson and Andrew Laidlaw, designers; Ech;Lard Maiila and, StevenBaker,s&r consultants. -I-V-204 d .
-,., I j - 3
Greenhouse, Seattle, Washington. Tim McGee, designer. , 2 :
s *.
g .. ._ ,
iv-jot
d,
3,
Greenhouse, Noti, Oregon. - L ]irn--&.rquin, john Hermansson and Andrc$ Laidlaw, designers; .: o Edward Mazria and Steven Baker, solar consultants.
-IV-2qd
424 /
.i ; ,
Photogr@h
Acknowledginents
. i
IV-21 a
Wolf residence, Duygo, Brian Kesner, architect.
Colorado.
: 0
IV-23a , .,iV-24b
Holdridgefarmhouse, Hinesburg, I Douglas Taff, Parallax, Hinesburg,
Vermont. Vermont.
_... ~_.. .. -?I . I
IV-25a ;
--~~~25b
Dickinson residence, Chico, California. . John Hammond, solar cansultant.~ :N . Dickinson rpidence, Chico, CaIifornia. A John-Hammond, solar consultant. . Ike Williams Community Center, Trenton, New Jersey. John P..Clark, Fred Travisano andDoug Kelbaugh, architects.
. Q
1 IV-125~
Iv-;-25d
2 .I :
_ __-l
.Hammohd residence,*Winters, California. John Hammond, designer. T ,. ,i Wolf residence, Durango, Colorado. / Brian Kesner, architect. M&-shall Hunt residence, Davis, Californ;a. John Hammond, solar consultz$ % First Village, Santa Fe,.New Mexico. - Wayand Susan Nichols, builders.
. d
.,
-IV-26a
, % -
1,
\ 7,. . . ~_ .._ i I . _ > ^ i -4 .
.. 1 ti
.p .L. Tom Getting
Photograph Credits si
ii
IIL2; 111-2, 6, 8; IV-2a, 2c, 3b, 7a, 9a, IOa, IOc, IOd, 12a, 12b, 13a, ljb, 14a, ISa, ISd, 16a, 17b, 20&, 20e, 22a, 23a, 23b, 23~, 24a, 25b, 75d. ::
3 & ,*J
IV-la, _ Kenneth Jacques Marc Robert ljpbert Haggard Micf-&l t-
3a, 7a, lob, ;lep J Ba, 18b. .
13a, l!ic,
I I I-9;lV-1 . * III-S, :* IV-7a.
2Sa, 26a.; TL L k,. L
Schiff Gray Perrdh
Ill-1 0 111-6. II-I. ,.$ 1 *

4 .
BraPeResearch Peter 0. Whiteley,
Institute * Sunset SW.% ?. k
magazine B
-IV-9b. .: IV-23~. .I *
-__. __
,.
-. 5 ..
+,
426
.I.
i
P, m ; i .,__ .. ; 0
, ,(,
.c,
; index /. ,
__. . -8,. -_ :
A@rption ., 8. of heat by thermal mass, 28, ~ of solar radiation; i%; 1.6-20 : ; by thert$al storage wall,,
-
Back-up heating systems, 31 adobe fireplace as, 43 .-!, for freesianding , green-house, - Y. .
598~ ;
1 Ir
wdo,$ stove as, 40, 52
44-45
.
; s Bearing angle. See Solar azimuth Berming, of earth, on north side, 86,
6 A e D
r I .
9,
.: , u _I*
of thermal radiation ., > _&&I5 ,___
by glass, * t
-Actives&Fllating .- in attached I
systems, 28 f greenhouse;- 53,179,
.1&3-85
J.
-1,
87-88 i Black body, 24
0
;
,_ Adobe. See a/so M.asonry thermal * mass . for cjirect gain systems,.34,.42.. ~:Ad,abe fireplace,?as,back-up heatjng a system, 43 4 Air lock, asentry, 97 a.. . ~, Air loop rock storage system, 60-62 * Albedq; of the eabh, 81.9 m I a, r?. .__. qlexalder,~h~r~tapher;on ~. .A._Ai_ - the uses ~, ,G :; \ * of open spa.ce, 75-77 :. ,a D See Solarpaltitude .-.a. \:r: Altitude; .; r: n -lo. % * Angle, of sunsrays, 13-14 . i,:,-.-: 5 Angle of ,.incidence, 14,15,18, ,.. 9 Anticorrosive, in water wail, 42 ; Appliances; suppiying of interior h.. 1 8%. heat by, 35;. ; \.. Architectute, new attitude -to.yard, c. Y---L _ 1 3-2 . . . Atascadero residende, as example of Y . m-Dindirect gain system, 56 ,_ 1 1_ _ P. : r-
. Sody heat, 64 supplementing heat systems wiPh,31,35 ,Brick. See also Masonry thermal mass for direct gain systems, 34,42 I w C 7 0
!I 1/ * -3 _
i -Carbon cfioxi.de, absorption of solar radiation by, 1.0 ~ Carpeting, 134,143 Caulking, of doors, 97 * Clerestories, 84; 125-31 in direct gain systems, 34-35, 38 angled, 42 AD vented for cooting,,37 Climate affecting sizing of thermal storage wall; 154 . as-design factor for architecture,
j-2_ .
2 -
Climate,cloudy -b,.-..__ ,-: design allowances for, 228,229. greenhouse wall angles f&r, 204 reflectors,,and;243
. .
*,
The Passive Solar Energy hck
1 , .
Climate, cold 1 ,, * directgain system in, 38-41 % .I , sizing greenhouse for, 173~77 sizing solar windo& for,*j19 sizing-thermal storage tia!fs for, *. 153,155-g y. klimate; tempelatk % sizing greenhousefor, 173-75 sizing solag w.indows. for, 119 sizing thermal storage wdls for, * * ,153,155-57. . * ( Closets, lo&on of, 90-91 * .f : Clouds, absorption of sola&adi b tion b by,10 /, , 5 Cloudy day s&rage, 226-49 Cotlectors, 15 0 . in acfive,solar heating system 28 .
c
in dire&&n systems, 29 flat pIat&, 54-62 _ rn-indirect,gain systems, .; 50,56 stippleinented with* , - 24-i-48 Color ,affecting reflection of solar 1 radiation, 24 affecting r&lection.of thermal radiatiom, 24 &!y < of clerestory t&Ii@, 129 thermal mass, 134, I
Comfort, of passive solar h,eating, 64-65 Concrete. See also tiasonry thermal d mass as the?mal mass in direct gain system, 3'1 -. 1 Concrete block. Seea/so Masonry , ? thermal mass for direct gain system, 40, 42, ,-..J . Conduction, 20,121 I ~he-at loss by, 232 ,, r .-; **in masonry thermal~wall, 44, J . ( o 161,162 4 C$du<tivity, 21. See a&o * U Conduction affecting of heat. storage by, 27* Conuection, 21,-23 r in attached greenhouse, 53, . inmasonry therma- storage L ~ wql[, 44-4$, 50 * . B in ,roof p,onds, 56 in water thermal storage wall, 5O,f47., L _ Convective fl&,,in convective toop, ._*,J$-J ? . ,,. 1,. -; I , ; Convectiveloop, 5942. Cooling~~~i~h so$r+owe,r; 262-66. ,;. , , , 3 26, -1.
I c
. . I ., t *
= _
for-summer cooling, 264 : of thermal sto-rage ~111, 166 _ of w.ater ,wall, ?45,Z,1491-5~ Combinati,on solar he@ng systems,. 220-124 direct gain and therm al storage .wall, 50-51,52 _-_e--- .-__------_c_428.; *
P 8. .A,. ..
in direct+gamsystems, 31,37-38 in indirect gain systemesr55-56 , .Iwith roof ponds,-?89 Corridors, location of, W-91, * Corrosion, prevention of, in water . -walls, 42 cost : of passivesolar system, 62 . . . .. of t$ansportation of buil ___._ .__-._ m--L - ___ Imateriati --- --~,
s.
..
I
..,
m.
_ Index
= !
li ,
i .
L 8
, * -4 _.
/
Curtains . to control-thermal
.>I,236
II4 , storage wall,

- -, -,
E, 0 ,. q Earth, solar radiation affected by tilt _ -- androtation-of,

Earth herming, 87-188 ,v Eiectromagrwtic
~~ atjDSotaf~fadi&n
. -
i :
i..
0 ..
..g:.
exterior,for.shade,.255-57 Cyllndricalsun chart, 267-92 ; ,IJ:s,.. L

I
11-J-2
on north radiation,
___ _ _ _
side! 86, 5~6. See
_ ~~
_ __
D-
.,
Y .a -
2. -w . I _ .+ ., .o , :. .., ; i? A- ., 1:. f , =. L .,
,
. :
-.,
Cr.. G . .. 1
l
_ -
Dailyshn paths, 274 * ,Dam~ers,Io prevent reverse th,ermocirculation, 50,159,166-68 Davis house, as exa.mple of isolated, gain system, 6662 . Density, of construc.tio.n materials affecting heat capacity,26 . affecting thermal, radiation, 24 Depth, of;coom,-determining of; 84 / Diffuse neflection,,l5-16 _ - ,Diffusion; of solar radiation by - atmoiphere, . 9-l-2 .-,. . Direct gain systems, 29-43,168-51 assessing of, 107-9 I clerestories in; 34-35 _ i . cooling w,ith, 31. examples of, 3.1-43 masonry heat storage for, a ~ -:--- 134-43 skylights and clerestories for,
t
Emi,siivity, Emittanie,
of a Surface, 23-24 of a material, 24
G Energy. See also Heat-; Thermal B energy. .~_ output of the sdn, 5-7 Energy density, 13
E&ra~ce location, 94-99 Equation of time, 288 ~_ EvAporation, of roof ponds for
n
cooling,
189 F , I
FL
I .
US-32
j. -. ,; .y<.. -, :
j. :c... I .. _..
2. 7 Lo, .. ,.. .ti: .;, ! : ,, G..,, :T:; :*:, ! ;-, ,f ,;. :,; 8 ,..,, ; \ * I_ > .., ,, ,. ; ,m,\:-i,. ,. _, :, c . .
. : solar windows for, 119-23 _ .thermal ma.ss and heat storage in., 29-31. . . . water wall for, 145-51 4 Distribution. See Transportation SQ ( Doors. See Entrance location .: Downdraft, caused by convection, I < .., : : ,,: :, 21, ; .. ,I ,Drums, 55-gallon, for water wall, 42,Sl
FL, m
in attached greenhouse, 53 , for ventilation, 121 Fence, as,windbreak, 97 cibergIa.ss tanks, for roof*ponds, ;b7,, Fireplace, adotie, as back-up heating + system, 43. ,
, Flat plate collector,
in isolated gain * : _.
.I i_
system, 59-62 s. Floor, as thermal mass indirect gain system, 40 . (a insulation of, 259,261 : *m$indining comfort of* 65 ,~ Fir&d &y&$ion,2&~$,. ,-,:, &&j ,.pL&;. - 1.
. :
B
B
.-
Foy+.;.9&
97
7.
.,
. ,
,,Dust, absorption of solar , radjation ,!k- by,>; IO * -i , -.J

------4 ., * -1 / \ . . i ..,. / * , / ,\ I)< / ., < * / f^.. :; (j .Y. L . ,.-- _ _s ,- .--.-, .i._ I ~~ .~~~~
rzr~flll~hlitieC 7 Freq.ueneies, of solar wavelengths; 7 rt-rmr\mllpl~~tfllcinn Fusion. See Thermonuclear fusion

l = i j 429
1..
1 I
,, t :
* c
;; ;,; .I
* 1 , , 1 1. _ s
i.: ,v,; !,.:.*c,i;~
,: ;.. ~ ~.,
; ..,
,_, ;-.
. .*,.*i.
.! .
Book
Garage, location of, 90-91 I. Glare, 125,~127 Glass. See also Glazing absorption of thermal radiation by, 24-25 as collector in passive systems, 28,29. transmitting of solar radiation -. by, 17-19,242s Glazing.. See&o Glass double, IN, 104, 122 for roof ponds, 1-91-92 greenhouse effect and, 25 insulated, 232-33 Tilted for greenhouse, 204 * transmission characteristics of, j7-19 ti -. +~Gravitational contraction, of ! hydroilen, 5 -___ - I -___ I Greenhouse effect;%---25 ,,,, ,,111,.,, GreenhouSe, attached _ .. T ; ., assessing of, 111-12 , -._ .-- ,~ .jcom._mon thermal wall in, _--_, ~ _.yl81-85.e__,*. _d ) .-. ., ,_ .-- 4 in indirect gain systems, 48, s ,... ~.>:,4:r.. .:. . , .A-52-55 . *, retrofitting to wbod frame m _/ -/-* .buildi.ng, 178-79 , Sizing of, 173_79 . I thermal mass in,.1 74,177 Greenhouse, freestanding, 20%i.8 3 L active Lock storage systemfor, * 210,213-16. , . i ,,- , .;. I --. i i Waterwa,lI for, 2Q9;213
Heat, 20 . from iqterior lights, 31 loss of;94,97,101 *I from people, 31 9.t':,I storage of,95-27 _ transfer of, 20-25 Heat capacity, 26 * Horizontal overhang, shading mask :; for, 305-6 Hydrogen, in the sun, 5
Indirect gain systems, 29,43-58 assessing.of, l-69-14 attached greenhouses in, 48, n 152-55 roof ponds in, 55-58 thermal storage wall in, 43-51, 53,55-56 sizing of, 153-57 Indoor spaces, location.of, 9(F-92 lnfrared radiation, 7,lO Insulation, e$erior, 259-61 Insulation, movable, 231-39 hand operated, 236 motor driven, 236,239 for roof pond, 56,189,194-95, 197-99 W thermdly sensitive; 236 for thermal storage yall,Sl, 156 Intensity, of soJ,ar radiation, 13-15 .. Jron, in-glass, 18-19. Isolated gain systems, 2$59-62 _~ 2 -~ Am +- -----: K,; i2; d b$gh house, as example of indJect gain system, 48-50 g---.- mT~_;--Le.m. ,.t : D
.I
6 ./ ;, 2% ,d --
_ +j ,i:. ,I, ;, ,(S,_ ,. .. ; ( ... -. :-,/ ,. _,,_ #
._ F i
._ . : . ._ ._ .. p is :I , . ,c Q .f Y 0 .~ II ..r L _ ,_;. i . D
.I
1.
Index
------.--:
$1 I
-. i
. L-r::; 0.2 cI/
.
. .
.I
Obstructions to solar radiation, 73,74 to south wall, 125,127 d to wind, 88,97 Olgyay, Victor, on building shapes, 0 . *. /JO-82 Outdoor spaces -. north side, 86-88 -south sideJ5x77 e Overhangs, 250-57 adjustable, 253-54, 255-57 horizontal, 250-52 ! / M Overheating . .caused by allowances for -. Magnetic \;ari&ions, of suns path; cloudy days, 229 277-78 caused by improperly sized ..,.*la r) . . Masonry thermal mass ,_..,. p~~-- storage wa11s,.153,159,162 compared to &ater wal.l~$7O-71 * caused by oversized windows, _f ,in dim gain system$29-30, . .119,120 . 31,34+;.40; 42 Ozone, absocption of solar radiation ,+,,.specifiFations for, 134-43 by, 10 indirect gaih, systebj 44-50 6 0 ",.l~~+l . ,-.,,.fn .,./~ th,icknesses for, l59,161--63, . ..y * P - 1661,~ J ,/- ... .r? Patt d rns, for designing passive solar a Mater&s, for. building, 115-17 \ . . systems, 66-266 +IaxamiIIians, as example of direct: attached greenhouse systems,:, gain system, 34-38 ._ -_ (.IL . 172-85 Mean radiant temperature, 64 0T r, : . choosing the system,10614 Microns, definition of, 7 0 direct gain systems, 118-51 ~ Monthly-sun paths, 275 ,entrance location, 94-99 .!. : I..
__ I- , A
1 Latitude, affecting sizing of thermal storagewall, 154 Latitude variations, of suns path,277 Laundry room, location of, 9&91\ <.I c , Light -. as parI of sunks~~;nergy, 7 speed of, 7 Lighting, interior .-. c ,heat supplied by, 31: 35 . , from solar radiation, 84 . ~ Location, of-building, 72-77. See also Shape and orientation Louvers, 218,236
North side, utilizing of,-8%89 Noti greenhouse, 215 .0
i i,
/ i.
I /-.d 9 . ,. .^ .+: ,,,\,,:, ,.,;.;.y
Natural. convec.tion, 21. See also Convection Natural-convective loop. See Convective loop 0. ~-I . , .,_ ;; . .,. *
* .I B .i ::.; $? -.3 */ :fl .
ocation of. building, 72-77 ocation of indoor spaces, 90-92; materials for, 115-17 I north side, of building; 85-89 : . 0 431 c *
2 I\
c 5.
al
. .I 0 .i I ! / . P-2 8 !
P
r9 4 i.
,: ;
: --.L.-,
,,.. 0 2; \ .:. ,I (.
. . 3,T
The Passive Solar Energy -@Book

/
/i/
. Patterns (continued) >roof pond systems, I&-99. -_-shape and -orientation of i building, 78-84 thermal stor_age~waLls;l52-71 use of, 66-71 window location, 101-4 Photons, 6 Plastic,*as glazing for greenhouse Q. . effect; 25 Pollution. See Thermal pollution b Polyethylene, for roof ponds, 197 Polyvinyl chloride, for roof ponds, \~, 19-Y .Ponds, roof. Se& Roof ponds > Prevailing winter winds, 86,88,94, -.-97 0 *
?
Roof ponds, 55-58, 194-991 panels for, 394-95,
. 1
i
i
I
temperature stratification in, 197 * waterproofing of, 196 Rotation, of earth, affecting of so.lar m radiation by, 11-12 Rules of thumb: See Patterns : Rust inhibitor. See Anticorrosive . s
8, _ .
. -
e* ~- -~ 3
-p,
*
* =
Radiation: See also Solar radiation; Thermal radiation of heat,.23-24 . : , . Reflectionc \ of solar radiation, 15 2 of thermal radiation, 2425 I Reflectors, 51,241-48 .. : . T-.. .-_ comparin.g finishes of, 248 ., v ,: for interior su,rfaces, 246,248 . for roof ponds, 189,191 ~for skylights, 132,241,,245-+6 ._. ,- , i . -.. tilt angle for, 241,242-43 f : for verti,cal glazing, 241 Retrofitting, of passive s&w 109,110,.1J,1,113 Re,verse thermqcircul&ion, 5~ : . i Ro&sf storing heat in, 60,62 _.,.for a$tached greenhouse, 18L85 .::.. ., ., for freestanding greenhouse, :..~I 210,213-16 ,, . % 1 ) \; ;I &. _j,P 43; ),. / _,, : : ,: ,.I,/ . .~. ( ,.,: ._, 1 :I ) ,.!.i_ -c:k _>::;& /,;: ,:.,,I ,_: .~ (
*.
St. Georges County Secondary School, as ,ex&riple of direct gain system, 31-33 Sash construction, 122-23 S.awtooth clerestories, 34, 38,130 Schiff residence, as example of direct 3 gain system, 3q-41 Seasonal sun paths, 275 , ~~~ ~~- ~~~ -~~~ Seasons cause of, 12 .* I solar radiation during, 102-3 Shading calculator, 301-4 - :plotting shading masks,with, . 305-8 Shading devices, 250-57,264 . _. adjustable overhangs, 253-54,, . u 255-57 * ,d for east and west windows, 355 I ., --for interior, 254 . sizing of horizontal,overhangs, 250-52 Shiding masks, 3054 for horizontal overhang,.3056 , for vertical fins, 306-8 ~ Shape,and orientation, of building, 78-84 C , . *, .i. y i, -.-
/ :.,
R.
-6 i .. ..
Index
-. _,
Shrubs -2 for shad\e, 255 . , as windbreak, 88,97 Shutters, 236, 239 . a i Siding, for exterior, 260. Skydome, 272 1 ~ !S kyK&; 236 Skylights,.84., 125, 132 Skyline, how to plot, 290-92 Sky~vau~tAeeSkydome .L 7 -~Slate, as thermal* mass floor, 40. Solar altitude, 269, 270 q ,: x Solar azimuth, 269,271 1 Solar collectors, S&e Collectors 1. Solar Constant, 7 h .,,.,.: Solar greenhouse. See,Greenhouse, Y attached;Creenhouse, freestanding @ . Solar~heatingt j a active systems, 28, 53, *I 79; 183-85 1 L _~m-m~m.--. : 73 *a3-sjiiG, ~yqmsj-5~5 ~~f -1 advantages of, 62-65 0 r, .; .
Solar radiation AciGlator 293-300 daily radiation totalsfor, 296 hourly radiation totals for, . 295-96 Solar wind&s for direct gain system,s, 119-23 a sizing of, 119-22 disadvantages of, 125 . . F location of; 1014 -~ ~~~~~_~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ _ Spa-ce-$?-tem@!t-ature, 64. See a/so Ter#perature, fluctuatioris indoors . Specific heat, 26; 0 ,~ -Specular reflection;lS-16 bSquare houses, for passive solar ~ ,* systems, 80, 81 . steel deck, for roof q,ond; 56,194, i i /
for attached greenhouse, 183-8-_~ -IY - ~~-for freestanding greenhouse;.: 210,213-16 B . in isolated gain system, 60,. 62 Stucco, for exterior,]2601 . Sun. See also.Solar radistion , calculating position of, 273 daily path of, 274 1 0 0 declination of,-261
I. 6 ./ ., I _. I .1 :.: i .
. ,
3 Solar.radiation, S-17. See also Heat position of, in relation to earths s , absorption of, 18-20 i 7. .... J , orbit, 7 ~( (~ *affected by seasons,c102Y3 J Sun chart. See Cylindrical sun chart -a _~ .:; ;, earthsJa~osgh.ere&rd, 8-12 . _ ;:Sundial, determining bud/ding . 0 b: intensity of, ona surface, 13-75 location with, 75 cI reflection o,f, 15 q AS. L * Sun time,- 73,277; 2&3-!2~ $,_. I, * a stan$dard time converted to, 290 transmission of, 16-17 \ . --P : i = .3 _ * s 0 ; i 1 . 5 4.. j,-:, . 2 /I!.<) a;, : ,.p33p -s z 1 .; --._ 6 ~ \, . , , . :.,I;k... , . I I _-,- __ _.- .-. F-- -.- -.\ :9, ,1 _ .---i------.,,, ----- .--- c * e I!.,.,. 1.: , ;.:,: . . ____/--A ,.. :,~,,; ./ 0 .--------;---I .~.. I, , ,,,~ ,i b /, c.-, * : ... __ - \ ,. : :..- * ~;@p,:~~ :.:I , , ; .,. f --T;-qqq&! ,, _: .... I:, i I,..-, ;. -_I- ,__ L*.i ,/, js .$J,~~.h,,., .*:,* i:..? .I(,, Ij. :,&*
I .. J i -i ,$ 7 1) .
. :Q ,,;.. )?, . ,~ z ,yi .a 1~
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6 . . ..yf _-.
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3 .
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.Thje* Passiee $olar _: 0 *
Energy
Bdok d
ij 7 n e 3s ... I a * - Technology, T>,. i I,%: ._ architecture, 1-2 e -. P _, . ~Temperature, 28: Sei@a/so Mean Space air ,~ * , . r$dGiht temperature; Convectibn I , . @;, 7 P Ite%-$erature ., mI_ _: reverse, 50 I _ III , -$ i. . --contiolling amdunt of tieat _:.-1 Thermocircul$ion veqts. See *; os , i . .. jll ., . 9. radiated, 23. ,, . .Ve~~il~~io~~~m i 2, \ , h flu&atio&indosrs , ,. : Thermonuc-leat-fusion, 5-6 O . L . a in a&&hed~green hbus 0 8 .,. ThermAsrphqning hotw8teiheatery T _21 a in~~irect,gain*~yst~ms; 31,35,. 0 60 ,= w . .> 1 ~ -136~41, 14? a . = Thermo,s&.ts, for m&at& insula:on, : . a in freestandiq greg+ouse, d. , o 23-6 _ .- : . c- 1 i007y2-@Z~;:$? 6.>-/ c T.,, (. . .. 9 3. .>.Illl ._ .I., , F Q . . in indirect gain s)istems, 50, *., n.,_ .Q-fqqrthj affecting sojar +Si, -56, -id a_ , (. ,(. _ f-radiation, II-12 a _I , - of reflectors, 247, 242-43 of s&th tiall -ofsreenhouse, 204 P .. Time lag,.265 ._ Timers, auf,qmatic, for movable .w., : II igstilation, 236 ;. D I 1 ., oa -< ,; Translicent glazing _ a . . to-r cle.re@qries, 130 : _ of Ioof pcJn&, 133 -. j.. ~:\:i p QS . definitioil of, 17 i -,I , ,. bf th&j-r~/~st&,ge waII,.ik,. 168: uied indjiectgainjystem, 3&: _, -Fthermal energ+, %Xa?%e also He@ 1 si@ ~ .,. . 34-35 .- 1 _ R . +*, . c Thermal ma&, 28-29 T~0 . .g . 9 c% I Transmissiijn *. ,. ._ iAdirectgain:syFtems, 29-31,; of solar. radiation,l.5,~~.-~7 + :. i ..1 , .& - _f . OQ. * - of thermal radiation, 24425 * . Transtiissivity. See Trans,mis;ipn 1. - . , Thermal pollution., , 1 J~afisparent,,defirii1ion of, lr/ * : ,) --o$~:-..:..Y ; ,I-$ Jransportation, ascost factor fi* I x \ YY. Fc@nstructi&,,2, ..: 115, I.17 1:: 3 . I\ . . . .8 Trees. s ,F. ,\ shade from, 50; 73,255 : r i \., . --,? . i . \ masonry, 44--S@.,, as windbreak, 88,97, A , , I i-\ .zY--*: efficiency of, 45-:+..,,, b Trom+ehotis&, as example of ( \ 5 ._, \ -sizing of, 153-57 indirect gain q&tern, 45-46 -,.2... < s 1 -.. , _. _ , ._ . , ._ ;-. : ..; ; ,-ew-l-.T--- ---., ,. a ., n ,, -, !,.. . _, . _ ~ . ,: ~,.-, , ,~ -1 : 1 .,: ,, . sr .;; ,.. I. ./ , ~, . I;,!., .,; ,. ;. . .. :? .$l; AL;,:.,,.. 2; x:y -; Ii.. /I( ;, ,,z:,,;,,.J:.f. :: y )I, 2; j , L..: ..2 , : ,; ,& _ -, ,;: $815 ,, .,-;, .(L,,l
._ 2~ c :,L : .. z . L Q1 x .
1 . *-) , -ye. _,. *i . su;facg colbrof, 166 . I_ P 1. ~,., thickness of, y1661-63, 166 *:y<,: * ventsand darilpers in,0166-68,V .~_ IImm-:_ -~ iI i 0 -. , li) water, 50-52 .. - Therinicirculation, 44. 5$e alsb I ; % , il. . . ; % && .
lq* i *
a.
co
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h. I _.
-,
n 4.
.;,..
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. .
- .,. e t_ --
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.
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._
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-, b.3
,I ,, /-
?? Index .
Waterproofing, below irade, 259, . .t>/.*> 261 . Tb=.\_, ,,, d Water vapor, absorption of solar ~ -~~ radiation by; 10, b I U Water wall 1 / cofnpared to,mason+ wall; i Ultra-violet radiation, 7,1.0 17.671 -.-, corrosion -in, 42 in direct gain systems] 29, 30, -e Vegetati@ . 42,,145-51 3 - \ for shad.e, 254-55,263 I in indirect @in systeh-rs, 50-52, - * ~1 for windbreak, 263 . e volume of, 745,148,162 1 Ventilation . Wavelengths, of solar radiition, 77 ._. of-direct gain syti&sJ20,121 1 \ -i5-16 I* ._. \ * of freestanding grqenhouse, 216 _ *. ., L Weather, seasonal variationin, 12. for summix cooling, 262-66 m: 4 See a/so Climate ,a * -kE of thqrmat storage walls, 159, . Weather stripping, of dbdrs, 16&68 Width, of bui!d,ing, how t /, o Veitical fins, shading mask for, 3)66-8 r. 1 . .. . determine, 84 Y ii(estibules, 94,97 Wind. See Prevailing winter winds w , Windbieaks, &8,*97,263 : !. I ,.i 1. Windows. ..Se& Solar wiildows >, * Water. See also Roof ponds; Water *t c ---.,il W.ing walls, as wi-ndbyeak, 97..% . ; wall . ?Wbod stoves, as back-up heating cqtvection in, 21-23 .f I. . w system, 40, 52 ,as heat storage . medium, 147 d j . *_ I.. . . Trombe wall, 166-67 True north, 277-78 *True south, ?79 4 9
3. . 1
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MICROFICHE -REFERENCE LIBRARY

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: LeeJohnson, Editw, RAIN: Fo~~?alpf A.ppropriateTechnology

; BY EDWARD MAZftlA F-7. -1 i

Printed in the United States of America containing a high percentage of de-inked F _. I . 0 =

3 of Congress Cat+l&ingin Publication Data

Mazria; Edward. The passive solar energy book.

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Using the Patterns

15. SIZING THE GREENHOUSE 16. GREENi-lOuSE CONNECTIONp

Robf Pond Systems bj K,enneth 1. Haggard ,

17. iZING 18. ROOF Greenhouse

THE ROOF POND POND DETAILS . ; , GREENHOUSE . DETAILS 1

19. SOUTH-FA~NG 20, GREENHOUSE

200 208 ---219. 2i5 230 ~- ---

26. INSULATION ON THE OUTSIDE 27. SUMMER COOLING V.

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Trans~tiissibn and,. Absorption I f. n e

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