New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Suggested answers to Exercise and Reading to learn

Chapter 20 p.1/3

Suggested answers to Exercise and Reading to learn

(Note: The overseas examination boards bear no responsibility for the suggested answers contained in this publication. Answers for HKCEE and HKALE questions are not available due to copyright restrictions.)

Chapter 20 Ecosystems
Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 20-50)
1 5 9 13 A C B B 2 6 10 14 C A C D 3 7 11 A D A 4 8 12 C A C

Short questions (p. 20-52)

15 a b c d e f g 16 a population habitat community ecosystem trophic producers / autotrophs primary consumers / consumers / heterotrophs / heterotrophic herbivore Biotic factors refer to the influence from other organisms, e.g. predation, competition, mutualism, etc. 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

1m

Abiotic factors refer to physiochemical / climate factors, e.g. temperature, rainfall, etc. 1m b i ii 17 a b c True True A trophic level represents all the organisms in a community or ecosystem which are feeding at the same level. Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers 1m 1m 1m 1m

False; some of the energy will be lost in the unabsorbed materials and some will be used for respiration, production of heat and other body activities of the organisms at the higher level. 1m

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Suggested answers to Exercise and Reading to learn

Chapter 20 p.2/3

d 18 19

False; should be in the form of carbon dioxide.

1m

HKALE Biology 2007 I Q2 a b Decomposers 1m

Light reflected / Light not trapped by chlorophyll / Wrong wavelength / Respiration by primary producer / Inefficiency of photosynthesis (any three) 1m x 3

20 21

HKALE Biology 2007 I Q1 HKALE Biology 2001 I Q3

Structured questions (p. 20-54)

22 a The presence of a species change the habitat, so that other species can colonize. New species compete better, and the number increases. b D, as more species are present, food webs are more complex. A species has alternative food sources. Change in one species will have little effect on others. c Any one from: Series of changes occur over a distance Ensure sampling of each community 23 24 HKCEE Biology 2007 I Q9 a i ii Organic matter increases with distance. Number of species rises up to 500 m / site 4 and then falls. Since there is less organic matter / fewer nutrients, the soil is unstable. Only a few species can tolerate. When pioneer species have established, the amount of organic matter increases, so that more species can colonize. Due to increased competition, number of species decreases when climax community is established. b 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 0.5m 0.5m 0.5m 0.5m 1m

The community that no longer changes in species composition in the process of succession. 1m Dominant species is the most abundant in the climax community. 1m 1m In a defined area, use a quadrat for random sampling. Percentage cover of the species

Oxford University Press 2010

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Suggested answers to Exercise and Reading to learn

Chapter 20 p.3/3

= (area covered by the species in the quadrats / total area in the quadrats) x 100% 1m 25 HKALE Biology 2004 I Q12

Essay (p. 20-55)

26 HKALE Biology 2003 II Q7

Reading to learn (p. 20-56)

1 2 Competition In well-established forest, most sunlight is blocked by the trees. 1m 1m

Young M. micrantha cannot receive enough sunlight to carry out photosynthesis for growth. 1m It cannot climb up stems of other plants. 3 4 Using dodder will not pollute the environment. Dodder may harm other local plants. Without natural enemies, dodder may grow rapidly. 1m 1m 1m 1m

Oxford University Press 2010