1.

0 < 1 > 0 log x x

2. A 0 < 1 : log x
3. 0 < 1 : log
4. 0 < 1 : log1 1
5. 0 < 1 : log 1
6. > 0 : log(10) = 1 + log
7. > 0 0 , log10 =
8. lne = 0
9. I ln0 = 1
10. log10 = 1
11. eln = > 0
12. 0 < 1 1 , 2 > 0 :
i. log(1 + 2) = log1 + log2
ii. log(1 + 2) = log1 log2

log 1
iii. log 1
2 log 2

iv. log 1 = log1 log2

2
13.
14. K

15. . : log3 log3 3 3 3 3

1
log log
v
1
17. ln 1
e
18. 100log 5 5
16.

> 0

[98]

1.
. log749 . log1000 . lne5

. ln 3 e . log

. log2321 . log 1 8 .

. log28

1
. log0,01
27
3

. log 1

9 . log 3

8
27

. log 2

2. x :
. log2x = 4 . lnx = 5 . logx = 3 . log9x =
. log3 3 x 2

1
2

. log 1 x
4

1
2

. log 3 x 4
2

. log2 = 3

3. :
. log = 2 . log5 = 1 . log 1 3

. log25 = 2 . log27 = 3

. log 1 8

1
2

3
2

4. :
3
4
5
. log2 log2 log2 1 . ln 3 8 + ln 3 8 = 0
4
5
6
1
1
. 3log2 + log5 = 1 + log4 . log25 log8 1
2
3
5
. log2 2 2 + log2 4 2 2 = 2 . log18 log72 log = 1
2
7
. lne3 ln e
2

5.
log3 3log 2 log6
. = log(30) + log(60) . =
2log 2
log6000 2
) =
. = 3log 4 4 2 3 2 2log5
log 3 log 2 log 5

) =

2log3 3log 2 log5 1

2log 2 log150 2

) =

2log 40 log 20 1
2 log50

[99]

ln 100e4 ln 4 2
ln 10 ln 2 1

6.
1
3 log 1 6 + 2 log 1 125
3 27
5
6
. log2(log39) 2log5(log33) . 3log525 + 2log264 5log2(log316)

log82 log832

. log28 + log3

. log2 8 2 log2 log 3

. 2 log 1

7. :

1
2
log 3 4 . log 4 2 3 2log

2
1 3
8. log = 4 log = 6 log = 12
103

3 3

) log 2
) log log ) log
) log
3

100 4

102

. 3 + 2log32 log354 =

9. log2 = log7 =
. log14 . log8 . log49 . log5 . log20 . log35
10. () 1 = log2 2 = log8. N
3 1
S S =
log2
2
11. 1 ,2 , 3
log1 , log2 , log3

log log log

. = 1 . = 1

12.

13.
2ln 2

. 9

log 3 2 1

log8 271

. 2

log

. 3

1
.
e

[100]

1. f(x) = logx

) f 0,
) f
) f xx
) f yy
) f , g(x) = 10x
y =x
) f(2) < f(3)
) (1,0) f
) (0 ,1) f
) (10,1) f
2. f(x) = lnx
.
. ( 0 , + )
.
. xx (e , 0 )
. lnx > 0 x > 0
. x ( 0 , 1 )
3. x,y > 0 :
. x < y logx < logy
. x < y logx > logy
.A x < y log1/2x > log1/2y
.A x < y log3x > log3y
4. f(x) = ln|x|
1
5. log 1
3 2
6. logx = 2
7. f(x) = lnx g(x) = 10x
y = x

[101]

8. f(x) = ex g(x) = lnx

xOy

xOy
9. A 0 < x < 1 logx < 0

E
1. :
1
1
1
. log52 < log5
B. log52 log5
. log52 > log5
2
2
2
.

. log52 = log5

1
2

2. :
log 1 7 . log 1 5 = log 1 7 . log 1 5 > log 1 7
. log 1 5 < log 1 7 . log 1 5
3

.
3. log(4 x2) :
. x > 2 B. 2 < x < 2 . x < 2 . x = 2

E. x2

4.O log|x 1 |
. x > 1 B. x1 . 1 < x < 1 . x < 1 E. x = 1
5.H f(x) = log(x 6) + log(7 x) o :
. x = 6 B. x < 6 . x > 7 . x = 7 E. 6 < x < 7
6.A log(log(x 2)) = 0 x :
. 12
. 2
. 3
.4

.10

8. log = 1,62
. (0 , 1) . ( 1,2) . ( 2 , 5) . ( 5 , 10 ) . ( 10 , 100)
9. log(x) = 0 :

. x = 2 +
. x = 2 +
. x = 2
2
4

[102]

. x = 2 +

. x = 2

1.
. f(x) = log(x2 x + 1) . f(x) = log(ex + x2)
. f(x) = 2log(4 x) +log(x2 4) logx
. f(x) = log( 1 |x|) . f(x) = logx2 . f(x) = logx3
2.N
1x
2x 5
ex 1
. f(x) = ln
. f(x) = ln
. f(x) = ln(ex 1 ) . f(x)
x
1x
lnx 2
ee
. f(x) =

x log x 1

. g(x) = ln ln x2 2 e x 2e

3.N :
. log(x 6) + log(x 7) = 1 log5

. log(x + 2) + log(x 1) = 2log2

x lnx
. log(27 x2) log(5 x) = log9 . ln
. log( 3x2 5x + 8) = 1
2 2
. log|x 1| = 1 . log(x 2) = 2 . lnx = 1 . ln(x + 2) = 0

4.N :
. log(35 x3) = 3log(5 x) . log(logx) + log(logx3 2) = 0
1
. log(x3 + 1) = log(x2 + 2x + 1)
2
5.
. 5x = 2 . 33x + 1 = 5 . 5x 1 = 4x

. 3x 2 3x 1 = 4

6.N
. x + ln(ex 1 ) = ln20 . ln(ex 3 ) + x = 2ln2 .2log(x 2) =

1
logx3 log
2

1
. log(x3 + 1) = log(x2 + 2x + 1)
2

7.N
. 51 lnx = 25 . log2(9 2x) = 3 x . log2(2x 2 + 12 ) = 2(x 2 )
. log( 102x 1 + 710x 1 ) + 1 = log( 10x + 1 2 ) . x + log(1 + 2x) = xlog5 + log6
. x(log10 lo5) = log(4x 12 ) . log2(4x + 4) = x + log2(2x + 1 3 )
8.N
. 3 logx 2log x 2 . 2log2x 5logx 3 = 0 .log[log(3x 5)] = 0 . ln x = ln2x
. ln[log(2x2 + x 11)] = 0 . log3[5 + 4log3(x 1)] = 2 . log[log(logx)] = 0
. log4(log3(log2x)) = 0
8.N
[103]


log10 1
x

. x logx 3 10
. x

1
logx

. xln

e 0 . xlnx = e

. x2lnx =

x5
e2

. xlnx = e3x2

logx 1 .(x + 1)log(x+1) = 100(x + 1) . xlog(2x) = 5

9. . : 2lnx = xln2 . 4lnx - 9 xln2 + 8 = 0

10.. : 3logx = xlog3 . 3logx = 54 xlog3
11.
logx 1
logx
13
logx 2
1
1

.
.
logx 4 logx 2
log x
logx 1 6
. 2 logx logx

. ln4|x| + ln2|x| 2ln|x| = 0

12.
. log(2x 1 ) > log(3 x ) . lnx2 > ln(x + 2) .ln2x 5lnx + 6 > 0
. log(x 2 ) + log( x 1 ) log( 2x + 8) . log( 2 + 3x ) > 2xlog3
.(logx 1 )(logx 2 )(logx 3 ) 0 .2ln(x 2 ) < ln2 + lnx
13.
x2
1

2
x
. ln 3 2 . lnx ln 30 x . 3lnx < ln30 + ln 1 . xlnx > e
3
e
ln x
30
x2 2x 1 2
2
. log[log(x 3x + 12)] < 0 .
0
log 2x 1 1
14. f(x) = ln(7 3x) .N :
.
. f
. x f
xx
15. f(x) = ln(ex 1) .
. f(ln2) f(1) . f(2x) f(x) = f(1)
16. f(x) = x + ln(e2x ex ) g(x) = ln(e2x+2 ex+2)
. f g
. f(x) = g(x)
. f(x) g(x)
17. f(x) = ln(e2x 2ex + 3) g(x) = ln3 + ln(ex 1)
[104]

. f g
. f(x) = g(x)
. f(x) > 2g(x)

e2x 1
18. f(x) ln x

e 5

. f(x).
. f(x) = 2ln2 .
. f(x) > 0.
19. . f(x) = ln 2 x 5lnx 6
. logx + logx3 + logx5 + ... + logx2003 + logx2005 = 10032
20. f(x) = (logx)4 + 8(logx)2 log(100x) , x > 0
. f(10) = 25 = 1
. = 1
) f(x) f(x) = (log2x + 4logx)2
) f(x) = 0
21. f(x) = ( )
. f
. f
. f(0) f( )
. f(x) + f(x + 1) = 0
22. f(x) =

ex 1

ex 1

(ln2 , 3)
. f
.N
. f
23. f(x) = log(225x 54x ) y = x + log3
. f
. f
y = x + log3

24. : f(x) = log[2 log(|2x 1 3| 3 ) ]

[105]

. f ) Cf
25. f(x) = ln[ln(x 1 )]
. f
. Cf x
. f(x) < 0
26. f(x) = ln|lnx|
. . f(x) = 1
. f(x) < 0
27.N x : x ,

x , xlogx

28. A 0, ln( 1 + 2) , ln() , 2ln2
2

29. log , log , log

x2 + x +
30. () 1 = ln2 3 = 18ln
.
. 2187 ln8
. e 512
31. f(x) = + ln(ex 2) (ln3 , 1)
.
. = 1
. xx
32. f(x) =

lnx 1
ln x 1

1
. f . g(x) = f
x
5
. f(x) + g(x) =
2

33. f(x) = ln 2ex 1 1 log 2 , > 0 f(0) = 0

[106]

i. f.ii. =10 .
iii. =10 : ) ef(x) = 3 e x ) x + f(x) 0
34. , :

ln 1
:
ln 2

. .
. , , e3 .
. * 0 , 2) :

1 x

35. f(x) = log

2

( 6 , 1 + log6)
. . f
f 3
. f(x) < 1 . : 2logy y 2

36. ln(3 1) , ln(3 + 1) , 3ln2

.
x + lny =
.
y ex + e =
37. f(x) = log(1 + 9x) + + x f(0) = f(1) = 0
) f
1 9x
) f(x) = log
) f(x) = log( 2 5x ) x
x
25
38.To (x) = x 3 log 3 24 x2 log4 x log16 16 x 2
)
) , :
x log 1 log 1
log 1 2x 1
log
log 1 log 1
39. (ln)x2 (ln + 3)x + 3 = 0 , 0 < 1 , e3
)
) x1 , x2
i) x1 + x2 = 4 ii) x1x2 = 27
40. x , y > 0 x 1
[107]

lny
lny

6
90
lnx
lnx
. y = x3
. x + log 1 2x 1 xlog5 log12 x y

41.To P(x) = x3 x2 + x + 4 x
.
. (x) (x) x

ln9

ln9

. , > 1 : ln(ln) ln(ln) = ln2

= 2
. (ln) 1 , e2 e6
42. f(x) = ln 4 2x 9 3x
. f
. ln5 , f(2) , ln6

. log(logy) + log(logy3 + ) > 0
43.) x , y > 0 xlogy ylogx
xlogy + ylogx = 20
) :
log xy = 1
) x () :
log log x 2 xlog 110 0 ,

log x logx 1
logx 1
) f ) f(x) = 1
) 4xx = f(100)

44. f(x) =

45. f(x) = x2 6x + 3log , > 0.

f : ) xx
) xx ) xx
46. f(x) = log(4x 2)
[108]

) f
x1 4
6
x
) f(x) + f = 1 + log 4 2 2x1
5
5
2

5
3
) x = f f 1 f
2
2
2

47. f(x) = ln ex 3 x
e

) x f
) g(x) = x f(x) < g(x)
) x f(x) , ln(2 3 ) , g(x)

48. 100log = 3
)
) , 25log +9log5 =
) , :
log(log2x + logx 2)
log + log = 1 + ln3
49. :
6log = log5
)
) xlog + log = x + log(1 + 2x )

50. A = log 400

12
12

log3 x2 2log2x 40log x 4 0

51. f(x) = lnx , x > 0

) f(2 x) f(2x) = f(3) x 0,
4
2
100
) > 0 f() + f( ) + + f( ) = 5050 = e
) f() , f() , f() , , > 0
, ,
) 3 f x f x 10 0 )

x
x

f x f ...f
0 x 0,
2
100
4

[109]

2
52. () 1 = log() 3 = log

log 3

0, =
2
2

) =
3
3x 3 9 2x
) log
5
22 2x 1 2 3x
) (x + 2)log213 xlog313 S13

53. To (x) = x3 (3 +log)x2 + (5 3log)x log4

x2 3x + 2
) , ) (x) = 0
) (x) = 0
3x 1 3x 100
x

52. g(x) =
12
12
. g x

x2

.
12 12
12

x2

4 x
12

53. f(x) = x3 + logx

) f
) : (2x2 + 1)3 (x2 + x + 1) log

x2 x 1
2x2 1

1 1
54. f(x) = lnx
x 3
) f

1
1
1
) :

3 x 5 x 13 3

[110]

3 x 5

1

3

x 13

ln

3 x 5
x 13

1
1
55. ) x 11 logx ) 3 + logx 3 ) lnx
2
2
x 1
lnx
56. f(x) =
x 1
(i) N f
1
(ii) A e ln 1 = e + e , > 0 ,

f(x) = 0
x

1 ex
57. f(x) = ln
, x
2

2011
2011
2012
x f(x) + ( x) f(x) = x
x

58. f(x) = 2x + ln(x2 + 1) , x A f

3x 2 2 1
2
2(x 3x + 2) = ln

4
x 1

[111]